De dat tdi muc tieu nay, can ed chinh sach uu tien phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi ddi vdi ndng thdn, nhu thuc hien ea che san xuat kinh doanh thdng thoang, tu chu; hoan thien chi dp khoa[r]
Trang 1KINH NGHIEM CUA TRUNG QUOC
VE XAY DUNG XA H O I LANH MANH
N G U Y S N VIJ QUYNH ANH*
Cho din nay vdn chua cd mdt dinh nghTa chfnh thiic nao ve "xa hdi lanh manh" trong
bach khoa toan thu, tir dien va ea trong saeh giao khoa xa hdi hpc hoac nhan hpc Chinh
vi vay, trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi gidd ban su bieu biet cua minh ve xa hpi lanh manh
trong su phan doan logic dua tren dinh nghTa ve phat trien ben vung, theo do thi viec
cham lo cude sdng hdm nay khdng lam phuong hai den eupc sdng mai sau
Trong qua trinh phat trien dat nude, Viet Nam da dat dugc nhung thanh tim dang ke
ve mpi mat: chfnh tri, kinh te, van hda, xa hdi, nhung ben canh dd cung nay sinh nhieu
van de xa hpi birc xiic nhu phan hda giau - ngheo, that nghiep, te nan xa hpi, d nhiem
mdi trudng Mudn xay dung mdt xa hpi lanh manh, chiing ta phai giai quyet tdt nhiing
van de dd Viet Nam cd the hpe tap kinh nghiem thao gd nhiing van de nay tir mpt sd
qudc gia dang phat trien cd dieu kien tuong tu nhu Viet Nam Tmng Qude la mpt vi du
1 Mot so van de xa hoi hue xiic cua Trung Quoc
Hien nay, Tmng Qudc dang vuon Ien la mdt cudng qude tren the gidi ca ve kinh te,
chinh tri, van boa Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung thanh tuu dat dugc thi cung cdn nhieu
van de Tmng Qudc hien dang phai ddi mat Theo eac chuyen gia Tmng Qudc, dd la
nhiing van de: tham nhiing, that nghiep, rui ro tien te tai chfnh, chenh lech giau - ngheo,
mdi trudng sinh thai, trat tu xa hgi, v.v Tat ca nhiing van de nay deu cd the mang lai
nhiing tac dgng den viec tiep tuc phat trien ben virng nen kinh te - xa hdi Tmng Qudc
thdi ky nay Trong dd, nhiing van de dang Io ngai nhat la: nen kinh te cua Tmng Qudc
dang phat trien qua ndng, van de tham nhiing, chenh lech giau - ngheo, chenh lech giiia
thanh thi va ndng thdn, van de suy thoai mdi tmdng, v.v
a Chenh lech gidu ngheo, chenh lech giiia thdnh thi vd ndng thdn
Theo GS Dinh Nguyen Triic (Dai hgc Bac Kinh): "Khoang each giau - ngheo d
nudc ta da d trong pham vi ma qudc te canh bao, hon niia cdn d mile hau nhu khdng cd
bat ky qudc gia nao tren the gidi tram trgng hon Su phan phdi khdng binh dang da phan
anh su lien tuc keo dai khoang each thu nhap, bao gdm su chenh lech giiia thanh thi va
ndng thdn, sir chenh lech giiia cac khu vuc va su chenh lech ve giao due" (Dinh Nguyen
Tnic, 2004: 24)
Theo mgt nghien ciru mdi day cua trudng Dai hgc Bac Kinh tbi kbdng chi cd su
chenh lech giau ngheo ma su chenh lech giiia thanh tbi va ndng thdn cGng dang dien ra
ngay cang nghiem trgng Dudi day la trich dan mpt sd ket qua tir nghien cilu nay: " 6
* ThS.; Vien Nghien ciiu Con ngudi
Trang 2thanh pho, do that nghiep va thieu di su bao dam an sinh xa hdi eo ban ddn din su bdt man ngay cang nhieu, dae biet la ngay eang nhilu ndng dan Iam cdng thilu sir bao hiem
xa hpi va dich vu cdng cdng eung nhu tbieu di su bao bilm quyln lgi binh thudng Trong ndng thdn, tbu nhap ciia ngudi ndng dan tut xudng, d ndng thdn tbilu nhung dieu kien chira tri y te tdi thieu, eac mau thuan d ndng thdn ngay cang nghiem trgng va phirc tap" (Dinh Nguyen Tnic, 2004: 12) •
Tai ndng thdn Trung Qudc, ben canh nhung bieu bien khdd sdc, ddi thay v l kinh te la ddi sdng xa hdi phirc tap, vdi nhieu khd khan, biic xiic khdng dl gi khdc phuc Tbu nhap cbung cua cu dan ndng thdn, dac biet la nhiing hd dan sdng dua vao ndng ngbiep thuan tiiy rdt thdp, tham chf dudi muc ngheo kbd Dang lo ngai hon la mile sdng qua chenh lech giira cac viing, dien hinh la miln Ddng vdi mien Tay, tao nen sir bat binh dang trong ddi sdng xa hdi Dieu dd dan tdi nhiing bieu hien tieu cue trong xu the phan tang
xa hdi ngay tai ndng thdn, giiia tang Idp nbiing ngudi ed thu nhap cao vdi nhiing ngudd
ed thu nhap thdp Day ciing chinh la mpt nguyen nhan tao nen tinh trang mat doan ket, khdng dn dinh trong xa hdi
Hien nay, mile thu nhap ciia khu vuc ndng thdn qua thap so vdi thanh phd Mac dii chat lugng va dieu kien sdng cua ngudi dan ndng thdn Trung Qude da duge nang len khd nhieu va ed nbiing thay ddi bet siic co ban so vdi trudc cai each, song mile sdng (ca
ve vat chat lan tinh than) d nhieu viing ndng thdn cdn dimg Iai d khoang each qua each biet vdi thanh thi, tham chi van cdn nhiing khu vuc ddi ngheo tdn tai ben canh nhirng khu vuc cd muc sdng cao khdng thua kem gi eac nudc phat trien Xin don eir mpt vi du tuong ddi dien hinh de thay rd mirc thu nhap binh quan GDP dau ngudi chenh lech tdi miic khd ed the dieu cbinh trong thdi gian ngan giura Quy Chau (1.232 NDT) va Thugng Hai (11.700 NDT) - chenh 8,5 ldn (Ngd Tugng, 2001: 280) Cl Tmng QuIc hien vin tin tai hai hinh anh trai ngugc nhau - mdt ben la nhiing thanh phd hien dai ed miic sdng rat eao nhu Bac Kinh, Thugng Hai, Thdm Quyln, Quang Chau, mgt ben la nhung viing ndng thdn edn sdng dudi miic ngheo khd, trinh do dan tri va chat lugng sinh boat het siic lac hau, khd khan nhu Ndi Mdng Cd, Cam Tiic, Cat Lam, Thilm Tay, Quy Chau
b Sie dung tdi nguyen khdng hgp ly, phd hogi mdi trudng
Theo bao Thanh nien (Viet Nam) ngay 17/4/2006, kinh t l Tmng Qudc da dat mile tang tmdng 10,2%/nam Tuy nhien, chii tich Trung Quoc - dng Ho Cdm Dao - ndi rdng, con
sd an tupng nay khdng nam trong muc tieu ma quoc gia ddng dan nbdt banh tinh de ra:
"Thuc ra thi cbiing ta khdng mudn ed mdt sir tang tmdng nhanh qua mirc nhu vay Dilu
ma chiing ta hudng tdd la sir phat triln hieu qua va chdt lupng, phat trien phai ludn gdn lien vdi bao ve ngudn tai nguyen, bao ve mdi trudng va nang cao ddd sdng ngudi dan" Mdt sd chuyen gia Trung Qudc cho ring d Tmng QuIc, nguy ca mdi trudng da tilm
dn trong mpt thdi gian dai, hien nay nd gidng nhu mdt qua bom nd cham, bat ky lilc nao cfing cd thl nd Chuyen gia nli tilng vl Tmng Qudc ciia nudc My, Michel C Oksenberg cho bilt: "Trung Qudc dang diing tmdc vdn dl mdi tmdng nghiem trpng 6
gQ Nghien cuu Con ngudi so 3 (48) 2010
Trang 3Kinh nghiem cua
nhiem nudc, d nhiem khi quyln, ddt dai bi xani thuc cung nhu ngudn nudc bi thieu hut
da anh hudng nghiem trpng din siic khde va ban chi ty le tang trudng" Qua trinb tang
tmdng d Tmng Qudc da nhanh chdng nang cao mile sdng nhung ddng thdi cung buy
hoai mdi trudng Khdng khf va ngudn nudc d Tmng Qudc, dac biet la d cac dd thi,
thudc Ioai hi d nhilm nhat the gidi Sir tap tmng bao trum khap noi ciia hau bet cac chat
gay d nhiem vugt qua nhieu lan tieu chuan qudc te da khien Tmng Qude phai tra gia cao
ca ve nhan luc Ian kinh te Xet ve tdng the, chi phi kinh te do d nhilm nudc va khdng
khf d Tmng Qudc udc tinh chiem tdi 3,8% GDP/nam
Cd hai nhan td chinh gay nen tinh trang xudng cap mdi trudng d Tmng Qudc: thu
nhat la sir phu thugc qua mile ciia Tmng Qudc vao than Hien nay, than dap iing gan
80% nhu cau nang lugng cua Tmng Qudc, bien Tmng Qudc thanh nude tieu thu than
ldn nhat the gidi Trir lupng than khdng Id, cdng vdi su do du de hieu eiia Tmng Qudc
trong viee dua vao nhap khau dau va khi tu nhien sach ban cho thay rang, than chae
chan van la ngudn nhien lieu chinh trong nhiing nam tdi Nhan td thit hai la su bung nd
cua cae dd thi d Tmng Qudc Qua trinh do thi boa nhanh chdng khdng chi di kem vdi
lupng d td sir dung tang, lupng chat thai dd thi chua dugc xir ly tang ma cdn Iam tang ca
ty le dan sd phai chiu tinh trang d nhiem tram trgng hon d cac do thi U'dc tinh mdi nam
Tmng Qudc cd khoang 560.000 ca nam vien va gan 11 trieu ca cap cim true tiep do d
nhiem khdng khi Ganh nang bd sung nay de nang Ien be thdng y te cua Tmng Qudc va
Iam tdn that mdt lugng gid lam viec tuong duong vdd 7,4 trieu lao ddng/nam Rat nhieu
nghien ciiu d Tmng Qude cho thay, tre em cd ham lugng chi trong mau cao cd nguy co
hi suy dinh dudng, rdi loan chile nang va giam chi sd thdng minh Ngoai ra, mua axit
cung la mgt san pham nguy hai nira cua d nhiem khdng khi d Tmng Qudc Mua axit pha
buy miia mang, tan pha nhiing eanh rimg, pha hdng cau tnic cac toa nha va gay thiet hai
cho sue khoe con ngudi Tinh trang d nhiem nudc d Tmng Qudc cung Iam eang thang
them tinh trang thieu nudc d cac thanh phd, dd thi, trong khi dd viec cung cdp va tieu
dung nude gia tang se keo theo mirc do d nhiem nudc gia tang neu khdng cd bien phap
xit ly (dan theo Bao Cdng nghiep Viet Nam, 7/2004)
2 Cac chien lutfc, chinh sach lanh manh hoa xa hoi
Trudc nhung van de xa hgi bile xiic ke tren, Trung Qudc da xay dung ke boacb phat
trien kinh te - xa hdi mang nhieu yeu td eai each quan trgng Theo Bao Thanb nien
(15/3/2006): "Sau 10 ngay hgp, ky hgp thii 4 Qudc hdi khoa 10 Trung Qudc da b l mac
hdm 14/3/2006 vdi viee thdng qua ke boacb 5 nam Ian thu 11 Theo dd, Trung Qudc se
dat chi tieu giam miic do tang trudng kinh te nham xay dung nen kinb te phat trien
manh va ben vung Mae dii ty le tang trudng kinh te van dugc de cao nhung Trung
Qudc da bat dau nhan manh tdi cac yeu td nhu bao ve mdi tmdng, tiet kiem nang
lugng Nhdm giam bdt su phan boa giau ngheo, ke boacb 5 nam lan nay dae biet nhdn
manh din phat trien khu vuc kinh te ndng thdn Tmng Qudc hien cd khoang 745 trieu
ngudi sdng d ndng thdn, chiem gan 60% tdng dan sl Tuy nhien, trong giai doan ma nin
Trang 4kinh t l thang hoa vita qua, khu virc nay van rdt trdm ldng, tut lai rdt xa so vdi thanh thi Theo kl hoach dugc thdng qua ngay 14/3, ngan sach ddu tu cho ndng thdn se tang 14,2% so vdi giai doan 5 nam qua Trong do, rieng nam nay, Tnmg Qudc se d l 42 ty USD vao khu vuc kinh t l nay"
D I giai quylt nhiing van de bile xiic trong ndng thdn, Trung Quoc cdn phai cd mdt loat bien phap ddng bp vl kinh te, chfnh tri, tu tudng, van hda, giao due, hanh chinh Viec thuc hien cac bien phap dd ddi hdi su tap trung chi dao dimg ddn cua trung uong va su phdi hgp chat che, ddng bg ciia cac cap, cac nganh, xoay quanh muc tieu quan trpng nhat la nang cao thu nhap kinh tl va cai thien ddd sdng van hda tinh than cho ndng dan
Cd thl ndi, sir thiic ddy manh me cdng eudc xay dung va phat triln kinh te ndng thdn chinh la bien phap ea ban, quan trpng hang dau de nang cao thu nhap cho ngudi ndng dan Dudi day la mpt sd ndi dung chii yeu ma Tmng Qudc da va se thuc hien trong qua trinh ddy manh phat trien kinh te ndng thdn:
a Ddy mgnh tdc do phdt trien kinh te ndng thdn
Diiu chinh co cdu ndng nghiep vd kinh te ndng thdn: Gan day, ca cau nganh trong
ndi bp nen ndng nghiep Tmng Qudc da cd nhitng thay ddi theo ca chieu rpng lan chieu sau Ca cau vat nudi, cay trdng ed nhiing budc dieu chinh va chuyen ddi tuong ddi ro net Dien tich dat trdng liia va cay luong thuc giam di so vdi tmdc, nhudng chd cho viec trdng cac Ioai eay cd gia tri kinh te va dinh dudng cao, trong dd cd nhirng mat hang cd siic canh tranh ldn tren thi tmdng qudc te
Gidi quyet khd khdn trong viec tich tu rudng ddt vd chuyen quyen sie dung ddt khodn
o ndng thdn: De khae phuc tinh trang manh miln, xe le mdng dat do che dp khoan hp
dem lai, nhiing nam gan day, Trung Qudc da tich cue tim each tap tmng mdng dat, tao dieu kien ca gidi hda, nang eao nang suat va hieu qua trong san xuat ndng nghiep, mang lai lgi ich nhieu hon cho ndng dan
b Thiec hien chien lugc xda ddi gidm ngheo
Nhieu nam nay, Trung Qude da thue hien tuong ddi hieu qua mgt sd ehinh sach va bien phap xda ddi giam ngheo, cai thien ddng kl tinh trang ngheo khd, tham chi dudi mile ngheo khd d nhieu vimg ndng thdn Trung Qude da dl ra mpt sd chinh saeh uu tien khu vuc ngheo nhu: mien giam thue ndng nghiep, mien ddng gdp quy xay dung eac hang muc giao thdng trpng diem, lap quy hd trg phat triln eac khu vuc ngheo, cho vay tm dung lai sudt uu dai Dieu quan trgng trong chien lugc xda ddi giam ngheo la Trung Qude da chii tmong thay phuang thilc ciru tl tmyIn thing tmdc day bdng phuang thilc hd trg, md mang hudng di cho cae dia phuong tu Iam giau, timg budc xda bd tinh y lai cua ngudd ngheo vao sir cilu trg cua Nha nudc Nhung thanh tuu ma Trung Qudc dat duge la sd ngudd ngheo da giam hdn, van de no am da ca ban dugc giai quylt tai nhilu vimg
Giai doan 2001 - 2010, Tmng Qude da chii tmong tap tmng mgi ngudn luc, ddy nhanh tiln trinh thoat ngheo, xay dung cude sdng dm no cho cac vimg, eac hp gia dinh khd khan C u t h l l a :
6 2 Nghien ciiu Con ngudi so 3 (48) 2010
Trang 5Kinh nghiem ciia
Muc tieu phdn ddu: cai thien dilu kien san xuat va sinh boat ca ban cua cac viing
ngheo, nang cao chdt lugng sdng cua ngudi dan khu vuc ngheo, timg budc thay ddi tinh
trang lae hau trong ddi sdng kinh te, van bda, xa bdi cua cae khu vue ngheo
Phuong chdm co bdn: hd trg xda ddi ngheo theo phuong thirc md, nghTa la dudi su trg
giiip can thiet ciia Nha nudc, hudng dan cae vimg ngheo dieu chinh ca cau kinh te, phat
huy ngudn lire dia phuong, phat trien san xuat hang hda, eai tien edng nghe, tim hudng
phat trien phii hgp vdi hoan canh va dieu kien thuc te, theo dinh hudng ciia thi tmdng
Ddi tuomg vd trgng tdm xda ddi ngheo: Mdt Id, uu tien dac biet ddi vdi nhung ngudi
nam trong dien chua giai quyet dugc tinh trang ddi ngheo Hai la, tiep tuc giiip dd cac
hp thoat ddi ngbeo nhanh chdng nang cao thu nhap, cai thien dieu kien san xuat va sinh
boat, cimg cd, giii vung thanh qua xda ddi ngheo, khdng de xay ra tinh trang tai ngheo
hoac cd nguy co tai ngbeo
Ndi dung vd bien phdp xda ddi ngheo: day manh san xuat ndng nghiep bang each nang
cao trinh dp cdng nghe ky thuat, dieu cbinh ca cau nganh; nang cao mat bang tri thilc va
trinh dp khoa hpc ky thuat ciia cu dan ndng ngbiep; hudng dan qua trinh di chuyen lao ddng
hgp ly tir ndng thdn ra thanh thi, den eac nganh san xuat phi ndng nghiep, tren co sd dam
bao dn dinh siic lao ddng ndng nghiep; tiep tue ap dung tfch cue cac chfnh sach hd trg tai
chinh cho edng tae xda ddi ngheo, tao viec Iam cho ngudi lao ddng
Phucmg phdp lanh dgo thuc hien cdng tdc xda ddi ngheo: tinh cbiu trach nhiem
chung, huyen thuc thi cu the, lam tdt den timg thdn, giam ngheo den timg hd; tang
cudng cdng tac quan ly va hieu qua Idm viec cua cac td chile xda ddi giam ngheo trong
timg CO sd
c Gidm gdnh ngng cho ndng ddn
Ddng tbdi vdi tinh trang thu nhap kinh te thap, ngudd ndng dan Trung Qudc hien cdn
phai chiu nhieu ganh nang qua sire, khien ddi sdng cang trd nen khd khan, ngheo khd,
dac biet trong ITnh vuc thue phi Theo danh gia chung, che do tbue va phi hien nay d
Tmng Qudc dugc cho la hgp phap nhung khdng hgp ly, hoac phan Idn la khdng hgp ly
Cd the ndi, giam bdt ganh nang cho ndng dan la van de duge nhieu gidi chiic Tmng
Qudc de cap den, cung la van de da va dang dugc Chinh phu Tmng Qudc quan tam giai
quyet dii ket qua chua dugc nhu mong dgi Tir nam 1993 den nay, Tmng Qudc da tien
hanh thir nghiem chuong trinh cai each thue phi tai hon 50 huyen thudc 7 tinh va da tich
luy dugc khdng it kinh nghiem quy bau Chuong trinh nay lien quan den nhieu khau
nhu xac djnh tieu chuan va phuong thiic thu nop thue, giam sat quan ly thu cbi Muc
dich cai each thue phf d ndng thdn Tmng Qudc bao gdm 4 ndi dung chu yeu: mdt la,
gidm nhe va dn dinh nhirng ddng gdp eua ndng dan; hai la, the che hda cac kbau quan ly
trong ITnh vuc thu nop thue; ba la, giam phf quan Iy tbu nop thue, bao gdm phf quan Iy
true tilp va phi xa bdi gian tiep; bdn la, thuc bien cdng bang trong ddng gdp
3 Cac chuong trinh, du an lanh manh hoa xa hoi
Sau ban 10 nam tien banh chuong trinh tbi dilm cai each chi dp thul pbi d ndng
Trang 6thdn, Tmng Qudc da dat dugc mdt sd thanh tim dang ghi nhan nhu: giam mdt pban ganh nang cho ndng dan; nang cao tinh minh bach vl nghTa vu thul phf cua ndng dan; nang cao thuc luc kinh te tap the; thiic day su nghiep phiic Igi xa hdi ndng thdn pbat triln; cai thien quan he giu'a can bg va ngudi dan ndng thdn Cd thl ndi, y nghTa xa hdi ciia chuong trinh cai each che dp thue phf d ndng thdn Tmng Qudc la gdp phan quan trpng Iam In dinh cue dien xa hdi, dieu chinh va lam diu nhe mau thudn giiia chinh quyln vdi qudn chung ndng thdn, dem Iai bd mat van hda tiln bd cho xa hdi ndng thdn Tmng Qudc
v l vdn dl bao ve mdi trudng, Tmng Qudc da nhan thiie dugc nhiing tbacb thirc ve mdi tmdng va da dua ra mdt khudn khd luat phap toan dien de bao ve mdi tmdng, cac chinh sach khuyin khfch nang cao hieu suat va bao tdn ngudn nang lupng ket hpp vdi giai phap thay thl cho than, viec ap dung rdng rai nhiing cdng nghe xir ly d nhiem nudc va khdng khi, viec sir dung phuong tien giao thdng edng cpng thay vi d td rieng, v.v Nhung nd luc nay da dua din mpt sd thanh cdng nhu: ndng dp d nhiem lugng chat thai tren mdt don
vi san pham da giam trong vai nam gan day Tuy nhien van cdn nhieu viec phai lam Tmng Qude da dua ra Chuong trinh Hanh ddng cbo 25 nam tdi dua tren 3 try cpt chinh nhu sau:
a ThUc day cdc liec luong thi truong
Cae khuyen kbieb dua tren gid ca phu thudc vao thanh cdng ciia nha nudc trong viec day manb cdng eudc cai each thi trudng Tu do boa thuong mai va eai each doanh nghiep nhd nudc ddc biet thieh hgp Xoa bd cac trd ngai ddi vdi thuong mai trong nudc
se tbiic day viee chuyen mdn hoa, eho phep dat tdd tinh kinh te nhd quy md trong san xuat Ian trong giam d nhiem mdi tmdng Tu do boa thuong mai qudc te cdn md cira cho viec nhap khau tu lieu san xuat Ioai tdt cd hieu suat sir dung nang lugng va tieu chuan ddi vdi viee gay d nhiem eao ban so vdi Ioai san xuat trong ngi dia Cudi ciing, thiic day cai each lam cho cac khuyen khich dua tren thi tmdng trd nen cd hieu lire hon Neu khdng han ehe ngan saeh thi cac doanh nghiep nay se it de y den eac khuyen khich cd lgi cho mdi tmdng ma de y den nhung ddu hieu gia ca khac
Ngoai ra, cdn phai ke den tam quan trgng ciia cac bien phap cd chu dich, nhu danh thue ddi vdi chat thai vdi nguyen tac "ngudi gay d nhilm phai tra gia" Cac bien phap nay da dem Iai Igi fch rdt ldn
b Khuyen khich ddu tu vdo cdng nghe sdn xudt sgch, cdng nghe tiet kiem ndng luong
vd gidm lugng khi thdi
Ndng cdp giao thdng van tdi cdng cdng: kinh nghiem qudc te cho thay, Tmng Qudc
khdng the thoat khdi tinh trang tdc nghen giao thdng bdng each lam them dudng Hon the, ddu tu eho giao thdng van tai cdn tap tmng vao viec thiet lap nhiing dich vu cdng cdng theo tuyin cd dinh tren cac hanh lang cd mat do giao thdng cao de dam bao tfnh hieu qua cho chi phi bd ra, va ddu tu vao he thong xe buyt nli mang dii siic bdp dan dl thay the cho d td rieng
6 4 Nghien cdu Con ngudi so 3 (48) 2010
Trang 7Kinh nghiem cua
Ddu tu vdo viec ndng cdp vd xic ly nleoc: Dieu nay giiip lam giam bdt lupng nudc
thai va cac nha may khdng phai nghi viec do thieu nudc
c Phdt trien cdc dieu tiet hieu qud
Nhiem vu dieu tiet dau tien la giam ham lugng ehi trong dau Ngoai ra, tieu chuan ve
khi thai tir xe hai ciing van thap hon so vdd d cac nude cdng nghiep, bdd vay can phai
nang len
Dudi day la mgt sd bien phap cu the de giam thieu sir d nhilm mdi tmdng va nhung
tac hai ciiand:
Gidm tdc ddng cua d nhiem mdi trudng ddi v&i sue khoe nguoi ddn: hinh thanh he
tbdng luat phap ve tieu chuan ve sinh va he thdng giam sat va kiem tra dieu kien ve sinh
mdi trudng; hinh thanh ea che pbdi hgp y te vdi bao ve mdi trudng; tbuc hien cbien
luge giam tac ddng ed hai ciia eac yeu td mdi trudng va eai thien dieu kien ve sinh; cung
cd he thdng giam sat ve sinh mdi trudng, nang cao nang lire giam sat chat lupng mdi
tmdng va kiem soat cac dieu kien dde hai; hinh thanh mang ludi thdng tin ve d nhiem
mdi trudng; phan tich vd nghien cilu tac ddng cua d nhiem ddi vdd sue khde con ngudi
va de ra cac bien phap xir ly
Ngdn ngica vd hgn che d nhiem khdng khi vd mua axit: ehu trpng nghien ciiu khoa hpc
va phat trien cdng nghe de ban ehe ddt than va cac chat gay d nhilm; thanb lap cac td
chile tu van va quan Ii hgp ly; tien hanh cac boat dpng de kiem soat va ban che mua axft
Ngdn ngiea ste suy gidm tdng dzdn trong khi quyen: thanh lap he tbdng phap Iuat de
ban che cac chat lam suy giam tang d zdn; thanh lap co sd dil lieu va he thdng thdng tin
ve san xuat, tieu diing, nhap khau va xuat khau cac chat Iam suy giam tang d zdn; bd trg
nghien cim va phat trien ede chat vd cdng nghe thay the
Hqn che thdi khi nhd kinh: xay dimg chuong trinh qudc gia de ban che lupng khi nha
kinh; tang cudng trdng rimg, tang san xuat rau xanh; tham gia nghien cilu va bgp tac ve
bien ddi khi hau toan cau va tim kiem hd trg cdng ngbe qudc te
Xdy dung cdc he thdng dich vu, du bdo vd kiem sodt bien ddi khi hgu
(trich Chuong trinh Ngbi sir 21 ciia Tmng Qudc)
4 Bai hoc nit ra
Cimg vdi nhirng thanh tuu to ldn trong cdng cude cai each md cita, ndng thdn Trung
Qudc da that sir thay ddi va khdng ngimg phat trien Nbin chung, ddd sdng kinh te ndng
thdn va tbu nhap ciia ngudd ndng dan dugc cai thien, nang cao hon so vdd trude thdi ky
cai each, dien mao xa bdi tbuc sir cd nhieu khdd sac va timg budc dn dinh, tien bd Su
thanh cdng trong chien lugc xda ddi giam ngbeo ciia Tnmg Qudc la hg da cbii truang
thay phuang thiic cilu te tmyen thdng tmdc day bang phuong thilc hd trg, md mang
hudng di cho cac dia phuong tu lam giau, timg budc xda bd tinh y lai eiia ngudi ngheo
vao su ciiu trg eua Nha nude Day la mdt bai hpe ma Viet Nam can hpe tap Ngudd ngbeo
khdng chi can luong tbuc, thuc pham cilu trg tam thdi ma hg can dugc tao cdng an viec
lam, giiip <ld ve vdn, phuong thilc lam kinh t l dl cd thl thoat ngheo mdt each bin vimg
Trang 8Ben canh mdt sl thanh cdng dat dugc vdn cdn nhilu vdn dl ciia xa hdi ndng thdn chua dugc giai quylt triet de va ehiing da trd thanh lire can ldn ddi vdi sir phat triln bin vung ciia Trung Qudc Nguyen nhan eiia nhung vdn dl nay la:
Thi chi xdy dung va qudn ly ndng thdn chua hodn thien: tinh trang mgng ddt manh
mun gay trd ngai Idn cho qua trinh hien dai boa ndng nghiep Ben canh dd, viec quan ly, dilu hanh d tdm vT md hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh ciia cac thanh phan kinh te khac d ndng thdn cdn qua nhilu ke hd, tham chf het site ldng leo, thieu tfnh he thing - '•' ^
Chinh sdch xdy dung vdphdt trien kinh te ndng thdn cdn nhieu bdt cap: viec ket bgp
chat che, hiiu ea giu:a eac nganh, cac ITnh vuc ndng nghiep chua dugc ehii y dung mile Chinh sach phat triln dich vu ndng nghiep ciing chua dugc Tmng Qudc thuc hien ddy dil va hieu qua
Bg mdy qudn ly ndng thdn thieu lanh mgnh, kem hieu qud: bg may chfnh quyen ndng
thdn cdng kinh nhung hieu qua dieu hanh, quan ly cdng viec ndng thdn kem, tham chi nhung nhilu, gay phien toai cho dan -^ v?^ i i siniifii
Cd the thay, Chinh phu Trung Qudc da cd nhieu bien phap de kiem che su gia tang khoang each chenh lech giau ngheo, nhung theo GS Dinh Nguyen Tnic, nhiing bien phap
cu the va rat hieu qua nhu dimg chinh sach thu thue va cac hang muc cdng cdng, dich vu cdng cpng de phan bd tai san xa hpi, dam bao cdng bang hon cho mpi tang Idp nhan dan thi chinh phu lai ehua he cd ke hoach gi Vi the cho nen, theo dng trong thdi gian tdi, viec nit ngan khoang each chenh lech giau ngheo ciing chua cd nhiing budc tien kha quan Tit nhung van de xa hdi ndng thdn Trung Qudc, cd the nit ra mdt sd kinb nghiem khac phuc cac hien tupng tieu cue, bile xiie trong ndng thdn Viet Nam:
Nhanh chdng nang cao thu nhap dn dinh cho ndng dan, nit ngan khoang each chenh lech gifla ndng thdn vdi thanh thi, mien niii, vimg sau viing xa vdi ddng bang De dat tdi muc tieu nay, can ed chinh sach uu tien phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi ddi vdi ndng thdn, nhu thuc hien ea che san xuat kinh doanh thdng thoang, tu chu; hoan thien chi dp khoan den hp, che dp giao dat, giao rimg cd lgi eho san xuat ndng, lam nghiep; dp dung che dp trg giiip, cho vay vdn uu dai dl phat triln kinh tl gia dinh vdi ca chi linh boat, rdng md; mien giam thue ndng nghiep va cac khoan ddng gdp vugt qua kha nang, anh hudng den thu nhap thuc te cua ndng dan; nang cao gia thu mua va tieu thu ndng san;
tao CO hdi tim viee lam In dinh cho lao ddng ndng thdn '•'••• ' - ? ^
Tao ca hdi phat trien binh dang cho mpi tdng ldp cu dan ndng thdn, dilu boa cac mau thudn nay sinh trong npi bp nhan dan Dilu dd ddi hdi phai thuc hien ddy du, diing dan cac chinh saeh dam bao quyln Igi hgp phap cua mgi cdng dan; tranh tao mau thuan
xa hgi do van dung sai, tuy tien cac chfnh saeh, chi do, dac biet la chi do phiic Igi Xay dung bg may quan ly ndng thdn trong sach, hieu qua
Dau tu nhilu ban cho giao due, dp dung khoa hgc ky thuat ndng nghiep vao san xudt Day manh cdng tac giao due tu tudng, dao dilc, cbfnb tri cho the he tre d ndng thdn nhdm ban chi nhung tdc ddng va anh hudng cua lli sdng tieu cue du nhap vao nudc ta
g g Nghidn ciiu Con ngudi sd3 (48) 2010
Trang 9Kinh nghiem cda
Tai lieu tham khao
1 "Trung Qudc hu&ng ve ndng thdn " Bao Thanh nien, 15/3/2006
2 Chuang trinh Nghi su 21 cua Trung Qudc
3 Defining "Healthysociety"
http://www.votenga.ca/Common%20pages/backgrounderTextFiles/DefiningHealthySociety.htm
(6/1/2006)
4 Enrich Fromm The Sane Society Rinehart & Company, New York, 1955
- 5 Dinh Nguyen Tnic, 2004 "Ndm 2010: Khd ndng viin cdnh ciia Trung Quoc " Tmng tam
phuc vu tinh nguyen va nghien ciiu phiic lgi, Dai hpc Bac Kinh
6 Ngo Tugng, 2001 Ghi chip thuc vi cdi cdch ndng thdn Trung Quoc Nxb Nhan dan
Chiet Giang, Tmng QuIc
7 Phung Thi Hue, 2004 De tai: "Nhiing vdn di xd hgi biee xiic trong ndng thdn Trung Qudc
thdi ky cdi cdch md ciea: Thuc trqng vd gidi phdp"
" % Sie dung cdc "cdng nghe sach " a Trung Qudc Bao Cong nghiep Viet Nam, 8/2004
1 Vien Chien lugc va chinh sach cong nghiep, Bp Cong nghiep (7/2004) Tdng trudng vd
bdo vi mdi trudmg a Trung Qudc
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