manh me chuyen djch cd ca'u kinh te thee hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda.. Trdng dd, trpng tam la day manh phat trien ceng nghiep, djch vu, tang cUdngd[r]
Trang 1Kinh nghiem cua mot so nirdc chau A
ve giai quyet moi quan he ldi fch
khi nha nudc thu hoi dat trong qua trinh
cong nghiep hoa - hien dai hoa
BUI MINH HONG*
I DAT VAN DE
Nhflng nam qua thUe hien dudng ldi,
chien lUdc phat trien kinh te ciia Dang, ci
nUde da tap trung trien khai thiic hien
manh me chuyen djch cd ca'u kinh te thee
hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda
Trdng dd, trpng tam la day manh phat
trien ceng nghiep, djch vu, tang cUdng
Ung dung nhflng tie'n bp khoa hpc - cdng
nghe vao s i n xua't va da dat dUde nhUng
ket q u i te ldn, quan trpng, tad cd sd va
dpng lUc cho tang trUdng va phat trien
ben vflng De phat trien cdng nghiep va
djch vu cin c6 quy da't de xay diing ket
ca'u ha tang va cac nha may tai cac khu
kinh te, khu cdng nghiep Do dd, van de
Nha nUdc thu hdi dat ndng nghiep ciia
ndng dan trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa
la cin thiet va ta't yeu
Qua trinh thu hdi dat va giii quyet mdi
quan he ldi fch gap rat nhieu khd khan,
•vUdng mic, dac biet la van de: dn djnh
chfnh trj - xa hpi, dn djnh va phat trien
s i n xuat, d i m bao ddi sdng ndng dan sau khi thu hdi da't Giai quyet td't ldi fch kinh
te ddl vdi ndng dan khi thu hdi da't cd vai trd quan trpng ddl vdi hai muc tieu ldn la thiic hien td't, ed hieu qua qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nUde cflng nhu dim bio nang eao hieu sua't hoat dpng cua nen kinh te qud'c dan va an sinh xa hdi vdi qudc ke dan sinh cflng nhu mdi vflng, dja phUdng, khu vUc khi thu hdi da't Cac nUdc tren the gidi, dac biet la cac nUde chau A cd nhieu dac diem tUdng ddng vdi Viet Nam khi tie'n hanh cdng nghiep hea, hien dai hea phat trien cdng nghiep va djch vu cflng nhU de thi hda d cac nUdc, khi tien hanh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, khi phat trien cdng nghiep, djch vu cflng nhu dd thj hoa deu phai can thu hdi da't, p h i n ldn da't ndng nghiep cita ndng dan Qua trinh nay dat ra nhieu van
de nhU: bdi thudng quyen sif dung da't, tai
* Ths Bui Minh Hdng, Chu tich UBND huyen Vinh Tudng - tinh Vinh Phuc
Trang 2Bui Minh Hong - Kinh nghiem ciia mdt sdnitac chdu A 49
s i n hoa m a u t r e n d a t , giai quye't tai djnh
cU, da't 0 mdi, viec l a m , t h u n h a p mdi cho
nong dan N g h i e n cflu mo h i n h cila cac
nUdc da di trUdc la nhflng bai hpc bd ich
cho Viet N a m de giai quye't tdt hdn nhflng
van de ldi ich h nhflng ndi bi t h u hdi da't
Qua nghien cflu k i n h n g h i e m cua mpt
so nudc va v u n g l a n h thd: T r u n g Quo'c,
H a n Qudc, Xingapo, Dai Loan va Hdng
Kong, c6 t h e r u t r a nhflng bai hpc k i n h
nghiem s a u day:
1 G i a i q u y e t t o t q u a n h e Itfi i c h k i n h
t e q u a v a n d e d a t d a i v a n h a ii
Co t h e k h a i q u a t giai quyet mdi q u a n
he ldi ich ve v a n de da't dai va n h a d la bai
hpc t h a n h cdng cac nUdc da d a t dUdc Day
cung la mpt t r o n g nhflng v a n de d a t r a h e t
sflc cap thie't t r o n g q u a t r i n h cdng nghiep
boa, hien dai hoa ThUc te cho thay, neu
khdng giai quye't tot v a n de nay, moi mpt
qudc gia se lam vao t i n h t r a n g b a t dn do
sfl p h a n flng cua nhflng ngUdi d a n m a t
dat va thieu n h a d do tac dpng cua dd thi
hoa, p h a t trien cong n g h i e p va djch vu
O Hdn Qudc, do tac dpng m a n h cua
qua t r i n h cdng nghiep hoa, do t h j hoa,
nhu cau n h a d c u n g t a n g len m a n h me va
bflc thiet do ty le so ngfldi k h o n g co n h a d
tang len n h a n h chdng Day la thfle t r a n g
bflc xuc d a t C h i n h p h u H a n Qudc trflde
nhflng sfl dieu c h i n h theo h u d n g dn djnh
xa hoi Trflde t i n h h i n h nay, C h i n h phii
Han Qudc da thfle h i e n n h i e u giai p h a p
quan trpng, t r o n g dd t a p t r u n g cac ngudn
Iflc vao viec c u n g c a p de sd hflu va xay
dflng cac k h u c h u n g cfl nhd Theo bao cao cua C h i n h p h u H a n Qudc, tfnh den n a m
1992, ty le sd hflu n h a d d a t mflc 76% va dien tich n h a d b i n h q u a n d a u ngudi Udc
t i n h k h d i n g \A,'dvd^ Chi tieu cUa Chinh
phii cho viec p h a t t r i e n n h a d da t a n g tfl 7,5% tdng mflc chi tieu cila C h i n h p h u
n a m 1980 len de'n 12,5% vao n a m 1992 Ngoai nhflng dfl An n h a d do Chinh p h u trUc tiep d a u tU va thi cdng, Chfnh phii
H a n Qudc cdn hd trd tai chinh cho cac doanh nghiep t u n h a n xay dUng cac khu
c h u n g cU nhd Vdi nhflng nd lUc nay cho den nay, ve cd b i n , C h i n h p h u H a n Qudc
da g i i i quyet dUdc van de n h a d cho n h a n
d a n trong q u a t r i n h dd thj hoa, cdng nghiep hoa Chfnh sach nay n h a n dUdc sU img hp cua ddng dao q u a n chflng n h a n
d a n va d o a n h nghiep
O Xingapo, q u a t r i n h dd thi hoa, p h a t
trien cdng nghiep gan lien vdi dd la lan sdng di d a n tfl ndng thdn vao t h a n h thj da gay r a t i n h t r a n g thie'u n h a d nghiem trpng, n h a t la ddl tUdng cd t h u n h a p t h a p
De giai quyet t i n h t r a n g nay, Chinh p h u Singapo da thiic hien "ChUdng t r i n h n h a d dac biet d a n h che ddl tupng cd t h u n h a p tha'p" b a n g each cung cap n h a d cdng cpng cho d a n cfl H u y dpng t a i chinh tfl nhieu ngudn (tfl n g a n sach n h a nflde, cac td ehflc nflde ngoai va tfl b a n t h a n ngfldi lao dpng) vdi nhieu h i n h thfle k h a c n h a u Muc tieu trflc tiep cua cac chUdng t r i n h nay la dn djnh xa hpi trUdc sflc ep cua cac ddng ngudi n h a p cU t a n g len n h a n h chdng
C h i n h sach p h u hpp da giflp giai quyet td't muc tieu de ra Hien nay, d Singapo cd
Trang 350 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
k h o i n g 80% dan sd' sd'ng t r o n g cac n h a d
cdng cpng va p h i n ldn ed q u y e n sd hUu
n h a Ban p h a t t r i e n n h a d Singapd da
d i m n h i e m viec k h a i p h a va xay dUng cac
k h u n h a va c u n g cap eho d a n chflng vdi
cac mflc gia k h a c n h a u t u y t h e o t h u n h a p
cua hp Day la bai hpc tdt, la k i n h n g h i e m
cd t h e t h a m k h a o cho n h i e u nUdc
O Hong Kong, ngay tfl nhflng n a m d i u
the ky XX, qua t r i n h edng n g h i e p hoa dien
r a m a n h me De q u a n ly ve da't dai va n h a
d trong dieu kien da't dai cd h a n , chfnh
quyen d vflng nay da thiic h i e n nhieu giai
p h a p r a t tien bd, phfl hdp
Trudc bet, de xay d u n g cac edng t r i n h
ceng cdng p h u c vu cho q u a t r i n h dd thj
hoa, cdng n g h i e p va djch vu, chfnh quyen
da triic tie'p m u a d a t ciia tU n h a n t r e n ed
sd t u nguyen M a t k h a c , c h i n h q u y e n sif
d u n g cac k h d i n g da't trd'ng ciia m i n h de
ddi lay da't cua t u n h a n Cd trUdng hdp
chinh quyen chi la'y mpt p h i n tai s i n ciia
chii da't, p h i n edn lai p h i i t r i cho hp kem
theo hd sd mdi T r o n g hd sd mdi n a y cd ghi
c i t h e m quyen xay diing t h e m de den bfl
p h i n da't da la'y di T h e e each nay, ldi fch
cua n h a nudc va ca n h a n dupc d a m b i d
hai hoa, hai ben deu ed lpi, do dd thiic hien
g i i i phdng m a t b i n g dien r a n h a n h chdng
Cflng vdi h i n h thfle m u a da't, ddi da't,
ddl vdi nhflng ngudi k h d n g mud'n la'y tien
m a t khi p h i i b a n da't cho c h i n h quyen thi
cd t h e n h a n gia'y "ChUng chi ve quyen t r a e
ddi dat dai" H i n h thUc nay tao dieu kien
cho nhflng ngudi b a n da't dUdc m u a da't
m a khdng p h i i t h d n g q u a da'u gia k h i
chinh quyen b a n da't dd t h j Day cflng la
nhflng k i n h n g h i e m h e t sflc quy b a u trong
q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n dd thj d nflde ta hien nay m a n h i e u dja phUdng c a n n g h i e n cflu hpc t a p
2 Giai q u y e t q u a n h e Itfi i c h k i n h te
t h o n g q u a t a o v i e c l a m k h i t h u h o i dait
s a n x u a t n o n g n g h i e p d o i vdi n o n g d a n
T r e n g q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n cdng nghiep boa, hien dai hoa, cac nUde c h a u A vd'n la nUdc ndng n g h i e p nen r a t q u a n t a m den van de t a o viec lam, c h u y e n ddi cd ca'u
n g a n h n g h e tU n g h e n e n g s a n g nghe phi ndng n g h i e p cho ndng d a n bj t h u hdi da't,
t a n g t h u n h a p , b i o d a m ddi sd'ng cho hp Day cflng la bai hpc k i n h n g h i e m c i n thiet cho Viet N a m k h i v a n de viec lam cho ngUdi lao ddng k h i bj t h u hdi da't dang la
v a n de bflc xflc
Cl Trung Qudc, vdi dac diem dan sd
ddng, va'n de viee l a m ludn d a t r a ddl vdi
C h i n h phii d T r u n g Qud'c cd tfl 100 den
120 trieu lae ddng n d n g t h d n khdng cd viee lam, h a n g n a m lai t a n g t h e m tfl 6 den
7 trieu lao ddng Vdi luc lUpng lao dpng ndng t h d n du thUa nay, h a n g nam^cd den
h a n g t r a m t r i e u ngudi n h a p cU vae cac vflng t h a n h thi Thiic t r a n g n a y da gay ra ra't n h i e u khd k h a n cho cdng tac q u i n ly
dd thj ve cac m a t : q u i n ly d a n cU, lao ddng viec lam, a n n i n h , sflc khoe, ke hoach hoa gia dinh, giao due De giai q u y e t v a n de nay, t r o n g nhflng n a m vfla qua, T r u n g Qud'c da tien h a n h h a n g loat cac bien
p h a p n h i m giai quye't n h u cau viec lam cho ngudi lad dpng Ddng thdi, giam sflc ep cho cac dd thj do q u a t r i n h di d a n cua lao
Trang 4Bid Minh Hdng - Kinh nghiem ciia mdt sd niidc chdu A 51
ddng d ndng t h d n Dac biet, T r u n g Qud'c
het sflc c h u t r p n g tdi cac loai h i n h xi
nghiep, d o a n h n g h i e p t a i dja phUdng
ChUdng t r i n h p h a t t r i e n nay dupe thiic
hien qua n h i e u giai d e a n k h a c n h a u b i t
d i u tfl n a m 1984 Cho den nay, cac xi
nghiep, doanh nghiep dia phUdng ddng
vai trd chinh trong viec t h u bflt lUc lupng
lao ddng ddi du Thed thd'ng ke, n a m 1992,
tdng gia trj s i n lupng ceng nghiep ndng
thdn l i n dau tien chiem t r e n 50% tdng gia
trj s i n lupng xa hdi So' lupng lao dpng
lam viec trong k h u viic n a y cflng t a n g len
hang t r a m trieu ngudi
De ngudi lad dpng n d n g nghiep sau khi
thu hdi da't cd k h a n a n g l a m viec trong
cac n g a n h cdng nghiep, djch vu, C h i n h
phii T r u n g Qud'c cd c h i n h sach d i u t u dao
tao nghe dudi n h i e u h i n h thUc khac n h a u
Cac t r u n g t a m day n g h e p h a t trien ca ve
quy md, c h a t lupng va sd' lUdng Da d a n g
hda h i n h thUe dao tao va n g a n h n g h e dao
tao dap Ung yeu c i u t h j trUdng Ngudn
lUc cung h u y ddng tfl n h i e u ngudn lUc
khac n h a u Ddng thdi, t r o n g q u a t r i n h
p h a t trien djnh h u d n g p h a t t r i e n dao tao
nghe linh viic cdng n g h e - ky t h u a t cae
dupe Uu tien
Mdt hudng giai q u y e t viec lam la chinh
sach xua't k h a u lao dpng t h d n g qua nhieu
kenh xua't k h a u k h a c n h a u N h a nUdc
quan t a m day m a n h edng tac xua't k h a u
lao ddng thdng q u a viec k h u y e n khich eac
doanh nghiep d a u tU ve n h a n lUc, cd sd
vat chat, t a p t r u n g q u i n ly va k h a i thac
thj trudng Dac biet cac thj trUdng k h u
VUc Ngoai ra, C h i n h phii k h a i thdng md
rpng thj trUdng tiem n a n g d chau A, Bac
My va chau Phi
Vdi nhflng chinh sach nay, T r u n g Qud'c
p h i n nad da g i i i quyet dupc sUc ep ve van
de viec lam do qua t r i n h dd thi hea gay ra
0 Dai Loan, qua t r i n h dd thj boa p h a t
trien, k h u cdng nghiep la yeu c i u cua qua
t r i n h cdng nghiep boa nen viee t h u hdi da't ndng nghiep cho qua t r i n h nay la ta't yeu khach q u a n Vi vay, chinh quyen Dai Loan da q u a n t a m g i i i quyet cac van de kinh te - xa hpi trong q u a t r i n h p h a t trien
k h u cdng nghiep la:
- P h a n bd cac k h u cdng nghiep r i i deu
t r e n p h a m vi l a n h thd, trong dd Uu tien cac vflng xa, vflng nhieu da't ndng nghiep
de g i i m gia t h u e da't cho cac n h a d i u tU
- Xay diing va n a n g cap he thdng ket cau ha t a n g ndng thdn, n h a t la giao thdng, dien (gia dien ndng t h e n tha'p hdn t h a n h thj), thdng tin lien lac, trUdng hpc, t r a m xa tao dieu kien cho ndng dan p h a t trien ndng nghiep h a n g boa quy md ldn, t h a m
c a n h cao, g a n ndng n g h i e p vdi cdng nghiep che bien va xua't k h a u theo md
h i n h doanh nghiep vUa va nhd
- D u a cac n h a may cdng nghiep ve ndng thdn, trong dd Uu tien cac doanh nghiep che bien ndng s i n , t h u y s i n quy
md nhd va vUa vao cac k h u cdng nghiep
- Chuyen hudng t h u h u t cac n h a d i u tfl vao k h u cdng nghiep tfl yeu td' gia t h a n h
t h a p s a n g yeu to chat Ifldng cad TrUdc day, chii d i u tU k h u cdng nghiep chi cung cap cac djch vu cd b i n vdi gia t h u e dat tha'p, nay chuyen s a n g xay diing cac k h u
Trang 552 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
ceng n g h i e p dich vu cao, gia cho t h u e d a t
phfl hdp de t i e t kiem da't C h u y e n tfl t r p n g
cung s a n g t r p n g cau, t h e o do viec t h u e da't
p h a t t r i e n k h u cong n g h i e p dUa t r e n n h u
cau thj t r u d n g ; k h u y e n k h i c h tU n h a n
t h a m gia p h a t t r i e n k h u cong n g h i e p
C h u y e n tU k h u cdng n g h i e p t a p t r u n g quy
md ldn t h u e n h i e u da't s a n g k h u cdng
nghiep quy mo nhd va vfla, t h e o hfldng
cdng vien cong n g h i e p , p h a t t r i e n cdng
n g h e cao, g a n bd vdi b i o ve mdi trUdng
sinh t h a i C h u y e n c u n g cap cac djch vu cd
b a n phd t h d n g s a n g cac djch vu cao cap
c h u y e n nghiep, p h a t t r i e n cac cdng vien
cdng nghiep t h d n g m i n h t r o n g cac k h u
cong n g h i e p de bao ve moi trUdng s i n h
t h a i Day la nhflng bai hpc k i n h n g h i e m
r a t tot cho q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n d cac do
t h j ldn Viet N a m (Ha Npi, t h a n h phd' Hd
Chf Minh )
- G i i i quyet hdp ly cac v a n de xa hpi
p h a t sinh t r o n g q u a t r i n h xay dUng mdi
va md rpng k h u cdng nghiep, nha't la t a o
viec l a m mdi T h u h u t lao dpng dU thfla
v u n g n d n g t h o n bj t h u hdi da't n d n g
nghiep, t h u h e p k h o a n g each giau ngheo
gifla t h a n h t h i va ndng t h d n t r o n g q u a
t r i n h cdng n g h i e p hoa va dd t h j hoa
Phfldng p h a p giai quye't v a n de n a y d Dai
Loan da tao viec l a m p h i n d n g n g h i e p t a i
cac v u n g n d n g t h o n b i n g p h a t t r i e n cac
d o a n h nghiep nhd va vfla de t a o viec l a m
mdi, t h u h u t lao dong dfl thfla, n h a t la tfl
cac hp ndng d a n m a t da't n d n g n g h i e p
Tdm lai, giai q u y e t d u n g dan, p h u hdp
cac ldi ich k i n h t e k h i N h a nflde t h u hdi
da't trong q u a t r i n h cdng n g h i e p hoa, h i e n
dai hoa co y n g h i a to ldn t r o n g sfl chuyen bien va p h a t t r i e n c u n g nhfl dn d i n h chinh tri - xa hpi cUa d a t nudc, t r o n g tflng khu vfle va dia phfldng t h e o c h u trfldng cua
D a n g va p h a p l u a t cua N h a nUdc ta Viec
t h u hdi da't g i n lien vdi q u a t r i n h giai
q u y e t lpi ich k i n h te cua n o n g d a n co da't
bj t h u hdi V a n de n a y m a n g y nghia kinh
te - c h i n h trj - xa hpi r a t q u a n trpng
D u d n g ldi ddi mdi va p h a t t r i e n da't nUdc cila D a n g t a la thUc h i e n cdng nghiep boa, hien dai hoa vi m u c tieu "Dan giau, nUdc
m a n h , xa hpi cdng b a n g d a n chii van minh" Vi vay, viec giai quye't ldi ich kinh
te ciia n o n g d a n cd da't bj t h u hdi phai dfldc d a m bao v a cai t h i e n h d n c u n g vdi sfl
p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e - x a hoi eua da't nflde Nhflng b a i hoc k i n h n g h i e m cua mpt so' nudc c h a u A t h a n h cdng ve v a n de nay la tfl lieu t h a m k h i o td't ddl vdi chflng ta./
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
1 Cong nghiep hod, hien dgi hod d Viet Nam,
ly ludn vd thi/c tien, Nxb Chfnh tri quoc
gia Ha Npi, 2002
2 Chinh sdch thu hdt ddu tii vdo thi triidng
bdt dgng sdn Viet Nam, Nxb Chfnh tri
qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2006
3 Cong nghiep hod nong nghiep, nong thon d
cdc niidc chdu A vd Viet Nam, Nxb Chfnh
tri qud'c gia, Ha Npi, 1997
5 Kinh te NICs Dong A kinh nghiem ddl vdi Viet Nam, Nxb Thd'ng Ke, Ha Npi, 1992
6 Cong nghiep hod, hien dgi hod d Viet Nam
vd cdc niidc trong khu vi/c, Nxb Thd'ng ke
Ha Npi, 1995