Dung la sQ doan Man Thanh vdi sac phong va qua tang den Thang Long nam 1662, va ngay trong nam sau dd chinh quyen Le-Trinh da cU sQ bg sang trieu cd'ng nha Thanh (42). Tuy nhien, sU [r]
Trang 1KIM LOAI TIEN NHAT BAN VA CHUYEN BIEN KINH TE XA HOI DANG NGOAI THE KY XVII
"Cac thifdng pham chung ta [ngifdi Ha
Lan-HOANG ANH TUAN'
dung lai tif than cac md'i quan he, ma cdn TG] nhap khau vao buon bdn d Dang Xgoai chd cho phep cac nha nghien cQu tim hieu veu gom bac va tien dong - von dudc diic hoac nhQng tac dgng ciia nd de'n sii chuyen bien lam d Xhat Ban [,,,] Xgoai ra [chiing ta] con kinh te - xa hgi trong nUdc, tQ do gdp phin nhap khdu mot so loai hUdng heu, diem tieu, vdi ^^c lap vi trf vd vai trd cua Dai Viet trong cotton, Xgoai bac va tien dong, cac loai thUdng he thd'ng h i i thUdng khu vUc vd quoc te phdm khac dudc nhap khdng dang kg do ludng trong ky nguyen thUdng mai sdi dgng nay tieu thu khong cao" Trong qua trinh khai thdc kho tU lieu
Pieter van Dam [1703] (1) cua Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan (VOC) tai La Trong the ky XX, nhQr-j thanh tUii ndi
bat ve nghien cdu quan hg thudng mai va
bang giao A - Au giai doan Can dai sd kv
cung nhu tac dgng ciia nd den'sU md rgng ^^"^^ ^dn (hac, ddng va tien ddng) dUdc
Have va mdt p h i n khdi tU lieu cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh tai Luan Ddn, tdi cd an tUdng rat manh ve khdi lUdng Idn kim loai tien te
ciia mdt he thd'ng kinh te thd gidi, nen kinh ngUdi Ha Lan nhap khau vao Dang Ngoai
te hang hda cda cac qud'c gia Ddng A ndi ^^ng nam (ben canh mgt litdng khd Idn do neng, da va dang lam thay doi nhieu nhan thUdng nhan Trung Qud'c, Xhat Bdn, Bd thQc sii hgc ve thdi ky ljch sU cd tinh b i n le E)ao Xha, Anh dUa vao qua cdc thdi ky ndy (2) 0 Viet Xam, viec cac ngudn tu lieu ^hac nhau) Dac biet hdn, ngudn kim loai phUdng Tay tQng bQdc duoc khai thdc va ^idn te nay da tac dgng r i t manh me va sau cdng bd trong nhQng nam gan day cung gdp sac de'n qua trinh md rgng nen kinh te
p h i n thidt thilc vao vide tQng bQdc soi sang hang hda cua Dang Xgoai, cung nhU anh nhung khia canh lich sU dan tdc bi bo ngd hudng trUc tiep va thudng xuyen de'n cd cau trong sudt mdt thdi gian dai: van de quan phan bd life lUdng lao dgng, ddi sd'ng xa
he thUdng mai va bang giao vdi cac the life hdi Tren cd sd tdng hdp tU lieu vd nhan thUdng mai chau Au (Ha Lan Anh, Bd Ddo dinh, bai viet nay se phdc thao nhQng net X'ha ) the ky XVII (3) Dieu dang ndi la, chinh ve kim ngach nhap khau kim loai nhQng ngudn tif lieu phuong Tay viet ve tien te X'hat B i n (va mgt sd ngudn bo sung Dai Viet thdi ky ndy khdng chi giup phuc khdc) vdo Dang Xgoai trong p h i n Idn the
• TS, Hioa Lich sQ - TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH&XV- DHQGHX
Trang 2Kim loai tien Rl^at B^n va chuyen bien 19
ky XVII de tQ đ p h a n tfch n h u n g tac đng
m a n h m e vd h i n g x u y e n dén sU c h u y e n
bien k i n h t e - xa hgi D a n g Ngoai, t a p t r u n g
vao cac k h i a c a n h chfnh s a u day: ti gia hdi
doai, gia ca h a n g hda va thilc p h a m , cd cau
n h a n cdng lao dgng t r o n g cac n g d n h t h u
cdng n g h i e p
1 V a i n e t v e h e t h o n g t i e n t e V i e t N a m
t r u d c t h e k y XVII
Lich sU he thd'ng t i e n t e Viet N a m dén
trUdc thdi ky P h d p thuoc cd t h e chia t h d n h
hai giai d o a n chfnh: giai d o a n d u n g
vang/bac va giai d o a n sU d u n g tien đng
Bac va v a n g dUdc ngUdi Viet sQ d u n g n h u
n h u n g phUdng t i e n trad đi c h i n h dén t a n
the ky X, k h i ach đ hg cua T r u n g Qud'c bi
lat đ (4) Bi a n h hUdng bdi h e thd'ng tien te
T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g suót n g h i n n a m Bac
thugc - thdi ky t i e n d d n g dUdc sQ d u n g
ngay c a n g r g n g r a i - s a u k h i xUng de, D i n h
Bd Linh (968-979) cho dQc tidn T h a i Binh;
nam 984 Le H o a n (980-1005) cho due tien
Thien P h u c Ke tQ đ, viec due tidn dUdc
tidn h a n h dudi t r i e u Ly (1010-1226), T r i n
(1226-1400) va - nhU J o h n Vv'hitmore da
chi rd - h o a t d d n g due t i e n cua cac t r i e u dai
phong kien d i u t i e n cua Viet N a m " m a n g
muc dfch chfnh t r i n h i e u tUdng dUdng vdi
muc tieu k i n h tế k h i Dai Viet v a n p h u
thudc k h a n h i e u vao n g u d n tidn n h a p k h a u
tQ T r u n g Qud'c (5) Cd ve n h u viec n g u d n
cung tien tQ ldng g i e n g phUdng Bac s a n g
Dai Viet dUdc d u y tri tot t r o n g cdc t h e ky
XI-XIV da d d n g gdp d a n g ke vdo sU md
rgng cua n e n k i n h té Dai Viet giai d o a n
Ly-T r i n Dudi t r i e u Hd (1400-1407), t i e n giáy
dudc gidi t h i e u vd sii d u n g (6) S a u khi lat
đ ach c h i e m d d n g c u a n h d M i n h
(1407-1428), t n e u Le ( 1 4 2 8 - 1 5 2 7 ; 1593-1788) cho
due tien d d n g cd c h a t iQdng cao n h i m nd
lUc dn d i n h n h u c i u ngdy c a n g t a n g ve tien
đng cl t r o n g nUdc T r i e u d i n h c u n g đng
thdi quy d i n h lai gia tri đng tien: 1 q u a n
a n 10 tien vd gdm 600 đng - bieu gia tri
n a y dUdc duy tri dén t a n t h e ky XIX (7)
Van de d a t r a la s a n lUdng tien due ra cua t r i e u Le k h d n g d a p Qng dUdc n h u c i u
t r o n g nUdc N h i m giam bdt sQc ep tQ sU thiéu h u t ciia loai t i e n b a n bd ndy, trieu
d i n h t r u n g Udng t a n g lUdng tien diic bdi cac cdng xudng n h a nUdc, đng thdi b a n s i c chi (cac n a m 1434, 148, 1658, 1741) cam
t h u d n g d a n lUa t i e n td't bd tien xau (8) Quy che t r e n k h d n g m a n g lai h i e u qua cao bdi
t r e n thi trUdng đng thdi luu h d n h nhieu loai tidn due tQ n h i e u loai kim loai khac
n h a u Tien đng va kem cung đng thdi dudc lifu h a n h , nhát la tidn kem do trieu Mac due t r o n g t h e ky XVỊ
N h a m b i n h dn he thd'ng tien te, n a m
1663 t r i e u d i n h t r u n g Udng yeu c i u tieu
b u y t o a n bg tidn k e m (9) Q u a n trgng hdn,
t r o n g t h e ky X V H c h i n h q u y e n L e - T r i n h da
t a n d u n g dUdc mgt each tdi Uu ngudn bac, đng va tien đng do cac thUdng n h a n ngoai qud'c dUa den D a n g Ngoai, trong đ
p h a i ke dén khd'i lUdng d a n g ke bac vd tien
đng zeni ciia N h a n B a n chu yeu dUdc
n h a p k h a u bdi Cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan vd Hoa thUdng H o a t dgng n h a p k h i u kim loai tien te ndi t r e n da a n h hUdng trUc tiép va
h a n g x u y e n dén ti gia hdi đdi bac/tien đng, gia ca, cd cau n g u d n lao đng va tren
t a m vi md, cd t a c dgng m a n h me den sU
c h u y e n bien xa hgi cQng nhQ nen kinh te
h d n g hda cua D a n g Ngoaị
2 V e h o a t d o n g n h a p k h a u k i m l o a i
t i e n te c i i a V O C v a o D a n g N g o a i ,
1637-1700
N h u da dugc t r i n h bdy t r o n g cac bai viet trudc, b o a t đng t h u m u a td lua Ddng Ngoai cho thi trUdng N h a t Ban, v a n g cho
C o r o m a n d e l , lua t a m va xa hUdng cho Ha
Trang 320 Rghien ciru Ljch sJr, so 12.2009
Lan, gdm sQ cho thi trUdng Ddng Nam A la
cdc trgng tam thifdng mai cua VOC vdi
Ddng Ngoai giai doan 1637-1700 (10)
Nham tao thuan Idi cho viec thu mua td
lua, thUdng diem cua VOC d Dang Ngodi
can dUde cung cap tien dudi dang bac nen
Tien ddng zeni Nhat Ban cung dUdc nhap
khau vdo Dang Ngodi de lUu hdnh song
song vdi cac loai tien ddng due trong nUdc
hoac nhap k h i u tQ Trung Qudc trong thdi
ky khan hiem tien ddng vd bac nen bi mat
gid Dat trong tifdng quan vdi bac va tien
ddng, cdc san p h i m khac do VOC nhap
khau vao Ddng Ngodi cd ti trgng rat nhd,
thifdng khdng qua 5% tong gia tri kim
ngach nhap khau hang nam (11)
a Nhdp khdu bgc vdo Ddng Ngodi cua
VOC
Trong so cdc thifdng pham ngUdi Ha Lan
nhap khau vdo Dang Ngoai, bac ludn la
mat hang chu dao Mac du tidn ddng Nhat
Ban cd thi phan khd cao trong tdng kim
ngach nhap khdu cua VOC vdo mien Bac
Viet Nam trong hai thap nien 1660 va
1670, bac la loai mat hang nhap khau
khdng the thay the Ngudi Anh den budn
ban vdi Dang Ngodi nam 1672 lien tie'p
than phien vd sU phu thugc cao do vdo tien
mat (bac-TG) trong budn ban: "sU sd'ng cdn
cua nen man dich vdi Dang Ngoai la van de
tien mat" (12)
Den trifdc nam 1668, p h i n Idn bac ngifdi
Ha Lan cQng nhU ngUdi Hoa va cac thUdng
nhan ngoai qud'c khac nhap khau vao Dang
Ngoai cd ngudn gdc tQ Nhat Ban Cd mgt
thUc te rd rdng Id sau khi VOC chan hifng
ndn mau dich vdi Nhat d i u thap nidn 1630,
vi the thifdng mai cua ngifdi Hd Lan d dao
qudc nay dUdc tang cUdng manh me; hang
nam Cdng ty cd the thu mua dUdc mgt khdi
lUdng Idn bac Nhat Ban cho mang ludi
thUdng mai Ngi A (intra-Asian trade) (13)
Vi the, sau khi khai md hdat dgng xuat khau td lua Ddng Ngoai sang Nhat nam
1637, VOC ngay lap tQc sQ dung bac Nhat
de thu mua td lua Dang Ngoai - phUdng thQc budn ban truyen thd'ng da dUdc Hoa
va Nhat thUdng khai thae cho den thdi diem dd O Nhat, bac dUdc nhan vien thUdng diem Hirado (sau nam 1641 Id thUdng die'm Deshima) thu mua san de cac tau khdi h a n h sang Dang Ngoai kip phien
di trong mua gid Ddng Bac
Trong nhQng nam d i u ciia quan he mau dich vdi Ddng Ngoai, nhan vien VOC thudng thue thd bac dia phUdng tinh Igc so' bac dUa tQ Nhat sang trQdc khi lUu hanh (14) Hoat dgng tinh che bac ciia thUdng die'm VOC tai Dang Ngoai dien ra kha thudng xuyen trong nUa d i u the ky XVII, nhUng d i n bi dinh tre do thua Id Nam
1656, viec tinh che cac loai bac khac nhau
bi Id nang, theo dd mQc tham hut sau khi dUdc tinh che cua cdc leai bac nhap khau
l i n lUdt nhu sau: ddng bac kronen (hoac leeuwendaalders) 24%, ddng bac schuytzilver cua Nhat 16%, ddng bac rijksdaalders va provintiendaalders 8%, ddng bac rials Tay Ban Nha 4% Nhu mgt
he qua, so' bac tri gia khoang 180.000 guilders VOC d i u tu cho thUdng die'm Ke Chd nam dd bi thua 16 4^'''%> sau khi dUdc tinh che' TQ thdi diem nay, cac loai bac Cdng ty dUa vao Dang Ngodi thUdng chi dUdc kiem tra do nguyen chat trUdc khi difa ra giao dich tren thi trQdng (15)
Bdi nen mau dich td lua cua C6ng ty vdi Ddng Ngodi thu dUde Idi n h u a n cao trong giai doan 1637-1654 (16), bac Nhat thUdng dUdc chuyen t h i n g de'n Ddng Ngoai thdng qua cac chuye'n tdu VOC buon ban giQa Dang Ngoai vd Nagasaki Khdi lUdng bac dua sang Ke Chd hang nam cung tUdng ddi
dn dinh, trung binh 100.000 lang/ndm
Trang 4Kim loai Men Tlftai Bhn va chuyen bien 21
dUa sang Ke Chd hang nam cung tUdng dd'i
dn dinh, trung binh 100.000 lang/nam
Trong giai doan hodng kim cua nen mau
dich td lua VOC-Dang Ngoai (1644-1652),
Cdng ty dua den Ddng Ngoai xap xi
130.000 lang moi nam Bang 1 cho thay vi
sao de^n giQa thap nien 1650, bac luon
chiem khoang 95% tdng gia tri hang hda
VOC nhap khau vao Ddng Ngoai, trong khi
cac thUdng pham khac chi dao dgng d mQc
xa'pxi5%(17)
Sau giai doan nhap khau tUdng ddi
thudng xuyen vd dn dinh ndi tren, s i n
lUdng bac Nhat do VOC dUa vao Dang
Ngoai hang nam bat d i u suy giam do hai
nguyen nhan chii yeu: 1) sU suy giam Idi
nhudn ciia hoat dgng xua't khau td lua
Dang Ngoai sang Nhat va 2) sU khan hiem
tien ddng d Dang Ngoai dan de'n sU sut
giim ti gia ho'i doai bac/tien ddng Trong
bao cao giii ve Batavia nam 1652, nhan
vien VOC tai Ke Chd lien tuc than phien ve
viec ti gia h6'i doai bac/tien ddng sut gia
Chi trong 3 thang mua he nam 1653, ti gia bac/tien ddng rdt gia the tham tQ 1/1.600-1.700 (1 lang bac an 1.600 den 1/1.600-1.700 ddng tien) xuo'ng cdn 1/800 Theo ddi sat sao sQ bat on cua ti gia ho'i doai tai thdi diem dd, nhan vien thUdng diem Hd Lan tai Ke Chd quan ngai rang ti gia ho'i doai cd nguy cd sut giam tie'p xuo'ng mQc 1/700-500 trong nhQng thang tiep theo (18) Nhu mgt hg qua true tiep tQ van de suy thoai cua ti gia h6''i dodi, gia ca cac mat hang xuat khau tang trung binh 20% Nam 1654, gia td so'ng Dang Ngoai thu mua tai Thang Long len den 5,15 guilders/catty, trong khi giai doan 1636-1649 gia td dao dgng d mQc trung binh 3,5 guilders/catty Gia td song Dang Ngoai ban ra nam dd tai Nagasaki la 6,92 guilders/catty, chi dat Idi tQc trung binh 34% (19)
That vgng ve khung Idi nhuan qua t h i p trong nam 1654, Batavia quyet dinh dinh chi boat dgng xua't khau td lua Dang Ngoai sang Nhat Ban trong nam 1655 ThUdng
Bang 1: Nhap khau bac ciia VOC vao Dang Ngoai, 1637-1668
(bac: lang; long gia tri nhSp kh4'u: guilders) Ndm
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
Bac
60,000 130.000 25.000 80,000
9 60,000 100,000 135,000 150.000 130,000 130,000
130,000
100.000 70,000 110,000 230,000
Tong ddu tU
188,166 298,609 382,458 439,861 202,703 297,529 299,835 397.590 454.606 352,544 377,637
457,928
334.105 372.827 552.336?
680,294
Ndm
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
Bac
-40,000?
9 50,000
*c, 90.000
-* 100,000
*5,000
*32,000
*50,000
*100,000 65,000 100,000
*35,000 80,000
9
?
*40,000
Tong ddu tii
-149,750 25,773 184,215 276.077
-317,500 64,773 164,703 405,686 394,670
347.989
420.245
419,779 137,181
254,219
r^^iidn: VOC 1123, 1124, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1149, 1156, 1158, 1161, 1163, 1166, 1169, 1172, 1175, 1184, 1194,
1197, 1206, 1213, 1216, 1219, 1220, 1230, 1233, 1236, 1240, 1241, 1243/4, 1252, 1253, 1259, 1264, 1265, n61li\ Dagh-register Balavia \631-\66S/9; Generale Missiven 1-1V,
Trang 522 Rghien curu Lich sur so 12.2009
chi hdat ddng xua't khau td lua Ddng Ngodi
sang Nhat Ban trong nam 1655 ThUdng
didm Ddng Ngodi vi the chi dQdc cung cip
25,773 guilders de thu mua lua tam xua't
khdu ve Ha Lan (20) Cung tQ nam dd,
Cdng ty quyet dinh cat giam so' vdn d i u tU
hang nam cho thUdng diem Ke Chd; so'
lUdng bac vi the cQng bi cat giam theo Sau
nam 1655, san iQdng bac VOC dQa vad
Dang Ngoai khdng bao gid dat ngUdng
100.000 lang/nam nhu thdi ky budn ban
thinh dat trUdc dd Trong giai doan
1656-1668, ngoai trQ mgt vdi mQa buon ban
Batavia quyet tam phuc hdi boat dgng xuat
khau td lua sang Nhat, san iQdng bac VOC
dUa vao Dang Ngodi hdng nam dQng d mQc
trung binh 60.000 lang/nam
Sac lenh cam xua't khau bac Nhat ra
ben ngoai cua Mac Phu DQc Xuyen nam
1668 ve cd ban khdng gay khd khdn nao
cho VOC bdi thudng die'm Deshima nhanh
chdng chuyen sang xua't khau ddng va tien
dong nhu mgt ngudn kim loai thay the (21),
nhUng van p h i n ndo tac dgng den nen mdu
dich cua Cdng ty vdi Dang Xgodi Sau khi
mat ngudn cung cap bac tQ Nhat Ban,
Batavia phai nd life tim kiem cdc ngudn bac
thay the cho thUdng diem Thang Leng
Trong thuc te, tQ nam 1664 khi ngudn cung
cap bac tQ Nhat tam thdi dinh tre, Batavia
da cung cap cho thQdng diem Dang Ngoai
bac dQa sang tQ Ha Lan Ddp lai yeu ciu
cua thUdng diem Dang Ngodi ve 55.000
lang bac cho mua mau dich nam dd,
Batavia chi cung cap dUdc 35.000 lang do
so'bac chuyen tQ Hd Lan sang chau A nam
dd qua it (22) Trong "giai doan zeni"
(1661-1677), s i n iQdng bac VOC nhap khau vao
Dang Ngoai r i t thap trong tUdng quan vdi
tri gid tien ddng zeni, ngoai trQ ba nam d i u
khi Batavia nang cap thUdng die'm Dang
Ngoai len hang thudng trilc nen cung cap
hang nam mgt kho'i lUdng tUdng do'i Idn vd'n
d i u tu (bao gdm c i bac nen) Trong giai doan 1666-1677, bac nen chi chie'm trung binh 1/5 kim ngach nhap khau hang nam cua VOC vao Dang Ngoai
Loai hinh bac VOC dua vao Dang Ngoai cung thay ddi tQ bac nen sang cac loai tien due bang bac lUu hdnh tai chau Au vd chau
A nhu cac ddng bac provintiendaalder, kruisdaalder, Mexican rials, Surat rupees
Tai Dang Ngoai, p h i n Idn cac loai ddng bac ndi tren dUdc nau chay de due thdnh nen trUdc khi dUa ra luu hanh TQ sau "thdi ky
zeni" de'n nam 1700, cac loai ddng bac ndi
tren chie'm vi trf quan trgng trong so' bac Cdng ty nhap khau hang nam vao Dang Ngodi Vi du, nam 1672, tdng cong 5 hdm (khoang 5.000 lang) bac nen vd 1.762 marks dUdc VOC chuyen chd sang Ddng Ngoai (23) Bac nen xua't hien kha thudng xuyen trong danh muc hang hda Batavia dUa sang Dang Ngoai den giQa thap nien
1670, trudc khi dUdc thay the bdi
provintiendaalder, Surat rupees va Mexican rials Do dUdc gia Idn tai thi trQdng Ddng Ngodi nam 1675, ddng Surat rupees dQdc nhap khau thudng xuyen vao
Dang Ngodi khong chi bdi ngUdi Ha Lan
ma ca ngUdi Anh Nam 1677, ngUdi Ha Lan dQa vao Dang Ngoai tdng cong 152.000
ddng Surat rupees (24) Trong nam tiep theo, ngudi Hd Lan nhan tha'y tdu Formosa
ciia Anh cQng dUa den Dang Ngddi mgt
lUdng Idn Surat rupees (25) Hoat dgng
nhap khau bac va cac loai ddng tien bac cua VOC dUdc duy tri cho de'n khi Cong ty
bd quan he budn ban vdi Ddng Ngoai
b Nhdp khdu tien ddng zeni Nhdt Bdn
Bdi sU khan hiem tien ddng d i n de'n sii sut giam ti gia ho'i doai bac/tien ddng va lam mat gia bac (26), thUdng nhan nUdc
Trang 6Kim loai tien RI)at BJin va chuyen bien 23
ngodi tim each chuyen hudng nhap khau
kim loai quy tQ bac sang ddng, dac biet Id
tien ddng, n h i m trdnh thua Id tQ viec nhap
khau bac vdo Ddng Ngodi Tan dung vi the
dgc tdn cua minh tai Macao, ndi tien ddng
cd the dUdc thu mua hoac due mdi, nam
1652 ngUdi Bd Dao Nha dUa den Dang
Ngoai mgt so' iQdng dang ke tien ddng do
ngudi Trung Qud'c due d Macao Mac du bi
quan lai Dang Ngoai tim each ep gia,
chuyen hang dac biet nay van cho ngUdi Bd
mdn Idi gin 20.000 lang va quan trgng hdn,
giup hg giam bdt sU phu thugc trong giao
dich vao ngudn tien ddng thu mua tai Dang
Ngoai Khdng chi tdc dgng kinh te' Dang
Ngoai, sU khan hiem tien ddng cQng anh
hUdng nghiem trgng de'n kinh te Ddng
Trong Viec nhap khau tien ddng vao vUdng
qudc Dang Trong cua hg Nguyen vi the'
cung thu dUdc Idi nhuan rat cao Nam
1651, ngUdi Bd Dao Nha thu Idi nhuan
150% tQ sd'tien ddng dem de'n Ddng Trong,
theo dd thu dUdc lai rdng 180.000 lang bac
tQ khd'i tien ddng tri gia 120.000 lang nhap
khau vdo Dang Trong (27)
vao thdi diem dd, de khdng cd ngudn
cung tien Trung Qud'c, ngUdi Ha Lan d Ke
Chd tim each ban che sQ phu thugc ciia
minh vao tien ddng trong xua't nhap khau
vdi Dang Ngoai b i n g each trdnh canh
tranh true tie'p vdi Hoa thudng va cac
thUdng nhan ngoai qud'c khac trong thu
mua hang hda Nhan t.ha'y gid tien ddng
thudng len cao khi thUdng thuyen ngoai
qudc de'n Ddng Ngoai, ngUdi Ha Lan tai Ke
Chd kien nghi Batavia dUa thuyen sang
Dang Ngoai sdm hdn thudng le n h i m tao
dieu kien cho nhan vien thUdng diem tien
hanh cdng viec kinh doanh trUdc khi
thuyen ciia Hoa thudng den Neu khdng,
thudng diem nen cat giQ bac cho de'n khi
Hoa thQdng da ket thuc giad dich va rdi
thuyen di Nhat Ban (28) Day la mdt ke hoach thu dgng va vi the tinh hieu qua khdng cao Su khan hiem tien ddng tie'p tuc anh hudng nghiem trgng de'n boat ddng xua't nhap khau cua VOC Nhu da ndi d
p h i n tren, thang 4 nam 1654, thUdng diem
Ke Chd than phien ve Batavia ring ti gid hd'i doai bac/tien ddng da sut tQ 1/1.600-1.700 xud'ng cdn 1/800 va cd nguy cd sut tie'p xud'ng mQc 1/700-600-500
CQng trong nam dd, chfnh phu Batavia thUc hien nd life d i u tien n h i m tim kiem Idi giai cho bdi toan khan hiem tien ddng trong budn ban vdi Dang Ngodi bing each cho due va dap mgt sd'tien ddng tai Batavia
de chuyen sang mien bic Viet Nam tieu thu Ke hoach nay tha't bai vi trieu dinh Le-Trinh chi chap nhan nhQng ddng tien to
va chat iQdng td't, ddng thdi ep gia nhQng ddng tien nhd (29) Cuoc khiing hoang tien
te tai Dang Ngodi van chUa cd da'u hieu thuyen giam vd sau nam 1660 cang gay nhieu thiet hai cho boat dgng xua't khiu cua VOC Trong nam dd, ty gia hdi doai xud'ng chi cdn 1/570-850, lap ky luc ve sU mat gid bac len tdi 30% Dd ed the la mgt trong so' nhQng nguyen nhan khien Chiia Trinh tQ chdi nhan so' bac ngUdi Ha Lan giao nop de ddi lay td Vd cd le nham kiem che p h i n nao cuge khung hoing thieu tien ddng da len de'n mQc bdo dgng, trieu dinh Le-Trinh hdi thuc cac cdng xUdng nha nUdc tang s i n iQdng tien due N6 lUc tren ciia trieu dinh vd hinh chung bien du an nhap
khau tien ddng zeni Nhat Ban vao Dang
Ngoai cua thUdng nhan ngUdi Nhat la Resimon - nhu ngudi Ha Lan md ta diy hinh tUdng trong nhat ky thUdng diem cua
hg - "nhu lan khdi mong tan bien vdo khdng trung tham tham" (30)
Cd the ndi, trai vdi sii nang ddng cua Hoa thUdng va ngUdi Bd, ngUdi Hd Lan
Trang 724 Rghien curu Lich sJr, s o 12.2009
B a n g 2: T i e n z e n i N h a t d o VOC n h a p k h a u v a o D ' a n g N g o a i , 1660-1679
(ddn vi tinh: ddng; ddn vi khac se dUdc ghi chii)
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
0
400.000
0
9.230.000
= 15.762.184 31.524.369 800.000
10.080 pound
10.540,000 15.748.300
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
7.750.000
=21.400.000 6.360.000 8.520.000 23.809.523 17.568.000
=39.400.000
=5.000.000
0
0
Nguon: VOC 1233, 1236, 1240, 1241, 1243/4, 1252, 1253, 1259, 1264, 1265, 1267/8, 1272, 1278, 1283,
1290, 1294, 1302, 1304, 1307, 1311, 1314, 1320, 1322, 1330, 1339; Dagh-register Batavia 1661-1679
n h i n c h u n g t h u d g n g t r o n g viec tim k i e m
vd d u a vdo D d n g Ngoai cac n g u d n t i e n ddng
t h a y t h e S a u vu t h u n g h i e m d u a tien due
tai J a v a s a n g Ke Chd k h d n g t h a n h cdng
n a m 1654, mai de'n n a m 1660 B a t a v i a mdi
t r i e n k h a i ke hoach thQ h a i n h a m b a n che
su t h u a Id cua Cong ty t r o n g budn b a n vdi
D a n g Ngoai T r o n g n a m dd T o a n quyen va
Hgi ddng Ddng An yeu c i u thifdng die'm
D e s h i m a t h u m u a tien ddng zeni N h a t de
dUa s a n g tieu t h u tai D a n g Ngoai Cudc t h u
nghiem t h d n h cdng td't dep: n a m 1661
thUdng die'm Ke Chd tieu t h u t h a n h cdng
400.000 ddng zeni N h a t , t h u Idi n h u a n 40%
(31) Tuy n h i e n , t h a n h cdng Idn nha't cua
\dgc dUa zeni N h a t s a n g D a n g Ngoai khdng
chi ddn t h u i n la va'n de k h u n g Idi n h u a n ,
md q u a n t r g n g hdn la viec c u n g cap phUdng
tien t h a n h t o a n hdp le de n h a n vien t h u d n g
diem tien h a n h cdc b o a t dgng giao dich, b a n
che sQ t h u a Id do bac bi m a t gia t r o n g cuoc
k h u n g h o a n g t h i e u t i e n ddng t a i D a n g
Ngodi vd'n da keo dai tQ d i u t h a p nien 1650
TQ n a m 1663 den k h o a n g n a m 1679, VOC
t h u d n g xuyen n h d p k h a u tien zeni N h a t vdd
D a n g Xgodi va vdi sd lUdng ngay cdng t a n g
Dieu n a y ddng n g h i a vdi \nec kim n g a c h bac
VOC d i u t u chd n e n m a u dich vdi m i e n Bac Viet N a m n g a y c a n g s u y g i a m
Vay t i e n zeni la loai t i e n gi va t a i sao cd
t h e tieu t h u dUdc t a i D a n g Ngoai? Ve cd ban, lich sii x u a t k h a u t i e n te N h a t B a n sang Viet N a m t r o n g t h e ky XVII cd t h e dUdc chia
l a m h a i thdi ky chfnh; mdi thdi ky dUdc ghi da'u a n b i n g moi loai t i e n k h a c n h a u Thdi
ky thQ nha't dien r a vao d i u t h e k y XVII, bat
d i u b i n g viec M a c Phu- DQc Xuyen r a sac
l e n h yeu c i u t h i n d a n N h a t chi dUdc luu
h a n h n h Q n g loai t i e n c h a t iQdng cao dUdc due t r o n g nUdc - mgt nd lUc ciia chfnh quyen
N h a t B a n n h i m b i n h dn h e tho'ng tien te dat nude T h e o dd, t i e n ddng ngUdi N h a t n h a p
k h a u tQ T r u n g Qu6'c (toraisen) hdac due
t r o n g nude d cac thdi ky trUdc (shichusen) bi
cam IQU h a n h t a i t h i trUdng N h a t B a n
N g a y s a u k h i chfnh s a c h t r e n dUdc b a n
h a n h , thUdng n h a n N h a t , T r u n g Qu6'c, Bd Dad N h a , H a L a n l a p tQc v a n c h u y e n mgt
sd l u d n g Idn cac loai t i e n m a t gia t r e n
(toraisen va shichusen) s a n g t i e u t h u t a i
D a n g Ngoai va dac b i e t la D a n g T r o n g -ndi chfnh q u y e n sd k h a i hg N g u y e n (do
k h d n g cd n g u d n k h o a n g s i n d d n g lai cQng
Trang 8Kim loai hen RI?at Ban va chuyen bien 25
Hinh 1: Ti^n Trirfirng Ky mau djch (genho tsuho) nguiyi Nhat due 6i xuit
khau, giai doan 1659-1685
khdng cd ngudn cung cap tien ddng tQ
Trung Qud'c) da tan dung to'i da cac ddng
tien tdt de tieu thu vd nau chay cdc ddng
tien chat iQdng kem de due vu khi va che
tac dd gia dung (32) Tai Dang Ngoai, cac
loai tien tren dUdc lUu hdnh song song vdi
cac loai tien due ban dia vd tien nhap khau
true tiep tQ Trung Qud'c Giao si Alexandre
de Rhodes de'n Ddng Ngoai cud'i thap nien
1620 ghi nhan cd hai loai tien ddng cung
dUdc song song luu hanh tren thi trUdng:
loai "tien Idn" do Hoa va Nhat thUdng nhap
khau vdd dUdc tieu thu rgng rai trong todn
qud'c, trong khi loai "tien be" due trong
nudc chi dUdc lUu hdnh tai kinh thanh vd
cac tinh lan can (33)
Thdi ky thQ hai dien ra giQa cac nam
1659 va 1685 khi ngQdi Nhat tai Nagasaki
dUdc Mac Phu DQc Xuyen cap phep due
tien TrUdng Ky mau dich ddnh cho xua't
khau Ben canh loai tien due rieng cho
trieu Minh luu vong tai mien nam Trung
Qud'c vd sau nay la the life Trinh Thanh
Cdng ddn tru tai dao Dai Loan (chii yeu la
tien "Vinh Lich thdng bio" - ngudi Nhat ggi
la eiryakusen), mgt iQdng Idn tien TrUdng
Ky mau dich dUdc chuyen sang tieu thu tai
Viet Nam P h i n Idn so' tien nay dUdc diic
theo ddng "Nguyen Phong thong bao" ciia
nha To'ng vd dUdc ngUdi Nhat ggi chung la
genho tsuho (34)
Tien Trudng Ky mau dich khdng chi quan trgng vdi Dang Trong (35) - ndi cdn sd't ddng va tien ddng
h i u nhu khdng bao gid ha nhiet trong suo't the ky XVII - ma cdn ddng vai trd
vd cQng quan trgng trong viec binh dn cudc khung hoing thie'u tien ddng tai Ddng Ngoai niia sau the ky XVII Nhu da trinh bay d tren, diu thap nien 1650 Dang Ngodi rdi vdo cudc khung hoang thieu tien ddng phin nhieu do ngudn cung cap tien truyen thd'ng tQ Trung Qud'c bi ngUng tre trong ngi chien giQa trieu Thanh vd cdc the luc phuc Minh tai mien nam Trung Hoa NgUdi Bd Ddo Nha ngay lap tQc dem tien do ngUdi Trung Qud'c tai Macao due sang Ddng Ngodi ban vd thu difdc Idi nhuan rat cao (36) N h i m giam thua Id trong viec dem bac vdo Dang Ngoai, nam 1654 ngUdi Ha Lan thu due tien ddng tai Batavia de cung cap cho Dang Ngoai nhUng that bai TQ dd den nam 1661, khi thQdng die'm Deshima tai
Nagasaki cung cap tien zeni Nhat cho
thUdng diem Ke Chd, ngUdi Ha Lan khdng
cd nd life nao de kidm Idi tQ cuec khiing hoang thie'u tien ddng tai Ddng Ngoai (37)
Nhan tha'y tiem nang tieu thu cua tien zeni
tai Dang Ngoai, ngudi Ha Lan cung nhU Hoa thudng lien tiep nhap khau loai tien Nhat nay vao Dang Ngoai de'n tan cud'i thap nien 1670 vd vdi sd' lUdng ngay cang tang
Nhd so' iQdng Idn tien zeni nhap khiu, van
nan thie'u tien hoanh hanh tai Dang Ngoai tQ
d i u thap nien 1650 ve cd ban dUdc giai quye't,
ti gia hd'i doai bac/tien ddng din hdi phuc trd lai (xem phan tich cu the d phin sau)
Thanh cdng cua VOC trong viec tieu thu
tien zeni Nhat d Ddng Ngoai cd y nghia dac
Trang 925 Rghien ciJru Ljch sir, so 12.2009
biet quan trgng dd'i vdi nen mau dich cua
Cdng ty vdi mien bac Viet Nam tQ sau nam
1668 - nam Mac Phii DQc Xuyen ca'm xua't
khau bac Xhat B i n ra ben ngodi Mac du
bac hi mat gid tram trgng tQ dau thap nien
1650, Cdng ty hang nam van phai tie'p tuc
dUa vd'n kinh doanh vao Dang Ngoai dudi
dang bac nen Xeu nhu trong nam 1668
-nam cudi cung Cdng ty cd the thu bac Nhat
- bac van chiem khoang 40% tdng so' vd'n
d i u tu vdo Dang Ngoai thi trong nam tie'p
theo hau nhu khdng cd mgt lang bac nao
dUdc difa den, trong khi 15,748.300 ddng
zeni, tri gia khoang 40% kim ngach nhap
khau, difdc Cdng ty dUa vdo mien bac Viet
Xam Xam 1074, 23.809.000 ddng zeni
X'"hat chie'm 66°o tdng so' vd'n dau tU cua
VOC vao Dang Xgoai va hai nam sau,
39.400.000 ddng zeni da chie'm den 73%
tdng vd'n dau tU Ndu tfnh todn bd "thdi ky
zeni' (1661-1677), loai tien ddng Xhat nay
chiem trung binh 22% trong tdng so' vd'n
dau tu ciia VOC vdo Ddng Xgoai (38)
Vi the vQng chac cua VOC trong vdec
nhap khau tien ddng zeni Xhat cd le Id
nguyen nhdn chinh dan de'n quydt dinh cua
trieu dinh Le-Trinh nam 1675 cho phep
ngudi Ha Lan dgc quyen nhap tien zeni vao
Dang Xgoai Tuy nhien, dac quyen nay
khdng dudc VOC tan dung lau dai bdi ngay
trong nam tie'p sau dd, zeni b i t d i u ha gid
Bao cao tinh hinh budn ban nam 1675 ve
Batavia, giam ddc thifdng die'm Ke Chd
Albert Brevinck cho biet gid zeni X'hat
glim hdng ngdy (39) Nam 1676, thudng
diem Ke Chd cho r i n g ddng thoi dUdc gia
hdn zeni, du loai tien Nhat nay vin cin
thiet trong giao dich Sau khi can n h i c bdo
cao ciia thudng die'm Ke Chd, Batavia yeu
cau thUdng die'm Deshima cit giim sd
iQdng zeni thu mua cho Dang Ngoai nam
dd de tang sd lUdng ddng thoi Dung nhu
Batavia yeu ciu, thUdng die'm Deshima chi
chuan bi 5.000.000 ddng zeni cho thUdng
die'm Dang Ngoai trong mua mau dich
1677 Cac bao cao thUdng mai ciia thUdng die'm Ke Chd trong cac nam tiep theo kien
nghi tQ nay khdng nen nhap khau tien zeni
Nhat vao Ddng Ngoai nQa (40) Vi the VOC chuyen sang boat dgng dUa bac (ca bac nen
vd ddng tien bac) vao Dang Ngoai nhu da
tQng lam trudc "giai doan zeni"
Xguyen nhan tien zeni Nhat ba't ngd
ma't gia tai Dang Ngodi nila cud'i thap nien
1670 van cdn nhieu i n khuat TrUdc day nha nghien cQu Nhat Ban la Iwao Seiichi
cho rang zeni Nhat da mat gia ngay tQ nam
1661 - khi sQ bg nha Thanh trong chuyen cdng du sang Dang Ngodi yeu ciu trieu dinh
Le-Trinh cam lUu hanh tien zeni (41) Dung
la sQ doan Man Thanh vdi sac phong va qua tang den Thang Long nam 1662, va ngay trong nam sau dd chinh quyen Le-Trinh da
cU sQ bg sang trieu cd'ng nha Thanh (42) Tuy nhien, sU kien nay khdng anh hUdng hay lam ngxfng tre \dec nhap khau va tieu
thu zeni Nhat tai Dang Ngoai bdi loai tien
nay tiep tuc dUdc ngUdi Ha Lan va Hoa thUdng nhap khau vdi so' iQdng ngdy mdt tang de'n tan nam 1677 Cd nhieu kha nang
tien zeni Nhat ma't cho dQng tai Dang Ngoai
bdi: 1) ddng xua't k h i u tien ddng Trung Qud'c sang mien bac Viet Nam hdi phuc sau mgt thdi gian gian doan do ngi chien tai mien nam Trung Hoa; 2) nhQng nd lUc cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh n h i m tang san lUdng tien due trong cac xUdng due tien nha nUdc;
3) ban than khd'i iQdng tQdng dd'i Idn zeni do
thQdng nhan Ha Lan vd Trung Qudc nhap khau vao Dang Ngoai de'n niia cuo'i thSp nien 1670 da dap Qng kha dii nhu cau tien ddng tai mien bac Viet Nam
(Cdn nita)
Trang 10Kim loai Hen Rl^at B£in va chuyen bien 27
baa, Chios,
eiryakusen
genho tsuho
liasjes
kronen
kruisdaalder
lb
Mexicanen
musk
provintiendaalder
rial of eight
shichusen
shuin-sen
schuitzilver
S u r a t rupee
toraisen
Chu
Phu luc 1: Danh muc tif t r a cifu
hockiens (hodng quyen), lings (linh?), toas (lua?), sittouw, sumongij, the thua.-
(V.) Cac loai lua t a m san xua't tai Dang Ngoai,
(N,) Tion T r u d n g K>' mau dich (Nagasaki t r a d e coins) dtic tai N a g a s a k i de ban cho trieu Minh luu vong tai mien nam T r u n g Quoc den khoang dau thSp nien 1680s,
(N.) Tien TrUdng K^ mau dich dtic tai N a g a s a k i , chii ye'u dc x u a t k h a u sang Diing Ngoili va
D a n g T r o n g giai doan 1659-1685,
(H.) Tien dtic bang dong, kem,, c6 16 chinh giOa, Tien kasjes luu hiinh d Dang Ngoai c6 the
dUdc diic b a n dia, n h a p k h a u tt^ T r u n g Quoc hoac N h a t Ban,
(H,, ten k h a c lii leeuwendaalder) Loai tien dting d mien Dong an, tri gia 39 stuivers (1015) and
at 4 8 s t u i v e r s (1639), (H,) Dong lien bac dtic tai Hii Lan, trj gia khoang 3,60 guilders
P o u n d Ha Lan, tUdng dudng 0,495 kg
(hoac Mexican rials) Dong tien bac Mexico,
(Tie'ng Ha Lan: muscus) Xa hudng, (H.) Dong tien bac dtic tai \\& Lan, tri gia 2 guilders 8 s t u i v e r s (1606), 2 guilders 10 stuivers
(sau n a m 1606),
(Tie'ng HS Lan: reaal van achten) Dong tien bac Tiiy Ban N h a , due tai Peru, Mexico, va
Sevilla, tri gia 48 s t u i v e r s (trU(5c nam 1662) va 60 s t u i v e r s (sau nam 1662), (N.) Tien dong do tU n h a n dtic tai N h a t , Trong no Itic binh on he t h o n g tien te ctia Nhat dau
t h e ky XVII, Mac Phii Dtic Xuyen ciim luu hiinh loai tic'n niiy Vi the, t h u a n g nhan tiiD each
x u a t k h a u loai tifiii shichusen mat gia niiy sang Dang Trong va Dang Ngoiii v6i khoi lUdng
t u d n g doi Idn
(N,) T h u y e n Chiiu an N h a t , (H,) Bac nen dtic dudi d a n g con t h u y e n nho,
(H, Suratse ropia) Dong tien bac sii diing tai S u r a t (in Do), tri gia 37 1/2 stuivers,
(N,) Tien dong T r u n g Quoc n h a p k h a u vao N h a t Ban, T r o n g no Itic binh on he tho'ng tien te ctia N h a t dSu the ky XVII, Mac Phii Diic Xuyen cam luu h a n h loai tien nay Vi the, thudng
n h a n tim each xua't k h a u loai tien shichusen mii't gia n a y s a n g Dang Trong va Dang Ngoai
v6i khoi lUdng tUdng doi Idn,
(N.) T h u a t ngii c h u n g dUcJc ngudi Ha Lan sU dung trong van ban di; chi cac loai tien dong (kasjes) dUtic t h u d n g n h a n ngoai quoc n h a p k h a u vao Dang Ngo,ii, Xem them: kasjes, eiryakusen, genho tsuho, shichusen, toraisen
thich: H,: Ha Lan; N,: N h a t Ban; V,: Viet N a m
P h u luc 2: Ddn vi do lUdng chinh
Tien te
1 lang (tael) bac
1 rixdollar
1 quan tien
1 lang (tael) bac
• T r o n g l i ^ d n g
1 picul
1 catty
1 tael
= 10 m a a s = 100 eonderin
= 3 guilders 2 s t u i v e r s (trudc 1636)
= 2 guilders 17 s t u i v e r s (163(>-1666)
= 3 guilders 10 s t u i v e r s (1666-1743) : 48 s t u i v e r s (den 1665) = 60 stuivers (sau 1666) : 10 tien = 600 dong
- 2.000 dong (tien trinh) (trUdc t h a p m e n 1050)
•- 6 0 0 - 8 0 0 dong (tien trinh) (trong hai t h a p nien 1650 va 1660) '- 2.000-2.200 dong (giai doan 1670-1700)
= 100 catty = 60 kg : 1 6 t a e l s = 600 gr
= 37,5 gr