Tflng hanh ddng, ldi ndi, y nghi eiia nhan vat anh hung Rama trong quan he flng xfl vdi cae nhan vat, vdi cac sfl vat, hien tiidng thien nhien deu tao thanh nhflng phan doan cua khdn[r]
Trang 1Khong gian hanh dong cua nhan vat anh hung trong surthi RAMAYANA An Do
LE THI RICH THUY*
Neu nhfl nhan vat cua t h i n thdai
thfldng la cae thflc the tfldng
tfldng thi nhan vat chinh cfla sfl thi lai la
eon ngfldi Dfl vay, nhan vat cdn ngfldi
trong sfl thi An Dp lai dfldc t h i n thanh
hda cao dp, mang dam tinh chat tdn giao
-triet hpc cao sieu eua van hda An Dp Qua
vay, sfl thi Ramayana An Dp bao chfla mot
thdi gian dai, mdt khdng gian ky vi, mdt
tinh sfl ly ky Dfldi day la nhflng khdng
gian khac nhau de ngfldi anh hflng hanh
ddng trong sfl thi Ramayana cua An Dp
Trflde het, khdng gian trong sfl thi
Ramayana t r i i ra ba chieu, trong mdi
quan he hflu cd, anh hfldng qua lai vdi
ngfldi anh hflng d chieu rpng la khdng
gian the gidi tran gian (kinh thanh, nfli
rflng, chie'n trfldng); d tam cao la khdng
gian dinh menh va d chieu sau la khdng
gian tinh yeu Trong khdng gian ba chieu,
hinh anh ngfldi anh hflng hien len vdi
dien mao rieng biet: vfla giau ed, hflng
manh, vfla ndng nan yeu thfldng, vfla hda
hdp vdi thien nhien vfl tru, vfla sieu pham
t h i n thanh, vfla tham sd'ng t r i n tuc, lai
vfla khao khat cudc sd'ng tinh than tinh khiet vinh hang, chieu sau cfla tam linh
Vi vay nhan vat anh hflng ly tfldng vfla ham me chie'n cdng ddng thdi khao khat hda binh hda hdp, vfla the hien ve dep cfla sfle manh cd the vdi tinh t h i n q u i cam trong chien tran, vfla la tam gfldng sang chdi mau mflc cho dao ly, cho dieu thien
va tinh yeu thfldng hda hdp cfla cdn ngfldi Khdng gian the gidi t r i n gian trong sil
thi Ramayana rat rpng Nd t r i i dai tfl
vfldng qud'e Videha, Kdxala ben bd sdng Xarayu, dat nflde cua Vanara ma dflng
d i u la vua khi Xugriva va trai dai qua bien den xfl Lanka cfla quy vfldng Ravana Nd bao gdm khdng gian van minh ndi dd thanh va nhflng khung canh thien nhien hoang sd ed nfli cao, hd sau, rflng ram Nd ham chfla ca mdi trfldng hanh hfldng binh an va thanh tinh vdi khdng gian chien trfldng tan khde, vay mau cac chien binh Cae loai khdng gian
la nhflng dfldng net khac nhau de tao nen hinh tfldng ngfldi anh hflng hoan my
trong sii thi Ramayana vfla giau cd, hflng
* Ths Le Thi Bich Thuy TrUdng Dai hoc Hdng Dfle
Trang 2Le Thi Bich Thuy - Khdng gian hdnh ddng cua nhdn vat anh hung 73
m a n h ve v a t c h a t , t h a n h cao, trong sach
ve t a m hdn, vfla n d n g n a n t i n h yeu va vi
dai sieu n h i e n t h a n h t h i e n
Khdng gian vfla t h a m d a m m a u eua
nhflng ngfldi a n h hflng, vfla rflc s a n g hao
quang chien t h a n g t r o n g chie'n t r a n la loai
khdng gian dae thfl cfla sfl thi Khdng gian
Lanka la ndi ddn n e n h i n h i n h , a m t h a n h ,
anh sang, t a m t r a n g tao n e n dp cang
tham my, tao n e n mdt k h d n g gian chien
dia hdn ddn, vfla khde liet bi t h a m nhflng
cung khdng k e m p h i n h a o hflng Chien
t r a n h L a n k a eflng dien r a t r o n g mot
khung e i n h vi dai Nd nhfl mdt san k h a u
khdng Id bieu dfldng sfle m a n h ngfldi a n h
hung Hinh a n h ngfldi a n h hflng hien len
trong cam hflng hflng t r a n g , dfldc do b a n g
kich ed cfla vfl t r u , ldn lao, ki vi Cac sfl vat
cua thien n h i e n dfldc dflng l a m h i n h i n h
so sanh x u a t h i e n n h i e u n h a t la cae hien
tfldng ed lien q u a n den thfl dfl, cac hien
tfldng thien nhien, t h a n linh, So s a n h
ngfldi a n h hflng vdi thfl dfl, vdi t h i n linh,
vdi cac hien tfldng t h i e n nhien, la thfl
phap quen thude dfldc fla thich gdp p h i n
phdng dai - t h a n bi hda cac h i n h tfldng
anh hflng t r o n g chie'n chien t r a n h : "Quan
Raksaxa d a m h o a n g loan va b a t d i u keu
thet len khie'p d i m Iflc t r d n g t h a y Rama,
nhfl con voi p h i i l a n h xa khi nom t h a y eon
sfl tfl"*" hay: " C h a n g R a m a a n h hflng c i m
cung va ten len Ddi m i t cfla c h a n g trdn
trflng gian dfl, nom c h a n g khflng khiep
nhfl Ifla ngay t a n the*''^'
Sfl thi Ramayana q u a each mieu ta
hau qua cua chie'n t r a n h eflng vdi sfl bien
dang cfla m a t d a t chie'n dia h a u chien,
ngfldi ta c u n g ed t h e c a m n h a n dfldc
khdng gian khde liet eua cudc chien t r a n h Ngpn Ifla chien t r a n h thieu b u y mpi cua cai giau sang: nhflng lau dai, d a n hfldng min, ngpc va da quy, kim cfldng, san hd,
q u i n ao l a n h lua, long cflu non, dinh lp, nhflng cd yen ngfla t u y e t dep, b a n h voi, ao giap, ngfla va voi, dem Idng, quat, da hd,
xa hfldng Va chie'n dia L a n k a thi "ngap
n g u a m a u va md", "nhflng ddng sdng m a u chay r a t r a n ngap, bui dat dang len dfldi bflde c h a n d a m cfla b i n h linh Voi, ngfla la
bd cfla con sdng dd eflng nhfl mfli ten va ed phfldn m a n g bien hieu cen ca, nhfl la cac cay mpc t r e n ddi bd "'^'
Cao hdn ca la k h d n g gian dinh m e n h
h a y la k h d n g gian cfla t a m linh T a m thflc eua cac a n h hflng An Dp ludn hfldng len cae t a n g trdi cao Ndi dd cae t h i n linh hien
r a thfldng k h d n g p h a i de giflp dd con ngiidi sfle m a n h vat c h a t ma de khich le, tdn vinh mdi khi eon ngfldi k h i e phue dfldc trpng liie cua t r a i dat, len cae them mdi bac t h a n g tien boa t a m linh Vi vay cac a n h hflng xem thfldng cai chet t r e n chien trfldng nhflng qua dd hp mdng mudn
ed mdt chd ngdi xflng d a n g c a n h cac t h i n linh Hp dd'c sfle thfle hien bdn p h a n cfla
d a n g cap m i n h chien d a u dflng cam -cudc sd'ng eua cae chien b i n h K s h a t r y a
T h a i dp h e n n h a t t r e n chien trfldng la khdng xflng d a n g vdi tfl each chien binh Khac vdi nhflng a n h hflng t r e n g cac sfl thi khac, coi trdi khdng b a n la toan bd mdi
q u a n t a m eua nhflng ngfldi a n h hflng
trong sfl thi Ramayana Mdt m a t hp
hfldng len trdi cao, nhflng m a t khac ngfldi
a n h hflng v a n h a n h ddng thfle hien bdn
p h a n d t r i n t h e nhfl t i n h yeu, nghia thien
Trang 374 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 7/2010
sfl khat khao hda hdp ldn lao H i n sau
trong tam thflc ngfldi An Dp mdt sfl ddi
lap xung dot trai ngfldc nhau Dd la nhflng
khat vpng ve ddi sd'ng tam linh va nhflng
dam me trong ddi sd'ng t r i n the d mdi con
ngfldi Sfl thi Ramayana chfla dflng rd net
nhat khdng gian t r i n the va khdng gian
vfl tru, trong dd cae nhan vat anh hflng
hanh ddng, flng xfl n h i m dat dfldc sfl hai
hda gifla hai khdng gian ddi sd'ng ay
Trong Ramayana, hanh phfle d Thien
dang eflng khdng quyen ru dfldc Rama
Cai ma chang ludn mong mdi la Tinh yeu
chan ehinh trong the' gidi thflc tai Hien
than eua Tinh yeu ay ehinh la Xita: "Tinh
yeu nang ngay dem dd't chay anh, nd la
ngpn Ifla ma nhien lieu la sfl xa vang cfla
nang Ddi vdi anh, cam thay dang dfldc
sd'ng cflng Gianaki tren cdi t r i n the nay,
nhfl the la du, chang c i n gi hdn"'*
Nhflng khi nghe tin Hanuman bad tin
ve Xita, thay cho niem vui sfldng hanh
phuc, Rama rdi vao trang thai t r i m tfl suy
nghi mdng lung va sau dd la ndi gian gay
gat, trach mang Xita Mdt khdng gian u
uat xam chiem tam hdn Rama Dd chinh
la dau hieu cfla mdt xung dot gay g i t gifla
Tinh yeu va Bdn phan xa hdi Vdi tfl each
la mdt minh quan, Rama phai cd trach
nhiem gifl gin trat tfl vfldng qud'e Theo
quy dinh cua truyen thd'ng, cudc ddi mau
mflc ciia b i n than nha vua se gdp phan
quye't dinh cho trat tfl dd Gifl trpn danh
dfl, vdi hoang i\i Rama trong tinh hud'ng
nay khdng gi khac hdn la phai tfl chdi Xita
- ngfldi vd da tflng d trong cung cua ke
khac mdt thdi gian dai Nhflng neu lam
nhfl vay, tinh yeu vdi Xita lai hi tdn
thfldng mdt each nang ne Trong trfldng hdp nay, Rama da quye't dinh hy sinh tinh cam ea nhan vi danh dfl cua mdt minh quan Chinh vi vay, khi phai hy sinh ldi ieh tinh yeu vi vfldng qud'e ca hoang tfl Rama va cdng chfla Xita deu rat dau khd
d sfl thi Ramayana, nhan vat thflc hien
nhflng hanh ddng anh hflng va hanh ddng tdn giao de dat dfldc danh thdm chie'n tran
va hanh phfle d the gidi mai hau
Nhfl vay, khdng gian ndi dd thanh giau
cd, khdng gian thanh dia ndi rflng ram, khdng gian chie'n trfldng tan khd'c, vay mau cae chie'n binh eflng nhfl khdng gian tinh yeu, khdng gian tam linh deu la mdi trfldng rpng ldn ma nhan vat anh hflng hanh ddng va the hien p h i m chat cao dep cua minh Cac loai khdng gian la nhflng dfldng net khac nhau de tao nen hinh tfldng ngfldi anh hflng toan dien trong sii
thi Ramayana Tflng hanh ddng, ldi ndi, y
nghi eiia nhan vat anh hung Rama trong quan he flng xfl vdi cae nhan vat, vdi cac sfl vat, hien tiidng thien nhien deu tao thanh nhflng phan doan cua khdng gian nghe thuat trong tdng the khdng gian rpng ldn, vfldn tdi t i m vdc vfl tru, g i n ket the gidi loai ngfldi t r i n the vdi the gidi tam hnh, the gidi vinh h i n g de thfle hanh dao phap Dharma- nen tang dao dfle chan
ly cfla xa hdi An Dp Khdng gian ay la phdng e i n h rpng ldn tao nen t i m vdc
hoanh trang, dd so cua sii thi Ramayana.I
CHU THICH:
1, 2, 3,4 Ramayana tap HI, Pham Thuy Ba dich,
NXB Van hoc, HN, 1988, tri36., 37,189,13