hogt dgng giao thUdng ngi vdng, ngogi vi do dd gop phdn het sdc quan trgng vdo sii hUng thinh cua cdc vUdng quo'c Thdi Lan cung nhu nhieu quo'c gia co Dong Nam A. Cu dan cd da dimg go[r]
Trang 1HOAT DONG THUONG MAI CUA CAC VUONG QUOC CO THAI LAN
NGUYEN VAN KIM*
Nam d phia Tay Nam ciia ban dao
Ddng Nam A viiOng qud'c Thai
Lan viia gan vdi luc dja chau A viia hda
nhap vdi mdi triidng kinh te bien Thai
Binh Diidng va An Do Diidng Tii nhung
the ky dau sau Cdng nguyen, mot sd'qud'c
gia hinh thanh tren lanh thd Thai Lan
hien nay da cd md'i lien he sdm vdi khu vUc
Ddng A, Tay Nam A cung nhieu trung tam
kinh te, van hda xa xdi khac Vi tri dia ly
gida hai dgi dUdng, sii ket ndi cua bien vdi
luc dia cung cdc dong thien di, cdc mdi
quan he rong md, da dgng, da chieu dd
tgo nen bdn tinh ndng dgng, khong ngdng
bien ddi ud khd ndng thich dng cao cua
con ngUdi, xd hgi, udn hod Thdi
Hoa nhap vdi sU phat trien chung cua
cac vUdng qud'c co hinh thanh tren quan
dao Inddnexia Malaixia cung nhu Ddng
Nam A ban dao, cac tdc ngUdi chu yeu ndi
ngdn ngii tien Khmer va Mdn thuoc ngii
he Nam A (Austroasiatic languages), da
lap nen vUdng qud'c cua minh Cd the ke
den Dvaravati (TK VI-XII) Lavo
(VII-1388), Sukhothay (1238-1438), Lanna
(1269-1774) Nhin chung, cac viidng
qud'c dd deu sdm cd tam nhin hudng bien
va truyen thd'ng khai thac bien
Vdi muc tieu cd' gang phac diing nhiing net cd ban ve quan he giao thUdhg ciia Thai Lan thdi cd trung dai, bai viet mudn hudng den mot cai nhin tdng the de tit dd tha'y dUdc vi tri kinh te cua Thai Lan, cac md'i lien he khu viic qud'c te cung nhu tien
de ma hoat ddng giao thUdng truyen thdng tao ra cho sii phat trien cua kinh te Thai dac biet la ngoai thuong cua nudc nay trong nhiing the ky sau Ve cd ban, bai viet difng lai d cudi the ky XV tdc la khi nen kinh te Thai van chu yeu boat dong trong khudn khd cua He thdng
thiidng mai ndi A (The intra-Asian trad-ing system), chUa dii nhap, chiu tac dong
va phai ddi choi vdi nhiing thach thiic kinh te, xa hoi cua cac tap doan thUdng mai phUdng Tay
Tii nhieu the ky TCN, do nhiing ban che ve kha nang di bien nen chu nhan cua cac vUdng qud'c cd chUa the td chiic cac doan thuyen ldn, thiic hien nhiing chuyen hai trinh xa NhUng, do nam d vi tri ban dao nen Thai Lan da sdm trd thanh diem den cua nhieu doan thuyen budn qud'c te Cac cang bien d day viia la ndi cung cap dich vu hang hai viia la dia diem trung chuyen hang hoa giiia cac trung tam nguyen lieu, tieu thu san pham cua he
* PGS.TS Nguypii Van Kiin, Tnidng Dai hoc KJioa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, DHQG HN
Trang 2iMifhicn cuu Dong iWini A 7,2()(i9
thdng hai thUdng Ddng N a m A - N a m A
Nhin n h a n sii tiep giao kinh te theo hudng
Bac - N a m c h u n g ta t h a y tii thdi H a n
(203TCN-220) dac biet la t u thdi Luong
(502-557) cac doan t h u y e n buon T r u n g
Hoa ciing ngay mot xua't hien thiidng
xuyen d vinh Xiem {Siam gulf) cung nhieu
thi tru'dng Ddng N a m A ' " Thong qua cdc
mdi quan he, giao lUu kinh te, vdn hod da
dgng do, cdc cong dong cii ddn cd khong
chi CO dUdc cdc thUdng phdm qudc te, tiep
nhdn ky thudt che tdc sdn phdm thii cong
md con tich luy dUdc tri thdc, kinh nghiem
budn bdn Ben cgnh do, hg cung co nhdng
nhgn thdc sdm, tiidng do'i ddy du vc gid tri
ciia tdng nguon thiidng phdm cung tiem
ndng, sdc mgnh kinh te ciia nhieu qudc
gia trong khu viic
Cac bang chiing k h a o cd hoc cho thay,
khoang 3.000 n a m triidc, nhieu cong ddng
cU dan sinh sd'ng t r e n lanh thd Thai Lan
hien nay da cd mdi lien he vdi An Do va
cac qud'c gia hai dao de n h a p ve chuoi hat
Nhiing di viit jjhat hien dudc d h a n g
Bucng Baeb huyen K h i n a l Nikhom, tinh
S u r a t Thani cho tha'y rd dieu dd Ve sau
trong cac di chi d Non Nok T h a Ban Na
Di Ban Khok thuoc tinh Khon Kaen va
Ban Chiang deu cung cap nhiing b a n g
chiing tin cay ve mdi lien he sdm vdi the
gidi ben ngoai Nhiing hien vat che tac
bang ddng p h a t hien d Ban Chiang khong
chi cho t h a y moi q u a n he sdm vdi cac
t r u n g t a m van boa thudc Ddng Nam A luc
dia ma cdn the hien sU gan gui trong giao
tiep van hoa, trao ddi ky t h u a t vdi cac
cdng ddng cU dan viing hai dao Nhieu
chudi hat t h u y tinh cd nien dai
2.300-1.800 n a m BP p h a t hien tai cac di chi dd
chdng td chii n h a n cua mot nen ky t h u a t
sdm da cd mdi lion he mat thiet vdi vung
N a m An T r u n g Can Ddng ciing n h u Dia
T r u n g Hai d U Thong, mot ddng tien La
Ma thudc thdi cam quyen cua h o a n g de Victorius ciing da dUdc p h a t hien Qua giam dinh, hien vat quy cd nien dai
258-270 SCN Den k h o a n g t h e ky VII mot sd ddng tien Ba T u ciing dugc tim t h a y d huyen Y a r a n g t i n h P a t t a n i B a n g chiing khao cd hoc da cung cap nhieu thdng tin gia tri ve boat dong cua t u y e n giao t h u d n g nay tii' thdi tien va sd sit Theo q u a n diem cua nha k h a o co, c h u y e n gia ve Ddng Nam
A ngudi Anh I a n C Glover thi: "Khi chiing
ta ndi dudi gdc do lich sit, nhiing md'i lien
he giiia An Do va Ddng N a m A, dieu dau tien phai ngh! den la van de An Do hoa
{hidianization) q u a t r i n h phiic hdp
m a n h me nay cd t h e dUdc khdi dau tit dau Cdng nguyen da t r u y e n tai biet bao gia tri van hoa den phUdng Ddng thdng qua vung vinh Bengal"*'^'
Mac dii nhieu hoc gia tin r a n g giiia An
Do va Dia T r u n g Hai da sdm cd q u a n he giao t h u o n g nhUng p h a i k h o a n g tif t h e ky III trd di thi n h u n g md'i giao lUu dd mdi ngay cang trd nen d a m net Cac p h a t hien khao cd hoc t r o n g 4 t h a p ky q u a ciing cho tha'y cd r a t nhieu chudi h a t , dd ddng, con da'u, tien, hide nga voi, gd'm ciing nhieu loai hien vat k h a c da dUdc dua den Ddng
N a m A tit An Do dac biet la v u n g Ddng
N a m An Khdng cdn nghi ngd gi niia, chinh cac thd t h u cdng thUdng n h a n An
Do Tay N a m A vUa la ngUdi che tac cac san p h a m t h u cdng viia ddng vai trd chuyen giao cac san p h a m van hda cua van minh Dia T r u n g Hai, Ba T u den Ddng
A Tuy nhien, c u n g p h a i tha'y rSng, mac
du md'i q u a n he, giao t h u d n g qud'c te da sdm p h a t trien va p h a t trien da dang
n h u n g d mot sd k h u vuc tUdng ddi biet
Trang 3Ni^iiyen Vdn Kim - Hogt doiii^ fhiro'tii^ mgi cua cdc vUaiig qudc co Thdi Lan
lap, nOi cd cac " t h a n h dia" cua T h e che
ndng n g h i e p {Agricultural polity) hay lam
nghiep {Siluiculturol polity), thi nhiing
tac ddng k h u viic, qud'c te dUdng nhU dien
ra r a t c h a m c h a p Theo dd, mot sd k h u
vUc n h u v u n g nui p h i a Bac Viet Nam,
Lao, Ddng - Bac T h a i Lan da sdm h i n h
t h a n h nen nhiing t r u y e n thd'ng v a n hoa
rieng biet Hoat ddng k i n h te d day m a n g
tinh hudng noi k h a dien hinh''*' Ngoai
nhiing k h u viic dac thii dd, sii du n h a p va
ca tiep n h a n , tiep bien van hoa d cac
vUdng qud'c cd T h a i Lan ciing n h u cua
c h u n g k h u viic Ddng N a m A la mot thiic
te khdng t h e p h u n h a n
Vao nhUng the ky trudc, sau Cdng
nguyen viec s a n xuat, sit d u n g dd ddng d
T h a i Lan ciing gdp t h e m nhUng c h d n g cii
d a n g tin cay ve md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi
cac t r u n g t a m v a n hoa p h i a Bac ban dao
Ddng N a m A vdi viing Hoa N a m (Trung
Qud'c) Ciing vdi cac t u y e n giao thUdng
dudng bo chay doc theo b a n dao Ma Lai,
cU dan cd cdn cd nhieu mdi lien he bang
dUdng bien Tii lau, cac n h a t h a m hiem,
thUdng n h a n T a y N a m A da biet den xit
Suvarnabhumi tdc dai "Ddt udng" Viing
dat nay khdng chi la ndi cd ngudn cua cai
phong phii ma cdn la k h u vUc cd t r u y e n
thd'ng van hoa sdm d a t den trinh do p h a t
trien kha cao Cu d a n xd "Ddt vdng" la
nhiing ngUdi t h a n h t h a o ky t h u a t ddng
thuyen, che tac cac s a n p h a m thii cdng va
nghe t h u a t
La mot nen van m i n h ddng thdi la
t r u n g t a m kinh te ldn An Do da sdm cd
nhieu a n h hUdng den cac qud'c gia k h u
vUc Qua t r i n h "An Do hod" d Ddng N a m
A dien ra tif r a t sdm NhUiig cung phai
tha'y rc^ng, h a n h t r i n h tien ve phitdng
Ddng ctia cac thUdng n h a n thd t h u cdng,
n h a t r u y e n giao An ludn gan vdi nhiing huyen thoai ve sii giau cd cua vung dat
n a y ' " Theo each hieu cua ngudi An va nhieu qud'c gia khac d Tay A, Ba Tu thi
xif Suvarabhumi hay Suvarnavipa (Dao
vang) ddng nghia vdi nhiing xif sd chifa day tai nguyen quy Chinh muc tieu kinh
te, h a y ndi each khac la ngudn cua cai cua dai da't phUdng Ddng, da thdi thiic nhieu
n h a t h a m hiem, thUdng nhan khdng
q u a n t h a c h thiic, hiem nguy tim den Ddng
N a m A Trong tac p h ^ m A r t h a s a s t r a viet vao the ky thit IV, ngUdi An da cd nhieu
t r a n g md ta ve xif J a v a het siic phong phii ngudn tai nguyen Theo dd, "Neu ai da den J a v a thi khdng the trd ve NhUng neu
n h u cd cd hoi trd ve thi a n h ta cd the dem theo mot so' lUdng cua cai dii de cho bay the he trong gia dinh sinh sd'ng"'''*
Tudng t u n h u vay, ngUdi T r u n g Hoa qung da sdm q u a n t a m den cac qud'c gia
k h u vUc " N a m Dudng" {Nanyo hay
Nanyang)^^''\ Den the ky VII, khi viet ve
Phil Nam, Liidng thU da md ta ve mot vUdng qudc d phUdng N a m goi la "TrUdng
canh uUdng qudc" (Nudc cua ngUdi cd dai,
chac b a n la do tuc deo nhieu ldp vdng bac?- TG): "Tuc d dd cung cd nha cita,
q u a n Ao, an cdm gao Tieng ndi ciia ngUdi
d day cd khac Phii N a m chiit it Cd niii san xua't vang Nudc vang toat len tren da nhieu vd ke Qud'c vUdng Phii N a m nhieu lan sai sit dUa qud'c thU va t h u d n g dUdc dap lai b a n g each t a n g qudc vUdng P h u
N a m 50 tUdng ngUdi bSng vang rdng"''^'
N h u vay, "TrUdng canh vUdng qudc" la
mot qud'c gia giau cd, cd mdi q u a n he va chiu sii t h a n thudc Phii N a m Mac du khdng the khSng dinh mot each chac chan
n h u n g cd the doan dinh r a n g vUdng qud'c
nay chinh la Suvarnabhumi hay chi it
Trang 4Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
cung cd md'i lien he m a t thiet vdi dia d a n h
huyen thoai dd ThUc te lich sU cho tha'y,
trong sud't nhieu the ky, tii T r u n g Qud'c,
An Do va Tay A n h i e u chuyen di den
Ddng N a m A tim vang, hUdng lieu da dUdc
thuc hien
Trong khi mot so'tac p h a m van hoc An
mo ta Suvarnabhumi n h u la vung da't
dem lai ngudn ldi thUdng mai ldn thi cac
tac p h a m dd ciing ddng thdi nha'n m a n h
den ddi sd'ng tdn giao cua xd sd nay Khi
den viing "Dd't vdng" ngudi ta ciing cd the
quy y theo P h a t Cd it n h a t ba phai bo
truyen giao la G a v a m p t i , Sona va U t t a r a
da ditdc n h a e den t r o n g tac p h a m
S a s a n a v a m s a p p a d i p i k a Trong do, hai
phai bo sau da duoc dich t h a n hoang de
Ashoka (273-236 TCN) giao su menh
hoang diidng Phat p h a p cho cif dan xif
Suvarnabhumi ngay sau dai hoi P h a t giao
lan thu ba vao giiia the ky 111 TCN Nhieu
nguon tif lieu cho t h a y b a n g chUng chac
chan rang vao giua TNK thu' nhat, cit dan
vung ha chau thd sdng H a n g ciing da co
q u a n he vdi Ddng N a m A qua cac tuyen
giao luu t r e n d a t lien va t r e n bien Vifdt
qua vinh Bengal, thUdng n h a n mien Ddng
- Nam An da d u n g san p h a m dia phUdng
de ddi lay muoi, vai, kim loai, gdm cua
Ddng Nam A Do nhiing "tac ddng cua
q u a n he giao thiidng, nhu cau sit dung
tien bac cung t a n g len ciing vdi sii md
rong a n h hudng ciia P h a t giao, Ba La Mdn
giao va dao J a i n a (Jainasm) Tif nhiing
md'i ldi thiidng mai, nhieu tuyen giao
thuong dudng dai ciing da dUo'c thiet lap
gida chau thd sdng H a n g vdi cU dan luu
vUc sdng I r r a w a d y cung nhii cac viing niii
cao Ddng N a m A N h u cau nguyen lieu
ciing n h u n g s;in p h a m dac thii Ddng N a m
A da thiic dav sU t a n g tru'dng mau chdng
cac md'i giao luu k i n h te va dd ciing la mdt trong nhiing n g u y e n n h a n cd b a n khien cho viing h a lUu sdng H a n g trd t h a n h
t r u n g t a m k i n h te q u a n t r g n g cua An Do Vd'n cd nhieu tiem n a n g ve ndng nghiep,
t h u cdng nghiep cU d a n viing sdng Me ciing da sdm p h a t t r i e n k i n h te thUdng nghiep va hdi n h a p vdi m a n g ludi giao thUOng lien A
Nhiing p h a t hien k h a o cd hgc da dem lai nhieu thdng tin xac thiic ve vai trd va hoat dgng cua thUdng mai cd Thai Lan ciing n h u cac b o a t ddng da d a n g khac trong giao luu van hoa Viec p h a t hien ra cac con t a u d a m trong viing vinh Xiem thiic sii cd y nghia dd'i vdi nhieu nganh khoa hoc Thdng tin tu' cac con t a u dam da
va d a n g dem lai nhiing n h a n thiic chuan xac hdn ve ky t h u a t ddng t a u , hoat ddng kinh to sU p h a t trien cua cac n g a n h thu cdng, ddi sd'ng xa hdi, niem tin tdn giao cung n h u t r u y e n thd'ng h u d n g bien, thudng mai t r e n bien cua n h i e u ldp cU dan cd''""' Khao ciiu san p h a m t h u d n g mai trong cac con t a u dd deu t h a y cd nga voi,
da, chi, thiec, gd quy Ngoai ra, cdn c6 gd'm sif T r u n g Qud'c, Viet N a m , Thai Lan (Sangkhalok) ciing nhieu loai vat dung khac Hien vat t r o n g cac con t a u dam cho
t h a y nen t h u d n g mai cd T h a i Lan luon co mdi lien he rdng ldn vdi cac viing cung cap nguyen lieu cung n h u thi trUdng khu vUc Trd lai vdi nhiing md'i giao thudng
t r u y e n thd'ng, cd t h e tha'y trong khoang thdi gian tit t h e ky III-VII, thdi ky kien diing cua nhieu qudc gia cd Ddng Nam A,
h a u het cac vUOng qud'c deu cd md'i lien he
m a t thiet vdi cac t r u n g t a m k i n h te k h u viic, qud'c te Ciing vdi nhiing t r a o ddi
m a n g t i n h ngi viing, h o a t ddng giao thUdng k h u viic cdn diig'c thiic day bdi nhu
Trang 5Nguyen Vdn Kim - Hoat dgng diuang mgi cua cdc vuang qudc cdThdi L an
cau tieu d u n g nhiing san p h a m xa xi
phUdng Dong cua cac de' che ddng thdi la
cac t r u n g t a m kinh te ldn n h u T r u n g
Qud'c, An Do La Ma, Ba Tu Vi tri dia ly
trgng yeu, nhu cdu tieu dung sdn phdm xa
xi cua thi trUdng qudc tecung sdc hdp ddn
cua cdc nguon tdi nguyen Dong Nam A Id
nhdng nguyen nhdn chinh yeu ddn den
viec md rong he thd'ng thUdng mgi Dong
Nam A vd bien khu uiic ndy thdnh mgt
trung tdm kinh te co vai tro quan trgng
trong he thdng thUdng mgi the gidi Trong
dieu kien phUdng tien di bien cdn nhieu
thd sd, cac t h u y e n budn cua Ba Tu An Do,
T r u n g Qudc da t u a n theo che do gid miia
va cac dai bd bien de den budn b a n vdi
Ddng Nam A trong dd cd cac vUdng qud'c
cd tren da't T h a i
Ngudn hUdng lieu, lam, thd, hai san va
ca nd le da dUdc m u a b a n trao ddi dgc
theo cac tuyen giao thiidng nay Cac cudc
dieu tra, k h a o sat, nghien citu k h a o cd hgc
d M a n t a i , A n u r a d h a P u r a , Oc Eo, U
Thong, Biin Don T a p h e t va mdt so' di chi
khu vUc mien N a m T h a i L a n da chiing
minh cho q u a n diem dd'^'' Dieu d a n g chii
y la, trong cac hien v;U p h a t hien dUdc vao
nhiing the ky dau SCN da cd nhUng che
p h a m dac t h u cd ngudn gdc tii Dia T r u n g
Hai, An Do, T r u n g Qud'c Nhiing p h a t
hien dd, cung vdi so hien vat tim dUdc d
A r i k a m e d u va B c g r a m thudc An Do cd
dai, da cung cap t h e m nhiing thdng tin
khoa hgc xac thiic ve vi t h e k i n h t e c u a cac
vifOng qudc cd d T h a i Lan
Dgc theo cac t u y e n t h u d n g mai truyen
thd'ng d bd Ddng cua vinh Bengal, phia
Tay - BAc vinh Xiem dac biet la khu vUc
CO Kra, cac n h a n g h i e n cdu ciing da tim
dUdc mgt he thd'ng n h u n g dicm dd, ndi che
tac, sua c h d a t h u y e n Rd r a n g la nhdng
hogt dgng giao thUdng ngi vdng, ngogi vi
do dd gop phdn het sdc quan trgng vdo sii hUng thinh cua cdc vUdng quo'c Thdi Lan cung nhu nhieu quo'c gia co Dong Nam A
De cd phuOng tien di bien an toan, hieu qua kinh te cao, cU dan Ddng Nam A da
sU d u n g n h i e u ky t h u a t ddng thuyen Nhin chung, t h u y e n Ddng N a m A cd trgng tai khdng t h a t ldn nhu'ng ludn the bicn
k h a n a n g thich ifng cao vdi mdi trUdng bien k h u viic Cu dan cd da dimg go tech
gd sao cd trU lUdng phong p h u trong nhieu canh rifng m u a nhiet ddi de ddng thuyen Den the'ky XV-XVI, trifdc ngUdng cUa ciia sii giao luu, tiep xiic va dung do Ddng -Tay dudng n h u d mdt sd'qud'c gia khu viic
da dat dUdc budc tien vUdt trdi ve ky
t h u a t h a n g hai Trong cac boat ddng thUdng mai, loai t h u y e n cd trgng tai ldn
{Jong) til 350 den 500 tan da dUgc sif
d u n g phd bien""'
Trong lich sif, ngUdi ta van ndi ve "Con
dudng td lua" t r e n da't lien va tren bien
T h a m chi "Con dUdng tdlua tren bien" cdn dUdc ggi la "Con diidng bien vl dgi" (The
Great sea road) Tuyen thUdng mai nay
x u a t p h a t tit cac cang ven bien mien Nam
T r u n g Qud'c ndi ket vdi he thdng cang viing vinh Bac Bg, dai bien dao mien
T r u n g vdi cac cang C h a m p a rdi t a p t r u n g
ve viing vinh Xiem (hay cdn ggi la Bien Tay) Mat khac, tif k h o a n g the ky t h d
IV-V da dan h i n h t h a n h he thd'ng thUdng cang t r a i dai tit v u n g ha luu Chao
P h a r a y a den b a n dao Ma Lai Tam diem ket t u cua hai t u y e n giao thUdng Bac -Nam, Ddng - Tay dd da gap n h a u d vinh bien nay NhUng tii k h o a n g the ky VI trd
di, tuyen hai thUdng qud'c te dan md rdng xud'ng phia N a m vi the vai trd cua eo Kra cat n g a n g qua ban dao Ma Lai ngay mdt
Trang 68 Nghien edit Dong Nam A 712009
hi suy giam T h u d n g t h u y e n khu viic,
qud'c te b a t dau t a p t r u n g ve eo bien
Malacca de tii' dd tien den vinh Bengal
ciing nhieu t h u d n g cang v u n g Tay A Nhu'
vay, q u a n he t h u d n g mai Ddng N a m A
ludn la mgt ddng chay da t u y e n Su t h a m
gia cua cac thUdng n h a n Tay N a m A cung
gdp p h a n lam cho t u y e n hai t h u d n g Ddng
- Tay qua cac eo bien Malacca, S u n d a
them nhdn nhip
Ciing vdi sii hinh t h a n h ciia he thong
cang bien, cac cang sdng cung ngay cang
tr'd nen cd vai trd q u a n trgng trong viec
ndi ket ba khdng gian kinh te: Bien
-Chau thd - Rifng niii Vdi Thai Lan, tieu
bieu cho md'i lien ket nay la t r u n g t a m
t h u d n g nghiep S a t u k t r e n sdng Mun d
mien Ddng Bac Theo q u a n diem ciia
nhieu nha nghien ciiu, t r u n g t a m thiidng
nghiep nay dugc hinh t h a n h la do su
t h i n h dat ciia viing san x u a t gd'm xua't
khau Buriam gan dd Trong thdi gian nay,
d Thai Lan da xua't hien niiieu t r u n g t a m
gd'm ndi t i e n g n h u : P a - 0 , B u r i a m ,
Sukhothay, Sisatchanalai hay cac viing
chuyen che tac t h u y linh: S a t h i n g P h r a ,
S o n g k b l a , W a t R a n g ( N a k h o n Si
T h a m m a r a t ) , Wat Vieng ( S u r a t t h a n i ) , va
P r a s a t M u a n g S i n g h a thugc t i n h
K a n c h a n a b u r i
Dua t r e n nhiing i)hat hien k h a o cd hgc
cung n h u cac b a n g chiing khoa hgc khac,
cd the tha'y d T h a i L a n da sdm hinh t h a n h
md'i lien he kinh te, giao luu van hoa giCta
nhiing ngudi ban dia sd'ng d mien Ddng
vdi mien Tay ban dao Chinh bd p h a n cU
dan phia Tay, da't b a n bd cua vUdng qud'c
Dvaravati, do cd t h e giao hda vdi An Do
Diidng da tiep n h a n nhieu ngudn h a n g
hda, gia tri van boa An va rdi chinh hg lai
truven tai nhiing llianh luu kinh le, van
hoa dd den cac qud'c gia k h u viic Trong khi dd, bg p h a n cU d a n p h i a Ddng lai la
n h u n g ngUdi v a n c h u y e n h a n g hoa tit Ddng s a n g T a y b a n g ca d u d n g sdng, dUdng bg chay xuyen q u a cac t h u n g liing Mgt so' t u y e n t r a o ddi dd cho den nay van con tdn tai Diia t r e n cac ngudn tit lieu lich sif va p h a t h i e n k h a o cd hgc, nha
n g h i e n ciiu ngudi T h a i T h a r a p o n g
S r i s u c h a t da p h a c diing lai cac tuyen
t h u d n g mai t r u y e n t h d n g h i n h t h a n h tren dat Thai trUdc t h e ' k y XVI Gia t h u y e t dUa
ra gdm 10 t u y e n chinh:
1 ThUdng n h a n cd t h e tit viing bien
A n d a m a n ( t h u g c vjnh M a t a b a n ,
M y a n m a r ) theo cac t u y e n sdng Salaween, Mei sau dd vUgt qua deo Mae Sod thugc tinh Tak rdi v a n c h u y e n h a n g den mien Bac Thai Lan Nhiing p h a t hien khao cd hgc cho t h a y cd n h i e u loai h a n g hoa, trong
dd cd gd'm sif T r u n g Qud'c, Mien Dien,
L a n n a va S u k h o t h a y da la nhiing mat
h a n g trao ddi q u a n trgng
2 T u y e n thii hai c u n g tii bien
A n d a m a n trong viing cang M a u l e m e a n vinh M a t a b a n Theo dd, t h u y e n budn cd the di vao sdng S a m i , h a n g hoa dUdc chd den viing Chedi S a m Ong (Ba ngdi chua), rdi lai dUdc tiep tuc c h u y e n den cac sdng Kwae Noi va K w a e Yai t h u d c tinh
K a n c h a n a b u r i Tii day, thUdng n h a n cd the toa den v u n g ddng b a n g t r u n g tam
T h a i , dem h a n g de'n cac t i n h nhU
S u p a n b u r i , R a t c h a b u r i , N a k h o n Pathom Nhieu k h a n a n g , tii tuyen t h u d n g mai nay, h a n g boa ciing da dUdc dUa den vinh Xiem, C a m p u c h i a , Viet N a m va mien
N a m T r u n g Qud'c T r e n t u y e n giao thUdng
dd nhieu hien v a t n h a p ngoai da ditdc
p h a t hien d P h o n g T u k , Ban Don T a p h e t ihudc tinh K a n c h a n a b u r i va di tich Don
Trang 7Nguyen \'dn Knii - Hogt dgng thuang mai ciia cdc vKo'iig qudc cdThdi Lan
R a k a n g thudc tinh S u p h a n b u r i
3 Tif bien A n d a m a n , thifdng n h a n cd
t h e VUdt qua v u n g b a n dao hep nha't dd la
eo Kra thudc t i n h R a n o n g di ngUdc sdng
Kra Buri den k e n h C h a n , sau dd vUdt qua
vung ddi thugc t i n h C h u m p h o n rdi dgc
theo sdng C h u m p h o n den vinh Xiem va
cac cang mien Dong b a n dao Trong cac di
chi dUdc p h a t hien, dia diem Khao Sam
Kaeo thugc tinh C h u m p h o n cd vai trd
q u a n trgng
4 Tit bien A n d a m a n , t h u y e n budn di
qua dao P h r a Thong vao k e n h N a n g Yon
Tif day, hg vUdt qua viing doi K h u a n
Chalie thudc viing Chon Mining, sau dd
den sdng Saeng Tiep dd thUdng n h a n den
sdng P h u m d u a n g , sdng Ta Pi rdi vao vinh
Bandon tinh S u r a t t h a n i Dgc theo tuyen
nay cd r a t nhieu di chi n h u P h u k h a o
Thong, Khao Kok, Chong Khrong, K h u a n
T h o n g , T h a P h a k N a m Rob, Khao
Srivichai va K h u a n P h u n Phin thugc tinh
S u r a t T h a n i
5 Tif bien A n d a m a n , qua dao Ko Kho
Khao t h u d n g n h a n cd the thiic hien tuyen
hai trinh dgc sdng Ta Kua Pa, vUdt qua
deo Sok rdi den sdng P h u m d u a n g Tif day,
di dgc sdng Ta Pi hg cd t h e dem h a n g den
viing Tay Bac tifc la den viing vinh Ban
Don Cac di chi k h a o cd hgc thugc he
thd'ng sdng nay cd Ko Kho Khao, K h u a n
P h r a Nua, Khao P h r a N a r a i va Tha H a n
thudc t i n h P h a n g n a
6 Tif bien A n d a m a n den mien Nam
tinh P h a n g n a vudt qua cac tuyen dudng
bd den tinh Krabi, di vao kenh Sin P u n
den sdng Ta Pi rdi lien den vinh Ban Don
thudc tinh S u r a t t h a n i Di chi k h a o cd hgc
CO y nghia nha't la K h u a n Luk P a t thugc
tinh Krabi, viing Vieng Sa thugc tinh
S u r a t t h a n i va viing h a n g P h a n n a r a tinh Nakhon Si T h a m m a r a t
7 Tif bien A n d a m a n den vimg Bac cua tinh Trang, thUdng n h a n cd the vUdt qua dai da't lien den N a k h o n Si T h a m m a r a t Di chi khao cd hgc dgc theo tuyen nay cd Khao Sai thudc tinh Trang Sdng Ta Rua c6 the dUa hg den vimg bd bien phia Ddng Nhieu hien vat da dUdc p h a t hien d khu viic nay
dd la di chi Ta Rua va M u a n g P h r a Vieng thudc tinh Nakhon Sri T h a m m a r a t
8 Cac doan thUdng mai cd the di tit bien A n d a m a n den song Sungai Muda sau
dd den viing bien gidi T h a i Lan -Malaixia, theo he thd'ng sudi den viing
P a t t a n i Cac di chi lien q u a n den tuyen thuong mai nay da dUdc p h a t hien cd Sungai Mas, Bujang, Kedah
9 Dgc theo tuyen bien gidi va cac day nui giiia Thai Lan - Campuchia la tuyen van chuyen gdm tU cac Id san xuat tinh Buriam ciing nhieu ngudn lam san khac Dac trUng cua tuyen thUdng mai nay la thiidng n h a n ph.ai vUdt qua nhieu day nui cao n h u Bok, Ta Thao, P h r a Plai, Chom
de den dUdc vung ddng b a n g Campuchia Til dd, h a n g boa lai tiep tuc dUa den Viet Nam va Ddng N a m A Nhieu kha nang, khdng it t r u n g t a m kinh te - van boa trong k h u vUc da theo tuyen thuong mai nay giao luu vdi v u n g Ddng Bac Thai
10 Thudng n h a n cd the di theo lUu viic Mekong den cac dia phUdng mien Bac Thai Lan n b u Leoi, Nong Kai, Nakhon Pbnom, M u k d a h a n , Ubon R a c h a t h a n i Co nhieu nen van hda, t r u n g t a m van minh
da binh t h a n h dgc theo tuyen thUdng mai
n a y n h u P a k s e (Lao), Angkor (Campuchia), hay trUdc dd la dc Eo (Phii Nam) thudc chau thd Mekong (Viet Nam)
Trang 810 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
Nhin chung, cac di tich n a y cd cung nien
dai vdi di tich k h u viic mien N a m Thai'^^'
N h u vay, den k h o a n g the ky XV, t r e n
cac vung da't cd cua vUdng quo'c T h a i Lan
hien nay da h i n h t h a n h 10 t u y e n giao
thuong chinh yeu Mac dii can phai khao
cifu, bd sung t h e m cac tuyen giao t h u d n g
triic tiep tif N a m An den T h a i Lan, Ddng
N a m A qua vinh Bengal nhUng cac tuyen
giao thUdng ndi t r e n la nhiing bg p h a n
q u a n trgng ciia cac md'i q u a n he vung, lien
vung ddng thdi c h u a n bi nen t a n g thiet
yeu cho sii p h a t trien cua he thd'ng thUdng
mai Thai Lan nhieu t h e ky sau./
C H U T H I C H
1 Martin Stuart-Fox: A Short History of
China and Southeast Asia: Tribute,
Trade and Influence, Allen & Unwin,
2003, p.23-42
2 lan C Glover: The Southern Silk Road:
Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade
Between India and Southeast Asia, The SUk
Roads - Highways of Culture and
Commerce, UNESCO Pubhshing, 2000,
p.57
3 Sakurai Yumio: Thd phdc diing cdu true lich
sdcila khu vUc Dong Nam A {Thong qua mdi
quan hegiUa bien vd luc dia) Tap chi Nghien
cifu Dong Nam A, sd 4-1996, tr.37-55
4 George Coedes: The Indianized States of
Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii
Press, Honolulu, 1964, p 19-21
5 Din theo lan C Glover: TJie Southern Silk
Road: Archaeological Evidence for Early Trade
Between India and Southeast Asia, p.59
6 Theo mot so' nguon sif lieu, tit thoi Chu
nhieu san pham xa xi nhif nga voi, sifng
te, mai rua, nggc, long chim tri da ditdc
difa tii phia Nam den kinh do Trung Quo'c
Mot so' nha nghien cifu cho rang do chinh
la san pham cua ngUdi Viet va "Ma Lai"
Xem Martin Stuart-Fox: A Short History
of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Sdd, p.23
7 Luang thU: Tit lieu Trung Quo'c viet ve Viet
Nam va cac qudc gia Dong Nam A; Tit lieu Khoa Lich sif, sdLS-TL 0058, tr.50
8 Theo nha nghien cifu Thai Lan Erbprem Vatcharangkul thi tii nam 1974 d vimg bien Thai Lan da co 52 thuyen dSm
{Shipwrecks) ditdc phat hien Phan ldn cac
thuyen do c6 trgng tai titdng do'i ldn va deu
CO nien dai the ky XVI-XVIl Trong so' cac thuyen d i m co 11 thuyen da dUOc khao ciiu
ky cang Xem Underwater Archaeological
Evidence from Shipwrecks of Siam; in FY
2007 Report of Sakai-Asia Cultural Partnership Conference Collaborative Research Project, International Division, Sakai city, March 2008, p.71
9 Ian C.Glover: Beads and Bronzes:
Archaeological Indicator of Trade between Thailand and Early Buddhist Civilization
of Northern India; in Karl Reinhold
Haellquist (Ed.): Asian Trade Routes: Continental and Maritime, Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, 1991, p l l 7
-141
10 Pierre-Yves Manguin: The Vanishing
Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries), in Anthony Reid: Southeast
Asia in the Early Modern Era, Cornell University Press, 1993, p 198
11 Tharapong Srisuchat: Geological and
Archaeological Expeditions in Thailand related to the Maritime Silk Route; in Ancient Trades and Cultural Contacts in Southeast Asia, The Office of the National
Culture Commission, Bangkok Thailand,
1996, p.133-235