Bai viet de cap den mdi quan he giao luu ve van hoa, dac biet la tren Iinh vUc Phat giao gifla hai nU6c trong qua khfl va hien tai, ddng thdi neu Ien nhflng dac diem trong ddi so'ng [r]
Trang 1GIAO LUU VAN HOA PHAT GIAO
• CUA CONG DONG CU DAN
• VUNG BIEN GI61 VIET NAM - CAMPUCHIA
• \
Viet Nam - Campuehia, trong lich
s i cflng nhu hien tai, co nhflng
tUdng ddng ve dia - van hoa va dia - lich
s i Vi tri hai nUdc vdi dUdng bien dai hdn
mpt ngan cay so' da giup dinh hinh mpt
khu vUc bien gidi giau tiem nang, co y
nghia dac biet ve kinh te, chinh tri, xa hpi,
van hoa Bai viet de cap den mdi quan he
giao luu ve van hoa, dac biet la tren Iinh
vUc Phat giao gifla hai nU6c trong qua khfl
va hien tai, ddng thdi neu Ien nhflng dac
diem trong ddi so'ng ton giao cua cpng ddng
cU dan vung bien gidi Nhflng dac diem
nay dUdc hinh thanh tfl dau? Do la nhflng
dac diem gi? Phai chang ngoai yeu to' dia
Iy can ke con la sU ddng nhat trong viec
tuan phuc vao mot loai hinh ton giao duy
nhat la Phat giao Nam tong? Cau hdi
nghien cflu dupe dat ra trong qua trinh
tim Meu nham gop phdn vao viec danh gia
va de xuat cac giai phap thuc day phat
trien ben vflng vflng bien gidi gifla hai
nUdc
1.1 Mgt so'net tiCcfng dong ' : /;
Phat giao sfl Dong Nam a da tflng ghi
TRAN HONG LIEN*
nhan ve sU du nhap va phat trien rat sdm cua ddng Phat giao dUdc truyen tfl phia Nam An Dp sang cac nUdc nhU Myanmar, Lao, Thai Lan, Campuehia Do la he phai Phat giao Nam tong (Hinayana) Nien dai dUdc ghi nhan kha sdm, tuy tflng quo'c gia D61 vdi Campuehia, cflng co luc luu hanh Phat giao Bde tong (Mahayana) nhat la vao the ky 12, nhUng xuyen suot cho den nay, Phat giao d Campuehia van thupc he phai Nam tong^^', la quo'c giao Nhu vay,
d khu vUc vflng bien gidi, van thay kha nhieu ngoi chfla thupc he phai nay dUdc xay dung vdi dudng net kien trfle dac thfl cua ngoi chua Phat giao Nam tong khu vUc Dong Nam A Tfl Svay Rieng, Ien Prey veng, Kandal, tdi Phnom Penh va dpc theo dudng bien tfl Phnom Penh Ien Siem Reap, qua Kompong Chhnang, Kompong Cham, Kompong Thom deu tha'y phan bo' khu vUc cU tru vdi cac Srock, ngUdi dan cU tru bao quanh ngoi chfla Do la mpt canh quang rieng biet, khep kin va long lay
O Viet Nam, truyen tho'ng ba he phai Bac tong, Nam tong va Khat si gan bo vdi
* TS Tran Hong Lien, Vien Phat trien ben vflng vung Nam bo (SISD)
Trang 28 Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2010
n h a u , cflng tiép t u c tdn taị Theo n h a n
dinh cua n h a ton giao hpc ngudi P h a p thi
"y muon tao n e n mpt 'Dong DUdng thupc
P h a p ' cflng da l a m t h a y đi q u a n he gifla
cac quóc gia l a n can la C a m p u e h i a va Viet
N a m Khong t r a n h l u a n ve t i n h each b a t
chinh va ve cac h a u q u a chinh tri cua sU
thóng tri thUc dan, c h u n g t a p h a i n h i n
n h a n r d n g thdi ky n a y da tao t h u a n ldi
cho sU t r a o doi v a n hoa, dfl cac cupc t r a o
đi nay la sU k i e n h a y la h a u qua true tiép
va doi k h i ngoai y muón cua nhflng ngudi
CO quyen lUc thđng t r i de xudng"^^^
T a i lieu Cue L u u trfl quóc gia
C a m p u e h i a c6 de cap den sU kien vao
ngay 6/10/1924 da cap p h e p trflng t u
nhflng ngoi chfla Viet d V i n h Xudng^^\
Dieu n a y cho tháy mói q u a n he cua k h u
vUc vflng b i e n gidiViet N a m - C a m p u c h i a
trong giai d o a n d a u t h e ky 20, t r e n I m h
vUc ton giao da dUdc day m a n h Vinh
XUdng h i e n n a y la xa thupc h u y e n T a n
Chau, t i n h An Giang Cflng can tháy
r a n g h a i vi tiep noi d u d n g h u d n g dao B i u
Sdn Ky H u d n g (BSKH), do P h a t Thdy
T a y An k h a i s a n g , la ong P h a m T h a n h
Q u a n g (1921-1947) va ong T r a n van Soai
(1933- ) deu la ngUdi Viet, sinh r a va Idn
len tai t i n h K a n Dal (Campuehia) Ong
P h a m T h a n h Q u a n g ngUdi que goc d lang
Ly Nhdn, P r e k Chay, Kok T h u m , Kandal,
la ngUdi tiép noi d u d n g h u d n g cua P h a t
T h a y T a y An N a m 1942, ong bi P h a p bdt
dua ve P h n o m P e n h giam cam t r a khao,
nhUng k h o n g t i m r a chflng ly, chflng true
x u a t ong trd ve Viet N a m S a u n a m 1942,
ong dung chfla d xa V i n h Xudng (Tan
C h a u - A n Giang) m a n g t e n Biu Sc/n
Thien Ldm tU, hdt thudc n a m tri benh,
quy t u tin đ chd cd hpi tiép tuc khdi nghia chdng thUc d a n P h a p N a m 1945, ong chinh thflc xay ngoi chfla ten hieu
Bieu San Ky HUc/ng, l a m dudng day lien
lac h p a t dpng each m a n g chóng P h a p Sau khi ong tfl t r a n vao n a m 1947, ong T r a n
v a n Soai tiép nói p h u t r a c h nhom tin đ theo dao B i u Sdn Ky Hudng d xa Vinh Xudng hien nay^''^
O N a m Ky, tfl n a m 1930, chiu anh hudng cua Ian song c h a n hUng P h a t giao d Chau A va d Viet Nam^^\ mpt só tin đ Viet N a m tai Campuehia da khdi xUdng
t h a n h lap P h a t giao Nguyen Thuy (Theravada) NgUdi khdi xUdng la ong Le van Giang, sau nay x u a t gia co phap danh
la Hp Tong Ong la ngUdi da dUa he phai
P h a t giao N a m tong vao cpng đng ngudi Viet d Viet N a m Cflng theo tai lieu cua Cue Luu trfl quóc gia Campuehia, vao nam
1935 khi chinh quyen thupc dia chinh thflc nhin n h a n 6 hpi P h a t giao tai Nam ky, cac
td chflc nay da md rpng hpat dpng giang day va tUdng trd lan n h a u ndi ngUdi Viet d Campuchiấ^) Cue luu trfl cflng co kha nhieu tU lieu ve nhflng ngoi chfla cua ngUdi Viet d Campuehia, da só dUdc xay dung tfl nhflng n a m 1930-1938, nhU chfla Kim Cang, Phudc TrUdng, Sung Phudc, Kim Chudng, Phudc Long Mpt só chfla vfla ke Men da bi h u y hoai trong chien
t r a n h (1975-1979) do Pon Pot gay rạ
P h a t giao N a m tong d Campuehia c6 2 phai: Mohanikay (Phai Dai chung) va
T h a m a y u t i n i k y a (phai C h u a n theo P h a t phap) Theo só lieu n a m 1998^'^^ p h a i Mohanikay chiem da só, vdi 4.006 chua,
Trang 3Trdn Hong Liin - Giao luu vdn hoa Phdt gido cua cdng dong cU ddn
con p h a i T h a m a y u t i n i k y a chi co 129 ngoi
Khi dupc t r u y e n ba vao Viet N a m trong
cpng ddng ngudi K h m e r d N a m bp, vdn co
ca hai p h a i tdn tai, ndi b a t nha't la tai
vflng bien gidi, thupc h u y e n Tri Ton va
Tinh Bien cua t i n h An Giang Su ca chfla
Ong Met (tinh T r a Vinh) cho biet: "phdi
Mohanikay la p h a i ldn, chu trUdng thoai
mai hdn, khong k h a t k h e qua! Chu trUdng
giao due chu t a n g , gidi Iuat thUc h a n h
c h a n h p h a p cua Dflc P h a t P h a i
T h a m m a y u t i n i k y a co nghia la Phdp mon
trong sgch H a i p h a i k h a c n h a u ve ngon
ngfl noi, ve sinh hpat, ve k i n h t u n g ^^^
Ngoi chua dau tien d Viet N a m thupc
he phai N a m tong, trong cpng ddng ngUdi
Viet, dupc xay dUng vao n a m 1938 la chfla
B i u Quang d Gd D u a - T h u Dflc Cach
h a n h Ie, ngM thflc thd cung, t r a n g phuc co
khac vdi he p h a i BSc tong, nhUng ngoi
chfla P h a t giao N a m tong cua ngudi Viet
tfl sau ngay t h a n h lap cflng da co nhflng
dong gop va gifl vai trd q u a n trpng trong
ddi so'ng p h a t t i
TrUdc n a m 1975, theo giao luat, cac
chua K h m e r thupc ddng b a n g song C i u
Long (DBSCL) s a u k h i xay dUng xong
chinh dien p h a i l a m le Kiet gidi seima,
neu chUa td chflc le, xem n h u chUa hoan
t h a n h Dip nay, sU sai cflng mdi cac vi sU
tfl Campuehia s a n g t h a m du, hoac Iam Ie
Chfla K h m e r d DBSCL c6 gan 500 ngoi,
trong do h a u he't cac pho tUdng ton tri deu
dupc dua tfl C a m p u e h i a ve Do vay, tfl
dUdng net nghe t h u a t , den m a u sdc, chat
lieu deu the h i e n ye'u to' t a m ly, phong tuc
cua cU dan noi ngon ngfl Mon Khmer Mpt
trong nhflng dac trUng ben trong chfla
Khmer, ca d Viet N a m va Campuehia la cac h i n h a n h ve lich s i cupc ddi dflc P h a t Thich Ca ( J a t a k a ) deu dUdc ve vdi kich thudc ldn, t r a n g tri toan bp ben trong chinh dien Nhflng nghe n h a n nay cung dupc mdi tfl C a m p u e h i a sang Tai cac chfla Khmer, k i n h sach dUdc in an cflng dupc dUa sang C a m p u e h i a in, vi co chfl
K h m e r sdc net
Ve mo'i q u a n he gan gfli cua hai cpng ddng cU d a n vflng bien, c6 y kie'n da n h a n xet: "NgUdi K h m e r d An Giang co nhieu
t h a n n h a n song d nUdc ngoai, trong do da so' song d CampucMa lang gieng, chinh vi vay viec di lai, t r a o ddi gifla hai ben ra't tU nhien Do giap vdi C a m p u e h i a va co mo'i
q u a n he ddng hp vdi ngUdi K h m e r d Campuehia, nen ngudi K h m e r d An Giang qua Iai bien gidi k h a de dang C6 r a t nhieu ngUdi s a n g ben kia bien gidi l a m an, doi khi t h a y t h u a n ldi hdn thi hp d lai, khong t h u a n ldi, lai quay ve "^^^ Mo'i q u a n he b a n g giao t r e n Imh vUc ton giao gifla hai dia phUdng vflng bien gidi dien r a ro n e t hdn vao dip co le hpi,
n h u II P h a t Dan, Dolta, Ok Om Bok., chfnh quyen t i n h Ta Keo, K a n d a l cung sang t h a m vieng chfla K h m e r vflng bien gidi n h u d T a n C h a u (Tay Ninh) ; d Tinh Bien (An Giang) Tin dd s a n g t h a m du le hpi, t h a m q u a n vai hom mdi trd ve
N h u vay, t r o n g linh vUc t i n ngUdng -ton giao, P h a t giao N a m -tong la c h a t keo gan k e t cpng ddng h a i d a n tpc Viet N a m
-C a m p u c h i a cU t r u vflng ven bien, tfl do
t a o dieu kien tot hdn cho q u a n h e giao luu v a n hoa t r e n cac l i n h vUc k h a c n h u trong t a p q u a n cUdi xin, t r o n g v a n hoa
Trang 4-10 Ngh ien cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2010
n g h e t h u a t
T r a n g p h u c co d a u K h m e r ngay nay d
Tri Ton, T i n h Bien (An Giang), T a n Chau
(Tay Ninh) deu dupc m u a hoac mUdn tfl
C a m p u e h i a dUa s a n g Co gia dinh cflng
t h u e ca ngUdi t r a n g diem cho co dau
s a n g Nhflng b a i h a t dUdc t h u am tfl
C a m p u e h i a , s i d u n g t r o n g l l cUdi dUdc
ngudi K h m e r vflng bien gidi Ua thich
Ngay ca t r a n g p h u c cua mpt so' t u si P h a t
giao t r o n g cac ngoi chfla K h m e r Viet
N a m h i e n n a y da t h a y v a n y co m a u da
(nau do s a m ) , la m a u y cua mpt so' t u si
cac nUdc M y a n m a r , Lao, T h a i ,
C a m p u e h i a d a n g s i d u n g TrUdc day
m a u y pho bie'n la m a u v a n g nghe Ro
r a n g la t r o n g cac v u n g bien gidi, viec di
lai, m u a b a n , giao l u u t r o n g a n mac da
t h e hien ro h d n cac vflng npi dia P h a t t i
da m u a y n a y t a i cac c i a k h a u v u n g ven
hoac do giao l u u vdi sU sai va p h a t t i cac
nUdc m a co, va p h a t t i da cung dudng
cho t u Sl K h m e r t r o n g n g a y le D a n g y
K a t h i n a vao t h a n g 9 a m lich h a n g n a m
1.2 Mgt sd nhdng di biet
N h u da t r i n h bay t r e n , du r a n g cpng
ddng tpc ngUdi K h m e r d Viet Nam va
Campuehia da co mo'i q u a n he giao luu
van hoa trong lich s i , dien r a ngay mpt
m a n h me n h u hien nay, nha't la trong
vflng bien gidi gifla h a i nUdc, nhUng t r e n
linh vUc ddi song v a n hoa, tin ngUdng ton
giao, dac biet la P h a t giao, cflng con nhieu
khac biet Su k h a c n h a u con tfl dieu kien
thuc hien chinh sach d a n tpc, ton giao cua
hai nUdc
Ve dia hdn ciC tru cua ngUdi K h m e r
trong nUdc Viet N a m , vdi 3 k h u vUc cU trfl : k h u vUc cao thupc v u n g Chau Ddc, Tri Ton, Tinh Bien (thupc An Giang ); k h u vuc chuyen tie'p: Cdn Thd, Vinh Long,
H a u Giang, Kien Giang, mpt p h a n An Giang; k h u vUc tha'p, gdm Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, cU trfl theo ven bien; trong d6, k h u vUc cao co nhieu net tUdng ddng vdi ngUdi K h m e r Campuehia hdn, con k h u vUc t h a p m a n g tinh giao thoa d a m net vdi v a n hoa Viet, Hoa ' '' Ngudi K h m e r Campuehia theo P h a t giao Nam tong hien dang song trong mot khong gian k h e p kin trong cac phum, srok Cac tpc khac song trong khu vUc, neu CO, cflng m a n g t i n h rieng le, biet lap trong mpt ddn vi p h u m k h a c
Trong khi d N a m bp, ba dan tpc Khmer, Viet, Hoa t h u d n g xuyen c6 mo'i quan he qua lai, giao luu vdi n h a u tren ta't ca cac binh dien: xa hpi, sinh boat, hon n h a n , le hpi, t a n g ma, n h a t la ngon ngfl va ton giao Chinh hien tUdng cpng cU, cpng sinh
t r e n da tao n e n sU giao luu van hoa d ngUdi K h m e r N a m Bp, khien hp co nhflng dac trUng r i e n g so vdi ngUdi K h m e r Campuehia Nhflng dac trUng nay the hien trong cac m a t cua ddi so'ng vat chat
va t i n h t h a n Dac biet hien nay, tai vung ven bien, vdi chinh sach dan tpc dUdc trien khai, cac cum dan cU, tuyen dan cU, k h u gian dan^i°^ cua ngUdi K h m e r dang tflng budc dupc thUc hien tai cac huyen, xa d Tri Ton, Tinh Bien (An Giang); T a n Chau,
T a n Bien (Tay Ninh) n h a m p h a dan the khep kin, biet lap da co, de dua cpng ddng
cU dan K h m e r N a m bp ngay mpt hpi n h a p vdi xu the mdi cua thdi dai
Trang 5Trdn Hong Liin - Giao luu vdn hoa Phdt gido cua cdng dong cU ddn 11
Ve ngon ngd, tieng K h m e r Nam Bp la
tieng noi cua mot tpc ngUdi khong chu the
trong dai gia d i n h cac dan tpc Viet N a m
Do qua t r i n h cpng cU va cpng sinh vdi
ngUdi Viet va ngudi Hoa, ngUdi K h m e r
Nam Bp cung Iflc s i dung ba ngon ngfl la
pho bie'n, t h a m chi t h e hien chi trong mpt
cau noi Tie'ng K h m e r Campuehia dam
dUdng chflc n a n g ngon ngfl quo'c gia Tren
nen t a n g cua sU khac n h a u can b a n ay,
ngon ngfl cua h a i nhom tpc ngudi nay se
p h a t trien theo nhflng cung each khac
nhau, dac biet la phUdng dien ngfl am va
tfl vUng
Bdi vdi Phgt gido, tai vflng ven bien
Viet Nam, da h i n h t h a n h ngoi chfla cua
giao p h a i B i u Sdn Ky HUdng T u tudng vi
tha, vi mpi ngUdi da dUdc the hien suot
trong hai thdi ky k h a n g chien cho'ng xam
lUdc cua tin dd co dao v u n g bien gidi, vdi
hpat dpng cho'ng P h a p cua ngudi Ianh t u
va cua dai da sd tin dd Truyen tho'ng do
ngay nay v a n cdn tiep no'i
P h a t giao N a m tong hien nay v i n
chiem da so' trong cU d a n Campuehia
Tang doan (Sangha) co vi t r i q u a n trpng,
gdm ba cap: cap chfla (phum), cap huyen
hoac t i n h va t r e n cung la Vua sU K h m e r
Nam Bp k h o n g co sU p h a n cap n h u vay
Tham chi hien nay, tai mpt so' vflng, Hpi
Doan ket sU sai yeu nUdc da khong con
hpat dpng (nhu d An Giang) vi da hoa
n h a p vao td chflc Giao hpi P h a t giao Viet
N a m tfl sau n a m 1981./
C H U T H I C H
1 Phat giao Nam Tong vao Campuehia tfl the
ky 4 trUdc Cong nguyen The'ky 11 va 12 mdi CO Phat giao Bde tong
2 Pascal Bourdeaux 2007 Vao khoang thdi gian dai dflc Ho Tong con mang ten Le Van Giang Tim hieu viec thanh lap Phat giao Theravada Viet Nam qua tieu s i Le Van Giang (1883-1940) Khoa hoc xa hoi sd2 Tr 55
3 O.R n_0 48 du 6 Octobre 1924 portant autorisation de reconstruction des pagodes Kos Oknha Tey, pagode anna-mite a Vinh XUdng Khum Kaamsamnar (Koeuk Dek) 1924
4 Tom tat tieu s i cua ong Pham Thanh Quang, giao chu dao B i u Sdn Ky Hudng
Tu lieu cua nhom B i u Sdn Ky Hudng xa Vinh XUdng Tan Chau-An Giang 2008
5 Xem them Tran Hdng Lien 2000 Dao Phat trong cong ddng ngUOi Viet 6 Nam bo VN, tfl the'ky 17 den 1975 Tai ban lan 1 Ha Noi, Nxb KHXH Tr 49
6 Pascal Bourdeaux 2007 Tu heu da din
7 Khlot Thyda 2008 Buddhism existing in
Cambodia Ban thao tr.3
8 Phong van sau Thgch Oai - Su Cd chiia
Ong Met, thi xd Tra Vinh ngdy 10/8/2007
NgUdi phong van: Tran Hong Lien
9 Lam Tuyet Mai 2008 Quan he xa hoi hen khu vUc, xuyen bien gidi cua ngUdi Khmer
An Giang Ban thao de tai nhanh de tai Cap Bo: Dan toe va ton giao d Tay Nam bo trong qua trinh phat trien Chu nhiem de tai: TS Tran Hdng Lien Vien Phat trien ben vflng vung Nam bo Tr.2
10 Khu gian dan: dUa ngUdi Khmer ra khoi khu VUc nha cQ, ngUdi dan vay tien mua dat tra cham, song xen ke vdi ngUdi Kinh Cum dan cU: Iam dudng be tong, co dien nude dUa vao tan nha, ngudi Khmer vay tien de nang nen, tra gop Dat cua ho, nhung khong trat tu, nay lap lai Tuyen dan cU ingudi Khmer phai mua nen nha,