cdng nghe nhiip khau ciia phuong Tay. Nhat Ban da dat dugc nhung budc tien vugt bac trong kinh t l va quan su. anh hudng quan su ciia Nhat Ban tilp tuc gia tang. Day la chd duu cho t[r]
Trang 1KHIA CANH LICH SUf VA LOI ICH QUOC GIA
NGO XUAN BINH*
Jheo nhieu nhii nghien ciru Nhiit Ban qua tiit \cu xuiil phiit tir \cu td dia ly diic thii
cd bdn loai yeu td dirge coi la co' sd vii nhirng imh hudng giiin tiep ciia \ an minh tao lap chinh sach Ddng A-Thiii Binh Duong Trung Iloa
ciia nude nay Bai viet sau diiy dc cap tdi hai Neu xiiu chudi ciic sir kien chiing la tha\ yeu td dau tien dd la lich sir dinh liu cua dudng nhu su phat trien ciia Nhiit Ban thdi Nhat Ban d khu vuc niiy vii Igi ich qudc gia ky biiu Edo bat diiu vdi nhung ''duxcn ng"
L Ljch sir ciia van dc xu\cn Thiii Binh Duong mil cu the lii \di Nlnr da biet trong lich su Nhiit Ban cd My Ciii du\en ng dd gan vdi Nhiit Ban sudt mot vai trd diing kc d khu xirc Ddng Biic A tir do cho ldi ngiiy na>
- Thiii Binh Duong mil coi ngudn cua nd ki Ngudi la cdn nhd nam 1853 Dd ddc nluing dijc tlui \ c dia ly Lii mot quiin dao Malhcw Perry xuiil hien tai Vinh Ldo (ngin Idn bao gdm hiing ngim diio hgp thiinh o' dd na)' ki \inh Tok\o) cimg vdi mot h;im dgi Hokkaido Honshu K\iishu \ii Skikoku ki ni;inh Sir menh cua dng tudng niiy lii hdi xuong sdng tiio nen Nhiil Ban Do giin lluic Nhiil Ban mo' cua giao kru vdi My Sau nhung liii liich hicl vol luc dia irung Iloa nigl thdi gian tri hoiin Nhiit Ban dii phiii nen Nhiil Ban bi anh huong nhieu boi \iin nhugng bg My thdng qua ky liicp udc hda - \an minh irung Iloa cho dii khdng bi Nagasaki
anh hirdng true tiep va siiu sac nhu a Vict Cd the ndi sir xuiil hien ciia My vii dudi
Nam hay Ban dao Trieu i ien Nhieu nha sire cp cua My Nhiit Ban da ma cua giao nghien ciru cho rang, diic diem na\ dii tao ra luu \di the gidi Dieu nay danh dau mdt sir khiic biet rd net Irong tien trinh phiit trien budc lien Idn cd y nghTa nhu mot cudc ciich cua Nhiit Biin nga\ lir nhung budc khdi dau mang thuc su d dd Nhat Ban thuc thi chinh NhCrng Ihanh cdng trong phiit trien kinh tc xa sach ddi ngoai md cira vdi the gidi cham dirt hoi thdi ky Edo vii chinh Siich ddng cira vdi giin 300 nam luyct giao vdi ben ngoiii Rd the gidi ben ngOiii (ngOiii trir Hii Lan i rung rimg chinh siich ddi ngoiii mo' cira ciia Nhiit Qudc va i ricu lien), nham bao ve an ninh Biin bat diiu \'di mot ddi tiic Chiiu A - i'hiii qudc gia trong giin 300 nam dugc coi la ket Binh Duong, dd lii My
qua rieng cd cua ngudi Nhiil Ban \ a la he Ky nguyen Minh i r i bat diiu tir 1868
Muc tieu chii >'cu cua chinh quyen Nhiil Ban
: : liic bay gid la xiiv duns Nhiit Biin thimh rndi
I'IK) iiiai) su I ien sT Vicn triioiii; Vien Nuhicn cuu DoiiLi , ^ ' "
Bac A / t o i i i ; hien tap Tap ciii Nghien cuu OcMig Bac A ^ CUOng quOC v d l m d t q u v c l l i i m c l l i n h I r i l i i i
NGHIEN C(jru DONG BflC fl, SO 7(89) 7-2008
Trang 2Nghien citu khoa hgc
cao the hien qua "cdng thirc": tinh than
Nhat Ban cdng vdi ky thuat phuang Tay Bai
hgc dau tien dugc chinh quyen Nhat Ban van
dung tir phuong Tay la khuyen khich nhap
khau sach bao hoac cdng nghe ciia cac nude
nay, nhat la tir Ha Lan Sau dd la trong ITnh
vuc chinh tri, Nhat Ban da van dung kinh
nghiem ciia nude Diic Hien phap Minh Trj
nam 1889 dugc coi la con de ciia Hien phap
nude Diic 0 dd Qudc hdi la co quan lap
phap, hoang de trd thanh bieu tugng qudc
gia chii' khdng giu vai trd lap phap
Vao cudi the ky 19 vdi nhung thanh cdng
trong phat trien kinh te, xa hdi chinh quyen
Minh Tri da dua Nhiit Ban trd thanh mdt the
lire cd anh hudng d Ddng A Bang chiing la
Nhat Ban da gianh thang Igi trong cudc
chiln tranh Nhat - Trung (1894-1895) va Dai
Loan trd thanh thude dia ciia Nhat Ban Sau
dd khdng lau Nhat Ban la ngudi chien thang
trong cudc chien tranh Nhat - Nga
(1904-1905) Nhat Ban bat dau gia tang anh hudng
ILMI Ban dao Trieu Tien; nam 1910 Nhat Ban
thdn tinh Trieu Tien va Ban dao nay trd
thanh thude dia ciia Nhat Ban; sau dd Nhat
Ban md rdna anh hudng ra khu vuc Man
Chau Ly Rd rang la vao thdi ky dd Nhat
Ban trd thiinh mdt ddi thii canh tranh
nghieng ngira vdi cac the luc phuang Tay d
khu vuc nay va trd nen mdt thach thuc Idn
ddi vdi Trung Qudc Nam 1902 Nhat lien
minh vdi Anh, sau dd tham gia vao cudc
Chien tranh The gidi thir nhat vdi giac mdng
md rdng lanh thd ve mat dia ly song riit cudc
hg da bi vd mdng
Vdi chinh sach cdng nghiep hda nhanh va
tap trung phat trien cac nganh cdng nghiep
nang va cdng nghiep qudc phdng dua tren
cdng nghe nhiip khau ciia phuong Tay Nhat Ban da dat dugc nhung budc tien vugt bac trong kinh t l va quan su Bdi vay vao nhung nam 1930 anh hudng quan su ciia Nhat Ban tilp tuc gia tang Day la chd duu cho tham vgng banh trudng lanh thd ciia Nhat Ban thdi ky dd Nam 1931 Nhat Ban chiem Man Chau Ly; va sau dd Nhat Ban tham du true tilp vao cudc Chien tranh The gidi thir hai vdi vi tri la mdt trong ba tru cdt ciia phe true Du'c - Itali - Nhiit Ban Vao thdi ky dinh cao cua cudc chien tranh Nhat Ban da kiem soat dugc mdt viing lanh thd rdng Idn, bao gdm Ddng Nam A ddng Trung Qudc va mdt phan lay Thai Binh Duong Tuy nhien phe Ddng minh Xd - My - Anh da gianh thang Igi cudi cimg Vdi 2 qua bom nguyen tu ciia
My nem xudng Hiroshima va Nagasaki nam
1945 chii nghTa quan phiet Nhat Ban ciing vdi hgc thuyet dai Ddng A cua hg da bi khep lai
Ket cue tat yeu la My chiem ddng Nhat Ban thdi ky 1945-1951 Sir mang chiem ddng nay dugc trao cho tudng Douglas Mac Arthur Vdi sir chi phdi ciia My, the che chinh tri kieu chien tranh ciia Nhat Ban da bi thay ddi hoan toan Hien phap hda binh 1947
da dugc ban banh Theo dd, qudc hdi la co quan lap phap vdi 2 nhanh quyen luc tiip trung la Ha vien va Thugng vien Thien hoang van giir vi tri tugng trung qudc gia Nhat Ban khdng cd quan ddi chi cd lire lugng phdng ve; phat trien qudc gia theo hudng trung lap, theo kieu 'Thuy Sy d Chau
Tuy nhien, tinh hinh the gidi sau Chiln tranh The gidi thir hai da biin ddi Sir ddi dau giua hai he thdng xa hdi chii nghTa va tu
NGHIEN Ctru DONG BflC fl SO 7(89) 7-2008
Trang 3ban chii nghTa da dii)' the gidi vao mdt cudc ngoai giao vdi cac nude trong khu \ iic \ a chien khdng cd tieng siing Ngudi ta ggi dd the gidi Nhd dd kinh te Nhat Ban dugc
la Chien tranh Limb Ca My va Lien Xd Iiic phuc hdi; tdc do tang GDP hang nam xap xi
dd tim mgi each de md rdng pham vi anh 6-7%: chinh tri, xa hdi bat dau dn dinh: tam huong dac biet la tao dung cac ddng minh ly "Ic thude vao ke chiem ddng" da bi lu mdi Bdi viiy chinh sach ciia My ddi vdi md Cd the ndi tinh hinh na) da tao co sd Nhiit Biin dii chuyen ddi can ban tii' chiem cho Nhiit Ban tien vao thdi ky tang truong ddng sang hgp tac va ddng minh Nhung nhanh sau dd (giai doiin than k)) Dang Diin kinh nghiem phat trien kinh te ciia My duoc chii Tu do (LDP) thanh lap nam 1955 va tra phiii huu Nhiit Ban ddn nhiin va My trd nen thanh Dang thdng tri sudt giin 4 thap nien ma
"hcio phdng" trong viec vien trg giiip Nhiit khdng can lien minh vdi bat ky dang nao cho Ban phuc hdi sau chien tranh Hiep udc hda tdi nam 1993 Sau dd LDP vdn giir vi trd chi binh My - Nhat (1951) dugc ky ket da md ra phdi song trong vi the lien minh vdi mdt sd mot irang mdi trong quan he Nhiit - My diing be ban
Hiep udc nay khang dinh Nhiit Ban giir vai Nam 1960 Nhiit Ban ky Hiep udc An trd nhu mcit can cir ciia My d tiiy Thai Binh ninh sira ddi vdi My (Hiep udc nam 1951 Duong' ' va lii mot ddng minh quan trgng sua ddi) Hiep udc nay tao cho Nhiit Ban ciia My d Ddng Bac A Nhieu nha nghien mdt \i the ngang bang ban vdi My va tai ciru cho rang, nhd Hiep dinh nay Vci Dieu 9 khang dinh Nhiit Ban la mdt ddng minh trong lliC-n phiip nam 1947, Nhiit Ban khdng chien luge cua My Nhiit Ban da iing hd Ciin tiip trung phai trien quiin sir ma chii y cuoc chiCMi tranh xiim luo'c Viet Nam ciia My Viio phiit trien kinh tc O quiin sir dugc My cho dii khdng true tiep tham gia Cd le Dieu dam biio cho nen Nhiit Ban chi diinh 1% 9 I lien phiip cua nude nay da ciin tra hg dinh GDP cho ngan sach quiin su Neu xet d chi liu true tiep neu khdng thi
sd tuong ddi thi Nhiit Ban la qudc gia gianh Viio nhung nam 1970 mdi trudng an ninh mot ty Ic nhd GDP cho quan sir - mdt chi sd ciia Nhiit Ban cd nhirng thay ddi thuan Igi nho nhiit so vdi bat cii' mdt the lire kinh te cho hg Quan he ciia Nhiit Ban vdi Trung niio Chi sd dd van dugc duy tri cho den tiin Qudc va Lien Xd ve co ban van la thii dich ngay nay song da khac trudc mdt phan, nhat la ddi vdi Thdi k)' nhung nam 1950 hgc thuyet Trung Qudc Nhu da biet Nichxon thuc thi Yoshida dugc \'iin dung d Nhiit Ban the hien chinh sach ngoai giao "bdng ban" vdi i rung sir thang the ciia canh huu Thuc chat ciia Qudc tir nam 1972 md ra mdt thdi ky mdi hoc thu)'ct nay la khdi phuc kinh te trong trong quan he My - Trung Theo guo-ng My nude; thuc thi chinh siich ddi ngoiii dua vao Nhiit Ban ciing xiic tien quan he vdi Biic
My tirng budc binh thirdng hda quan he Kinh tir nam 1972 Hanh ddng nay da dat
quan he Nhiit Biin - Trung Qudc vao mot Join Dosch, Manfred Mols(F.ds.),/«/cr/w//(;/;(// hiiih thai m d i ; dd lii \'Lra hgp tac N'ira di^iu
1
I I I
/M.,//,./,.v»,//,c- |.v,.,-/VcV/V St Manin-s Press New j ^ ^ ^ , ^ , ^ ^ ^ - j ,^,^^, ,^„^,.^^,j y^^^ ^.^^^^ ^,^ ^,^,^.,^ ,
Ycirlv traiiL; 77
NGHIEN ecru D O N G BflC fl, SO 7 ( 8 9 ) 7 - 2 0 0 8
Trang 4Nghien citu khoa hgc
biin vira lii tlui Mdt quan he nhin be ngoai
thi phirc tap song thirc chat thi dan gian ban
boi neu chi la thu thi ngudi ta khdng giao
luu vdi nhau khdng trao ddi vdi nhau de giai
quyet nhung khac biet nhung mau thuan
nhung khi ddng thdi la ban thi co hdi de xir
ly Ciic van de tren se nhieu ban Quan niem
nay trai ngugc vdi nhieu ngudi khi cho rang
mdi trudng an ninh ciia Nhat Ban sau nam
1972 nhiit la trong quan he vdi Trung Qudc
trd nen phirc tap ban
Quan he Nhat Ban vdi Lien Xd thdi ky
sau 1972 van nhu trudc Dd khdng chi la su
thii djcb ve he tu tudng chinh tri ma cdn la
sir thCi dich ciia ngirdi "bi mat dat" Day la
biiu qua cua vice Lien Xd chiem giir 4 hdn
diio phia bac Llokkaido ciia Nhiit Ban tir sau
Chien tranh The gidi thii' hai Cau chuyen
niiy sau 60 nam van chua cd ldi ket; cho dii
sir thii dich vc he tu tudng chinh tri da bien
niiit cimg vdi Chien tranh Lanh song su thii
dich vc chii quyen liinh thd thi van tiep tiic
hien dien
Dieu giiy an tugng sau sac ddi vdi ca the
gidi thdi ky 1970-1980 dd la vice Nhat Ban
trd thiinh sicu cirdng kinh te thu' hai ciia the
gidi Nhirng thanh cdng trong phat trien kinh
tc ciia Nhiit Ban den nay van dugc nhieu
qudc gia ngudng md va tham chi khd ly giai
Khi so sanh vdi My ve mdt sd chi tieu phat
trien kinh te, cac chinh gidi d My da bi sdc
thuc sir bdi su phat trien khd tin ciia ngudi
ddng minh Nhiit Ban Chang ban,
GNP/ngirdi ciia Nhat Ban tang tii' 56,2% so
vdi My nam 1970 len 66.6% nam 1980 va
73.2% nam 1988'-*
i:"!
Jorn Dosch, Manfred (eds) Sdd Irani: 78
Sir Idn manh ve kinh te ciia Nhat Ban trd thanh mdt ly do de My yeu can- nude nay phai cd vai trd Idn ban ve phdng ve Nhu da biit, Nhat Ban chi cho ngan sach qudc
phdng chi \% GDP tuy nhien chi sd tuyet
ddi thi ngan sach qudc phdng ciia Nhat Ban xip hang thir 3 tren the gidi thdi ky nhung nam 1980 Va de dap irng sir ddi hdi cua My Thu tudng Suzuki Zenko (1981) thdi dd da tuyen bd rang "lire lugng phdng ve Nhat Ban
cd dii kha nang va triich nhiem bao ve viing lanh hai xa 1000 diim k l tii' Nhat Ban" Va sau dd la sir chia se ganh nang quan sir vdi
My thdng qua ddng gdp tai chinh va giri mot lire lugng quan ddi ban che tham gia gian tiep vao cudc chien tranh viing vinh Ian thu' nhat 1991; sau dd giii quan tham gia gin giu' hda binh d Campuchia va mdt sd nude khac: gan diiy la giri quan tdi Irac hd trg lien quan
do My diing dau
Nhung nam 1990, su dd vd ciia nen kinh
tc bong bdng d Nhat Ban da day nude nay vao tinh the khd khan Sudt ca thap nien nay kinh te Nhiit Ban roi vao tinh trang dinh tre Tdc do tang GDP bi giam siit nghiem trgng tham chi am; that nghiep gia tang; ddi sdng trd nen dat dd Tinh binh nay da dugc khac phuc ke til' khi 1 hii tudng Koizumi Ien nam quyen (2002) Vdi chuang trinh cai td nen kinh te gay nhieu tranh cai song vdi quyet tam chinh tri cao chinh quyen Koizumi da vuc diiy nen kinh te Nhat Ban dua Nhat Ban budc vao mdt thdi ky phat trien mdi
Cd the ndi, ngay ca trong thdi ky kinh te khd khan Nhat Ban van kien tri cTiinh sach coi quan he vdi My la hdn da tang trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia hg Ndi each khac
My van la ddi tac sd mdt khdng thi thay the
Trang 5xet treMi lat ca cac phuang dien va cho dii
mdi trudng an ninh xung quanh Nhat Ban da
cd nhung bien ddi siiu sac
2 Nhiin biet Igi ich quoc gia ciia Nhat
Biin
Ngirdi ta cho rang, nhiin biet Igi ich qudc
gia ciia Nhiit Ban chii yeu dugc phan anh d
khia Ciinh vai trd qudc te ciia nude nay Van
de dd ndi len va dugc cac chinh gidi Nhiit
Biin quan tam nhiit la ke tii' sau khi Chien
tranh Lanh ket thiic Cd the ndi cd 3 ludng y
kien dai dien cho 3 trudng phai khac nhau d
Nhiit Ban Dd la Cbii nghTa Qudc gia Truyen
thdng; Chii nghTa Qudc gia Thien huu va
Chu nghTa Qudc gia Thien ta Tam phan biet
nhu the de nhan dang va phan tich chir trong
thuc te phu'c tap hon nhieu va cd the cd ciic
each ggi khiic nhau
Nhu'ng ngudi theo Chii nghTa Qudc gia
TruytMi thdng cho rang Chien tranh Lanh da
ket thiic song the gidi van cdn bat dn, Nhiit
Ban can tai hdi va tiep tuc theo dudi chinh
Siich ddi ngoai theo tinh than hgc thuyet
Yoshida Dieu nay cd nghTa la Nhat Ban can
tiep tuc coi quan he vdi My la hdn da tang
trong chinh sach ddi ngoiii; d dd vai trd ciia
Nhiit Ban se Idn ban, rd rang ban tire la cd
tinh ddc lap hon trong quan he vdi My so
vdi thdi k)' Chien tranh Lanh; ddng thdi uu
lien phat trien quan he vdi cac qudc gia
Ddng A ii'ong khi dd nhung ngirdi theo
Chii nghTa Qudc gia Thien huu lai cho rang,
trudc bet Nhat Ban phiii la mdt qudc gia
"binh thudng"; phiii cd quan ddi theo diing
nghTa ciia tir nay va Nhiit Ban ciing can phai
cd vii khi hilt nhan de ran de Hg liip huin
rang, mdt sd nude king gicMig ciia Nhiit Ban
cd vii khi hill nhan viiy khdng cd ly do gi
Nhat Ban lai khdng sd hiiu vii khi nay dc tu
ve Va hg khang dinh rang Nhiit Ban can ddc lap ban ddi vdi My trong chinh sach ddi ngoai Dieu nay dugc phan anh rd net trong nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciru ciia cac hgc gia Nhiit Ban; chang ban cudn sach "Nhat Ban
cd the ndi khdng" ciia Shintarbo Ishihara la mdt thi du Cdn nhirng ngirdi theo Chii nghTa Qudc gia Thien ta cho rang Nhat Ban can duy tri Hien phap nam 1947; Nhiit Ban khdng can cd quan ddi ma chi can lire lugng phdng ve la dii; va can phai cham dirt sir cd miit ciia cac can cir quan sir My tai Nhat
Biin
Cd the ndi nhung ngirdi theo Chii nghTa Qudc gia Truyen thdng va nhiing ngirdi cd lap trudng thien huu cd quan diem rd rang trong vice ring hd quan he My - Nhat va thira nhiin vai trd to Idn ciia quan he nay trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia Nhat Ban Thuc tc cho thay, lire lugng niiy chiem da sd va dang
cd anh hirdng Idn tren chinh trudng Nhat Ban; trong khi dd nhung ngudi theo liip trudng thien ta thi ngugc lai
Ben canh viin de quan he vdi My, cd 3 yeu td khac the bien rat rd Igi ich ciia Nhiit Ban Dd la ddng gdp ciia Nhat Ban ddi vdi Lien LIgp Qudc, hgp tac trong cac the che da phuong (cdn ggi la chii nghia da phuang) va hgp tac Ddng A - Thai Binh Duong
Nhin tdng the thi ngudi ta thay rang dai
da sd ngirdi Nhat irng hd nude nay giu vi tri Idn hon trong td chiic Lien Hgp Qudc Van
de dugc quan tam tii' gan mot thap nien qua
la "lieu Nhiit Ban cd trd thanh mdt thanh vien thirdng true ciia Hdi ddng bao an Lien Hgp Qudc hay khdng?" Tren thuc te hoiit ddng qudc te ciia Nhiit Ban dudi sir menh
NGHIEN Cdu DONG BflC fl, SO 7(89) 7-2008
Trang 6Nghien citu khoa hgc
cua Lien Hgp Qudc da trd thanh mdt ndi
dung can ban trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia
nude nay trong sudt nhieu nam qua Dieu
nay dugc nhung ngudi theo Chu nghTa Qudc
gia Thien huu d Nhat Ban iing hd va cdng
luan qudc te tbii'a nhan NhCrng ngudi cd lap
trudng thien ta thi khdng iing hd bdi theo hg
mdt khi Nhat Ban trd thanh thanh vien
thirdng true ciia Hdi ddng bao an thi trach
nhiem ciia Nhat Ban se gia tang, bao gdm ca
sir menh quan sir va sir vi pham Llien phiip
hda binh 1947 la khdng tranh khdi Cd ngirdi
mia mai nbu'ng ngudi theo lap trudng thien
ta rang "cd le Nhat Ban khdng nen trd thanh
mdt nude binh thudng" bdi khi dd sir menh
qudc te ciia Nhat Ban se qua Idn!
Cdng bang ma xet thi viec Nhiit Ban trd
thanh mdt thanh vien thirdng true ciia Hdi
ddng bao an Lien Hgp Qudc la hgp ly bdi su
ddng gdp to Idn ciia nude nay ddi vdi cdng
ddng qudc te trong sudt hon nira the ky qua
Viin de dd trd thanh chuang trinh nghi sir
cua Lien Hgp Qudc trong may nam gan day
dac biet la trong chuang trinh cai each Lien
Hgp Qudc nam 2005; song cho den nay van
chua cd ket qua cudi ciing
Cd the khang djnh rang, ddng gdp ciia
Nhat Ban ddi vdi cac boat ddng gin giir hda
binh dudi su bao trg ciia Lien LIgp Qudc
dien ra kha sdi ddng trong ky nguyen sau
Chien tranh Lanh Sir kien tri ciia Nhat Ban
trong van de nay dugc xem xet qua lang kinh
Igi ich cho thay, Nhat Ban mudn chirng td
vdi the gidi ve vai trd ciia hg trong cac boat
ddng qudc te va ddi lai Nhat Ban mudn dugc
su thira nhan ciia cdng ddng qudc te; d dd su
thira nhiin cao nhat la thanh vien thudng true
ciia Hdi ddng bao an Lien Hgp Qudc Ddng
thdi sir ddng gdp tich cue cua Nhat Ban trong cac boat ddng nay cung la each thirc
ma Nhat Ban chirng td vdi My rang hg la mdt ddng minh dang tin cay NhCrng ngudi theo Chii nghTa Qudc gia Thien huu ung hd chinh sach nay bdi theo hg tich cue tham gia hgat ddng gin giu hda binh va cac boat ddng qudc te khac dugc Lien Hgp Qudc iiy quyen
se giiip Nhat Ban trd thanh mdt qudc gia
"binh thirdng" Trong khi dd, nhung ngudi theo Chii nghTa Qudc gia Thien ta lai cho rang Nhat Ban chi nen tham gia cac boat ddng gin giu' hda binh mang tinh phi quan su bdi nd khdng la hanh ddng pham vao Dieu 9 ciia Hien phap 1947 '^ Nhu chiing ta biet tir cudi nbu'ng nam
1980 Nhat Ban da ddng gdp mdt phan tai chinh quan trgng cho cac boat ddng gin giir hda binh dudi sir bao trg ciia Lien LIgp Qudc Chang ban ddng gdp cho phai bd Lien Hgp Qudc d Afghanistan va Pakistan (UNGOMAP) nhdm quan sat quan sir Iran -Irac (UNIIMOG) cho luc lugng giam sat Lien Hgp Qudc tai Lebanon (UNIFIL) luc lugng quan sat giai trir quan bi d Syria va Israel (UNDOF) d Namibia va d Nicaragua (ONUVEN)'-^' ^ Dudi sire ep ciia My va dugc sir bao trg
cua Lien Hgp Qudc, Nhat Ban da ddng gdp mdt khoan tai chinh khdng Id, 13 ty dd la cho cudc chien viing Vinh Ian thir nhat Day
la khoan ddng gdp tai chinh Idn nhat cho mdt boat ddng qudc te ke tir sau Chien tranh The gidi thir hai Cung vdi ddng gdp tai chinh Nhat Ban cung da gui mdt ddi tau vdt min tdi viing vinh dc hd trg lien quan do My
' ' Akaha, "Japan's Comprehensive Security Policy"
p.329
Trang 7Ciim dau Cd the ndi, de cd sir ddng gdp nay,
chinh phii ciia Thii tudng Kaifu luc dd da
phai vuot qua rat nhieu khd khan, nhat la do
su phan ddi ciia nhung ngudi cd lap trudng
thien ta Nhu da biet thang 8 nam 1990
chinh phii Kaifu da de trinh mdt du luat Ien
qudc hdi Nhat Ban vdi ten ggi "du luat hgp
tac hda binh" Du luat nay nham hgp phap
hda sir dinh liu cua luc lugng phdng ve Nhat
Ban ddi vdi boat ddng gin giCr hda binh d
nude ngoai thdng qua cai ggi la "boat ddng
an ninh tap the" nham tranh dieu cam trong
Hien phap Song du luat da khdng dugc
thdng qua Va cho tdi thang 6 nam 1992,
thugng vien Nhat Ban mdi phe chuan du luat
nay vdi ten ggi sua ddi "dao luat ve hgp tac
gin giu hda binh cua Lien Hgp Qudc va cac
boat ddng khac" Du luiit nay da chinh thirc
cho phep su dinh liu ciia luc lugng phdng ve
Nhiit Ban vdi boat ddng gin giu' hda binh
dudi sir bao trg ciia Lien Hgp Qudc va vdi
nhung dieu kien kha chat che''*' Dua vao dao
luat nay Nhiit Ban da gui 600 quan tdi
Campuchia (UNTAC) tham gia boat ddng
hda binh dudi sir bao trg ciia Lien LIgp
Qudc; cac ddi quan phdng ve cung dugc giii
tdi Mozambique (ONUMOZ) trong thdi gian
2 nam 1993-1995; gui quan tdi cao nguyen
Golan (UNIDOF) nam 1996; giii quan tdi
Kosovo (UNMIK) nam 1999
Vdi chinh sach can du sau ban vao cac
boat ddng qudc te va chuan hi du luan cho
viec su'a ddi Hien phap, chinh phu ciia Thii
tudng Koizumi da de trinh qudc hdi Nhat
Ban dao luat sua ddi "dao luat ve hgp tac gin
gifr hda binh ciia Lien Hgp Qudc va cac boat
''" Gordon, "Japan," p.60; Hook et al., Japan '.s
Inlcnuilioiuil Relations, p 324
ddng khac" vao thang 12 nam 2002 Dao luat sira ddi nay tao co sd phap ly cho viec luc lugng phdng ve Nhat Ban can du sau ban vao cac boat ddng gin giir hda binh cua Lien Hgp Qudc trong bdi canh mdi
Ddng thdi vdi nhCrng mdi quan tam ve Lien Hgp Qudc va boat ddng gin giu' hda binh ciia Lien Hgp Qudc vai trd ciia Nhat Ban ngay cang gia tang trong cac the che da phuang hay nhu ngudi ta cdn ggi gia tang cac quan he vdi chii nghTa da phuang Dieu khdng the phii nhan la vai trd ciia Nhat Ban
da gia tang nhanh chdng ddi vdi cac the che
da phuang mang tinh toan cau nhu Quy Tien
te Qudc te (IMF) Ngan hang The gidi (WB)
va Td chuc Thuang mai The gidi (WTO) Trong van de lien ket va hgp tac khu vuc vai trd ciia Nhiit Ban cung ngav cang gia tang Nhu da biet, Nhat Ban giir vai trd quan trgng trong viec hinh thanh dien dan hgp tac Chau A - Thai Binh Duong (APEC) nam
1989 Nude nay cung la mdt trong nhung tac nhan chii yeu tao dung Dien dan An ninh khu vuc ASEAN (ARF) nam 1994 D I giai quyet hau qua ciia cudc khiing hoang tien te Chau A 1997-1998, Nhiit Ban hanh ddng nhu iridt nhan td tich cue thdng qua dien dan ASEAN + 3 (ASEAN + Trung Quoc + Nhat Ban + Han Qudc)
Rd rang la Nhat Ban cd Igi khi tham gia tich cue vao cac dien dan da phuang; dd la ket hgp va giiip giai quyet nhung mau thuSn
cd the nay sinh trong cac quan he song phuang Day la mdt thuc te hiin nhien de nhan thay Chang ban thdng qua WTO nhung vudng mac trong quan he mau dich vdi My cd the dugc giai quyet; hay nhung van de ''te nhi" trong quan be vdi Trung
Trang 8Nghien citu khoa hgc
Qudc cd the tim thay sir chia se qua dien dan
khu vuc ARF hay ASEAN + 3 Danh gia Igi
ich ciia Nhat Ban khi tham gia cac the che da
phuang nhirng ngirdi theo quan diem dan
tgc cbii nghTa thien huu nude nay cho rang,
dd la Igi ich quan trgng nhiit ma Nhiit Ban cd
dugc khi tham gia cac boat ddng qudc te
Cdn nhung ngudi theo quan diem dan tdc
chu nghTa thien ta lai cho rang, viec tham gia
nay chi the hien Nhat Ban nhu la mdt the lire
dan sir ma thdi Tuy nhien gidi nghien ciru
nude nay nhan manh tdi loi ich ciia Nhiit
Ban trong cac dien dim da phirong la giiip
Nhiit Ban de dang dat tdi cac muc tieu chu
)'cu trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ciia minh
Cd the nhan manh rang da cd thdi ky
Nhat Ban khdng mudn coi minh lii mot qudc
gia thuoc khu vuc niiy I Ig nghT va hg mudn
Scinh vai vdi cac cirdng qudc phuong Tiiy de
xac liip vi the ciia minh Day la cau chuyen
ciia ky nguyen Minh Tri Cdn trong bdi canh
qudc te ngay nay Ddng A - Thai Binh
Dirong trd thanh mdt mdi quan tam to Idn
ciia Nhat Ban 6 day Nhiit Ban tim each md
rdng anh hudng quyen luc ciia bg dac biet la
tren cac phuong dien chinh tri va kinh te
Nhd vi tri dia ly diic thii Nhat Ban da xiic
djnh nude nay lii cau ndi ciia cac quan he
lien Thai Binh Duong nhat la cac quan he
kinh te chinh trj giua My vdi Ddng A - Thai
Binh Duong Nhung ngudi theo lap trudng
thien huu cho rang, Ddng A - Thai Binh
Dirong riit quan trgng vdi Nhat Ban ca ca
hdi va thach thirc Ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien phong phu, thi trudng rdng Idn nhieu
tiem nana chinh la co hdi; cdn su bat dn vc
an ninh khu vuc cd ngudn gdc tir Ban dao Trilu Tien va nhung tranh chap lanh thd tren biin la nhirng thach thirc rd rang Hg coi Trung Qudc la mdt ddi thu hien tai va la
"mot ke thii tiem tang" Bdi viiy viec nudi dudng tinh than dan tdc chii nghTa se tao sire
dl khang cho Nhiit Ban cd the ddi phd tdt vdi thach thirc den tir khu virc trong tuang lai
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 Melissa G Curley and Nicholas Thomas
(eds.) (2007) Advancing East Asian
Regionalism London New York Rouled
2 Fi-iinces McCall Rosenbluth (cd ) (2007),
The Polilieal Economy of Japan 's Low Ferlilily
Stanford Calif: Stanford University Press
3 Diivid Flath (ed ) (2005), The Japanese
Economy Oxford Lngland; New York: Oxibrd
University Press
4.Tiikaloshi Ito Hugh Patrick David E
Weinstcin (eds.,), (2005) Reviving Japan's
Economy Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
5 Janet Hunter and Cornelia Slorz, (eds.,)
(2006), hisliliillonal and Techonologiea!
Change in Japan's Economy: Past and Present,
London; New York: Rouldge
6 LUis S Krauss and T.J Pempel, (eds ),
(2004) Beyond Bilateralism: US-Japan
Relations in the New Asia-Pacific Sanford, Cai;
Sanford University Press
7 Nishihara Masashi (ed ) (2000) The
Japan-U.S Alliance: \'e\v Challenges for the 2E' Cenliiry New York
(S hllp://\v\v\v mof a go.ip/