Hp cho rang, cac yeu to' dja ly bao gdm lanh thd, dan so', vj tri chien lupc, ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va mdi quan he gifla cac qud'c gia khdng chi ddng vai trd trung tam trong q[r]
Trang 1CO so LY LUAN CHO NGHIEN CLfU KHU VUC
Oi A CHINH TRI OONG A
PHAM QUANG MINH*
TRAN K H A N H * *
TU thdi cd dai, nha't la tfl thdi Phuc
hUng, cac nha sfl hpc da phat hien
ra nhan te'dja ly cd i n h hUdng quan trpng
den lupc cua met nha nUde, va cho rang,
cac qud'c gia rdng Idn hdn se cd xu hudng
thdn tinh cac qud'c gia nhd hdn de trd
thanh qud'c gia ldn hdn Tfl cudi the ky
XIX trd di, khi nUdc My ndi len thanh
cUdng qud'c sd' 1 trdng sU suy yeu ciia Anh
va Phap, tai Au My, ngUdi ta ban nhieu ve
dia chien lupc va tfl de hinh thanh cac kha
niem, be mdn nghien cflu, trUdng phai ve
dja chi'nh trj khu viic va the gidi Treng
nhflng thap nien g i n day, dd sfl sup dd
ciia Lien Xe, sfl ndi len cua Trung Qud'c va
suy giam tUOng ddl vi the ciia My, ngUdi
ta lai ban nhieu ve hpc thuyet nay trong
viec gdp p h i n giii ma cac xung dot, mau
thuan qud'c te, nha't la gifla cac nflde ldn
De gdp phan cung cap cd sd ly luan chd
nghien cflu sfl bien ddng dja chinh trj
Ddng A trong hai thap nien d i u the ky
XXI, chflng tdi gidi thieu mot sd trfldng
phai, nhflng npi cd b i n cila dja chinh trj
hpc cd lien quan mat thiet de'n khu viic
Ddng A
1 Cach tiep can cua cac hoc gia phifdng
Tay phi Mac-xit ve Dia chinh tri
Cd the ndi, khai niem "dja chinh trj" do
Rudolf Kjelle, mdt nha nghien cflu khoa hpc chinh trj ngudj Thuy Dien, l i n dau tien dUa ra vao nam 1899'" TU dd cho den Chien tranh The gidi l i n thU hai ket thuc, khai niem tren dUpe cac hpc gii khac phat trien, tieu bieu la Phridrich Ratzel Ratzel, Halford Mackinder ngudi Anh Karl Haushofer ngUdi DUc va Nicholas John Skyman ngUdi My Hp cho rang, cac yeu to' dja ly bao gdm lanh thd, dan so', vj tri chien lupc, ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien
va mdi quan he gifla cac qud'c gia khdng chi ddng vai trd trung tam trong quyet djnh luan ve chinh sach qud'c te cua qud'c gia nay hay qud'c gia khac, ma cd y nghia trong viec tranh gianh vj tri thd'ng trj trong khu viic va tren the gidi Chinh bdi vay, nhiem vu chinh cila dja chinh trj hpc
la nghien cUu cac qud'c gia nhu mpt hien tupng dja ly khdng gian dac biet va tim hieu mdt each thau dae mdi tac ddng qua lai cua tU nhien vdi nhau''^'
Cflng tfl cuel the ky XIX, cac nha dja chinh trj bat dau dua ra khai niem khu vUc "trung tam" va khu viic "ngeai vi" trdng tranh gianh quyen liic gifla cac nUdc vdi nhau''^' Hp chd rang, the gidi cd the dupc chia thanh cac khu viic nhU: Vflng Wdrld Islands bad gdm chau Au, chau A
va chau Phi; Vflng ngoai vi (Periphery) ''Pham Quang Minh, **Tran Khanh, Vien Nghien cifu Dong Nam A
Trang 2Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
bao gdm chau My, dao qud'c Anh va chau
Dai Duong; Vflng Trung tam (Heartland)
bao gem tdan bd nUdc Nga ngeai trU khu
vUc Vladivostok Ai lam chii dupc Ddng
Au se lam chii dupc vflng Trung tam, ai
lam chu dupe vflng Trung tam se lam chii
du'dc World Islands va ai lam chii dupc
World Islands se lam chu dupe the gidi'^'
TU sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl Hai
cho den nhflng nam 70 cua the ky XX,
khai niem "Dja chfnh trj" ft dUdc ban luan
den vi sd bj danh ddng vdi tU tUdng
Phat-xft cua DUc Qud'c xa, nhUng tren thuc te
npi dung cd't lpi cua dja chinh trj dUpe the
hien khap mpi ndi trong chfnh sach tranh
gianh anh hudng gifla Lien Xd va My
Cflng tfl thdi gian nay hinh thanh nen
"Dja chinh trj khu viic" treng dd cd khai
niem "chu nghia dai luc Chau Au va hinh
thanh thuyet nhj nguyen luan toan ciu,
trong dd nhan manh den "cupc da'u tranh
gifla da't lien va hai dUdng"'''' Qua trinh
nay da anh hudng manh me den viec hinh
thanh cac tU tudng dja chinh trj Chau Au
va dau tranh giUa hai bd Dai Tay Dudng,
trUde het la gifla My va chau Au, trong dd
bao gdm ca Nga
Tfl nhflng nam 70, nha't la tfl nhflng
nam 90 khi chien tranh lanh ket thfle, cac
hpc gii va chinh gidi phUdng Tay, nha't la
My da sif dung yeu to' dja chien lUdc de
thuc hien mUu dd dja chinh trj ciia hp
Chfnh hpc thuyet dja chinh trj da giup hp
trong viee nhanh chdng bat tay vdi Trung
Qud'c de ddl trpng rdi di den lam suy yeu
va tan ra Lien Xd Hpc thuyet dja chinh
tri lai cd cd hpi phat trien mdi
Sau Lien Xd sup dd, tU tudng dja chi'nh
trj phUdng Tay dUpc phan chia thanh hai
ddng chiy chinh: chu nghia Dai Tay
DUdng mdi cHa Samuel Huntingten va "Su
cad chung cua ljch sU" cua Francis
Fukuyama Trong tac pham"Su va cham
gifla cac nen van minh.", S Huntington dUa ra hpc thuyet "Chu nghia Dai Tay Dudng mdi""'', trong dd nha'n manh de'n mdi quan he gifla Luc dja va Dai dUdng, gifla PhUdng Tay va PhUdng Ddng Theo Huntington, chien thang ciia ngudi Dai Tay Dudng vdi ngUdi A - Au khdng phai la chien thang cua sU van minh, ma bdi vi van minh phudng Tay va phUdng Ddng hoan toan khac nhau Theo quan niem cua dng, trong tUdng lai khdng xa, van minh chinh thd'ng - SlavO, van minh Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, an Dp, My latinh va cflng cd the
la van minh chau Phi se dong loat len tieng Dieu nay gop phan tao nen nhflng xung dot gifla phUdng Ddng va phUdng Tay Dac biet, tfl nhflng phan tfch cua minh, Huntington da coi Trung Qud'c va cac qudc gia Hdi giao, trudc tien la Iran, Irac, Libi, chif khdng phai Nga hay cac nudc A - Au khac, la cac qud'c gia cd kha nang trd thanh ddl thu cila phUdng Tay Cdn Francis Fukuyama trong tac pham
"Su cao chung cua lich sif?" (The End of History?)^'^^ lai dUa ra thuyet "toan ciu
mdi" va cho rang, ta't ca cac bp phan tren hanh tinh se dUdc cd ca'u lai giong nhU la cac electron trong nguyen tif, se bien ddi quy dao cua minh theo hUdng cua cac trung tam hat nhan quyen liic nha't (cac trung tam kinh te) Cac trung tam kinh te
dd la chau My (Bic My va Nam My), chau
Au (toan chau Au thd'ng nha't), khu vUc chau A - Thai Binh Dudng gdm cac trung tam nhu Tdkyd, Dai Loan, Singapore v.v Dac diem kinh te va he tU tudng ciia cac trung tam nay ve cd b i n la gidng nhau, vi the, chflng khong the ddl khang nhau Cdn cac the che, tU tudng khac nhau nhU Trung Qudc vdi My se cd xung dot
Trong sdcac hpc gia Au-My, cd hoc gia, nha chien lUdc chinh trj, cUu cd van an ninh qud'c gia My Zbigniew Brzenski
Trang 3Pham Quang Minh Trdn Khdnh - Co sd ly lucin cho nghien citu khu vifc
T r o n g cud'n sach "Bdn cd ldn" xua't b a n
n a m 1997 djch r a t i e n g Viet va xua't b i n
n a m 1999), tac gia n a y da da chia t h e gidi
t h a n h 4 k h u viic m a My c i n cd c h i n h sach
phfl hdp de duy tri sU ndi trpi ciia m i n h
cflng n h u t h i e t l a p t h e ba c h u t h e gidi; Dd
la c h a u A u - d a u c i u d a n e h u
(Bridgehead); Nga - la Id den (Blach
Hole); K h u viic tfl T r u n g Ddng den B a n
G a n g ciia luc dja A u - A ( E u r a s i a n
B a l k a n s ) ; va c h a u A - md neo Vien Ddng
( F a r E a s t e r n Anchor) O n g cho r a n g ,
nudc nao n a m dUdc k h u viic luc dja A u - a
thi thd'ng trj dUdc t h e gidi T h e e dng,
trong t h a p n i e n g i n day d a n g cd mpt sU
djch c h u y e n ldn ve dja c h i n h trj tfl Dai
T a y Dudng s a n g T h a i Binh Dudng, t r o n g
dd T r u n g Qud'c va My d a n g trd t h a n h bd
ddi lam t h a y ddi t h e gidi"*' Cach tiep can
va lap l u a n t r e n ciia tac gia nay cflng gdp
p h i n cung c a p k h u n g ly l u a n va cd sd
thiic t i i n cho p h a n tich sU bien dpng dja
chinh trj Ddng A nhflng t h a p nien d a u
t h e ' k y XXI
2 C a c h t i e p c a n c i l a ngifdi T r u n g
Quo'c v e D i a c h i n h tri
Tuy ngfldi T r u n g Hoa k h d n g phai la
nhflng n h a s a n g l a p r a n g a n h dja chfnh
trj hpc, nhflng each tiep can cua hp ve trj
qudc, binh t h i e n h a t r o n g mpt k h d n g gian
dja ly dupe xac djnh thjnh h a n h tfl lau
Cac k h a i niem va mdi q u a n he quyen life
gifla vflng ngdai vi va t r u n g t a m , gifla
"Thien trieu" vdi cac chfl h a u x u n g q u a n h
trong "Thien h a " da dUdc ngUdi T r u n g
Qud'c p h a t t r i e n t h a n h hpc t h u y e t , ma tieu
bieu la t h u y e t K h d n g giao Cac nUdc nhd
xung q u a n h T r u n g Qud'c cd bdn p h a n
t r u n g t h a n h va v a n g ldi qud'c gia T r u n g
t a m va dUdc h u d n g sU che chd, b a n p h a t
bdng ldc tfl T h i e n trieu; Ne'u ai khdng
v a n g ldi se bj trflng p h a t Day la kieu v a n
boa fl'ng xif cua hpc t h u y e t Khdng giao Tfl q u a n niem t r e n , Ddng A thudc
p h a m trfl t h i e n ha, trong dd T r u n g Qud'c
la Qud'c gia T r u n g t a m T h i e n trieu t h a y
m a t trdi d a t cai trj, "cham lo" cho thien h a
ca ben t r o n g va ben ngoai, khdng p h a n biet r a n h l a n h thd qud'c gia Bdi sii vUpt trpi ve d a n sd', l a n h thd, cd n e n van boa lau ddi va p h a t trien, n e n T r u n g Qudc ludn t u coi m i n h la t r u n g t a m quyen lUc khdng chi cua Ddng A, ma cua c i t h e gidi (thien ha) Dieu nay dUdc chinh minh k h a
ro trong ljch sii k h d n g chi b i n g cac hpc thuyet, cac q u a n niem, m a ca t r e n thiic te
b a n g cac cupc chien t r a n h xam lupc, trflng
p h a t nhflng nUde "khdng biet v a n g ldi" va
b a n g each t r u y e n ba v a n hea Khdng giao
va b a t cac chu h a u x u n g q u a n h "cdng nap" Cdn n h i e u nUdc x u n g q u a n h mudn thdng q u a v a n hoa "cdng n a p : de dupc an binh chd m i n h va t h e hien sU ton kinh ddl vdi Qud'c gia T r u n g t a m
C a t n g h i a chfl " T r u n g " t r o n g chfl
"Trung Qud'c" se cho tha'y r5 hOn ve q u a n niem Qud'c gia T r u n g t a m , dflng dau t h i e n
ha cua nUdc nay Chfl "Trung" dUdc cau tad tfl n a m n e t (hai n e t n a m n g a n g seng Sdng, hai n e t n a m dpc hpp vdi hai net n i m
n g a n g t h a n h h i n h t h a n g day t r e n td bdn day dfldi, va mdt n e t sd dpc di qua t r u n g diem cua day t r e n , day dudi b i n h t h a n g )
va cd h a m nghia r a t s a u xa Theo ngudi
T r u n g Hoa, h a i net n i m n g a n g song song vdi n h a u tUdng trUng chd hai cdn sdng Hdang H a va TrUdng G i a n g cdn hai net
t i , hflu c h a n h a i n e t song song the hien bai con sdng k h d n g di tiep dUdc nfla Vflng
n a m gifla 4 n e t nay gpi la T r u n g Nguyen Nhfl vay q u a n h T r u n g N g u y e n hay T r u n g Hoa nay cd bdn h u d n g de di, de tim kiem ngudn ldi, de p h a t trien, de k h a n g dinh uy
t h e cUa da't nudc NgUdi T r u n g Qud'c gpi bd'n h u d n g di n a y n h u sau: h u d n g B i c gpi
Trang 4Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
la Bac djch, hudng Ddng gpi la Ddng di,
hudng Nam gpi la Nam Man, hUdng Tay
gpi la Tay hung Hudng Bac dUpc coi la
hudng djch bdi vi cd sa mac hiem trd khd
phat trien kinh te, lai cd nhieu tdc ngUdi
hung ban nhu Hung Nd, Khiet Dan, Mdng
c d v.v Ngudi Trung Qud'c cflng cho rang
hudng Bac la hudng cua gid ddc Cdn
hudng Ddng la Ddng di cd nghia la ddl vdi
ngudi Trung Qudc hudng Ddng chinh la
hudng di chuyen ra ben ngoai, di ra bien
nhung ro rang day la hudng di chuyen khd
ddl vdi cac trieu dai phong kien Trung
Qud'c vi mpi chi phi, dieu kien de tien ra
bien rat khd khan Hudng Nam gpi la
Nam Man bdi le ngudi Trung Qud'c cho
rang nhflng tdc ngudi phia Nam Trung
Qud'c la nhflng tdc ngUdi man di, mdng
mudi, thieu van minh Hudng Tay gpi la
Tay hung bdi le dd la hudng di tdi nhflng
ndi dang sd, hfldng di ma nha sfl Tam
Tang thdi nha Dfldng da sang Tay True
thinh kinh va gap rat nhieu yeu ma quy
quai Xet tdng the quan diem ciia bd'n
hudng di chuyen ciia ngUdi Trung Qud'c
thi cd the tha'y hudng Nam va hUdng Ddng
la hudng dUdc ngudi Trung Qud'c chpn
nhieu hdn ci,trong dd cd the tha'y budng
Ddng hay ke't hpp Ddng- Nam dupc Uu
chupng nhat Thdi nha Nguyen, hUdng
Ddng chUng minh kheng the danh dUdc
Nhat Bin NgUdi Trung Qud'c phdng kie'n
cflng cd tuc la neu vua len ngdi, ngudi bai
lay phai ngoanh ve hudng Nam Day la
nghi le bat bupc ma khd giai thich Hay ve
chfl Kinh Djch, tach nghia chfl Djch mdi
tha'y dfldc "djch" d day la cdn diec, loai
chim bay tfl hudng Nam len Vi the ma
Hudng Ddng- Nam khdng chi la thuan vdi
quan niem phat dat cua ngudi Trung
Qud'c, ma tren thiic te trd thanh khu vUc
truyen thd'ng md rpng anh hUdng cua
Qud'c gia Trung tam nay
Thfl nfla, ngudi Trung Qud'c ludn cho rang Trung Nguyen la trung tam cita thien ha, la trung tam cua cac nen van minh Ljch sif cho tha'y trong truyen thuyet Hien Vien hoang de danh nhau vdi Suy Vuu, va Than Nong tfl thdi ky diu hinh thanh nen da't nflde Trung Hda Suy Vuu thua chay len khu vUc Dong - ndi bay gid la khu vUc Hda Bac va ban did Trieu Tien Than Ndng thua, chay xud'ng phia Nam Nhu vay khi thua Hien Vien, Suy Vuu da dUa quan dan chay sang hudng Ddng vdi ham y hudng nay la cua Anh sang, van minh - hudng ve mat trdi Cdn
T h i n Ndng dUa quan dan xudng phia Nam vdi ham y day la hudng cua sU phat trien, ciia sU sinh sdi nay nd Hay day cflng chinh la quan diem ljch sii ve Ddng
A cua ngudi Trung Qud'c
Thdi nha Dudng, d Trung Qud'c xua't hien van minh cua Dao giao Nhieu hpc gia cho r i n g , Dudng la trieu dai "dep nha't" trong ljch sU Trung Qud'c William
Durant, tac gia bp sach Cdu chuyen cua nin vdn minh (The Story of Civilisation)
cho rang nen van minh nay cd sflc miin djch vdi ta't ea eae nen van minh khac va
la nen van minh sinh ra thanh thi va tien thi trong lich sif Trung Qud'c va s i n sinh
ra quan niem d ndi phdn vinh nay nd cd du mpi thfl con ngudi can rdi Cac vua thdi Dudng cho r i n g phfa Tay thi an Dp khiing hoang, phfa Ddng thi Nhat Ban - qud'c gia bien nhd be khdng cd y nghia gi Thdi Dudng cung la thdi dai cd nhieu cupc cai each nha't Trung Qud'c va hflng thjnh nhat cua quan niem Trung Hoa la trung tam ciia thien ha ndi chung va cHa Ddng A ndi rieng Nhflng each nhin nhan tren ciia ngfldi Trung Hoa ve Thien ha, ve vflng ngoai vi va trung tam cung nhfl each flng xif ciia con ngfldi, cac nflde trong Thien ha cung de chflng ta suy ngam them ve each
Trang 5Pham Quang Minh, Trdn Khdnh - Ca sdly ludn cho nghien cifu khu vifc
tie'p can nghien cflu dja chfnh trj khu viic
Ddng A hien nay
3 Cach nhin nhan cua Chu nghia
Mac-Lenin ve Dia chinh tri
Mac dfl khdng nghien cflu trUc tiep ve
"Dja chinh trj", nhUng nhflng quan diem
ciia Chu nghia Mac-Lenin it nhieu cd lien
quan de'n van de nay, dac biet la anh
hudng quye't dinh cua Mac trong viec hinh
thanh "Chu nghia toan cau"
(f/nifersa/ism)'-" Theo Mac, ljch sil khdng
phai la qua trinh hUng thinh va suy tan
cua cac de che ma la lich sii da'u tranh giai
cap gifla giai cap thd'ng tri va bj trj Mac,
Angghen va sau nay la Lenin nhan manh
den t i m quan trpng cua dan tpc, qudc gia
dan tpc, nen dpc lap cua hp va sU thd'ng
nhat va toan ven lanh thd cflng nhu duy
tri ban sac van hoa tpc ngUdi, dieu ma
p h i n ldn da bj chii nghia kinh te phUdng
Tay tfl chdi hay coi thudng
Mac va Angghen lap luan rang cac dan
tpc ldn va tien bp cd vai trd ljch sif trong
viec hoan thanh each mang the gidi, trong
khi lien ket vdi nhieu dan tpc nhd khac va
tao dieu kien cho chU nghia xa hdi thanh
cdng Nhung hp cflng p h i n ddl mpt so'
"dan tpc phan dpng" va nhflng phong trao
dan tdc bj cac cudng qud'c ldi dung n h i m
chdng lai each mang the gidi'^"'
Sau nay, Lenin phat trien chu nghia
Mac, va chd rang, chinh vi sii phu thupc
chat che cua he thd'ng kinh te tU ban vad
thj trudng va ngudn tai nguyen h i i ngoai,
nen xung dot qud'c te la can benh cd' hflu
trong the gidi cUa cac nude tU bin Khdng
phai ai khac ma chinh la cac nUde tU b i n
-de qud'c la Id lifa gay ra cac cupc chien
tranh Ne'u the gidi mudn hda binh, dn
djnh, mud'n xoa bd xung dot qud'c te, thi
theo Lenin tien de quan trpng nha't la
phai loai trfl cac nudc tU ban chit nghia"" Nhu vay, chu nghia Mac-Lenin da cung ca'p mpt cd sd khoa hpc nhan dien chu nghia thiic dan, ba quyen nUdc ldn, nha't la trong viec sif dung hpc thuyet dja chi'nh tri de bao ehfla cho hanh ddng xam lupc va ap dat ach cai trj cua hp ddl vdi cac nudc nhd hdn
Tdm lgi, dia chinh tri da trai qua mpt
qua trinh phat trien lau dai tfl cudi the ky XIX, tfl viec chi nhan manh den vai trd cua dja ly, hoac cua mpt so khu viic, rdi de'n mdi quan be gifla dja ly va chinh trj
va g i n day dudi tac dpng cua khoa hpc ky thuat la chU nghia toan ciu Cho dfl the nao di chang nfla, ngudi ta deu thong nha't vdi nhau la can p h i i nghien cflu con ngUdi trong khdng gian da chieu va ngoai yeu to' dja ly, cin tinh den khia canh ljch sif, van hda, kinh te va chien lupc
4 Khai quat ve Dia chinh tri hoc
Tfl nhflng lap luan tren, cd the khai quat cac chieu canh nghien cflu ve dja chfnh tri bang sd de hinh hpc khdng gian
3 chieu, trong dd mpt chieu cua khdng gian la quyen Iiic, chinh trj va chfnh sach, trong dd quyen liic ddng vai trd la mdi trUdng trung gian cho sU tdn tai cua chinh tri va chinh sach va chieu kia gdm khdng gian, vj tri va lanh thd (Hinh 1)
DIACHINHTRI
Otiy«i) Nrc
I I W i l l S O C l l
Hinh 1 Dia chinh tri nhi£ sit tiiOng tdc gii/a 'chinh trf vd 'dia If
Trang 6Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 4/2010
Dja chfnh trj coi ea s a u yeu t o - quyen
lUc, chinh tri, c h i n h sach, k h d n g gian, vi
trf va lanh thd- ed lien q u a n gan bd m a t
thiet vdi n h a u , nhUng mpt nghien cUu dja
chfnh trj khdng n h a t thiet p h i i giai quyet
tát ca cac q u a n he naỵ Vi vay, dja chinh
tri bao h a m vd só q u a n he tUdng tac, mpt
sd q u a n he ed t h e cd y n g h i a v a n hda khien
c h u n g trd t h a n h mdi q u a n t a m cua eac
n h a dia v a n hda (geoculture), mpt s o ' q u a n
he cd the cd y n g h i a kinh te k h i e n chflng
trd t h a n h mdi q u a n t a m cua cac n h a dja
kinh te Xgeoeeonomics), mpt só q u a n he
dien ra trong qua khfl va dfldc nghien cflu
bdi cac n h a dja ljch sif (geehistory) N h u
vay dja chinh trj cd cac vflng bien gidi, chfl
khdng p h i i cac dudng bien gidị
N h u vay, cd t h e t a m thdi djnh nghia
rang, Dia chinh tri Id mot phgm trii khoa
hge nghien cdu ve sii van dgng cua nen
chinh tri the gidi trong mot khong gian
dia ly vd chiu sii tUdng tdc bdi hai yeu tó
chu yeu la dia ly vd chinh tri Trong chinh
tri qud'c te, do la vdn di khong gian dia ly
cita cdc qudc gia đn tgc, khu viic, xudt
phdt ta nhdn td dia ly de khdo sdt mdi
quan he chinh tri qudc te, td đ xde dinh
chien lUdc an ninh vd phdt trien cua moi
qudc gia đn tgc Ndi mpt each k h a c v a n
tat, Dia chinh tri la khoa hge nghien cdu
sii tiidng tdc giaa yeu td chinh tri vd dig ly
trong xde lap dnh hiidng vd trat tii quyin
liic (mdi quan he chinh tri qudc te) cua
mot quoc gia-đn tgc, nhom nUdc hay mot
td chdc ndo đ trong mot mot khong gian
dia ly dUdc xac dinh /
C H U T H I C H
1 John Bellamy Foster (2006), The New
Geopolitics of Empire, Monthly Review,
Vol 57, Nọ 8, p l
2 John Bellamy Foster (2006), The New Geopolitics of Empire, p l
3 Trifdng phai Anh-My cho rang, the gidi cd the dUdc chia thanh cac khu vUc nha sau: Vung World Islands bao gom chau Au, chau A va chau Phi; Vung ngoai vi (Periphery) bao gdm chau My, dao qudc Anh va chau Dai Difdng; Vung Trung tam (Heartland) bao gom toan bp mfdc Nga ngoai trfl khu vUc Vladivostok Ai lam chu difdc Ddng Au se lam chu difdc vung Trung tam, ai lam chu difdc vflng Trung tam se lam chu difdc World Islands va ai lam chu difdc World Islands se lam chu difdc the gidị
4 Phriedrich Ratzel, Loai ngUdi gióng nhif mpt hien tifdng sóng tren trai dat (tieng Nga), Matxcdva 1901, tr 131
5 Helmut Schmidt, Eine Strategie fuer den Westen (Mpt chien lupc cho Tay Au), Bonn
1995, tr.72
6 S Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993, pp 22-49
7 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History, in: Foreign Affairs Agenda: The New Shape
of World Politics, New York 1997, pp 1-25
8 Trong khi do, nha kinh te hpc Niall Ferguson difa ra cum tfl "Chimerica" (gep tfl ten hai mfdc Trung-My) de the hien quan diem cua ong ve sU g i n két chat che cua hai quóc gia nay, va cho r i n g tfl lau ho
da hinh t h a n h "mot nen kinh tế
9 Xem them: Paul R Viotti-Mark V Kauppi, Ly luan quan he quoc tẹ Ha Npi 2001, tr 614
10 Cung ngay tfl nhiing nam 50 cua the ky XIX, Mac va Angghen da coi cac dan tpc Slavd la nhflng dan tpc tien bp d khu vUc Ban Gang va tien doan r i n g ve vj the dia chinh trj cua mfdc Nga vdi tu each la dau t i u cua each mang the gidị Xem them: K Marx and F Engels, The Communist Manifestọ
11 Lenin, Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Publishers, New York 1939, p 16-30