Ngay 25/11/2005, trude su chirng kiln ciia hon 300 dai bilu thude 207 nude thanh vien va mot td chirc phi chinh phii, Tdng Giam ddc UNESCO (Td chirc van hda - Khoa hgc - Giao due eii[r]
Trang 1CONG CHIENG: BIEU TU^ONG CUA CAC DAN TOC THiEU S 6
TRirONG SON - TAY NGUYEN (Nghien ciru tai huyen Nam Tra My, tinh Quang Nam)
LL/THUyueN
\ Dat van de
Sinh sdng giua dai ngan tham u, nui
sdng each trd, ddng bao dan tdc it ngudi d
nude ta nhat thiet phai ed mdt phuong tien
de bao tin cung nhu de xua dudi eac loai ta
ma, thii dir Cdng ehieng, vi vay, ban dau
xuat hien ddng vai trd nhu mdt vu khi, mdt
phuong tien thdng tin Trai qua qua trinh
lich sii', am thanh cdng ehieng da trd thanh
thanh td van hoa khdng the thieu trong ddi
song cua dong bao Nd khdng cdn chi do'n
thuan la nghe thuat ma edn mang am hudng
eua hdn thieng sdng nui, danh thue sire sdng
eua cdng ddng va tao them niem tin yeu
cudc sdng cho con ngudi
Nhan thay cai hay, cai dep cung nhu
gia trj thiet thue eua cdng ehieng, ea nude
va toan nhan loai (dac biet la UNESCO) da
rat quan tam Ngay 25/11/2005, trude su
chirng kiln ciia hon 300 dai bilu thude 207
nude thanh vien va mot td chirc phi chinh
phii, Tdng Giam ddc UNESCO (Td chirc
van hda - Khoa hgc - Giao due eiia Lien
Hgp Qude) da long trgng khai mac le edng
bd ket qua chgn kiet tac van hda thi gidi
thir ba, do ban giam khao quoc tl gom 18
nha van hda danh tilng thi gidi, cdng nhan
khdng gian van hda cong ehieng Tay
Nguyen cua Viet Nam la kiet tac van hda
phi vat thi va truyin khau ciia nhan loai
(trong sd 64 hd so dang ky xet chgn)
Vi vay, viec di sau tim hieu van hoa cdng ehieng cua mdt tgc ngudi, d mdt dja ban, se khang dinh hon nira danh hieu kiet tac van hoa eua the gidi; va quan trgng nu'a
la de, mot mat cd sir dai ngd hgp ly han, mat khae bao luu ban sac van hoa da dang cua cac dan tdc tren dat nude Viet Nam
2 Vai net ve ljch su nghien ciru cong ehieng
Tir thap nien 30 eua the ky XX, mot vai hgc gia Phap da luu tam den van de cdng ehieng nhu P Huard, G Codonamis vdi cdng ehieng Mndng Mar, J Dournes vdi cdng ehieng Gia-rai Sau ngay dat nude giai phdng, da cd mot sd cdng trinh nghien ciru
ve cdng ehieng dudi ca gdc do Dan tgc hoc,
Xa hdi hgc va am nhac Dd la luan van ve cdng Mudng ciia Pham Dire Lgc, luan van
ve cdng Ba-na cua Leu Kim Thanh, bao cao khoa hge ed tinh chat sa khao ve mdt sd bo ehieng cdng d Gia Lai - Kon Tum ciia Kpa Ylang (Din theo Td Vu, 1994)
Trong budi tga dam khoa hgc qude te
ve "Gia trj van hda eiia nhac eu gd bang dong eua Viet Nam va cac nude trong khu vuc Ddng Nam A", do Vien Van hda - Thdng tin
to ehuc (ngayl 2/10/2004, tai Ha Ngi), nhilu thanh qua cua eac nha khoa hgc trong va ngoai nude da duge dua ra ban luan Cd nhirng bao cao da di sau nghien ciru ve cdng ehieng trong ddi sdng eiia tirng dja phuang d
Trang 2Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd4 - 2008 23
Tay Nguyen, nhu Vii Ngge Binh vdi cdng
ehieng d Gia Lai, Tran Canh Dao vdi cdng
ehieng d Lam Ddng, Pham Cao Dat vdi cdng
ehieng d Kon Tum Ddng thdi, cung cd
nhirng bao cao mang each nhin ehung, danh
gia tdng the ve edng ehieng, nhu "Cdng
ehieng tii' gdc nhin nhan hgc (dan lieu eac dan
tdc Trudng So'n - Tay Nguyen)" cua Nguyen
Hiru Thdng, "Gia trj van hda ciia cdng ehieng
d Viet Nam" eiia Nguyen Thuy Loan Va
mdt sd tac gia da tim hieu edng ehieng dudi
gdc do am thanh hgc, nhu: Vii Nhat Thang,
Bill Trgng Hien, Dang Hoanh Lan
Nhin ehung, he thdng nghien cuu tren
la kha day dii, de cap den mgi linh vuc trong
sinh boat cdng ehieng Tuy nhien, cac cdng
trinh nghien eiiu d tren hau het deu tap trung
d khu vuc Tay Nguyen Rai rac cd mdt sd
bai viet ve cdng ehieng ciia dan tdc Mudng d
Hda Binh, cae dan tdc d Nghe TTnh, dan tgc
Cham d Phii Khanh Rieng ve Quang Nam
hau nhu chua tim thay bai viet nao dii d
dang cu thi hay khai quat De ed each nhin
day dii va trgn ven ve van de cdng ehieng
trong sir ddi sanh vdi Tay Nguyen va trong
bii eanh ehung eiia ca nude, ehiing tdi da
chgn huyen Nam Tra My, tinh Quang Nam
lam dja ban nghien cuu; ddng thdi soi xet
van dl nay dudi gdc do bieu tugng van hoa
3 So' luo'c vl dja ban Nam Tra My
-Quang Nam
Nam Tra My la mot trong nhirng
huyen vimg cao cua tinh Quang Nam, duge
tach ra til' huyen Tra My' vao nam 2003
Vimg dat nay nam ben ddng sdng Tranh,
' Tra My, theo y kifin ciia nhieu ngirai, la ten gpi ciia
inpt con suli co ten Dakta Nin duge chon dat ten cho
viing dat thuoc thi trSn Tra My (cu) \a dan dan doc
trai thanh Tra My
dudi chan day Ngge Linh So vdi Bac Tra
My (huyen thir hai duge tach ra tir huyen Tra My), dja hinh Nam Tra My bao gdm nhieu viing nui cao hon vdi do ddc Idn, ddc ve phfa Nam va thoai dan ve phfa Bac
Day la noi eu tru ciia da sd cac ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd, bao gdm: ngudi Ca-dong (53,54%), ngudi Xo'-dang (36,17%), ngu'di Mndng (7,26%), ngudi Cor (0,08)" Cho den hien nay, ngay chfnh ban than ngu'di Ca-dong d Nam Tra My deu khdng
tu nhan minh la ngudi Ca-dong Trong khi
dd, ban Danh muc eac thanh phan dan tdc Viet Nam van xep Ca-dong la mdt nhdm eiia dan tdc Xo-dang Nghien eiiu cdng ehieng eiia ddng bao Xo-dang tac gia bai viet nay ed hudng tim hieu ehung ve ngudi Ca-dong edn vdi ly do van hoa cdng ehieng ban da xuat hien rat lau, khi chua cd su tach biet qua Idn trong cdng ddng tgc ngudi, nen nhung cai ehung nhat, nguyen so' nhat van edn tdn tai trong mdi tdc ngudi (xin duge tam ggi nhu vay)
Trong tdng sd 10 xa ciia huyen, chi trii'
xa Tra Leng, ddng bao Xo-dang va Ca-dong phan bd hau het d cac xa cdn lai Ngudi Xo-dang tap trung d 3 xa: Tra Cang, Tra Nam, Tra Linh Ngudi Ca-dong phan bd d Tra Don, Tra Mai, Tra Tap, Tra Don, Tra Van, Tra Vinh va mdt bd phan xen ke vdi Xo-dang d Tra Cang Cung gidng nhu nhieu tdc ngu'di khae, ddng bao d day van cdn bao luu nhieu dau an cua kinh te nguyen thuy, gan chat ea nhan vao cdng ddng Cdng ehieng la mdt bieu hien quan trgng ciia su gan ket ay, trd thanh bieu tugng eiia cae dan tdc thieu sd Trudng So'n - Tay Nguyen
"• So lieu dien da do Phong thong l<e huyen Nam Tra
Mv cung cap
Trang 34 Cdng ehieng: bieu tuong ciia cac
dan toe thilu so Trudng San -Tay Nguyen
4.1 Biiu tuong ve hinh anh cong ehieng
v l hinh dang, edng hay ehieng deu cd
bl mat la hinh trdn Theo quan niem ehung
ciia nhan loai, hinh trdn la hoan hao vdi
nhirng thuoc tfnh tugng trung: "toan hao,
thing nhat va khdng ed su phan biet hay
phan chia"" (Jean, 2002, tr 415) d cap do
kiln giai khae ban than hinh trdn tugng
trung eho bau trdi vu tru dac biet trong quan
he vdi trai dat: "hinh trdn bieu thi su sinh
boat cua trdi tfnh hoa nhap nang ddng ciia
nd vdi vu tru tfnh nhan qua cua nd Qua dd,
hinh trdn gan ket vdi nhQ-ng bieu tugng ve
mot than linh nghieng minh doai trdng van
vat ma ngai da cho sir sdng va ludn ludn
dieu hanh va dieu khien su sdng ay"' (Jean
2002 tr 425) Dieu nay dudng nhu ed tuo'ng
dong vdi quan niem trdi trdn dat vudng phd
bien d nude ta
Rieng edng thi dac thii hon vi nd la
mot loai ehieng ed niim, ngudi ta thudng ggi
la ciiang {kiiang, coong) hay td vdi y nghia
la "cai"" dua tren dac diem hinh dang ciia nd
la CO num nhu bau vu ciia ngudi phu nii-
Cong thudng cd am bdng, neu phdi hgp vdi
ehieng mang am tram (ehieng due) se duge
xem la cap ehieng chii, hda dieu rlt an khdp
nhau Dieu dang tiec la ngudi Xo dang d
Nam Tra My khdng cd edng va khdng su
dung edng cho nen khdng cd cap ehieng
ehii Dan ehieng eiia hg cd thi kich cd
khae nhau ehiee danh trude chile danh
sau nhung dd chi la su phan edng dong
deu trong dan nhac bdi vi khdi 6k\ mdt
cudc tau nhac thudng la trdng Tuy nhien,
vdi vai tro la mdt nhac cu so hinh dang
cdng ehieng trude het phai dam bao cho sac thai am thanh
Tren edng ehieng hau nhu khdng eo cae hinh anh, md tip trang trf Cdng ehieng la vat mang gia tri tam linh Idn, la vat thieng le ra phai duge trau ehudt, ve vdi de qua dd the hien tam nguyen cua ngudi dan The nhung cung can phai thay rang, ben eanh la vat thieng thi edng ehieng edn la mot nhac eu vdi yeu eau tien quyet quan trgng nhat la dam bao do vang do tram bdng ciia am thanh Nhu da biet, de ehinh ehieng, chi can
gd hoac ehgc nhe xung quanh ehieng la cae
nghe nhan cd the Vcm thay ddi duge am
thanh ciia nd Do ldi ldm ciia mat ehieng anh hudng rat Idn den am thanh phat ra Cd le vi vay ma bao nhieu nhac cu tir trude den nay deu rat hiem khi thay xuat hien hoa van trang trf Phai chang dd la ly do khien cho be mat cdng ehieng khdng cd mdt hinh anh nao? Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhan mdt each toan ven trong su so sanh vdi trdng ddng thi van de that khdng don gian Chi tren mat trdng ddng thdi ma chang chjt biet bao nhieu
la hinh anh: hinh ehd, hinh chim, hinh thuyen, hinh ngudi, cac hoa van Le nao no khdng anh hudng den am thanh ciia trdng? Dieu khae biet eua trdng va ehieng nam ngay trong cau tao, hinh dang cua chiing Dii la loai trdng gi, cd cdng nang, hinh dang chat lieu khae nhau ra sao thi cau tao cua trdng cung bao gdm hai thanh phan
ca ban phue vu chirc nang bd gd, dd la mang rung va thiing cdng hudng Mang rung de go len dd lam phat ra am thanh Thiing cdng hudng de gia tang chat lugng va cudng do
am thanh Vi vay, neu nhu ehieng am thanh duoc tao ra chii yeu bang be mat thi am
Trang 4Tgp chi Ddn tgc hge sd4 - 2008 25 thanh ciia trdng la sir edng hudng ciia nhieu
yeu td, ma quan trgng nhat la phan hoi d
trong than trdng (thiing cdng hudng) Cd le
vi vay ma mat trdng (mang rung) khdng ed
tac dung ehi phdi nhieu den am thanh ciia
trdng nhu ddi vdi ehieng
Mdt sd ehieng neu ed trang trf thi chi
duge phep trang trf d thanh ehieng Qua
trinh khao sat dien da cho thay, hinh anh
trang trf tren ehieng duy nhat la hai con
thaeh siing (than lan) nam ddi dau nhau
thdng qua quai xach ehieng Than lan trong
cai nhin ehung eiia the gidi la tugng trung
eho nhu'ng gi tdt lanh, linh thieng Chang
ban, ngudi Bantou d Kasai eho rang nam
mdng thay than lan la se sinh con trai
trong khi cac dan tdc lang gieng cua hg la
ngudi Lulua va ngudi Luba lai xem "da
than lan la tiii dung thude mau nhiem"
"Ngu'di Melanesien coi than lan la mdt
trong bdn dng td tao nen bdn giai tang
trong xa hdi Dan eac dao d eo bien
Toroies thi eoi than lan la than khai hoa,
chfnh than ed dai da dem lira den cho loai
ngudi" (Jean, 2002, tr 874)
C) cae nude Dja Trung Hai than lan
duge xem la ban eiia con ngudi Cae chir
tugng hinh cd Ai Cap da diing hinh eon than
lan dl thi hien ehu tdt bung "Than lan la
mo tip trang trf 6ugc lap di lap lai trong nghe
thuat Chau Phi Den C> day nd duge xuat
hien vdi tu each ke khai hoa lam lien lac
hay lam sii' gia eho than thanh"" (Jean 2002
tr 874) Than lan la sir gia ciia than linh
duge khae chain tren cdng ehieng la vat ndi
kit vdi trdi dat thin thanh Nhu vay, dat
trong trudng hgp edng ehieng vdi tu each la
vat thieng thi day qua that la sir tuong giao
kha thii vi
Mat khae, dat trong binh dien van hoa Viet Nam, hinh anh than lan lam ehiing ta lien tudng den eau chuyen Thaeh Siing -Vuong Khai, vdi ndi dung phan anh ket qua eiia nhirng ke giau cd, keo kieL khoe khoang tu cao nghi rang minh cai gi ciing
ed Neu suy rdng ra, cdng ehieng ciing la mdt vat lien quan den eiia cai ciia ddng bao eac dan tdc thi ban nd cd mdi quan he gi do vdi hinh anh tren
Tuy nhien, tat ca chi dirng lai d mue do phdng doan, suy luan Hon nua dau dieu dd chfnh xac hay chua chfnh xac deu khdng quan trgng trong viec tim hieu, nghien cii'u bieu tugng edng ehieng Xo-dang vi ban than
hg khdng san xuat hay che tao cdng ehieng Tat ea hinh dang, chat lieu la do ngudi Kinh
d ddng bang lam ra Vi the, nhu'ng bieu tugng lien quan den hinh dang, chat lieu, trang trf mang y nghTa ehung eho toan the 54 cdng ddng dan tdc Viet Nam Nd da khdng the thieu trong chiec trdng ddng eiia dan tdc Hinh anh nhirng nhac edng vdi tu the danh ehieng tren trdng Ngge Lii I la mdt minh ehirng xac dang nhat Nhirng gi ciia ddng bao ehi cd the la chiec ehieng sau khi da ehinh sira am thanh, gan lien vdi each danh Cling nhu khdng gian, bdi canh the hien Chfnh nhung yeu td dd mdi hun diie, ket tinh thanh bieu tugng eho dac trung van hoa ngudi Xo-dang
4.2 Bieu tuong ve dm thanh edng ehieng 4.2.L Bieu tirgrig cho cudc sdng ciia mdi tdc ngudi
Cdng ehieng d Quang Nam ndi ehung
va Nam Tra My ndi rieng tuy khdng ed tam
ed nhu d Tay Nguyen - vdi quan niem nlu
Trang 5khach den Tay Nguyen ma chua mdt lan
duoc nghe ehieng edng thi eiing nhu la chua
den day, nhung nd lai ed the la bieu tugng
eho cudc sdng eiia tii-ng tgc ngudi, trong dd
CO ngudi Xa-dang Ndi nhu vay hoan toan
khdng cd nghTa la chi ngudi Xo-dang mdi cd
edng ehieng 0 day, phai nhan manh rang,
mdi tgc ngudi deu ed mdt sac thai rieng Khi
nghe bai nhac ehieng ngudi dan binh
thuong CO the nhan ra dd la cdng ehieng ciia
tdc ngudi nao va hg dang tien hanh nghi le
hay boat ddng van hda gi Vi vay, qua cdng
ehieng eiia ngudi Xo-dang, mdt ngudi am
hieu ed the cam nhan duge the u'ng xir vdi tu
nhien xa hdi (the gidi quan, vu tru quan) cua
ddng bao Xo-dang
0 day cdng ehieng khdng gan bd vdi
moi khfa canh ciia cudc sdng mdt each rd
rang Vdi tu each la mdt bieu tugng, thilt
nghi, nd phan anh eho cai gi, vi sao lai phan
anh, dai dien cho cai dd mdi la van dl cln
sang td Ndi cdng ehieng la bilu tugng ciia
toe ngudi Xo-dang la mot each ndi bao quat,
rdng Idn, ehung ehung, khd djnh hinh, khd
gidi ban Tuy nhien phai chang vln cd thi
chap nhan duge khi ly giai vai trd tam quan
trpng ciia edng ehieng trong ddi sdng ciia
cong ddng dan tdc Xo-dang
Nhu da de cap a tren, nghe tilng
ehieng co the biet duge cong dong ky dang
trong di lgc hay hi no; dong thdi, moi dan
tdc ed mdt dan ehieng rieng vdi sd lugng
rieng Ngudi Xo-dang ua ehudng dan ehieng
theo so chan kem them mot trdng giir nhip
eho dan ehieng Vdi thanh phln khae nhau
nhu vay tat nhien se tao am thanh khae
nhau Ngay ca trudng hgp hy hiru nhat la hai
tdc ngudi cd thanh phan, so lugng cdng
ehieng gilng nhau di chang nira thi qua each
danh, qua bai ban ciing cd the xac djnh duge
dd cd phai la nhac ehieng ciia ngudi Xa-dang hay khdng Hon nira, dieu dd cdn lien quan den phong tue tap quan, quan diim tham my, dae trung am nhac cua timg tdc ngudi, ehieng edng da tran vao mgi khia canh cudc sdng con ngudi eua cdng ddng; ehi cd edng ehieng mdi dam duong duge vai trd phan anh da chieu cuge sdng nhu vay Va edng ehieng se mai la tieng ndi, dac trung quan trgng xac djnh ta la ta, ta la ngudi Xo-dang chir khdng phai la ngudi Ba-na, Gie-Trieng hay bat cu' tdc ngudi nao khae
4.2.2 Bieu tugng cho sir sdng tgo vdn hod, dm nhgc
Xuc cam nghe thuat am nhac xuat phat tir nhung kinh nghiem giao tilp ciia eon ngu'di vdi thue te ddi song xa hdi Trong qua trinh nhan thire thi gidi thien nhien va ddi sdng xa hgi, eon ngudi nhan thly sir khae biet giira hien tugng nay vdi hien tugng khae, giira qua trinh van ddng nay vdi qua trinh van ddng khae Tii' nhung thai do, cam xiic khae nhau eua tirng tdc ngudi tao nen nhung bieu thi khae nhau vl sir vat va hien tugng nay, hoac su vat hien tugng kia ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Tat ca nhu'ng dilu dd da tao nen tinh dan tdc eiia sir sang tao van hoa edng ehieng
Mdi tgc ngudi deu ed nhung bd edng ehieng ciia rieng minh vdi kfch thude, cau tao thang am, sd lugng don vi tham gia trong dien tau khdng gidng nhau Qua kit qua khao sat, dieu tra d mdt sd xa thuge huyen Nam Tra My, sd lugng va ten ggi cdng ehieng co
su khae nhau Bd ehieng Idn nhat eua xa Tra Tap la 5 chiec, Tra Bdi la 7 chile, Tra Nam la 10-12 chiec Tra Mai la 3 chile
Trang 6Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008 27
0 Tra Tap, bd ehieng 5 ehiee ed ten ggi phd lit, phd anh phd chj (3 Tra Nam bd dua tren do Idn cua ehieng (xem Bang 1) ehieng duge sir dung thdng dung nhat la 9 cai, Trong dd, ehieng phd edn duge xip lam 3 loai: vdi ten ggi va do Idn khae nhau (xem Bang 2)
Bang 1: Bd ehieng d Tra Tap
STT
1 Chieng 1
2 Chieng 2
3 Chieng 3
4 Chieng 4
5 Chieng 5
Ten dan toe
Phd Chieng Prong Chieng Prudn Prdng Chieng Prudng Chieng Prudng
Dac diem
am thanh
Am trong
Am trong Hoi tram Hai tram Rat tram
So do Dudng kinh
(cm)
30 37,5 39,2
50
50
Do cao (cm)
5
6
6
7
7
Do day (mm)
2
3
3
3
3 Ngudn: Tu lieu dien da
Bang 2: Bd ehieng d Tra Nam
STT
1 Chieng 1
2 Chieng 2
3 Chieng 3
4 Chieng 4 - due
5 Chieng 4 - cai
6 Chieng 5 - due
7 Chieng 5 - cai
8 Chieng 6 - due
9 Chieng 6 -cai
Ten dan toe
Prong Neng Neng Deng Prong Pong Chai
Chai Duong Duong Prong Prong
So do Dudng kinh
(cm)
29
30
31 33.5
35
38
36
36 37.5
Do cao (cm)
5
5
5 5,2 6.5 5,5 5,7 6,5 5.5
Do day (mm)
1,5 1.5 1,5
2
2
2
2
2
3 Ngudn: Tu lieu dien da
Trang 7Chieng cua ngudi Xa-dang a Tri
Nam vl sd lugng nhieu hon chieng eua
ngudi Ca-dong d Tra Tap; ngugc lai do
Idn cua tirng ehieng thi lai khiem tdn hon
Ngudi Xa-3ang a Tra Gang' cd bg
eh,'§ng day dii la 12 cai Ten ggi cua nd
tuo'ng tu nhu d Tra Nam chi khae eo them
hai cai chieng Idn nhat ggi la Pruong va
De' g Prong eung bao gdm hai loai: due \a
ca Mdt cap ehieng due - cai nhu vay se ed
ha vai trd khae nhau Mdt cai am tram (due)
cdn duoc ggi la tdp xa mdt cai am bdng (cai)
cdn ggi la td Khae vdi cac chieng le mdt
cap chieng due - cai nhu vay duge xem la
cap chieng ehu vdi kfch thude tuong duong
nhai So vdi ddng tdc eiia minh d Tay
Ng'.:ven thi ehieng cua ngudi Xo-dang d
N a - Tra My thude loai trung binh khdng
qui nho nhu ehieng mong (thude loai ehieng
\\d:n) va khdng qua Idn nhu chieng can
(thuoc loai chieng meh) - la hai loai ehieng
cue ngudi Xo-dang o Tay Nguy en"
Chiec chieng eua ngudi Xo-dang d
Na- Tra My ciing vdi mot trdng tao thanh
mot dan chieng tuong ddi Ion Trdng {xi co)
CO :nat lam bang da son duong: phfa ngoai
duge dan bang may phfa trong lam bang
then cay ddi khoet ldi tao thanh hinh bau
du:: d hai dau nhd phan giiia phinh len
Khic vdi trdng ciia ngudi Kinh trdng eiia
ngirdi Xo-dang duge danh bang tay: ngudi
ta ;.nud'ng dimg cae ngdn tay va mu ban tay
de danh trdng Trong dan nhac trdng duge
dr.r.h dau tien den nhjp thir 3 cua trdng thi
chieng vao Trong dirge danh lien tuc hoa
cing tieng chieng tao nen am dieu don dap;
La nai deu gom co 4 chieng l^hong num co each ehe
;ie ten goi giong nhau chi khae nhau vi du-onng kinh
lona \a thanh
cac dieu mua eung xen lan tao nen sac thai tuai vui cho cac dip le hgi
Cach de'nh hay sir dung chieng cung the hien su se.ng tao eiia mdi tdc ngudi Phan Idn "ngudi Tl} Nguyen danh cdng chieng chii yeu trong tir the khoac cdng vao vai, hay tay trai nam day buge chieng neu chieng eo kfch thude \ire sire xach"" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin 2005 tr 189) Ngudi nhac cdng khoac chieng vao vai dau hoi eiii ve phia trude, tay phj,: dimg diii gd hay diing nam dam tac ddng \ao mat chieng Hg cd hai each chai chie:ig bang Mdt la, dimg nam dam, tay phai dam vao mat ngoai ciia chieng trong liic diing ban tay- hay ngdn tay trai xoa hoac dat vao mat trong ciia chieng Hai la, dimg diii gd mat trong cdn tay trai xoa mat ngoai Trong cac le hgi cac nhac edng cua dan chieng vira di vira nhun nhay, lam thanh mdt dudng trdn bao quanh bieu tugng trung tam thieng .Mdt vai tdc ngudi dimg chieng treo chieng dat tren gia va dien tau trong tu the dirng hay ngdi cd djnh Cdn d Quang Nam cu the d Nam Tra My, ngudi Xa-dang
cd 3 each danh eo' ban sau:
- Thir nhat, mdc day treo vao ngdn cai cua tay trai, liic nao den phien thi dua ngang tam ngue de danh
- Thir hai eung mdc day vao ngdn cai ciia tay trai nhu vay nhung hg de bap tay tua vao mat ngoai ciia chieng Khi nhac cdng cam diii danh vao mat trong thi ehieng cd xu hudng chuyen ddng doi ra ngoai gap bap tay trai kim lai tao ra am thanh khae la Cach danh nay tao ra hien tugng bdi am - chan nua am thanh tao ra
do t 'rung, t rung
Trang 8Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd4 - 2008 29
- Thir ba, tuong tu nhu each thir hai
nhung hg diing eiii tay dl dd
Ddng bao Xo-dang d Nam Tra My
khdng diing each xoa mat chieng, cung
khdng dimg nam dam danh vao mat ngoai,
cung khdng khoac day vao vai nhu mdt sd
tdc ngudi a Tay Nguyen Cach diln tau nay,
vi vay, cd ve linh dgng ban, ddng thdi cd the
tao nhieu sac thai bieu cam khae nhau Cach
danh thir nhat se tao ra am thanh trong treo,
vang ddi trong khi each danh thii' hai va thir
ba lai tao nen do dam cho am thanh
Neu nhu bien che dan nhac ciia phan
Idn eac tdc ngudi d Tay Nguyen bao gdm
mot bd phan cdng num dam nhiem be tram
va mdt bd phan chieng bang dam nhiem
giai dieu thi dan nhac ciia ngudi Xo-dang
d Nam Tra My chi ed mdt dan chieng hoan
toan la chieng bang (khdng cd chieng niim)
dam nhiem giai dieu, phdi hgp vdi trdng de
giu' nhjp eho dan ehieng Mac dau khdng
cd cdng niim dam nhiem be tram nhung
tieng ehieng van dam bao duge do vang,
do tram bdng can thiet eiia ban nhac Dieu
dd khdng phai la don gian bdi vi ddi hdi
phai CO kha nang, tu duy am nhac de cd the
irng xir linh hoat trong mgi tinh hudng
"Viec sii' dung chieng bang thanh mdt dan
nhac theo GS TS Jose Maceda thi d chau
A chi cd d Bac Luzon - Philippines va d
Tay Nguyen - Viet Nam"" (Vien Van hoa
thdng tin, 2006 tr 308)
Cd thi ndi, sang tao la co sd sinh ton
va phat triln eiia van hoa Mdi eon ngudi,
moi tdc ngudi ludn ludn tdn tai va phat trien
trong mdt khdng gian va thdi gian nhat djnh,
ed moi quan he khang kbit giua mdi trudng
rdng va hep, giua cai ed trude va cai cd sau
giifa qua khir - hien tai - tuo'ng lai Vi vay,
am nhac - nghe thuat cdng chieng ludn ludn mang tinh hien dai va dam da mau sac ciia tiing dan tdc Nd the hien su sang tao mang sac thai rieng ciia tinh each tdc ngudi, su hoa hgp giira ca nhan va tap the, giua cai cu va cai mdi, giira cai xa xua va cai duong dai Mang trong minh cai ehung tir buoi thien di thdi qua khir, khdng diing lai d dd, ddng bao Xa-dang d Nam Tra My da ed gang vun due them nhieu thanl: td mdi de lam giau cho van hoa ciia minh Trong nhu'ng thanh td mdi ay, lien quan den sinh hoat edng chieng, thi su ddng gdp ve phuong dien ky thuat dien tau, so lugng bien ehe ciing nhu ea eau dan nha; qua la khdng nhd
4.2.3 Bieu tugng cho quyen uy, uy tin hay sire sdng ciia cdng ddng
"Di ngang qua mdt ngdi lang eiia ddng bao dan tdc ft ngudi, ddi khi ehi nghe qua
am thanh ciia cdng chieng, ngudi ta ed the danh gia duge ft nhieu sue manh theo hai nghTa: tiem lire vat chat va sire sdng egng ddng" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin, 2006, tr 204) Ngudi d diem cu tru lang gieng cd the
am tham, ne phue, kieng de; ke thii ed the ehiin chan nghT lai neu cd y do gay han, khi nghe tieng chieng quy ma ch'i; nnan cd the ddi vai ehuc con trau de ed nd Chfnh chieng Cling da la tfn hieu phd truong tiem lire kinh
te, sire manh tu than Quyen uy, uy tfn hay sire sdng eiia edng ddng, trude het, duge bieu hien d mat vat chat, bdi nhung cdng ddng cang giau cd thi kha nang trao ddi va luu giu' cdng chieng cang cao
Cdng chieng, tii' lau lam rdi, da duge eoi la mdt thir tai san quy, mdt thu' eiia cai
Trang 9vat chat de phan biet sir giau ngheo Mae
dau trong xa hdi ciia ngudi Xo-dang chua
hinh thanh sir phan hda giai cap vdi quyen
lgi ddi khang rd rang, nhung khdng phai vi
thi ma khdng ed su phan biet giira tang lap
giau cd va nhirng ngudi ngheo khd Be
ngoai cae tang Idp nay cd the khdng khae
nhau nhieu nhirng cai de phan biet chfnh la
nhirng vat quy ma hg sa hiru Chiing duge
xem nhu chuan muc de phan biet danh phan
Trong do, cd nhieu thir, nhung ehieng bao
gid ciing dung dau Trong hang loat truyen
CO trudng ca dan ea ddng bao thudng ggi
ngudi giau la ke ed nhieu chieng che Tat
nhien ngoai hai thu' dd ra edn la trau bac
cudm ma nao chan khd ao nhung dieu
quan trgng chinh la phan irng budt mieng ndi
ngay hai tir "chieng ehe"" khi de cap den
ngudi giau cd Nd vira la bieu tugng vira la
chuan muc xac djnh djnh vj trong tiem thire
lan y thire cua mdi ngudi
Cdng duge due ehii yeu bang ddng
thau Nhung mdt sd bd edng cd, theo ngudi
dan eho biet khi due cd pha mdt lugng vang
va ddng den thi tieng ngan vang hon De cd
mdt lugng ddng vang va thue ve due gd
khong phai ai mudn cung lam duge Ddi
tugng ay phai la nhiing ngudi dau ddng, dau
ho mdi cd dieu kien kha nang Ciing ed
noi cd dan toe, viec tao lap ra mot bd cdng
la do cdng lao ddng gdp cua dan ban, do
trudng ban dirng ra td ehuc thue hien
Tat nhien, sd lugng bd chua ndi hit
duge: quan trgng d cho nd la chieng gi Bdi
N'i CO nhirng loai chieng ehi ngang gia vdi
mot eon trau (thdi gia hien nay khoang vai
trieu ddng) nhung eung ed loai chieng gia tri
tdi 40 con trau mdt bd Nhung ehieng lau
ddi cd the ed trj gia bang nhilu con trau con
voi da thuan dudng Vi du d ngudi Mndng,
ehieng kuanh (ehieng vugn trang) trj gia bang mdt con voi; chieng me drup trj gia bang bdn con trau Bd chieng a rdp cua
ngudi Gia rai cd khi tri gia bang ba muai eon trau 6 ngudi Gie-Trieng, loai cdng
ehieng nao ma chiem tir 15% den 80% dong
den thi gia tri tir 35 den 40 con trau hoac bo Cdn loai cdng chieng ma ty- le ddng den ehi
ed khoang 35-40% thi mdi chiec trj gia ngang mdt eon bd hoac mdt eon trau Ngudi E-de ddi mdt chiec cdng ed num bang bac tuong duong vdi 40 con trau Ngudi Xa-dang d Nam Tra My thi ft ban: ehieng tot nhat gan bang mdt eon trau gan de cdn chieng thudng (gdm 6 ehiee thanh la) thi bang mdt eon trau Ngay nay, mat khoang
4-5 trieu de mua mdt bd cdng chieng nhu vay
So vdi cae dan tdc khae, sd tien nay la khong Idn lam, nhung neu dat trong hoan canh ddng bao edn rat ngheo khd thi dd la mdt so tien khdng nhd chut nao
Cd nhieu ehieng quy la giau cd la siic manh, duge ngudi khae kinh trgng Ddng hg hoac lang nao cd nhieu cong ehieng se duge ddng hg khae, lang khae ne nang, nghe theo Gia lang ciia lang ay co the duge tdn lam gia lang ehung cho ca mdt vimg Xuat phat tir tinh da dang trong ddi sdng tinh than eiia ddng bao cac dan tdc thieu sd, cdng ehieng trd thanh bieu tugng uy quyen va vat tu hiru the hien su giau sang, phii quy
van de dat ra la, khi nhan manh gia trj vat chat ciia edng chieng vi sao am thanh cdng ehieng mdi la bieu tugng cho quyen
uy, uy tin hay sire sdng ciia cdng ddng chir khdng phai la hinh anh cdng chieng? That ra
ve mat hinh anh cdng chieng khdng cd gia
Trang 10Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008 31
trj ve nghe thuat khae cham, hinh thii hay mdt hgp kim ma thdi Chinh am thanh edng
md tip trang tri hoac neu cd thi cung khdng chieng mdi tao nen gia trj Idn tuong duong phai do ddng bao tu lam ra Vi vay, gia trj vdi hang ehuc trau bd nhu da ndi tren Cd vat chat ciia cdng ehieng chi cd the duge can the nhan thay rd rang dieu dd qua ehuoi mac
do nang nhe ve lugng cua mdt khdi ddng hay xich dudi day:
Dae trung
am thanh
nhac cu
cdng
chieng
^ ^
Diing trong nghi
le sinh boat cdng ddng
^
Duoc xem la vat
thieng
n ^
Trd thanh vat quy ^ ^
Cd gia trj vat chat Idn
Tieng cdng ehieng vdi nhiing hieu lenh
khae nhau sir dung vao nhii'ng mue dfch
khae nhau, nen gan chat vdi ngudi phat ra
lenh edng Trudng thdn, trudng ban phat ra
lenh edng de quy tu ben minh nhung ngudi
than tin, tap hgp lire lugng hiing hau vi muc
dich chien tranh hay san bat thii rirng Cung
qua tieng edng eua ngudi cd uy tfn trong
lang ban mgi ngudi tu hgp vui choi van
nghe, udng rugu can, ca hat, nhay mua
Trong sinh boat nay ngudi ta thi thd tai
nang xda di mgi hiem khfch de doan ket,
gan bd cae thanh vien trong edng ddng
Cdng ehieng vdi nhung dac diem khach
quan va tac dung vd ciing to Idn ma nd mang
lai, nen cd the ndi khdng mot ngudi eo uy
quyen ehuc vu nao trong lang ban ma lai
khong ed cdng chieng Su gan bd huu ca nay
da lam eho edng ehieng cd ea hdi duge duy
tri va phat trien d cac giai doan trong lich sii
Quyln uy uy tfn hay siic sdng cdng
ddng khdng ehi bieu Id thdng qua sir giau cd
vl vat chat ma nd edn le thude vao su phong
phii eiia tinh than, d day ehii yeu la yeu td
tam linh va kha nang cd ket cdng ddng Mac
dau cd gia trj vat chat Idn nhung edng ehieng
khdng phai mua ve de trung bay hay khu khu
giii' ciia ma ehiing ludn duge dem ra su' dung trong nhung sinh boat, le nghi eiia ca cdng ddng Nhu'ng liie tieng ehieng vang len, ngudi ngudi trong thdn ban deu mudn diit
bd cdng viec cua minh de tu tap, tham gia nhung cdng viec ehung ciia cdng ddng Nhung ngudi tinh y qua cdng ehieng cd the nhan ra edng ddng sii' dung nd ed manh me hay khde khoan khdng Bdi nhirng chang nhac cdng vam vd, nhirng eii danh ehieng dirt khoat la ket qua ciia nhung tiem lue kinh
te ciing nhu su ed vii, quan tam lan nhau giira cae thanh vien trong edng ddng
5 Thay Idi ket luan
Am thanh vang vgng, co eau dan nhac Idn khien eho edng chieng cd tfnh uu viet hon so vdi nhieu nhac cu khae Trong canh trap triing eiia rirng niii, tieng edng, tieng ehieng "vang xa tir dau lang den cudi ngd, len ldi qua khung eiri ciia tirng gia dinh, den vdi mudn thu trong rirng, den vdi ngudi ddng tdc d lang ben" (Vien Van hoa thdng tin, 2006, tr 203) Qua hang mAy thi ky cdng chieng da chirng td duge vai tro ciia minh duge tran trgng, gin giir, va dan dan trd thanh bau vat thieng lieng Ddng thdi mang trong minh ehuc nang phue vu cac sinh boat le hdi, tin ngudng ed ket edng