chinh tri d khu vyc sam uat nhat phia Ddng dudng 13 va thi tran Phia Phay, ddng thdi tao the danh dich tren dudng 13 - con dudng tiep te cua dich cho toan bd chien tmdng Lao. Khi ta [r]
Trang 1CONG TAC VAN DONG QUAN CHUNG, XAY DLTNG CAN CCr a HA LAO TRONG N H C N G NAM DAU
KHANG CHIEN CHONG THl/C DAN PHAP
ThS LE THANH BAI
Ha Lao trong khang chien chdng thyc
dan Phap gdm ba tinh Xalavan,
Attapu va Champaxac, chiem 1/6 dien tich
nude Lao Ha Lao nam d mien Trung Ddng
Duong, ggii lien vdi Tay Nguyen (Viet Nam),
Ddng Bic Campuchia va cao nguyen Eorat
(Ddng Bic Thai Lan), cd nhilu dudng giao
tiidng tiiiiy bd quan trgng, la khu vyc trgng yeu
vl quan sy d Nam ban dao Ddng Duong Sau
khi chilm lai toan bd nude Lag, thyc dan P h ^
da ra siic phye hdi cimg cd chinh quyen cac c ^ ,
sir dyng bien phap mua chudc, dy dd tranh thu
cac lanh chiia lam tay sai cho chiing Ngoai ra
chiing cdn thyc hien diy manh vif e bat linh, xay
dyng lye lugng nguy quan, thiet lap he thdng
ddn bdt tir thanh tiii den ndng thdn, khdng che
nhan dan, ngan can hoat ddng ciia phong trao
khang chien, coi Phan khu Ha Lao (Sous
Secteur Bas Lao) la hau phuong an toan, diu
cau tiep van cho toan chien tmdng Lao
Tmdc nhung hanh ddng cua dich, cudc
khang chien ciia nhan dan Ha Lao gap rat nhieu
khd khan, phong trao "chua phat tiien rdng rai,
viing chac, gan nhu chi bd hep d cac boat ddng
chien diu ciia dai ddi Xaychatcq)hit (don vi vii
Vien Lich sir quan sy Viet Nam
trang khang chiln diu tien d Ha Lao, tiianh lap tiiang 5-1947)"'
Thang 1-1948, Hdi nghi Tmng uong Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong md rgng da chi ro: Phuong hudng nhiem vy chu yeu cua each mang Lao la liy viec van ddng quan chiing, xay dyng CO sd chinh tri, co sd chinh quyen, co sd
du kich, phat triln chiln tranh du kich va phat triln Dang lam muc tieu boat ddng; phai xay dyng them uy ban khang chien d mdt sd khu de chi dao true tiep viec xay dung lye lugng va chien tranh du kich d timg khu
Quan triet tinh tiian chi dao ciia Trung uong, tren tinh than each mang qudc te, thang 3
-1948, Bg Tdng chi huy Quan ddi qudc gia Viet
Nam ra Chi till sd 1 lOA'CU dk ra phuong cham
hanh ddng giiip ban: "Gay co sd chinh tri la viec can tiiiet nhit, mudn gay co sd ehinh tri cd tiie dimg hai phuong p h ^ :
- Cho nhung can bg chinh tri hgac nhirng ban xung phong cdng tac gdm nhiing can bo chinh tri bi mat di sau vao vimg dich gay co sd
- Dimg vu ti^ang tuyen truyen ma hoat ddng, liic diu dimg don vi tieu ddi, trung ddi
Noi nao da cd co sd chinh tri kha rdng tiii phat trien chien tranh du kich di din tiianh lap can cii dia khang Phap, hay khu giai phdng"^
Trang 2NHAN V A T - SU" KIEN
Trong khi dd, tmdc tinh hinh khd khan cua
khang chien, tren dit Thai Lan, Chinh phii ddc
lap lam tiidi Lao Itxala trieu tap bgi nghi cac
khu khang chien chdng Phap d Lao Tham dy
hdi nghi cd Hoang than Xuphanuvdng, dng
Phumi Vdngvicbit, dng Chau xiic Vdngxac,
ddng chi Khamtay Xiphandon Hdi nghi nhan
dinh: Hoat ddng khang chien cua Lao se gap rat
nhieu khd khan neu van tiep tyc dya vao dat
Thai Lan nhu tiidi gian vira qua Hdi nghi di den
tiidng nhat: Chiing ta phai dua lye lugng vao
van ddng quan chiing, boat ddng xay dyng co
sd chinh tri, xay dyng can cii dia d trong dit Lao
ma nam vao dan, dya vao dan de tien hanh
khang chien Idn manh Sau hdi nghi, ddng chi
Khamtay Xiphandon dugc cir trye tiep lanh dao
td chiic cudc khang chien cua nhan dan Ha Lao,
tmdc mat la cimg don vi Xaychatcaphat di sau
vao ndi dia, xay dyng eg cd chinh tri, xay dyng
can cii khang chien
Hdi nghi ciing nhat tri de nghi Viet Nam
giiip do Lao xay dyng khu khang chien Ha Lao
Nhiem vy nay da giao cho mdt bd phan ciia don
vi Xaychatcaphat thyc bien Sau khi vugt qua
cac khu vyc dich kiem soat den thang 7-1948,
don vi da den vimg ty do Lien khu 5 (Viet
Nam), dua thu cua Hoang than Xuphanuvdng
yeu cau phia Viet Nam giiip dd xay dyng khu
khang chien Ha Lao Yeu cau ciia ban dung liic
Dang bd mien Nam Trung Bd va Bd chi huy
Lien khu 5 nhan dugc chi thi tang cudng giiip
dd Ha Lao cua Trung uong Dang Cong san
Ddng Duong va Bd Tdng tu lenh Quan ddi
qudc gia Viet Nam Ddng chi Pham Van Ddng,
tren cuong vi dai dien Trung uong Dang va
Chinh phu d Nam Trung Bd, da giao nhiem vu
cho Tinh uy Quang Nam - Da Nang va Trung
doan 93 td chiic ddi cdng tac dac biet sang khao sat tinh hinh cac tinh giap vdi Quang Nam - Da Nang Tiep do, ngay 10-7-1947, ddng chi Pham Van Ddng da thay mat Chinh phii Viet Nam dan chu cdng boa ky quyet dinh thanh lap "Khu dac biet" de tiiyc bien nhiem vy giiip ban van ddng quan chiing, xay dyng co sd, khu can cir khang chien d Ha Lao Ddng chi Tran Cdng Khanh dugc chi dinh lam khu tmdng, ddng chi Nguyen Chinh Cau lam Chinh uy Lye lugng ciia khu gan 1 dai ddi, gdm nhirng can bd dugc tuyen chgn tir cac eg quan cua Lien khu 5 va nhiing can bd cd kinh nghiem lam cdng tac dan van Sau hon mdt thang chuan bi, ngay
19-8-1948, tai lang De An (NghTa Hanh, Quang Ngai), lye lugng ta va ban lam le xuat quan Tai budi le, ddng chi Pham Van Ddng dan dd: "Chi
cd giiip nhan dan Lao khang chien thi ta mdi cd the danh giac Phap", "chuc anh em len dudng chan Cling, da mem, hoan thanh nhiem vy"^ Ddi cdng tac diu tien ciia Lao - Viet lay khu vyc phia Ddng hai tinh Xalavan va Att^u lam dia ban boat ddng, noi cd khoang 50 ban lang vdi
5000 dan O khu vyc nay, dich cd hai ddn Cha Van va Dac Pung De tien hanh cdng tac, doan can bg Lao - Viet chia thanh ba bd phan, mdi bd phan gdm mdt tieu ddi ngudi Lao, bai tieu ddi ngudi Viet Nam va td can bd dan van Tir can bd den chien sT ai ciing hang say cdng tac nhung nhiing khd khan bit diu nay sinh, can bd Viet khdng biet tieng Lao va ngugc lai, khien chua cd
sy hda nhap Mat khac ca ta va ban chua quen cdng tac van ddng quan chung, nhung khd khan Idn nhit la phong tuc tap quan lac hau da ngan can ddng bao tiep xiic vdi can bd, bg ddi
Nhan rd khd khan, tiiay dugc viec cap bach phai van ddng quan chiing, nam nhan dan de
TAP CHi LICH SU" D A N G - SO 10/2009 69
Trang 3tiln tdi xay dyng can cii, xay dyng lye lugng
diy manh khang chiln d Ha Lag, cudi nam
1948, ddng chi Khamtay Xiphandon cimg dng
Xitiidn Commadam tilp tiic chi huy don vi
Xaychitcaphit di chuyin vl phia bien gidi Lao
- Viet dl hoat ddng va nhd Viet Nam giiip do
Thang 2-1949, don vi da din can cir khang
chiln d Lien Khu 5 Tren cuong vi la dai dien
Chinh phii ddc lap lam tiidi Lag Itxala, ddng chi
Khamtay Xiphandon da chuyen cdng ham cua
Hoang tiian Xuphanuvdng tdi ddng chi Pham
Van Ddng, chinh thiic dl nghi phia Viet Nam
giiip da lap khu khang chien d Ha Lao Sau trao
ddi, hai ben nhit tri thanh lap Khu Ha Lao, giai
thi Khu dac biet, lap phai doan Uy ban khang
chiln miln Nam Trung Bd va Ban chi huy quan
sy hon hgp de chi buy lye lugng Viet - Lag De
giiip ban xay dyng khu khang chien d Ha Lao,
phia Viet Nam chi dinh Ban can sy Ha Lao do
ddng chi Dgan Huyen, Chi huy tmdng va ddng
chi Nguyen Chinh Cau lam Chinh uy
Thyc hien thoa thuan hgp tac giiia hai ben,
sau mdt tiidi gian cimg cd huan luyen, don vi
Xaychatcaphat cimg mdt sd can bd va ddi vii
trang tuyen tmyen cua Viet Nam lai vugt
Tmdng Son tien vao dit Lao thyc hien nhiem
vu van ddng quan chiing, xay dyng co sd d phia
Ddng hai tinh Attapu va Xalavan Dudi sy chi
dao trye tiep eiia ddng chi Khamtay Xiphandon,
don vi Xaychatcaphat da chuyen tiianh ddi vii
trang tuyen tmyen, phdi hgp vdd can bd, chien sT
trong ddi vii trang tuyen tmyen cua Lien khu 5
lam nhiem vy van ddng nhan dan, xay dyng co
sd chinh tri Vao thdi diem nay, toan bg lye
lugng cua Lag va Viet cd 500 ngudi, gin 200
khau Sling cac loai Don vi lay myc tieu diy
manh cdng tac tuyen truyen van ddng tai vimg
Xalavan, nod tap tiimg ddng dan cu De tiiyc hien nhiem vu, toan don vi chia tiianh ba bg phan, boat ddng d ba khu vyc:
- Bd phan chinh gom 2 trung ddi va 12 can
bd dan van tiln tiieo luu vuc sdng Sekaman, tiln din vimg Koongna, Kensey, Attapu, van ddng nhan dan ti-ong vimg tam giac giira sdng
Se Kong va Sekaman
- Bd phan tiiii hai gdm hai trung ddi va 8 can
bg dan van boat ddng trgng pham vi giiia cac vi tri Kggngna, Kensay, Cha Vin, Mang Ha dl canh gidi dich mat Cha Van, giir dudng lien lac
va van tai cho bg phan tai Attapu
- Bd phan tiiii ba gdm 2 tiung ddi va 2 can bd dan van boat ddng vimg Dakram - Dakray, noi da dugc gay dung co sd tii tmdc Ngoai van ddng quin chung, lye lugng d day cdn cd nhiem vu cimg cd dudng lien lac vdi Lien khu 5 (Viet Nam)
va canh gidi dl phdng dich tir hudng Dakley Chi sau tiidi gian ngan, cac don vj da gay dyng CO sd tai vimg Ta Lieu, Dac Chung, Dac Pam, Mang Ha, Die Ble Den cudi tiiang
4-1949, da thanh lap Uy ban each mang d 2 tdng
va 28 lang xa; xay dyng dugc luc lugng tiJ ve
147 ngudi, md khoa binh dan hgc vu vdi 16 hgc vien; van ddng nhan dan img hd 10 mau mdng,
10 nuong riy, gin 4000 nghin cdng phat dudng, phat ddng 26 lang lap bii gao khang chien (hang tiiang tiiu dugc chimg 700 Ion gao cho bd ddi) Sau mdt thdi gian hoat ddng, nhan tiiay can phai huan luyen them cho bg ddi ve mat ky chien tiiuat, dac biet la phuong phap van ddng quan chiing, xay dyng co sd, cac don vi dugc lenh nit quan ve vimg tiJ dg Quang Nam - Da Nang tien hanh dgt ehinh huan quan sy, chinh tri Tren dia ban Ha Lao chi cam lai hai trung ddi vii trang tuyen truyen hoat ddng d viing
70 TAP CHi L|CH Sir O A N G - s o 10/2009
Trang 4NHAN VAT - SU" KIEN
Attapu de dieu tra tinh binh dich va tilp tuc gay co
sd trgng nhan dan
Tren co sd nhiing ket qua da dat dugc Ban
lanh dao Khu Ha Lao da quyet dinh diy manh
cdng tac van ddng xudng vimg Tay Nam
Attapu, trgng tam la vimg ddng dan cu d Tay
sdng Se Kdng, nod cd dieu kien ty nhien thuan
Igi chg viec cung cap luong thyc, thyc pham,
dam bao hau can cho cac lye lugng vii trang,
nhim xay dyng nod day thanh can cii khang
chien lau dai cho sy nghiep khang chien ciia
nhan dan Ha Lao Ddng thdi quyet dinh chuyen
bd may lanh dao ciing nhu phan Idn lye lugng
xudng khu vyc nay
Trgng thdi gian ngan, vao cudi thang
10-1949, cdng tac di chuyen da thanh edng, eg
quan lanh dao va cac lye lugng da den Tay
Nam Attapu an toan Sau khi dn dinh nod diing
chan Ban chi buy quyet dinh trien khai lye
lugng di lam cdng tac van ddng quan chiing d 4
vimg trgng diem dd la: phia Tay khu vyc dim
Pha Phd; cao nguyen Bdldven, Tay Nam
Attapu va vimg bien gidi Campuchia De cdng
tac van ddng dat ket qua cao hon, ddng chi
Khamtay Xiphandon da cimg Ban chi buy Ha
Lao td chiire lye lugng thanh cac ddi vii trang
tuyen tmyen va ddi cdng tac vdi nhiem vy chii
yeu la tuyen tmyen van ddng nhan dan, giiip da
dan san xuat, cai thien ddi sdng tir dd xay dyng
hat nhan ndng cdt, td chiic nhan dan tham gia
khang chien va bude phat trien cao hon day
manh boat ddng vii trang uy hiep dich lam ndng
cdt cho toan dan danh giac
Tai vimg thii nhit, toan bd lye lugng can bd,
chien sT dai ddi Xaychatcaphat va mdt bd phan
manh nhit cua quan tinh nguyen Viet Nam da
tap trung tuyen tmyen van ddng, xay dyng eg sd
chinh tri d khu vyc sam uat nhat phia Ddng dudng 13 va thi tran Phia Phay, ddng thdi tao the danh dich tren dudng 13 - con dudng tiep te cua dich cho toan bd chien tmdng Lao Khi ta tien quan vao thi tran Phia phay, quan dich hoang sg nit chay ve Pacxe, bd trdng ca mdt vimg dgc dudng 13 va ta ngan sdng Me Kdng Tan dyng thdi co, lye lugng ta diy manh boat ddng vii trang tuyen tmyen sat thi xa Pacxe, gay anh hudng chinh tri toan tinh Champaxac Tai Cao nguyen Bdldven, tir cudi thang 10 nam 1949, hai ddi vii trang tuyen tmyen va mdt
sd ddi cdng tac cua ta da trien khai boat ddng d phia nam thi trin Pac Xodng va Hudi Kodng Nod day vdn la ndi khang chien chdng Phap cua ddng bao Ha Lao nen cdng tac kha thuan Igi, cac ddi nhanh chdng lap dugc chd dimg chan va phat trien eg sd d phia Nam Pac Xodng Nhung
d phia Hudi Xodng, do chua van ddng dugc tii tmdng Nha Hon va Nai Coong Nbiin, nen chiing ta gap nhieu khd khan, tdn that, viec xay dyng CO sd phai keo dai
C5 Tay Nam Attapu, nod ta y dinh xay dyng can cii dia cua Ha Lao nen cac lye lugng vira trien khai ke hoach bao vay dich trong thi xa Attapu vira ra siic phat ddng nhan dan, xay dyng eg sd tren khu vyc dgc sdng Se Kdng va vimg chan niii Phii Ludng Cdng tac tap trung vao van ddng nhan dan giiip dd cac co quan ciia khu, tham gia bao ve khu vyc ddng quan Tren khu vyc giap bien gidi Campuchia, lye lugng ta vira lam nhiem vy tuyen tmyen van ddng vira cd nhiem vy canh ve cho Khu bd d Tay Nam Attapu
Hieu qua cua cdng tac van ddng quan chiing, xay dung eg sd da tao dieu kien de xay dyng iiy ban khang chien d mdt sd dia phuong va phat
TAP CHi LICH SLF D A N G - SO 10/2009 71
Trang 5triln dan quan du kich Din tiiang 5 -1950, ti-en
dia ban Ha Lao, d mdi xa da cd tii mdt den hai
tilu ddi du kich Sy phat trien cua dan quan du
kich la dilu kien de xay dyng lye lugng vii trang
tap trung d Ha Lao Trong 6 tiiang diu nam
1950, sd bd ddi tap tmng da phat trien them dugc
6 trung ddi tir 100 chien sT len 350 chien sT
Hoat ddng vii trang tuyen tmyen ciia ta da
khien cho be thdng chinh quyen co sd cua dich
hoang mang, dao ddng C) nhiing ngd nhu sat
bien gidi Lao - Viet, vimg Tay Nam Attapu,
Tay Nam Phia Phay chinh quyen dich gan nhu
tan ra, nhan dan ty nguyen ly khai vdd chinh
quyen, cac menh lenh hanh chinh cua dich
khdng dugc thi hanh, chiing ciing khdng the tien
hanh tiiu tiiue Nhiing noi chua tan ra thi ciing
din mat hieu lye, ddng bao tim each ban che tiep
xiic vdi chinh quyen, vdi quan Phap Ngay ca
nhirng vimg quanh cac thi trin, tiii xa Pac Xodng,
Tha Teng, Hudi Kodng, Bit xac, Attapu, Pha
Pho chinh quyen dich ciing khdng cdn tac dung
Bang ket qua dau tranh vii trang ket hgp vdi
van ddng quan chimg, den cudi nam 1950, Ha
Lao khdng cdn la hau phuong an toan cua dich,
khdng cdn la noi chimg cd the ty do hanh ddng
Chiing ta da gay eg sd hau het hau bet cac vi tri
xung yeu tren dia ban Ha Lao, xay dung tiianh
can cii cho cudc khang chien Tir Ta ngan sdng
Me Kdng den bien gidi Lao - Viet da trd tiianh
vimg ty do rdng Idn, cd kha nang huy ddng
dugc siic ngudi, siic ciia cho khang chiln, tao
dugc vi the kiem soat dudng 13 va sdng Se
Kdng, hai tuyen giao tiidng tiiuy bg quan trgng
cua khu vyc va cd lap tiii xa Attapu Vimg tir
cao nguyen Bdldven din Nam Xalavan da trd
tiianh ban dap cd tiie tiln danh dich tren dudng
13 va cac vi tri d Ban Phdn, Tha Teng, Pic
XoOTg, ciing Saravan gq? phin cd 1^ Att^u Vimg Tay Nam Att^u da dugc xay dung tiianh can cii da trung tam cua Khu Ha Lao Vimg Pha piid - Phia phay tao the i^ hiep Ardng 13 phdi hgp vdi Batxic
uy hiep Pacxe; lye lugng khang chien ciing kiem soat dugc Bat xac, vya Ilia cua Ha Lao
Nhung can cii dugc xay dyng da trd tiianh noi tni quan, la ban d ^ quan trgng de lien quan Lao-Viet tien hanh nhiing hgat ddng quan sy tin cdng dich, hoat ddng chdng can va gianh dugc nhiing tiling Igi quan sy quan trgng diu tien va tiep tuc
md rdng dia ban hoat ddng trong nam 1950 Dd cung la dieu kien quan trgng de din cudi nam
1950, lye lugng dan quan du kich d Ha Lao da cd budc phat trien manh ve sd lugng va dugc tang cudng ve chit lugng, trong toan vimg da cd gan
8000 nghin dan quan du kich Trong dd viing Att^u cd 1476 ngudi, vimg ta ngan sdng Se Kdng cd 700, BatXic va Phia phay 4510, vimg Bdldven cd 572, vimg Tha Khen cd 400, vimg giap bien gidi Lao - Viet cd 900 ngudi
Thanh cdng cua cdng tac van ddng quan chiing, xay dyng can cii trong nhiing nam diu khang chien (1948 - 1950) da gdp phin tao nen budc chuyen bien quan trgng chg cudc khang chien, la nhan to quan trgng de nlian dan Ha Lag gianh dugc thang Igi trong nhung nam khang chien tiep theo
1,4 Lich sir khdng chien chong thue ddn Phdp vd de quoc A^xdm luac cua lice Iwong vu trang vd nhdn ddn cdc tinh Hg Lao (1945 -1975), tr.70,80 (Ban thao)
2 Nhiing tdi lieu chi dgo ddu tranh vii trang, BQ
Tong tham miru xuit ban 1963, tr.l96-197
3 Ban Lien lac quan tinh nguyen Ha \Jo - Dong BJc Campuchia: Qudn tinh ngttyen Viet Nam tren chiin truang Hg Lao va Dong BSc Campuchia Nxb QDND, H, 1998, tr 24
72 TAP CHi LjCH S l j D A N G - SO 10/2009