vUOng qud'c Cambodia. Ciing cac tai lieu Arap cho biet, mdt hoang than Cambodia ten la Jayavarman II dUdc Samaratunga, ngUdi ke vi cua Sangramadhananjaya, phai tit Java ve nUdc de ca[r]
Trang 1CHAN LAP: 0 U 6 N G T 6 | KY NGUYEN
ANGKOR HUY HOANG (790 - 1000)
NGO VAN DOANH*
Sau mdt thdi gia kha dai phat trien
va hung thinh tif dau the ky VIII,
nudc Chan Lap bi chia ddi thanh Luc
Chan Lap va Thuy Chan Lap Rdi thi, den
giiia the'ky VIII, nudc Thuy Chan Lap lai
hi phan quyen ra thanh mdt so'tieu qud'c
Chinh vao thdi diem nay, qud'c gia bien
hiing manh Srivijaya da tan cdng, chem
dau vua Khdme va chiem ludn nha nUdc
Indrapura ciia Chan Lap d mien nam
Campuchia'^'
Sau khi Srivijaya riit ve, d Campuchia
da cd mdt vi vua mdi Vay, vi vua bi chem
dau va vi tan vUdng kia la ai? Theo cac
nha nghien cijfu, khdng cdn nghi ngd gi,
chinh Jayavarman (G.Coedes dat la
Jayavarman I bis de phan biet vdi
Jayavarman I) ma cac bia ky ndi la da tri
vi d Sambor vao nhUng nam 770- 781 Va,
ngUdi ma sau nay trd thanh vua
Jayavarman II cua nUdc Chan Lap chfnh
la con trai ciia vi vua bi chem dau
Qua cac tai lieu Arap, ina dac biet la
ghi chep cua Abu Zaid, ngUdi ta biet dUdc
rang, sau khi da danh chiem Indrapura
vao nam 782, Srivijaya da nha't thdi (tif
nam 782 den nSm 802) kiem soat dUdc
vUOng qud'c Cambodia Ciing cac tai lieu Arap cho biet, mdt hoang than Cambodia ten la Jayavarman II dUdc Samaratunga, ngUdi ke vi cua Sangramadhananjaya, phai tit Java ve nUdc de cai quan dd thi Indrapura cua Cambodia Ma, nhu thUdng le, ngiidi cai quan thUdng chi dUdc cif di den nhiing nUdc chu hau Do vay, Indrapura chac la da nam dudi sU kiem soat cua Srivijaya
Cho den nay, nam ma Jayavarman tit Java ve nUdc van cdn nhieu dieu chUa rd Nhieu bia ky ndi rang, Jayavarman II da xay diing thu dd d niii Mahendra vao nam
802 The nhung, trUdc khi den day, dng ta
da cai tri d ba thu dd khac, ma mdt trong
ba thu dd a'y la do dng lap ra Mac dau cd nhiing y kien khac nhau, nhUng, theo cac nha nghien ciiu, cd the Jayavarman II tit Java ve nUdc vao nam 790, khi vi tan VUdng khoang 20, va, ma't vao nam 850, khi dng 80 tudi
Mac dau tri vi trong mgt thdi gian kha dai, nhUng, khac han vdi thUdng le ciia cac vua Chan Lap trUdc dd la bao gid ciing
de lai nhiing bia ky, Jayavarman II khdng
de lai mot ddng ghi chep nao tren bia ky PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cifu Dong Nam A
Trang 212 Ngliicii cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
(cd the la cho den nay chiia p h a t hien
dugc) The n h u n g , cac bia ky mudn sau
nay, ma dac biet la bia ky Sdok Kak Thom
cd nien dai n a m 1052, lai cho biet nhieu
thong tin ve vi vua s a n g lap ra vudng
trieu Angkor nay Ben canh nhiing thdng
tin ve viec lap ra cac cd sd tdn giao cua
ddng tdc Sivakaivalya, ddng tgc cd nhiing
ngudi lam qudc su cho cac t h a n vua
(devaraja) trong sud't hai the ky rudi (tii
802 den 1052), bia ky Sdok Kak Thom cdn
cho biet ca mgt b a n g ])ha he cac vua tri vi
trong thdi gian nay Theo cac tai lieu bia
ky, khi tit J a v a trd ve (trudc n a m 802 mgt
thdi gian), J a y a v a r m a n da n h a n mgt
ngudi cd ten la Sivakaivalya lam t h a y tif
te NgUdi nay thd p h u n g Sivalinga va da
diing mdt S i v a l i n g a d s r u k (lang)
B h a d r a y o g i , t r o n g vijaya (viing)
I n d r a p u r a Trong khi dd thi ddng tgc
S i v a k a i v a l y a lai cd x u a t xif tii s r u k
S a t a g r a m a d A n i n d i t a p u r a Vua (kurung)
cua Bhagajiura cho ddng tdc na>' mgt
khoanh dat d I n d r a p u r a va, d day, hg da
lap ra lang Bhadrayogi va diing len mdt
S i v a l i n g a Va I n d r a p u r a c u n g la ndi
J a y a v a r m a n II dii'ng lai khi tit J a v a trd ve
nudc, n h u nhiing ldi cua bia ky: "Hoang
t h u d n g tit J a v a trd ve va trd t h a n h vua tai
viing d a t t h a n h I n d r a p u r a va
Sivakaivalya lam t h a y tU te cho ngai"
Theo G.Coedes, I n d r a p u r a n a m d phia
ddng sdng Me Cdng, trong viing n a m giiia
Pbnom Penh va Kratie hien nay
Ciing cac tai lieu bia ky mudn cho biet,
trong thdi gian dau, J a y a v a r m a n II chua
chinh jihiic ditg'c Luc C h a n Lap va ciing
chifa kiem soat dUdc loan bg T h u y C h a n
Lap Do vay, trong thdi gian tri vi tai
I n d r a p u r a , J a y a v a r m a n II da b a t dau nhiing cudc chien de chinh p h u c cac vimg da't khac n h a u cua C h a n Lap T h e nhu'ng, dii da len lam v u a J a y a v a r m a n II van phai it nhieu le thudc vao m a u qud'c Srivijaya Cho nen, de t h o a t khdi sii kiem soat cua Srivijaya va de cd ndi dinh dd dn
d i n h cho mdt qudc gia ddc lap,
J a y a v a r m a n II s a u mdt thdi gian tri vi d
I n d r a p u r a da dd'i dd den H a r i h a r a l a y a (nghia la "ndi cU n g u cua t h a n H a r i h a r a " ) , nghia la da ngUdc len p h i a bac sdng Tonle Sap de tdi bac Bien hd, nOi ma mgt the ky sau da diing len d dd t h a n h phd' Angkor dau lien, mgt viing d a t trii phii, nhieu ca dudi nudc, nhieu thdc gao ngoai rudng
Va, t h a y tU te Sivakaivalya c u n g gia dinh
da di theo ciing J a y a v a r m a n II Bia Sdok Kak Thom cho biet: "Khi hg den k h u phia ddng, n h a vua da c u n g ca'p cho gia dinh thay t u te cua minh mdt k h o a n g da't va mgt lang ggi la Kuti" Ciing bia ky dd ghi tiep: "Sau dd n h a vua ddng dd trong t h a n h
H a r i h a r a l a y a T h a y tU te ciing d trong
t h a n h phd' dd, va nhiing t h a n h vien gia dinh cua dng dUdc bd vao trong ddi thi ddng Theo cac n h a n g h i e n cifu,
H a r i h a r a l a y a tUdng ifng vdi mdt nhdm cac phe tich cd ten ggi la "nhdm Roluos" n a m
d phia n a m t i n h Siem Riep Di tich Roluos nay bao gdm n h i e u dinh thii kien triic thudc n g h e t h u a t t i e n A n g k o r , ma
J a y a v a r m a n II chi cho t u bd sita s a n g lai mdt vai dinh t h u mdi N h u vay la, hai dd thi dau tien ma J a y a v a r m a n II ddng dd deu la nhiing dd thi vd'n cd ttf trUdc Chi dd
t h a n h thit ba, t h a n h p h d A m a r e n d r a p u r a , mdi la dd t h a n h do chinh J a y a v a r m a n II lap nen Ve viec nay, bia ky Sdok Kak
Trang 3Ngo Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lap: Difaiig toi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - J000) 13
Thom viet: "Tiep theo, n h a vua lap ra
t h a n h phd A m a r e n d r a p u r a va vi t u te
cung di theo den d t r o n g t h a n h de phuc vu
nha vua"
Cd nh>iing y kien khac n h a u ve vi trf
cua A m a r e n d r a p u r a Vi du, n a m 1924,
G.Groslier da ddng nha't A m a r e n d r a p u r a
vdi ngdi den ldn B a n t e a y C h m a r ; sau da'y,
cd y kien day dd t h a n h nay den t a n viing
tay bac nudc C a m p u c h i a The rdi, nhiing
nghien citu gan day ve k h a o co, bia ky
da dinh vi cho A m a r e n d r a p u r a d ngay
vung ngoai vi cua Angkor Thom, ben bd
n a m cua B a r a y (hd) T a y Tai day,
J a y a v a r m a n II da cho diing mgt linga
thieng vdi ten ggi la G a m b h i r e s v a r a , mgt
den thd h i n h kim t h a p ba t a n g , n a m t h a p
T h e n h u n g , A m a r e n d r a p u r a cUng
khdng dUdc J a y a v a r m a n II hai'Idng The
la, dng lai mdt lan nUa (Ian cudi ciing) ddi
dd Va, dd t h a n h lAn nay dUdc biet cd ten
la M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a C u n g bia ky Sdok
Kak Thom cho biet: "Sau day, n h a vua di
den tri vi d M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a , va diic dng
Sivakaivalya ciing di den d trong kinh
t h a n h dd de p h u c vu nha vua n h u trUdc
day" Vdi viec ddi dd va lap ra dd t h a n h
M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a vao n a m 802,
J a y a v a r m a n II da md ra mdt thdi ky mdi
trong lich srf C a m p u c h i a : thdi ky
Kambuja h a y thdi ky Angkor (802 - 1432)
Viec q u a n trgng dau tien, sau khi lap
ra dd t h a n h mdi M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a vao
n a m 802, ma J a y a v a r m a n II lam la tuyen
bd sU doc lap cua minh ddi vdi J a v a Bia
Sdok Kak Thom chep ve viec nay nhU sau:
"Liic dd, n h a v u a di den tri vi d
M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a Khi ay, mgt l a n g Id
b a - l a - m o n cd ten la H i r a n y a d a m a tinh thdng ma t h u a t phii chii, da tdi xif sd cua ngai N h a vua ben mdi dng ta td chifc mdt nghi le de cho da't nudc ciia ngUdi Kambuja khong phai p h u thudc vao J a v a niia, va de cho chi cdn mdt vi q u a n vudng duy nha't lam chua te thien ha ggi la
C h a k r a v a r t i n Vi b a - l a - m o n da tien h a n h mdt nghi le theo t h a n h t h u Vinasikha va lap ra thiet che T h a n - Vua Ong ta giang day t h a n h t h u V i n a s i k h a , N a y o t t a r a ,
S a m m o h a , Siraccheda Ong dgc tif dau den cudi de viet va giang nhiing sach dd cho Difc dng Sivakaivalya vao viec te le va thd Cling T h a n - Vua va khdng chiu de cho
n h i i n g ngUdi k h a c te le Diic dng Sivakaivalya, vi t u te, da chi dinh mgi ngUdi hg h a n g cua ngai vao cdng viec ciing
le nay" Vdi budi tuyen bd'dgc lap nay, thdi
ky Kambuja hay thdi ky Angkor (802-1432) bat dau md ra Va, cung tit day, cac bia ky thiidng ggi J a y a v a r m a n II, ngUdi
md ra mdt ky nguyen mdi huy hoang, ky nguyen K a m t u j a , la "nha vua diing dd
t h a n h tren dinh niii Mahendra"
Dudng n h u J a y a v a r m a n II tri vi d
M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a k h a lau Cac bia ky sau nay cho biet, nita sau thdi ky tri vi cua
J a y a v a r m a n II trdi di trong sii p h a t trien yen binh va t r a t tii The n h u n g , trUdc da'y, nghia la trUdc budi le m a n g tinh "tuyen ngdn ddc lap" vao n a m 802 t r e n niii
M a h e n d r a , J a y a v a r m a n VII da phai vat
va de thd'ng nha't vUdng qud'c Nhiing cudc ddi dd cua dng ludn di kem vdi nhiing t r a n chien Mgt bia ky the ky XI cd ndi n h a vua
da t r a o n h i e m vu cho cac vo q u a n chinh yeu binh djnh ta't ca cac khu Va, vien
Trang 414 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
t u d n g linh d a u t i e n t r o n g so' dd la Dd la mdt so' kien triic gach da dd n a t 6
P r i t h i v i n a r e n d r a ma bia ky ca ngdi la Vat P h u ( C h a m p a s a c , Lao), cac cdng t r i n h
"nhu lifa dot chay cac loan q u a n dich" kien triic tdn giao d S a m b o r Prei Kuk ngudi dUdc giao n h i e m vu t h u phuc lai Trong sd' nhiing kien triic hien cdn, tieu Malyang tii'c mien n a m tinh B a t t a m b a n g bieu nha't va cdn k h a n g u y e n ven nha't cua bay gid The nhu'ng n h u cac tai lieu da kien triic gach C h a n L a p la P r a s a t cho biet trudc n a m 813 hai nudc C h a n Bayang n k m each Angkor Borei khdng xa Lap van chua dUdc thdng nha't lai (phia n a m C a m p u c h i a hien nay)
Vdi viec lap dd d t r e n niii M a h e n d r a Dac biet, t r o n g cac kien t n i c C h a n Lap (mil Kulen), h a n g loat nhiing cdng t r i n h thdi trudc Angkor, ndi b a t len hai san kien triic da mgc len d day Va, ta't ca p h a m cua n g h e t h u a t t r a n g t r i la cot con nhiing cdng t r i n h kien t r u e va cac tac va l a n h td Do deu dUdc l a m b a n g da sa
p h a m dieu khac d day da tao t h a n h mdt t h a c h , nen sdlUdng cac hien v a t cdt con va giai doan va mdt phong each nghe t h u a t [anh td cua thdi trUdc Angkor cdn lai kha
t r o n g lich sif n g h e t h u a t cd cua nhieu Theo cac n h a n g h i e n citu, cac cot
C a m p u c h i a : giai doan va p h o n g each, con cua thdi ky nay p h a n ldn la h i n h trdn, Kulen Phong each Kulen, dac biet la „ h u n g den gai doan cudi thi cot cd xung trong kien Iriic, la sii tiep ndi nhUng hudng chuyen s a n g h i n h b a t giac Trong th.-inh luu xay dUng ciia (^han Lap trong ^a hai dang, cdt con deu ditdc t r a n g tri tbdi ky dau (tif 550 den 790) h a n g nhUng vdng md lip k h a c n h a u , ddi Trong ky t h u a t xay dilng gach, mdi khi la mgt dai cac t r a n g hoa cd tua
h a n g dudc xep kbit vao h a n g trudc b a n g P.Stern va Coral R e m u s a t da chia nghe mai va gan lai b a n g mgt loai vUa Theo t h u a t t r a n g t r i C h a n Lap thdi tien Angkor
ong H P a r m e n t i e r , loai viia dd la mdt loai r a ba phong each: 1 phong each Sambor,
nhila cay nao dd ma ngay nay da khdng chiem toan bd t h e ky VII; 2 phong each
cdn ai biet Loai chat keo nay r a t mdng va Prei Khmeng, chiem nita dau t h e ky VIII, khd nhin tha'y n h u n g lai cd kha n a n g va 3 phong each Kompong Preah, chiem
chdng dd va giii cho ca khdi kien triic cao nifa sau the ky VIII Cac cdt con cua ldi 15 met hoac hdn khdi bi dd Cac vien phong each dau tien t h u d n g trdn va nhd gach dugc cham khac, t h a m chi d cac gd Trong hai p h o n g each sau, cac cdt con mai dua sau khi da diidc xay thd xong, thUdng ldn hdn, t h a n cdt m a n g tai nang ngudi ta cdn ihUdng [ihii len dd mdt ldp Nhin c h u n g , cac cdt con deu m a n g phong choang nhiing hinh c h a m khac tinh te va each gidng ciia cac l a n h td<^"'^' Chi mdt sd nhieu mau sac ft nhiing ngdi den t r e n niii P h n o m Kulen
Do diidc lam b a n g cac vat lieu ben la la cdn k h a n g u y e n ven va da dUdc cac nha chinh cho nen cho den nay van cdn giii nghien cifu nhU L u n e t de Lajongquire lai dUdc kha nhieu nhiing cdng t r i n h kien H P a r m e n t i e r , P S t e r n va P D u p o n t k h a o triic b a n g gach va b a n g da cua C h a n Lap ta va nghien ciiu"'
Trang 5Ngo Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Duniig tdi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - 1000) 15
Khdng biet vi ly do gi sau mdt thdi
gian tri vi (khdng biet la bao lau) d dd
t h a n h M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a (nui P h n o m
Kulen) J a y a v a r m a n II n h u ldi mdt bia ky
"Sau dd, n h a vua trd ve tri vi trong do
t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a va bifc tudng t h a n
-vua cung dUdc m a n g tdi dd Vi thay tU te
va n h d n g ngUdi trong gia dinh cua dng ta
van h a n h le n h u trUdc Vi tU te m a t kbi
vua cdn tri vi Rdi n h a vu m a t trong t h a n h
H a r i h a r a l a y a cd bifc tUdng T h a n - Vua"
J a y a v a r m a n II m a t d H a r i h a r a l a y a nam
854, sau 54 n a m tri vi Ong dUdc m a n g ten
t h u y la P a r a m e s v a r a (than td'i thUdng =
Siva) - hien tUdng mgt ong vua ditdc
phong t h a n d a u tien d Kambuja
Trieu vua J a y a v a r m a n 11 keo dai 52
n a m da de lai nhUng da'u an sau dam cho
da't nudc C a m p u c h i a Du r a n g , nhU cac tai
lieu bi ky cho biet, quyen h a n h cua dng
chac chi dugc thiic thi khdng qua viing
Bien Hd, n h u n g J a y a v a r m a n II la ngiidi
da md dau cho cdng cudc binh djnh va
thdng nha't d a t niidc C h a n Lap Trong qua
t r i n h de tien tdi t u y e n bd ddc lap, dng da
tim ra dia diem cho t h u dd tiidng lai trong
vung p h u can (each khu vUc bi lut lgi h a n g
n a m mdt chiit) cua Bien Hd Rdi thi each
dd khoang 30 km la cdng trUdng khai
thac da sa t h a c h ldn t r e n niii Kulen va
kha gan nhUng deo di tdi cao nguyen Cd
R a t va luu vilc sdng Me N a m
J a y a v a r m a n II da d a n h cho difa chau ndi
va la ngiidi ke vi thii ba ngdi vua cua dng
la Y a s o v a r m a n t h a n h lap dd t h a n h
Y a s o d h a p u r a , mgt dd t h a n h se trd t h a n h
kinh dd cua de qud'c Khdme trong 600
nam Ve m a t ton giao J a y a v a r m a n da lap
ra le thd ciing T h a n - Vua Ma, n h u bia ky Sdok Kak Thom noi T h a n - Vua "ngii tri trong t a t ca mgi kinh t h a n h ma cac nfta vua da rudc dUa T h a n den vdi tU each vi
t h a n linh bao hg vUdng trieu cho nhiing vi
q u a n vUdng ke tiep sau"
Tuy den tit ngoai vao nhu'ng trieu vua
J a y a v a r m a n II da td ra q u a n t a m den viec nd'i ket lai vdi nhiing t r u y e n tho'ng dan tdc Mdt b a n g chiing q u a n trgng ve viec nay la, trong nghe t h u a t , da d a n h da'u sU qua do tit thdi ky tien Angkor ma nd van gan bd chat che den thdi ky Angkor Theo cac n h a nghien citu, khdng mgt vi vua nao cua Campuchia cd t h e sanh dUdc vdi
J a y a v a r m a n II ve quy md va sii lau ben cua nhiing a n h hUdng ma minh da de lai cho lich sif, Khdng gid'ng n h u nhiing ngudi
ke vi cua minh, J a y a v a r m a n II khdng de lai mgt bia ky nao ca t u n g ve sii nghiep cua ban t h a n Va, n h u mdt bia ky cua mgt trong nhUng ngUdi ke vi va la hau due cua dng da ndi: "Ngai ngU t r e n nhiing con sU til t r a n g diem cho ngai vang cua Ngai Ngai ban lenh chi huy den cac vi vua Ngai thiet lap dinh thii cua ngai t r e n dinh niii M a h e n d r a Ngai cd tat ca, nhUng khdng he kieu ngao"
Sau khi J a y a v a r m a n II chet, ngudi con trai ten la J a y a v a r d h a n a cua dng len ngdi vua vdi VUdng hieu la J a y a v a r m a n III Cac tai lieu bia ky cho biet, J a y a v a r m a n III tiep tuc ddng dd d H a r i h a r a l a y a va tri vi tit
854 den 877 Cac bia ky cho biet dng da cho xay diing mdt sd'cdng trinh trong viing Angkor va sau khi m a t dng m a n g ten thuy
la Visnuloka Cung cac bia ky cdn cho biet,
J a y a v a r m a n III la dng vua r a t gidi san voi
Trang 616 Nghien edit Dong Nam A 7/2009
va da d a n h t h a n g nhiing ke t h u cua minh
(nhung lai khong cho biet cac ke thii dd la
ai) Vdi J a y a v a r m a n III chiing t a lan dau
tien biet dUdc dng la mgt trong ra't it vua
Khdme theo Visnu giao (ten t h u y cua vua
la Visnuloka) va la dng vua dau tien ma
mgi ngUdi biet den cai ten trudc khi len
ngdi vua ( J a y a v a r d h a n a )
Sau khi J a y a v a r m a n III chet (cd the la
c h e t k h i di s a n ) vao n a m 877,
I n d r a v a r m a n I da len ngdi vua Cac n h a
nghien citu cho r a n g , cd the vi t a n vu'Ong
nay la ngUdi em hg cua vi v u a trUdc
Chfnh bia ky cua I n d r a v a r m a n I ndi rang,
ngiidi dng d a n g me cua dng la
R u d r a v a r m a n (ngudi ditdc ddng nha't vdi
vua R u d r a v a r m a n tri vi d D v i r a d a p u r a
trong may n a m cudi ciing ciia the ky VIII),
cha dng la P r i t h i v i n d r a v a r m a n thudc
ddng tdc k s h a t r i y a va dng d a n g me ciia
me dng la vua N r i j j a t i n d r a v a r m a n Mdt
bia ky t h e ky X cho b i e t cu t h e
I n d r a v a r m a n 1 la chau ciia hoang h a u , vO
ciia J a y a v a r m a n II Nhii vay la, dii cd
chiit it q u a n he ve ddng tdc vdi hai vi vua
tien boi I n d r a v a r m a n I van la mdt vi vua
ngoai tdc Cd n h a n g h i e n citu (nhU
Diipont) cho r a n g Id lien cua
I n d r a v a r m a n I la nhiing Ihii linh chu hau
cai q u a n I n d r a p u r a , mdt viing ma cho don
khi I n d r a v a r m a n I l^n tri vi, van chUa la
mgt bg p h a n lanh Ihd t h a t sii cua de qud'c
Khdme Cung iheo cac tai lieu bia ky,
I n d r a v a r m a n I cd ngudn gdc (ca hai phia
ngi ngoai) tit N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n : cdn vd
cua dng lai la c h a u gai cua
R a j e n d r a v a r m a n I, ngiidi ma diidng nhu,
vao giiia the ky VIII, da t h d n g nha't dUdc
ba viidng qud'c cd bat ddng vdi n h a u Cd
the, I n d r a p u r a lai trd t h a n h nUdc chu hau cua C h a n Lap s a u k h i J a y a v a r m a n II tii
bd ndi n a y de den H a r i h a r a l a y a Sau khi len ngdi, I n d r a v a r m a n I van tiep tuc tri vi tai dd t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a Ngay tii thdi gian d a u sau khi len ngdi,
I n d r a v a r m a n I da lam cho kinh dd cua minh rdng hdn va dep hdn, it nha't la dd'i vdi nhiing ngdi den luu giii devaraja va cac
vi t h a n linh khac cd lien q u a n den viec thd
p h u n g cua h o a n g gia Ngay tit n a m thif
n h a t s a u khi len ngdi vua, I n d r a v a r m a n I
da cho xay diing d phfa bac k i n h t h a n h mgt hd nUdc ldn cd ten la I n d r a t a t a k a (hd cua I n d r a v a r m a n ) h i n h chii n h a t vdi chieu dai chay theo hudng ddng tay, ngay phia bac den Bakong (nay hd da can nUdc) Hd niidc nay la ndi giU va cung fcap nUdc cho
dd t h a n h va cac den thd cung n h u cho he thd'ng tudi tieu ciia nhiing c a n h ddng liia xung q u a n h Ngoai r a , t r o n g thdi gian tri
vi khdng dai, I n d r a v a r m a n I da cho xay nhieu ngdi den thd ldn: n a m 879, dng ciing hien 6 ngdi den t h a p xay b a n g gach gia d
P r e a h Kd de thd a n h tUdng cua bd' me dng, ong ba ngoai dng, cua J a y a v a r m a n II va hoang hau, dUdc t h a n linh hda diidi nhiing net cua Siva va Devi; cuo'i ciing, n a m 881, dng k h a n h t h a n h cdng t r i n h kien triic ldn dau tien bang da xay diing len tUdng hnga VUdng quyen I n d r e s v a r a (ket hdp ten nha
v u a - I n d r a v a r m a n - vdi ten cua t h a n Siva-Isvara) - nay la den Bakong d phia nam
P r e a h Kd
T a t ca n h i i n g d e n mieu ma
I n d r a v a r m a n I da cho xay dUng da hdp lai
t h a n h mdt phong each n g h e t h u a t rieng
ma cac n h a nghien cdu d a t ten la phong
Trang 7Ngd Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Dirdiig toi ky nguyen Angkor liiiv hodng (790 - /OOO) 17
each Roluos Cac cdng trinh xay diing thdi trai dng ten la Y a s o v a r d h a n a ditdc ton len
ky nay chu yeu b a n g gach; da chi cd vai lam vua vdi vUdng hieu la Yasovarman I trd i)hu va lhU(Jng dugc diing de lam cac Vdi Yasovarman I, thdng qua ngUdi me, cot nhd, cac lan Id, cac k h a m thd Cac den vudng trieu Kambuja do J a y a v a r m a n II ihd t h u d n g difg'c xep t h a n h nhdm sau hoac Lap ra, da ditdc ket no'i vdi cac vua thdi lien tam den t r e n mgt nen chung, nhUng moi Angkor Cac bia ky cho biet, me cua den van cd be rieng b a n g gach hay bang Yasovarman I, ba Indradevi, la con gai cua
da Net ndi b a t va la mdi trong kien triic M a h i p a t i v a r m a n , ngud'i dUdc ggi la "vua" thdi ky nay la, lan dau tien trong kien va dUdc ngdi ca la ngudi chien binh so'mgt true Khdme, cac nhdm den thd dUdc bao trong chien t r a n M a h i p a t i v a r m a n la con
q u a n h bang mdt so' vdng rao ddng tam, trai ciia R a j e n d r a v a r m a n In ngudi diidc trong dd, hai vdng ben trong cd tUdng coi la t h u linh td'i cao ciia Thuy Chan Lap
b a n g da laterite va cac cdng t h a p (gopura) trong sud't gida va nita cudi the ky VIII hay cdng t h a p gia d moi m a t tUdng, cdn ^ g a y sau khi len ngdi, Yasovarman I
vdng rao ngoai cung thi bang da't vdi ^^ h a t dau sU ngWep xay diing vi dai, ma,
nhUng rao gdc cd chan song Cdn trong ^e cd ban, nhiing cdng trinh do vi vua nay
nghe t h u a t t r a n g tri cua phong each "^ay dUng da trd t h a n h mku hinh cho
Roluos, thi, n h u ba Coral R e m u s a t da nhiing vua ke ngdi sau nay Vao ngay nam
n h a n tha'y, cd bdn c'li mdi; 1 dau Kala vdi jj^^^ 15^ \^^ y^^^ Yasovarman I da cho xay
cac hinh M a c a r a quay dau ra (yeu td du jij,-,g ^fong nhieu tinh cda vUdng qud'c
n h a p tif J a v a ) ; 2 xua't hien nhiing n h a n hang t r a m tinh xa (asrama) ciing cac hanh vat dugc n a m nggc day dac (cung anh ^.m^g (rajakuti) danh cho vua moi khi di hUring cua J a v a ) ; 3 xua't hien nhieu hinh vien du N a m 893, dng cho xay len d giUa Visnu trdn vat cUdi G a r u d a , va 4 thay cac hd I n d r a t a t a k a mdt den thd gdm 4 t h a p hinh kien triic t h u nhd d dudi cac vdm gach danh de dat cac bifc tUdng thd cua bd cudn tren cac k h o a n g tudng n a m giiia hai ,-^3 g^ig, dng ba dng (ngay nay la Lolei) col dp tren cac m a t tudng b a n g cac hinh q^he nhUng, Yasovarman I khong d lai Dvarapala va A p s a r a Cac cot nhd thi da H a r i h a r a l a y a lau Chi sau khi d day mdt chuyen t h a n h b a t giac, the nhUng, cac cot ^hdi gian ngan, Ya,sovarman I da chuyen
trdn lac dac \kn cdn Ckt hinh cay la da ^^j t h a n h dien T h a n - Vua va t r u n g tam
mang tinh t r a n g tri cao va da lam cho mgt quyen lUc the tuc den mdt ndi mdi va dat
sd chiec cot cua phong each nay trd t h a n h ten cho kinh dd mdi dd la Yasodharapura nhiing chiec cdt dep nha't trong nghe y d sii viec nay, bia kya Sdok Kak Thom
t h u a t Khdme'"' viet: "The la nha vua cho lap ra kinh
I n d r a v a r m a n 1 tri vi trong mdt thdi t h a n h Y a s o d h a r a p u r a va dUa bite tUdng gian ngan (877- 889) T h e nhUng, thdi T h a n - Vua ra khdi t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a de gian tri vi cua vi vua nay dien ra yen binh ve d h a n trong kinh t h a n h nay Liic dd nha Ong m a t vao n a m 889, va hoang tif, con vua cho ditng ngon niii t r u n g tam Difc dng
Trang 818 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
Sivasrama cho diing tUdng linga t h i n
thanh d chinh giiia" Cac nha khoa hgc da
xac dinh dUdc vi tri ciia Yasodharapura la
khu viic hinh tit giac dUdc danh da'u bdi
qua ddi Phnom Bakheng
Cho den nay, cac nha khoa hgc da cd'tim
ra nhiing ly do de giai thich vi sao
Yasovarman I lai ddi dd den mdt dia diem
mdi Theo G Coedes, chac la, dd thanh cii
Hariharalaya vdi be bgn nhiing cdng trinh
kien true dUdc xay diing trong cac trieu
vua trUdc da can trd cho nhiing dii an xay
dung cua vi vua tre Do vay, ndi mdi, vdi
tam diem la niii Phnom Bakheng, that
thich hdp cho mdt kinh thanh rdng ldn va
cd diem cao d trung tam de xay diing ngdi
den cho pho tUdng linga Yasodharesvara"'*
Theo cac nha nghien cifu, cac cdng
trinh kien triic thdi Yasovarman I da tao
thanh mdt phong each nghe thuat ldn:
phong each Bakheng Phong each nay cd
nhiing net dac trUng sau: 1 xay diing cac
den thap Idn bang sa thach tren cac gd dat
cao tu nhien vdi cac hdi lang md bang da;
2 cac trang trf khdng qua khac so vdi cua
thdi ky trudc; 3 dieu khac hinh ngud'i cd
phat trien, nhUng di vao each dieu hda*'*
Ciing liic vdi viec chinh trang dd thanh
mdi, Yasovarman I cdn cho dao mgt hd
nudc rdng Idn d phia ddng bac kinh thanh
mdi Hd niidc cd ten Yasodharatataka, dai
7 km va rdng 1.800 m va dUdc bao quanh
bdi mdt con chach dap bang da't viing
chac Rdi thi, dudi trieu vua Yasovarman
I, cac den thd Siva gia da bat dau dUdc xay
diing, nhu cac den Sikharisvara (than
Siva tren dinh niii), d Preah Vihear va
den Bhadresvara d Sivapura
Khac cac vua tien bdi cua minh, Yasovarman I da de lai kha nhieu bia ky Cac bia ky nay ngdi ca vua la, vi du trong bia Lolei cd nhUng doan: "vi vua tuyet hao nha't trong cac vua", "nhu mdt khdi ehdi lgi duy nhat, siic manh ciia vua la cai chet ddi vdi cac ke thu"., "nhin tha'y Ngai, ngay Dang Sang tao ciing phai thdt len: "sao ta lai tao ra mdt ddi thu cho minh d vi vua nay".", "trong chien tran, nhin tha'y vi vua riic sang nay, thi nhflng ke thu kieu ngao nha't cua ngai deu phai ciii dau va ndi:
"day la vang Thai Dudng", "Ngai la ngudi tinh thdng mgi khoa hgc, mgi trd ehdi, mgi ngdn ngfl, mgi nghe thuat; Ngai viet gidi, nhay mua gidi, hat hay ", Cung cac bia
ky cho biet, Yasovarman I la mot dng vua hung manh Vi du bia lolei, tam bia dUdc khac nUm 893, cho biet ve cUdng vUc da't nUdc do dng cai quan: "da't dai ma vua bao
ve giap vdi bien gidi Cina (Trung Hoa) va bien ca"., cdn bia Baksei Chamkrong thi cho biet da't dai cua vua nam trong vung giap vdi Suksma-Kamrata (vUdng qud'c Mdn Thaton hoac Ramanyadesa), dai dUdng Cina (Trung Qud'c) va Campa (Champa) Ngoai ra, mgt bia ky (bia Banteay Chmar) cd ndi tdi mdt cudc chien vdi Champa vao thdi tri vi cua Yasovarman I Nhin chung, cac bia ky deu ra't ca ngdi tai nghe, sii dung manh cflng nhu nhflng cdng cudc xay diing den meu, dinh thfl, he thd'ng thiiy ldi cua dng vua thfl tu cua vUdng trieu Kambuja do Jayavarman II sang lap nen The nhUng, cac tai lieu bia ky lai khdng cung cap cho chung ta nhflng sU kien ve ddi sd'ng chinh tri cua vUdng trieu Yasovarman I Vi vay
ma ngay viec Yasovarman I mat nam nao
Trang 9Ngo Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Difdng toi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - WOO) 19
va ma't ra sao, c u n g khdng cd mdt tai lieu
bia ky nao ndi tdi'*^'
Theo p h a n tich cua cac n h a khoa hgc,
du Y a s o v a r m a n I m a t trong trUdng hdp
nao di nfla, thi dieu dd cung xay r a trUdc
nam 910, vi mdt bia ky d P h i m e a n a k a s , cd
the cd xua't xfl tfl P h n o m B a k h e n g , , trong
p h a n chfl P h a n , coi n h u den nien dai nay
thi dng da m a t ; cdn trong p h a n chfl
Khdme cd, thi tdn xUng ten t h u y cua dng
la P a r a m a s i v a l o k a
Dfla vao nhflng t r u y e n thuyet, mgt so'
n h a khoa hgc, n h u Aymonier, cho rang,
hau het nhflng b o a t dgng tich cUc cua
Ya.sovarman I dien ra vao nhflng n a m dau
tri vi Sau dd, nha't la vao nhflng n a m sau
nay, Y a s o v a r m a n I bi bui va p h a i r u t ve
nghi tai mgt v u n g ddng b a n g gan dd The
n h u n g , gan day, cac n h a nghien cflu cho
rang, dng vua hui ma t r u y e n t h u y e t ndi
tdi la dng vua tri vi sau dd vai the ky, vua
Y a s a v a r m a n IP-" Cd the la vao khoang
n a m 910, ngfldi con t r a i ca ciia
Y a s o v a r m a n I la H a r s h a v a r m a n I da len
ngdi k e v i Cac tai lieu cho biet, n a m 912,
H a r s h a v a r m a n I da xay cung hien mgt
den thd trong k i n h dd cfl cua nifdc P h u
Nam va la ngUdi s a n g lap r a ngdi mieu
Bak.sei C h a m k r o n g d c h a n ddi P h n o m
Bakheng Chac vi vua nay cdn tri vi tdi
nam 922 va, s a u khi mat, da dUdc n h a n
ten t h u y la R u d r a l o k a Bia ky viet ve vi
vua nay n h u sau: " Ong (Yasovarman I) cd
ngUdi con t r a i r a t dUdc yeu quy la Sri
Rudraloka ( H a r s h a v a r m a n I), ngUdi tao
ra niem vui cho t h e gidi nay; ddi chan cua
ngai rflc s a n g bdi a n h s a n g ehdi Ida cua
nhflng t r a n g hoa ngoc gkn t r e n cac vfldng
mien cua cac vua tfl k h a p bdn phUdng Ngai la ngfldi t i n h thdng vd nghe, riic rd vinh q u a n g , ludn h o a t dgng vi ngfldi khac, dflde trdi phfl cho sfle manh "
Sau khi ngUdi a n h mat, ngUdi con thfl hai cua Y a s o v a r m a n I len ngdi vdi vUdng hieu la I s a n a v a r m a n II C h u n g ta khdng biet gi ve thdi tri vi ciia vi vua nay, chi biet r a n g dng duOc m a n g ten thuy la
P a r a m a r u d r a l o k a va tri vi vao n a m 925 The n h u n g , ngay tfl n a m 9 2 1 , mgt ngUdi cau cua ong da, n h u ldi mgt bia ky, "di khdi Y a s o d h a r a p u r a de den tri vi d Chok
G a r g y a r (vung Koh Ker), dem theo minh pho tUdng T h a n - Vua Cac n h a nghien cuu cho r a n g , dfldng n h u da cd sii tiem ngdi cua dng cau nay, ngUdi da tri vi dudi cai ten J a y a v a r m a n IV Mdt bia ky sau nay cho biet, dng len ngdi vao n a m 928, cd the cflng la n a m n h a vua I s a n a v a r m a n II chet nhd dd ma ngfldi cau mdi dUdc coi la nha vua hdp p h a p
Cho den nay, c h u n g ta h a u n h u khdng biet gi ve gia tdc cua J a y a v a r m a n IV Bia
ky Baksei C h a m k r o n g cho biet, vd cua dng
la em gai Y a s o v a r m a n I Bia cua Pre Rup cho biet t h e m ve ten cua ba la Jayadevi Bia P r a s a t D a m r e i ndi r a n g , vua
J a y a v a r m a n IV cd ngUdi a n h t r a i "cflng mgt me sinh ra" t e n la R a j e n d r a v a r m a n
Do vay, J a y a v a r m a n IV ro r a n g la ke cfldp ngdi Vi la chdng em gai Y a s o v a r m a n I, cho nen, cd the, ngfldi cau da cd mdt vai trd nha't dinh trong thdi gian hai ngUdi chau tri vi Va, khi hai ngUdi chau ma't di, dng cau da cd day du mgi cd sd de len ngdi tri vi mgt each hdp p h a p
Do tri vi d Chok Gargyar, nen cac bia
Trang 1020 Ni^hien edit Dong Nam A 7/2009
ky ciia J a y a v a r m a n IV deu ditgc tim t h a y
d day Cac bia ky cho biet, ngdi den thd
cua dd t h a n h nay dUg'c xay dflng vao
k h o a n g cac n a m tfl 921 ddn 937 va nhieu
do tien cung da dugc d a n g cho ngdi den
vao cac n a m lfl 928 den 932 Mdt sd'bia ky
c6 nien dai n a m 921 d P r a s a t Thom (Koh
Ker) cho biet ve viec J a y a v a r m a n IV diing
t h a n T r i b h u v a n e s v a r a Cac bia ky da ca
ngdi ngdi den Devaraja ciia J a y a v a r m a n
IV d P r a s a t Thom Ngoai ra cflng cac bia
ky cho biet J a y a v a r m a n IV cdn cho diing
n h i e u den thd khac, nhit den P r a s a t
K r a c h a p thd T r i b h u v a n a d e v a vao n a m
928; den P r a s a t K r a v a n , den Chong Ang
Nhu'ng cdng trinh do J a y a v a r m a n IV
xay difng len da tao t h a n h c;i mgt phong
each nghe t h u a t va kien true: phong each
Koh Ker (lay ten ngdi den nui P r a s a t
Thom, tuc Koh Ker) Cac ngdi den d Chok
G a r g y a r da d a n h tlau mgt sit phat trien
liej) ciia linh t h a n kien t n i c Angkor,
nhu'ng vdi nhflng di biel dia iihifdng Gach
van la nguyen lieu chinii, niufng da va dac
biet la sa t h a c h da dugc dflng nhieu Cac
ngdi den kieu vuong t h u d n g cd dudng cat
hinh rang: cdn kieu kien true hinh chfl
nhat ihitdng d a n h cho cac t h a n h thit
Kieu den hinh kim t h a p da.]i cao, vdn da
x u a t h i e n d M a h a d r a p a r v a t a , thi d
Gargyar da la ca mgt hinh kim t h a p co
chieu cao cao hOn va thon t h a hdn so vdi d
thdi ky IrUdc Viec sU d u n g cac vdng tudng
bao ddng t a m cd cac ihaji cong Gopura,
vdn rat ndi bat d H a r i h a r a l a y a , thi da
dugc ddi mdi 0 P r a s a t Thom b a n g viec
xuat hien mdt s d d e n thd ben canh, nhiing
chua gan ket vdi khdi kim t h a p dap cao
Trong khi do lhi nghe t h u a t dieu khac
tugng trdn v a n cdn theo t r u y e n thdng cu cua phong each B a k h e n g
J a y a v a r m a n IV m a t n a m 941 va dudc
n h a n ten t h u y la P a r a m a s i v a p a d a Con trai dng la H a r s h a v a r m a n II len ke vi va van tiep tuc tri \ i d Chok G a r g y a r The nhiing vi t a n vudng lai chi tai vi dugc chflng hai hoac ba n a m N a m 944 mdt ngudi a n h hg ten la R a j e n d r a v a r i n a n II len ngdi vua Cac tai lieu bia ky cho biet
mot ngiidi em gai k h a c cua Y a s o v a r m a n 1
la M a h e n d r a d e v i , chi cua J a y a d e v i , da lay mdt dng M a h e n d r a v a r m a n nao dd Tfl cudc hdn phd'i n a y da sinh ra ngUdi con trai ldn ten la R a j e n d r a v a r m a n
Ngay s a u khi len ngdi,
R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II da ddi dd trd ve lai
Y a s o d h a r a p u r a va rUdc tfldng T h a n Vua
ve dd Mdt trong nhflng bia ky (bia Baksei Chamkrong) da ca ngdi vi vua mdi: "Anh ciia ngai (tflc H a r s h a v a r m a n II), ngud'i anh ldn hdn ve tudi va ve dfle h a n h la dfle vua Sri R a j e n d r a v a r m a n ( R a j e n d r a v a r m a n I I - 9 4 4 - 968), ngfldi
viidt hdn ta't ca cac vua khac bdi uy liic vUdng gia va ngudi m a t h e gidi ngdi ca
p h a m h a n h nay sinh Do ngai ren luyen
ma cdng ly cd a n h hao q u a n g cua lUa, thflc hien dflde viec dieu hoa t h e gidi; sd'ng trong mgt d a n g ca'p cao quy Ngai coi thiidng uy Iflc ciia cac vua Ve dep h a p dan ciia Ngai, ngay tfl khi mdi Igt long da lam vui thich h a n g ngin con mat, khdng trfl mgt ai, da ha t h a p ve dep cua t h a n ai Tinh,
vi t h a n da tfl lau gay nen sU gian dfl cua vi
t h a n cd ba con m a t (Siva) Dudc tudi bdi lan sdng cac vat cung t a n g , gdm cd nhieu voi va nhieu ciia cai, dflde lam tUdi m a t bdi