cao ket hgp vdi viec cai tien ky nang quan ly tren dong rudng ciia minh. Hau bet ndng dan cac nude Dong Nam A da hpc dugc ky nang gieo hat, cay trdng den ky nang quan ly tudi tieu. H[r]
Trang 1CACH MANG XANH:
THANH CONG Q CHAU A, TAI SAO KHONG Q CHAU PHI ?
Do Due Dinh* Iran Thi Lan Huang**
Cach mang Xanh lan dau tien dugc
thuc hien d mot sd qudc gia dang
phat trien chau A, sau dd nhan rdng
ra Nam My trong thap ky 1960, dem lai mot
md hinh phat trien ndng nghiep mdi ap dung
nhiing phuang phap ky thuat trgn gdi lien quan
den sir dung cac yeu td dau vao cho ndng
nghiep nhu phan bdn, hat gidng, may mdc, he
thdng tudi tieu khien san lugng luang thuc
tang len lien tuc, dac biet la liia gao va lua mi
Nhirng sang kien ve cuge Cach mang Xanh
sau dd dugc ap dung tai mot sd vimg ciia chau
Phi, nhung khdng dem lai ket qua nhu d chau
A va My Latinh Cd rat nhieu ly do khac nhau
khien Cach mang Xanh khdng dien ra tren
dien rdng d chau Phi tai thdi diem cac nude
chau A va My Latinh thu dugc thanh cdng
trong san xuat luang thuc, khien chau Phi
ngay cang lam vao tinh trang thieu ddi luang
thuc trien mien Cau hdi dat ra la: Ly do nao
khien cac nude chau Phi khdng thanh cdng khi
thuc hien Cach mang Xanh? Trong thdi gian
Pho giao su, Tien sT, Vien truong, Vien Nghien ciiu
Chau Phi va Truns Don?
Thae sT, Vien Nghien cuu Chau Phi va Truno Don"
gan day, trudc nhiing cuge xung dot lien quan den luang thirc xay ra tai mot loat nude chau Phi nhu Ai Cap, Cameroon, Cdte dTvoice, Senegan, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, the gidi lai mot lan nira ban ve kha nang thuc hien mot cupc Cach mang Xanh mdi nham dem lai sire sdng mdi cho nen ndng nghiep chau Phi De Cach mang Xanh thuc sir dem lai hieu qua cho chau Phi, viec hgc hdi kinh nghiem ciia cac nude ngoai chau Phi la rat can thiet nhat la cac nude chau A
1 Cach mang Xanh d chau A: thanh tir'u va nhu'ng van de dat ra Cho den nay, chau A dugc danh gia la vua liia cua the gidi mot phan la nhd thuc hien thanh cdng Cach mang Xanh Nhieu chuyen gia nghien cim va quan chirc chinh phii tren the gidi da cho rang neu thieu cuge Cach mang Xanh trong thap ky I960 va 1970, chau A co the van phai ddi mat vdi ddi ngheo va lac hau nhu chau Phi bay gid Trirdc thdi gian thuc hien Cach mang Xanh (1956-1965), san lugng liia gao trung binh d chau A chi dat khoang 1,9 tan/ha Ngirdi dan chau A liic dd chii yeu chi gieo trdng luang thuc mot vu vao miia mua
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU P H I & TKUXG DOXG so 10 (50) t h a n g 10/2009
Trang 2Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Oinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng
Khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh, sd vu trong
nam tang len, nang suat lua gao ciing tang len
dat 5 tan/ha Nhd cd viec ap dung cac gidng
liia mdi, cai thien he thdng tudi tieu, ngudi dan
chau A da cd the gieo trdng, canh tac ca trong
miia khd Nhd nhirng thay ddi dd, san lugng
luang thuc tren dau ngudi thuc te da tang gap
ddi, gap ba Ddi sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan
ngay cang dugc cai thien
Ba yeu td chii yeu lam nen cuge Cach mang
Xanh chau A lan thir nhat trong giai doan
1960-1990 la: +) Md rdng dien tich dk canh
tac bang viec xay dimg va cai thien he thdng
tudi tieu; +) Sir dung phan bdn va hat gidng
mdi de tang nang suat cay trdng; +) Nha nude
dong vai trd chii dao trong viec hoach dinh cac
chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep
Cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dem
lai thanh cdng cho nhieu nude chau A tren hai
phuong dien chinh: Thic nhat, do ap dung
thanh cdng cdng nghe hien dai ve phan bdn va
hat giong, cung cap day dii lugng nude tudi
tieu nhd xay dung he thdng dap, muong mang,
kenh ngdi, nen san lugng luang thuc d cac
nude chau A' da tang tir 80-100% Tai An Do,
nhd thuc hien Cach mang Xanh dien tich dat
canh tac da tang tir 1,9 trieu ha nam 1960 len
15,5 trieu ha nam 1970, rdi 43 trieu ha nam
1980, va 64 trieu ha nam 1990 San lugng
luong thuc tang tir 82 trieu tan nam 1960 len
108,4 trieu tan nam 1970), rdi 129,6 trieu tSn
nam 1980, va 176,4 trieu tan nam 1990l Cuge
Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dua An Do
trd thanh mot trong nhirng nude san xuat ndng
nghiep ldn nhat tren the gidi trong thdi ky nay
ma khdng mot qudc gia nao thirc hien Cach
mang Xanh cd the dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng
nhu vay Tir mot nude ludn thieu thdn luang
thuc, An Dp trd thanh nude xuat khau luong
thuc trong thdi ky nay Ciing vdi An Dp
ngudi ndng dan d nhieu nude chau A khac
cung dugc hudng nhung vu miia cho nang suat
cao ket hgp vdi viec cai tien ky nang quan ly tren dong rudng ciia minh Hau bet ndng dan cac nude Dong Nam A da hpc dugc ky nang gieo hat, cay trdng den ky nang quan ly tudi tieu Hg ciing hgc dugc each tir cai tien hat gidng sao cho hieu qua ban tren ddng rudng ciia minh Vi vay, nang suat lao ddng va san
lugng cay trdng tang rat cao Thic hai Cach
mang Xanh dem den mot xa hdi hoan loan kliac cho hau bet cac lang mac viing ndng thon Ngudi dan da chuyen tir phuong phap canh tac truyen thdng sang phuang phap canh tac hien dai Cupc Cach mang Xanh la nguyen nhan thiic day cai each rudng dat dem lai quyen sd hiru dat dai cho mpi ngudi dan nang cao thu nhap, giam ngheo, lam tha\' ddi bd mat ndng thdn Hon nira cupc Cach mang Xanh da dem lai nliihig tac ddng kinh te rat kha quan
Do Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai cd nhieu nude tudi tieu nhieu phan bdn boa chat, cho nen da keo theo nhu cau xay dirng nhieu con dap mdi, phat trien he thdng thuy dien, lam biing nd mpl sd nganh cdng nghiep dia phuong tao ca hdi phat trien viec lam nang cao thu nhap va cai thien ddi sdng ciia ndng dan, gdp phan tang nhanh tdc dp tang truong GDP Cung nhd Cach mang Xanh, An Dp da tra dugc nhiing khoan ng tir Ngan hang The gidi Tuy nhien, Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat a
chau A da vap phai mot sd van de Thir nhat,
Cach mang Xanh a chau A thanh cdng la nhd vao viec sir dung nhieu phan bdn va chi dugc
ap dung trong nhiing viing dat dugc tudi tieu day dii, do vay chi cd the ap dung ddi vdi cac loai cay trdng nhu lua gao va liia mi Khi nude tudi tieu khdng day dii nhiing thanh qua cua cuge Cach mang Xanh bi anh hudng nghiem trgng Tai An Do cuge Cach mang Xanh da khdng dem lai nhirng thanh cdng lau dai Trong giai doan 1979-1987 An Dp phai hiing chiu nhirng dgl han ban ga>- gat thach ihirc nhirng thanh qua lau dai cua cuge Cach mang
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TKUXG »6XG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009- 31
Trang 3Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh
Xanh Nam 1998, An Do da phai nliap khiu
luang thirc Mot vai nam sau dd An Do phai
nhap khSu dudng Tai Indonesia, san lugng
luang thuc chi tang nhanh dat mirc 3,52%/naiii
trong giai doan 10 nam tir 1979 den 1989, sau
dd giam cdn 1,04%/nam trong nhung nam tiep
theo\ Ngu nhu trong thap ky 1980, Indonesia
cam kit vdi Td chirc Ndng luang Lien hiep
qudc (FAO) la da dam bao tu tuc luang thuc
trong nude, thi tir nam 1994 Indonesia da lam
vao tinh trang phai nhap khau luang thuc Nhu
vay, Cach mang Xanh d chau A do khdng ap
dung dugc tren nhiing vimg dat khd can va
khdng ap dung cho nhieu loai cay trdng khac
nhau nen da khdng ben viing Thic hai, Cach
mang Xanh lan thii nhat d chau A da tieu tdn
mot khoan chi phi rat ldn do sir dung nhieu
phan bdn va hoa chat khac cho ndng nghiep
Tai Indonesia, lugng phan bdn sii' diing cho
cay liia da tang tir 25 kg/ha len 150 kg/ha trong
giai doan 1975-1990 Tai Thai Lan, san lugng
luang thuc tang khoang 6,5%, trong khi dd
lugng phan bdn sir dung tang khoang 24%, tdc
do tang nhanh ban gan 6 lan; va lugng thude
trir sau tang tdi 53%, gap gan 10 lan Sir dung
nhieu boa chat trong ndng nghiep khdng chi
khien chi phi san xuat ddi len cao, ma cdn gay
tdn hai sire khoe ciia ngudi dan va tac ddng
xau den mdi trudng Thic ba md hinh Cach
mang Xanh lan thu nhat d chau A thanh cdng
nhd vao su can thiep manh me ciia chinh phii
dudi hinh thirc trg cap phan bdn va thude trii'
sau, xay dirng ca sd ha tang, hd trg tin dung,
thu mua luong thuc, cai each rudng dat, dau tu
cho nghien ciru ndng nghiep, ban hanh he
thdng chinh sach vT md phii hgp do vay, d
nhirng nude khdng cd chinh phii dii nang luc
hoac he thdng chinh sach ndng nghiep khdng
toan dien, thi Cach mang Xanh khdng the
thanh cdng lau dai
Trong mot vai nam gan day, nhieu nude
chau A dang cd y dinh thirc hien cupc Cach
mang Xanh lan thu hai nham khac phuc nhimg nhugc di£m cua Cach mang Xanh lan thu nhat Chang han tai An Do, muc tieu ciia cuge Cach
mang Xanh \k\ thir hai la nham tang san lugng
luang thuc len 400 trieu tan vao nam 2020 so vdi mirc 214 trieu tan ciia nam 2006-2007 De thuc hien muc tieu dd, tdc do tang trudng san
\v\k ndng nghiep phai dat trung binh
5-6%/nam N§ii nhu Cach mang Xanh lan thii nhat dua chii yeu vao sir san cd ve hat giong dien, nude, cai each dat dai phan bdn thi cupc Cach mang Xanh lan hai d chau A se dira chu
yku vao viec ap diing cdng nghe gen hien dai,
\ky khu vuc tu nhan lam ddng lire chinh, md
rdng thi trudng ndng san va da dang hoa cac loai cay trdng ; ,,,,,,;; , , , j ; ;<fj-^ /,-j;
2 Cach mang Xanh va khung hoang lu'c^ng thu'c d chau Phi
* Cach mang Xanh ldn thic nhat khdng cicu
ddi ndi chau Phi!
Trong giai doan 1960-1990, da cd 3 loai sang kien khac nhau dugc ap dung tai chau Phi khien ngudi ta lien tudng Cach mang Xanh da tirng xay ra tai chau Phi Dd la cac sang kien: 1) Cai tien cdng nghe thdng qua cac chuang trinh nghien cim thir nghiem cdng nghe ddi vdi mot sd loai liia gao ngd va ngu cdc khac d Tay Phi; 2) Cac du an cai tien tudi tieu tren ddng rudng cac nude chau Phi thupc luu virc sdng Nile (Ai Cap, Sudan), sdng Tana (Kenya), lim vuc sdng Niger (Nigeria); 3) Chuang trinh ap dung cdng nghe tien tien trong phat trien cay ngu cdc thupc cac du an nghien ciru qudc gia va qudc te ve nong nghiep, ap dung cho Cdte dT voice Uganda, Kenya, Zimbabwe Tuy nhien, cac sang kien tren dudng nhu khdng dem lai hieu qua cho phat trien ndng nghiep d chau Phi Trong giai
doan 1980-1995, san xuk luang thuc binh
quan dau ngudi d chau A tang 27%/nani My Latinh tang 12%/nani, thi d chau Phi san xuat
Tap chi nghien cuu CII.AU PHI & TKUXG OO.XG s6 10 (50) thang 10/2009
Trang 4Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan HUOng
luong thuc binh quan dau ngudi giam
8%/nam Chau Phi la chau luc duy nhat tren
the gidi cd san xuat luang thuc binh quan dau
ngudi lien tuc giam trong hon 40 nam qua
Tuy ndng nghiep dugc coi la xuang sdng ciia
nen kinh te, chiem 17% GDP va 11 % kim
ngach xuat khau cua chau Phi nhung nang
suat lao ddng ndng nghiep giam lien tuc a
chau Phi va nen ndng nghiep dugc dac trung
bdi cac yeu td thieu vdn, khdng cd tinh canh
tranh va boat ddng khdng hieu qua Theo danh
gia ciia FAO nam 2005, tai chau Phi, ty le dat
ndng nghiep cd the tudi lieu dugc la 7% (mirc
binh quan ciia the gidi la 20%), san lugng ngu
cdc san xuat tren dau ngudi la 147 kg/nam (the
gidi 349 kg/nam), nang suat ngu cdc dat 1225
kg/ha (the gidi 2067 kg/ha), san lugng gia sue
la 164 kg/ha (the gidi 193 kg/ha), mirc do sir
dung phan bdn la 22 kg/ha (the gidi 100
kg/ha) Tai vimg chau Phi can Sahara, nhirng
con sd nay cdn thap ban nhieu: ty le tudi lieu
3,8% san lugng ngu cdc san xuat tren dau
ngudi 128 kg/nam, nang suat ngu cdc 986
kg/ha, san lugng gia sue 128 kg/ha, miic do sir
dung phan bdn 9 kg/ha Chau Phi chi chiem cd
9% ngudn nude sach tren the gidi trong khi ty
le dan sd chiem \2% va cd tdi 2/3 cac qudc gia
chau Phi phat trien dudi tiem nang ciia minh d
mirc 20% do thieu nude Vi vay, mac dii la
chau luc cd dat dai rdng ldn, ngudn Igi tir rirng
va chim mudng hoang da giau cd, nhung chau
Phi van tiep tuc la chau luc phat trien lac hau,
ngheo nan, khdng dii kha nang de cung cap
luong thuc cho ngirdi dan ciia hg
San xuat ndng nghiep dinh ddn khien mat
an ninh luang thuc va tinh trang suy dinh
dudng gia tang Hien nay cd tdi mot nira dan
so chau Phi sdng dudi mirc 1 USD/ngay va
khoang hon 200 trieu ngudi trong tdng sd ban
840 trieu dan chau Phi dang bi thieu an do san
lugng luang thuc tai 31 qudc gia giam Yeu to
dja ly va su phai trien manh niiui ciia ndng nghiep la nipt trong nhiing ngu>en nhan gay ddi ngheo va mat an ninh luang thuc d chau Phi Vdi dac diem phan ldn cac nude chau Phi nam sau trong luc dia giao thdng kem phat trien khi hau khac nghiet dat dai sa mac boa chau Phi rat kho co the phat trien nong nghiep
va dam bao an ninh luang thuc cho ngudi dan
La mot chau liic song nhd vao ndng nghiep nhung hang nam chau Phi phai tiep nhan vien trg luang thuc khan cap de dap irng nhu cau luang thuc cho khoang 38 trieu ngudi Vien trg chinh thirc ciia the gidi danh rieng de ciru ddi cho ngudi dan chau Phi trudc miia thu hoach mdi nam len den den 1.4 ly USD Khiing hoang luong thirc lan ra loan liic dja chau Phi nang nhat la d cac viing mien Nam chau Phi vimg Simg chau Phi, vimg Hd ldn va vimg Tay Phi Trong nhung nam gan da\ thieu thdn luang thirc da khien cac nude nhu Malawi Zimabwe, Zambia, Lesotho Swaziland, Mozambique Eritrea Ethiopia Angdla Sudan phai cdng bd dd la van nan qudc gia va keu ggi ciru trg luong thirc khan cap ciia the gidi Tir mot khu vuc chuyen xual khau hang boa nong nghiep trong thap ky 1960-1970, chau Phi da trd thanh mpl chau luc phii thupc vao nhap khau luong thuc lir ben ngoai va mat an ninh luang thuc hien dang tac dong true tiep tdi 28% dan sd chau Phi Trong
sd 38 trieu ngudi dan can ciru trg khan cap luong thirc nam 2003, co tdi 24.000 ngudi bi diet ddi mdi ngay Nan doi lan rdng a chau Phi khien the gidi dua ra nhirng danh gia bi quan ve kha nang chau Phi tu ciru minh bang con dudng phat trien ndng nghiep Vdi tdc dp tang truang dan sd nhu hien nay den nam
2015 chau Phi chi cd kha nang cung cap luang thirc cho dudi 50% dan sd cua minh Trong \'ai nam gan day, 25% luong thirc ciia chau Phi phai nhap khau
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TKUXG HOXG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009_ 33
Trang 5Do Oifc Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh
Nguyen nhan ldn nhat ddi vdi tinh trang
thilu ddi luong thuc d chau Phi la do ndng
nghiep khdng phat trien, dac biet la sir that bai
ciia cuge Cach mang Xanh Den lugt nd, cupc
Cach mang Xanh that bai d chau Phi la do
bang loat nhirng yeu td khac nhau tac ddng
Thic nhdt dat dai ndng nghiep ciia chau Phi
khdng de dang gi cho viec ap dung md hinh
Cach mang Xanh kieu chau A, nai cd Igi the
ve mot he thdng dat dai san xuat lua gao tuong
ddi thuan nhat va phi nhieu, thich hgp cho viec
gieo trong cac loai gidng va ap dung cac loai
cong nghe, phan bdn, thude trir sau kha gidng
nhau trong khi d chau Phi dat dai ndng nghiep
mang tinh da dang hon va phirc tap ban Cuge
Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai dugc ap dung
tren quy md dat dai rdng ldn, trai vdi thdi quen
san xuat tieu ndng lac hau ciia da sd ndng dan
chau Phi canh tac tren nhiing manh dat rat nhd,
tu khai thae dat hoang thdng qua viec ddt rimg
lam nuong ray trong khoang tir 2 den 4 nam,
sau dd khi dat bac mau thi lai bd di tim nhirng
manh dat khac Phuang phap canh tac kieu nay
thudng thay d nhirng viing cd mat do dan cu
thua thdt, rat khd ap dung cac ky thuat ciia
Cach mang Xanh
Nguyen nhan thic hai la cac nude chau Phi
da sai lam khi quy hoach he thdng dat dai ndng
nghiep truyen thdng ciia minli Tdng dien tich
dat dai cua chau Phi can Sahara la khoang
2.455 trieu ha, trong dd cd 4 1 % dat dai dugc
phan loai la dat ndng nghiep Tuy nhien khu
vuc nay chiu tac ddng rat khac nghiet ciia dieu
kien thdi tiet Nhirng viing dat sa mac khd can
chiem tdi 46,2% tdng dien tich dat dai cua
chau Phi, trong khi nhirng viing dat nira khd
can chiem 8,1%), nhirng vimg dat cd do am udt
thap chiem 11%, nhirng viing dat cd do am
trung binh chiem 20,4% va nhirng viing dat am
udt cao chiem 14,3% Sir da dang ve he sinh
thai da dan den he qua la tiem nang phat trien
ndng nghiep ciia cac vimg dia ly ciia chau Phi
r4t khac nhau, he thdng ndng trai cung rat da dang tuy theo tirng khu vuc Ngudi dan chau Phi phai canli tac nhieu vu miia va nhieu loai cay trdng khac nhau tren cimg mot manh rudng ciia minh chir khdng chi canh tac thuan tuy 2-3 vu liia nhu dat dai chau A Do vay, ap dung nhirng ky thuat canh tac bien dai nhu d chau A tren cac manh dat chau Phi to ra khdng phu hgp
Thic ba, chinh phii va ngirdi ndng dan chau
Phi hau nhu chua thirc sir nhan thirc dugc tam quan trpng cua klioa hpc va cdng nghe trong viec phat trien nen ndng nghiep hien dai Nhieu nude khdng dii nang lire de xay dung he thdng nghien ciiu qudc gia ve phat trien ndng nghiep Tai mot sd nude nhu Kenya Malawi Uganda, Senegan ngudn luc nghien ciru khdng dii dap img cac chuang trinh cai tao gidng cay trdng va vat nudi Cho dii cac nha tai trg qudc te da rat cd gang giiip chau Phi nang cao nang luc nghien cim ndng nghiep, nhirng nhung ket qua nghien ciru vii'a it, lai khdng dugc ap dimg rdng rai \'ao san xuat ndng nghiep Ndi each khac, cupc Cach mang Xanh da klidng dugc ap dung thanh cdng d chau Phi, khdng giiip chau Phi giai quyet dugc van de an ninli luang thirc, cuoi cimg nd hau nhu da bi quen lang, chang cdn may ai nbac tdi nd nira!
* Cach mang Xanh ldn thic hai lieu cd cicu ddi duac chau Phi?
Tinh hinh phat trien ndng nghiep dinh tre
va nan ddi lan rdng d chau Phi budc chinh phii cac nude, cac nha khoa hgc, cac td chirc qudc
te phai nghien ciru, nham tim ra nguyen nhan
va giai phap khac phuc Trong thap ky 1980,
cd rat nhieu giai phap dugc de ra nhan manh den viec ap dung cdng nghe tien tien trong ndng nghiep Thang 12 nam 2002 mot hdi nghi qudc te td chiic tai Abuja (Nigeria) da ban
ve an ninh luang thuc a chau Phi Hdi nghi
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TKUXG UOXG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009
Trang 6Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng
nay cd su tham du cua Td chirc Ndng nghiep
va Luang thuc The gidi (FAO), Ngan hang
Phat tri^n Chau Phi (Aft)B) Ban diSu hanh
cua Chuong trinh Ddi tac mdi vi sir phat trien
chau Phi (NEPAD) Ke hoach hanh ddng cua
Hdi nghi la nham tim giai phap khac phuc
khung hoang luang thuc cho chau Phi Tuy
nhien cac giai phap de ra tir hdi nghi hau nhu
chua dugc trien khai va dua vao eugc sdng
thuc tien do dd chua mang lai hieu qua Tinh
trang mat an ninh luang thuc van dien ra ngay
cang tram trgng d chau Phi ., , •
Ngay 12 thang 9 nam 2006 Quy
Rockefeller va Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation da dua ra mot chien luge vdi ten
gpi Lien minh vi Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi
(AGRA), theo dd cam kit chi 150 ty USD ban
dau de chuyen giao cdng nghe trpn gdi cho
viec cai lien va chpn gidng hat cay trdng, cai
thien chat lugng phan bdn quan ly ngudn
nude, cung cap cac dich vu ndng nghiep cho
chau Phi Miic tieu ciia AGRA la phat trien
100 loai gidng mdi trong vdng 5 nam tai it
nhat 10 miia vu khac nhau, bao gdm ngd, san
lua mien va ke Thdng qua AGRA, 70 td chirc
til' 12 qudc gia chau Phi da giiip chau Phi
chuyen hudng phat trien nen ndng nghiep cua
minh sang he thdng phat trien ndng nghiep ddc
gidng lai ghep Cuge Cach mang Xanh lan nay li>' vgng se tim ra each thu'c rieng de giai quyet nan ddi a chau Phi Cac chuang trinh cua AGRA deu do Chuong trinh Cach mang Xanh
d chau Phi (ProGRA) quan ly \di long sd \dn trg cap hang nam la 30 trieu USD cho cac nude chpn Ipc a Ddng Phi Nam Phi \a Ta\ Phi Sang kien dau lien cua ProGRA la Chuang trinh phat trien hat gidng chau Phi (PASS) dugc ap dung cho 20 nude chau Phi tri gia 150 trieu USD, dir kien thuc hien trong
5 nam (trong dd 50 trieu USD la lir Quy Rockefeller \'a 100 trieu USD lir Quy Gales)
3 Chau Phi can lam gi de thu'c hien thanh cong Cach mang Xanh
So vdi chau A, rd rang chau Phi da that bai trong viec thuc hien Cach mang Xanh, nhirng nhu the khdng cd ngliTa la trong tuang lai chau Phi khdng the khdng thuc hien Cach mang Xanh Tuy nhien, mudn Cach mang Xanh thanh cdng d chau Phi ihi dieu quan Irpng trudc bet la can co sir so saiih va nhan thirc rd rang ve nhimg thuan Igi, klid khan cua chau Phi
so vdi chau A ve cac yeu td ca ban dam bao cho Cach mang Xanh dugc thuc hien ihang Igi nhu ngudn nhan lire, phuang thirc canh lac, he thdng dat dai, ngudn nude de tir dd xac djnh
rd nhirng viec can lam ciia chau Phi
lap dua vao boa chat dac biet, ddc canh hat
Bang 1: Sy khac nhau giua chau A va chau Phi ve he sinh thai trong san xuat lua gao
He sinh thai chu yeu cho
nhung viing san xuat liia gao
Dat dugc tudi tieu
Dal cao phu thupc vao lugng
mua tu nhien
Dat thap phu thugc vao lugng
mua tu nhien
Dat ngap nude
Tdng
Ch
% dien tich
55
7
26
12
100
au A San lugng (tan/ha) 5,5 1,5 2,2 2,0 3,95
% dien I
12
44
31
13
100
Chau Phi
ch San lugng
(tSn/ha) 5,5
.1 ''5
2,2 2,0
1 2,26 i
Nguon: Mahabub Hossain International Rice Research Instiiule (IRRIj, 2002
:;l''
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TKUXG f»dXG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009- ^
Trang 7Do Dire Dinh-Tran Tbj Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh
Bang 2: Sy khac nhau giira chau A va chau Phi ve cac yeu to dau vao trong nong nghiep
Cac yeu to , :
Dien tich dat dugc tudi tieu (%)
Chi tieu cho ndng nghiep (ty USD, 2005)
Ty le sir dung phan bdn trong ndng nghiep (kg,^a)
Chi phi van chuySn 1 tin phan bdn/1000km (2005, USD)
Mat do dudng xa (km dudng/dien tich be mat, 1999)
Chau A
40
201.63 100-200
30 (An Do) : 0,72
Chau Phi can Xabara 3,8 8,67 9-10
100
0,13
Ngudn: ReSAKSS Working Paper No 28 4 2009:
Nhiing sd lieu trong bang 1 va bang 2 cho
tha)-, so \di chau A, dieu kien ban dau de chau
Phi thuc hien each mang Xanh la tuang ddi
khac, ca ve he sinh thai trong phat trien lua
nude, dien tich dat dai duac tudi tieu, ca sa ha
tang, mat dp dudng xa, ty le su dung phan bdn
chi lieu cho ndng nghiep Nhiing khac biet
nay khien \iec thuc hien Cach mang Xanh d
chau Phi tra nen khd khan ban so \ d i chau A
Chau Phi co the tham khao kinh nghiem thuc
hien Cach mang Xanh trudc day d chau A,
nhung cai cot loi la phai tim ra dugc giai phap
hieu qua cho rieng minh
Tir tbirc te Cach mang Xanh chau A ngudi
ta nhan thay cd 5 kinh nghiem ndi bat sau day cd
the tham khao \ a ung dung thanh cdng khi trien
khai thuc hien Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi:
a Phdt trien he thong tudi tieu: Cach mang
Xanh chau A cd dugc sir thanh cdng nhu hdm
na)' trudc bet la do da ma rdng dugc dien tich
tudi tieu thong qua \iec xa\- dung \ a hien dai
hda he thdng kenh ngdi muong mang, dap
thuy Igi nhd dd tir canh tac 1 \ u \ a dua chii
>eu \ao lugng mua lu nhien ndng nghiep
chau A da tang len 2-3 \ u cimg vdi dien tich
dat canh tac dugc md rpng dang ke Da\- la yeu
td rat dang de chau Phi coi trpng Hien naN
gan 90% dien tich canh tac ndng nghiep cua
chau Phi phu thupc \ao lugng mua tu nhien
Du linh den nam 2025 dien tich dk canh tac
dua \ao lugng mua tu nhien \an du\- tri d mire
F.AOST.4T~2002, 2005: World Bank 2005 2006
88% Nam 1995 lugng luong thuc chau Phi san xuat dugc dua tren dien tich dat phu thugc
\ao lugng mua tu allien chiem tdi 75% tdng san lugng luong thuc ma chau Phi san xuat; du bao den nam 2025 t>' le dd hau nhu \ an khdng thay ddi Nhu vay, cd the thay tiem nang dat dai canh tac cua chau Phi cdn rat ldn nhung chua dugc ban ta\ con ngudi khai thae thdng qua tliu}' Igi hoa kenh muong dien khi boa ndng thdn \"a ap dung nliirng cdng nghe tudi tieu, khai hoang dat dai hieu qua
b Tdng luang phdn bdn, thude trie sdu su dung tren moi dan vi dien tich ddt canh tdc:
Khdng a dau khac ngoai chau Phi, do mau md cua dat dai lai kem nhu vay Chi cd khoang 6% dat dai chau Phi dugc danh gia la cd dp mau md cao, cd tiem nang phat trien ndng nghiep tot So \'di dat dai cua khu vuc Bac
My, chau Au \ a chau A, thi hau hk dk dai cua
chau Phi deu cd ham lugng nita thSp thiSu hut cac chat dinh dudng can thiet nhSt nhu phdt pho luu buynb magie kem Phin ldn dat dai chau Phi deu cd tang mat dat rat ndng khdng
cd kha nang trir nude va tich tu ch^t dinh dudng cho cay trdng ndng do acid cao trong khi ham lugng chat buai ca rit th4p Chinh \ i the tiem nang phat trien ndng nghiep ciia chau Phi khdng cao nhu cac chau luc khac Trudc thirc te dan sd tang cao dat trdng trgt khan hiem tinh trang bo dat hoang khdng canh lac
a chau Phi nga) cang tra nen nghiem trpng Dieu do ddi hdi chinh phu cd sir dau tu ldn de
36 ^ Tap chi nghien ciru CH.AU PHI & TRU^G OOXG s6 10 (50) thang 10/2009
Trang 8Cach mang Xanh 06 Dire Dinh-Tran Tbj Lan Hu'dng
tang do mau md cho dat Bai hgc tir chau A
cho thay phan bdn thude trir sau la mot trong
nhiing yeu td ca ban dan den thanh cdng ciia
cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat, tuy nhien
ddng thdi cung can cd su han che d mirc dp
can thiet de tranh nhirng tac ddng tieu cue tir
viec su dung qua nhieu phan bdn, thude trir
sau, dam bao sir ben virng ciia mdi trudng
ciing nhu siic khoe cua con ngudi
c Cdi tao vd sic dung cdc loai gidng mai
cho sdn luang vd ndng sudt cao han Hau bet
cac loai gidng cay trdng, vat nudi hien nay cua
chau Phi deu cd siic chiu dimg tdt vdi dieu
kien thdi tiet, khi hau khac nghiet ciia chau
Phi, nhung san lugng va nang suat rat thap
Tinh trang nay da timg dien ra d chau A trudc
khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh, nhung chau A
da khac phuc dugc han che nay nhd cai tao cac
loai gidng cay trdng, vat nudi Chau Phi ngay
nay ciing cd the ap dung giai phap nay, dua
cac loai gidng mdi vao de thuan hda, hoac lai
tao vdi cac loai gidng tdt ciia chau Phi de tao
ra giong vira cho nang xuat cao, vira thich nghi
tot vdi dieu kien chau Phi
d Ben canh nhiing yeu td tir nhien - ky
thuat nhu nude, phan bdn thude trii' sau, gidng
cay trdng, vat nudi, Cach mang Xanh cdn ddi
hoi phdt trien ndng nghiep - ndng thdn mot
cdch todn dien tren cdc mat tic kinh te den vdn
hda, xd hoi, gido due, dai sdng, bao gdm cdc
loai chinh sdch, bien phap nhu xay dung cdc
td ddi cdng, hap tdc xd, cdc hdi ndng ddn
thanh nien, phu nic, cue ca sa khuyen ndng hd
tra vd huang ddn ky' thuat canh tdc, cdc ngdn
hdng xd hdi cung cap tin dung nhd, thuc hien
xoa ddi, giam ngheo, xay dung he thdng dien,
dudng, truang, trai, cha Kinh nghiem chau
A cho thay Cach mang Xanh khdng the thuc
hien thanh cdng neu chi dan thuan ap dung cac
bien phap ky thuat, ma phai cd sir ket hgp giira
cac yeu td ky thuat vdi chinh sach kinh te - xa
hdi Do la nhirng viec nhieu nude chau A da
thirc hien thanh cdng, khdng cd ly do gi ma cac nude chau Phi klidng the lam dugc trir khi
hp khdng cd y chi hay khdng cd ""gan" de lam viec dd Mot trong nhirng vi du dien hinh cho cac loai giai phap dd la viec dau lu co sd ha tang ndng thdn de ha thap chi phi dau vao cho ndng nghiep, lam gia tang san lugng ca\' trdng gdp phan vao sir phat trien nong thon loan dien Mat do dudng xa a chau Phi ngay nay cdn thap ban d An Do nam 1960 khien chi phi van tai tang rat cao Chi phi van tai 1 tan san a mien Trung chau Phi chiem tdi 60% gia ban le hang boa nay, khien san xuat khdng phat trien thuong mai ndng nghiep bi dinh tre nong dan
da ngheo cang ngheo ban Nua the k) trudc Cach mang Xanh chau A gat hai dugc thanh cdng nhd mot phan a viec chinh phu dau lu ca
sd ha tang ndng nghiep ndng thdn ddng thdi vdi viec huy ddng sire ngudi, sire cua trong dan de md rdng dudng xa, cau cdng Ngay nay chau Phi cung cd the tham khao va ap dung kinh nghiem dd Tuy nhien vdi dieu kien dac thii ciia chau Phi, chinh phii khong du nang lire va tien ciia de dau tu loan bd nhung chinh phii co the ket hgp sir dau tu ho trg ciia minh vdi viec huy ddng sir ddng gdp cua cdng ddng bao gdm cac hd ndng dan cac td chirc xa hdi cac ca quan vien trg cac cdng ty kinh doanh tu nhan cac nha bao tam de phat Irien ndng nghiep nong thdn theo hudng phai trien Cach mang Xanh Van de cdn lai la chinh phu phai minh bach, phai co du nang lire de trien khai danh gia va giam sat viec thuc hien nghiem tiic cac du an tranh tham 6 lang phi
e Hap tdc qudc te vd khu vice Id mot loai gidi phdp quan trong cua Cdch mang Xanh nd
bd sung cho nhicng khiem khuyet a ben trong mdi nude, dua nUn ndng nghiep qudc gia cua cdc nuac ngheo vuan tai dat trinh do qudc le tiep can thi trudng thi} gidi khu vice, lir dd phdt trien nen ndng nghiep khdng chi de dam bao tu cdp tic tuc a trong nuac md cdn cd du
Tap chi nghien ciiu CII.AU PHI & TKUXG DOXG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009- 37
Trang 9Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh
khd ndng phdt trien nen nong nghiep hdng hda
hdi nhap qudc te cao Chinh nhd biet tranh thii
sir hgp tac nay ma cac nude chau A da tim
kiem dugc nhirng loai gidng tdt nhiing ky
thuat va cdng nghe canh tac tien tien, nhiing
phuang phap canh tac hieu qua, md rdng thi
trudng hang hda ndng san ra khap the gidi
Ngay nay trong xu the toan cau hda, cdng nghe
cao va kinh te tri thirc, nhung kha nang cho
hgp tac qudc te va khu virc ngay cang nhieu va
rdng md vdi cac nude chau Phi Han niia cac
nude chau Phi cdn cd ca kho kinh nghiem ldn
va quy bau ciia chau A de tham khao Day la
CO hdi ldn de cac nude chau Phi day manh hgp
tac, lien ket qudc te va khu virc, thuc hien
Cach mang Xanh trong bdi canh qudc \k mdi
vdi nhirng dieu kien thuan Igi va kha nang
thanh cdng cao
So vdi nua the ky trudc day khi chau A
thirc hien Cach mang Xanh, the gidi ngay nay
da cd nhieu thay ddi, md ra nhieu ca hdi,
nhirng ddng thdi cung dat ra nhieu thach thirc
ma cac nude chau Phi phai vugt qua de phat
trien ndng nghiep, dam bao an ninh luang
thuc Ca hdi ma chau Phi cd ban chau A trudc
day la loan cau hoa, la cdng nghe sinh hgc
phat trien, la kinh nghiem thanh cdng va that
bai ciia chau A va My Latinh qua nhiki thap
ky thuc hien Cach mang Xanh Nhung mat
khac, cai kem ciia chau Phi hien nay la xuit
phat diem thap Neu nhu trudc day khi bit tay
vao thuc hien Cach mang Xanh nhieu nude
chau A nhu An Do, Viet Nam, Han Qudc,
Thai Lan da cd mot tap quan canh tac tuang
ddi kha, mot he thdng ca sd ha ting dap iing
dugc nhieu dieu kien ciia Cach mang Xanh cd
mot mang ludi tudi tieu tuang ddi rdng da xay
dimg dugc kha nang cdng nghe dk san xuat
phan bdn, cd nhung loai gidng dugc nghien
ciru phii hgp vdi ddng rudng, nhd dd da nhanh
chdng ap dung Cach mang Xanh tren quy md
ldn dua ndng nghiep "cSt canh" nhanh; thi trai
lai hien nay he thdng ndng nghiep chau Phi van cdn le thugc rat nhieu vao dieu kien tir nhien, phuang phap canh tac sa khai, lugng mua it di he thdng thiiy Igi yeu kem cac loai gidng chua dugc cai tao, cac phuang tien lam dat tdi thieu nhu may cay may xdi hau nhu chua san xuat dugc phai nhap khau phan ldn tir ben ngoai Thuc te do ddi hdi chau Phi co mot thdi gian de vugt qua giai doan thap kem hien nay, chuan bi nhirng tien de can thiet de den giai doan tiep theo bat kip vdi nhiing cai mdi cai hien dai, bat kip chau A va the gidi Thach thirc ldn nhat ddi vdi chau Phi hien nay la chua tim ra dugc mot giai phap thich
hgp, vi vay viec dau tien cdn lam Id chinh cdc nuac chau Phi phdi tic nhan thicc duac tdm quan trong sdng cdn ciia Cach mang Xanh ddi vdi ho, de tic do tu xay dung cho minh mot chien lucre vd chuang trinh hdnh dong ro rdng, mot quyet tdm thuc hien bang duac ciide Cdch nigng Xanh tai chau Phi Dii cho sir hgp
tac vdi ben ngoai la can thiet den dau di niia, nhung khdng ai cd the thay cac nude chau Phi thirc hien tdt ban dugc nhiem vu nay
Khi da cd mot chien luge va mot chuang trinh hanh ddng tdt thi cac nude chau Phi co the khac phuc dugc nhung khd khan, thach thirc khac nhu sir khan higm cac ngudn tai
nguyen ndng nghiep, su km len cua trai dk
nhiing tac ddng lieu circ ciia toan c4u boa va
gan day nhat la khiing hoang kinh te loan ck\
Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi can phai dua tren mot he thdng da dang boa vg he sinh thai, kiln thirc ciia cdng ddng dia phuang, dac thii ciia
ca cau dan cu Cach mang Xanh chau Phi c k
cd sir dam bao ciia mot he thdng chinh sach ddng bd, nhat la sir cam ket chinh tri manh me
va cd djnh hudng dai ban tir phia chinh phii trong dau tu, huy dgng ngudn luc chinh sach tai chinh tin dung, ddng thdi can cd sir phoi hgp chat che giua chinh phii doanh nghiep va
cac nha tai trg nude ngoai de hgp tac dk\ tu
38 Tap chi nghien ciru CII.AU PHI & TKUXG OOXG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009
Trang 10Cach mang Xanh Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng
phat trien ca sd ha tang, dao tao ky nang, quan
ly dich benh dieu chinh chinh sach vT md lien
quan den ndng nghiep cung cap cac khoan tin
dung can thiet cho ndng dan de hg co the mua
hat gidng, phan bdn, ap dung cdng nghe tien
tien, cai tien phuang thirc canh tac va tiep can
thi trudng hang boa
La nhirng tac gia Viet Nam thuc hien bai
viet nay, chiing tdi xin cd ddi Idi ndi ve kinh
nghiem phat trien ndng nghiep va ve mdi quan
he hgp tac giua Viet Nam vdi cac nude chau
Phi trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep Ve kinh
nghiem, ngirdi ndng dan Viet Nam cd cau
"'nhdt nuac, nhi phdn, tam cdn, tic gidng" Dd
la nhiing bai hgc da dugc ndng dan Viet Nam
due ket qua hang nghin nam vdi nhieu the he
thay phien nhau canh tac tren ddng rupng
Ngay nay, vdi Cach mang Xanh, nhirng kinh
nghiem dd khdng nhirng khdng bi thay the ma
cdn dugc tiep tuc phat buy va nang cap thdng
qua viec ap dung nhiing ky thuat cao ban cua
Cach mang Xanh Chinh nhd ket hgp nhirng
kinh nghiem truyen thdng vdi viec ap dung
phuang phap canh tac mdi, hien dai, ma Viet
Nam sau 20 nam Ddi Mdi tir giua thap nien
1980 den nay da dao ngugc dugc linh the lir
mpl nude thieu ddi luong thuc trd thanh nude
xuat khau gao ldn thir hai the gidi (sau Thai
Lan), mdi nam xuat khau tren 5 trieu tan gao,
vira giam nhanh ty le ngheo ddi, dam bao an
ninh luang thuc, vira tang nhanh lugng gao
xuat khau, tang thu ngudn vdn ngoai te de
phiic vu cho muc lieu tang dau tu phat trien
kinh te - xa hdi Viet Nam va cac nude chau A
khac da lam dugc nhu vay, khdng cd ly do gi
de cac nude chau Phi khdng lam dugc? Chac
chan cac nude chau Phi cung se lam dugc,
mien la hp cd y chi, cd quyet tam chinh tri cao,
biet ket hgp viec phat huy tiem nang va truyen
thong san cd vdi tham khao va ap diing kinh
nghiem lien tien ciia cac nude da thuc hien
thanh cdng Cach mang Xanh
Ve hgp tac ndng nghiep den na)- Viet Nam
da cir hang chuc nghin chmen gia sang giiip cac nude chau Phi phat trien ndng nghiep dien binli la tai cac nude nhu Angola Algeria Libya Congo, Namibia Sudan Mozambique Tanzania Senegal Benin Madagascar Tai cac nude nay chuyen gia Viet Nam da co nhirng ddng gdp tich cue mang lai hieu qua thiet thuc dugc nhieu nude chau Phi danh gia cao Cac chuyen gia Viet Nam vdi tinh than biixi nghi hgp tac cd nhieu kinh nghiem ihuc tien da gan giii giiip dd ndng dan mpl sd nude chau Phi ve ky thuat trdng liia nude, chan nudi, bao ve thuc vat giam sat va xay dung cac cdng trinh thuy Igi, thuc hien cac chuang trinh hgp tac san xuat chuyen giao cdng nghe
ky thuat chan nuoi iha) doi each chan nudi lu nliien sang tham canh su dung ngu\'en lieu dia phuong chan nudi tieu gia siic, phat trien thuy Igi, cai lao gidng cai tao dat dam bao an ninh luang thuc xoa ddi giam ngheo phoi hgp va day manh cac boat ddng Irao doi ve xual nhap khau hang ndng san nhu gao ca phe che hat lieu dieu Su hpp lac vii giiip dd cua chuNcn gia Viet Nam da gdp phan dua nang suat trdng liia d mpl sd nude chau Phi lir 1 tan/ha len 5-6 tan/ha cd nai 6-7 tan/ha gdp phan dam bao an ninh luang thuc Cac phuang thirc hgp tac hieu qua da dan dan dugc mo ra nhu hgp tac hai ben ba ben va nhieu ben hgp tac thong qua cac du an qudc te quoc gia cua cac nude chau Phi va Viet Nam Day manh sir hgp lac nay chac chan Viet Nam va cac nude chau Phi
se tiep tuc dai dugc nhung ket qua kha quan ban nira vi Igi ich cua nhan dan Viet Nam \a nhan dan chau Phi, giam nhanh ddi ngheo dam bao an ninh luong thirc tang cudng xual khau lam giau tir ddng dat que huang
4 Giai phap thay loi ket luan Hau bet cac nghien ciru ve each mang Xanh deu tap trung vao khia canh ky thuat cong nghe Gan day, da cd iiidt sd nghien ciru xem
Tup chinghiHn ciiu CII.AU PHI & TKUXG OOXG so 10 (50) thang 10/2009- 39