Dd chinh la do thyc luc cua chung ta, do Dang vd lanh tu Hd Chi Minh sdm de ra dudng loi ddu tranh giai phdng dan tgc mgt each dung dan, sang tao, tao dung dugc ca sd, nen tang each [r]
Trang 1Mfan tbem ve tbdi eH
TRONG CACH MANG THANG TAM
' j r ' ' ' ; j w n
TS TRAN TANG KHOI
Sten Tonnesson - nhd Viet Nam hgc
ngudi Nauy trong tdc pham Cdch
mgng Viet Nam ndm 1945 - Rudaven, Hd Chi
Minh vd D& Gdn trong mdt thi gi&i chiin
tranh (The Vietnamese Revolution of
1945-Roosevelt, Ho Chi Minh and De Gaulle in a
world at war), d Ldi gidi thieu da viet: "Muc
dich cua cdng trinh ngMen ciiu ndy Id mgt
eugc tham dd cd he thong cac nguyen nhdn
cua each mang, cugc tham dd se di theo hai
hudng chinh, mdi hudng se di theo mgt trong
hai dudng day chu yeu: Mgt dan tdi tinh trang
chdn khdng quyen lyc; mgt dan tdi viec gidnh
quyln lyc" Theo Sten Tonnesson, "Tinh
trang chdn khong quyen lyc cd the dugc md td
chinh xac nhu la mgt su vang mat cua cac luc
lugng Phap va Dong Minh, su thieu quyet tdm
cua ngu'di Nhdt trong viec nam giu quyen
kiem soat cho tdi khi Dong Minh tai vd sy bat
lyc ddi vdi cae quan lai va chinh quyen cua hg
de cd the ty ton tai dugc Vi the, ong nhan
manh: "Khoang trdng quyen luc sau sy dau
hang cua Nhdt d Hd Ngi, Hul, Sdi Gdn, la
chu yeu trong bat cu sy gidi thich ndo vl each
mang Viet Nam"'
* Hgc vien CT-HC Khu vyc III
TAP CHi LjCH SLF OANG - S6 9/2010
Nhdn dinh tren cua Sten Tonnesson cd chinh xde khdng, cd le chi can xet d may diem sau:
I Dang ta da cd su chudn bi cho cugc Tdng khdi ngMa Thdng Tdm nam 1945 nhu
the nao (ddn thdi co) vd tan dung thdi co "cd
mdt khdng hai" de gidnh chfnh quyen ra sao?
Thdng 9-1939, chiln tranh the giai II bung
nd Thdng 6-1940, nudc Phap bi phat xit Due chilm ddng Trudc tinh Mnh nay, dau nam
1941, dang hoat dgng d nudc ngodi, lanh tu Nguyen Ai Quoc quyet dinh trd ve nudc de tranh thu thdi co Ngudi cho rang: "Cham tre liic ndy Id cd tgi vdi each mang"
Thang 5-1941, dudi sy chfl tri cua lanh tu
Hd CM Minh, HNTU' 8 da hgp va thdng nhdt nhan dinh: "Trong luc nay neu khong giai quyet dugc vdn de dan tgc giai phdng, khong ddi dugc dgc lap ty do cho todn the dan tgc, thi chang nhiing todn the quoc gia dan tgc cdn chiu mai kiep ngua trau, ma quyen lgi cua bg phdn, giai cap den van nam cung khong ddi lai dugc"^ Hgi nghi cdn xde dinh nhung van
de cu the cua cugc khdi nghTa; dy kien nhung dieu kien de khdi nghTa no ra vd thang lgi, trong do cd dieu kien phe dan chu dai thang d Thai Binh Duong, Lien Xo dai thdng, each
53
Trang 2TRAO OOI
mang Phap hay each mang Nhat noi day, quan
Anh - My tran vao Dong Duong,
Tai HNTUr 8, Dang ta da dl ra nhung
chfnh sdch va bien phap cu the de xay dung
lyc lugng each mang (xdy dyng chfnh tri,
lyc lugng vfl trang, co sd quan chung, can
cil dia cdch mang ), va coi do la dieu
kien tien quylt de khi cd thdi co thi tien
hdnh Tdng khdi nghTa gianh chfnh quyen
Ngay 7-5-1944, Tong bg Viet Minh ra
Chi thi ve sira soan khdi nghTa, trong do
nhdn dinh thdi co thudn lgi cho nhdn dan ta
gidnh chinh quyen sap tdi, "Song thdi ca
khdng phdi ty nd den, mgt phdn ldn do ta
sua soan nd, thiic day nd"^
' Thdng 10-1944, trong Thu keu ggi ddng
bao todn qudc, Hd Chi Minh chi rd: "Phe
xdm lugc gdn den ngdy bi tieu diet Cdc
Ddng minh qudc sap tranh dugc su thing lgi
cudi cung Co hgi eho dan tgc ta giai phdng
ehi d trong mgt nam hoac nam ruoi nua
Thdi gian rdt gdp Ta phdi lam nhanh"''
Ngdy 9-3-1945, Nhat dao chinh Phdp,
dgc chiem Viet Nam va Dong Duong Ngay
12-3-1945, Ban Thudng vu Trung uong
Dang ra Chi thi Nhdt - Phdp bdn nhau vd
hdnh ddng cua chung ta Ve van dl thdi eo,
Chi thi cho rdng: "Mae ddu tinh hinh chfnh
tri khung hoang sau sdc, nhung dilu kien
khdi nghTa d Ddng Duong Men nay chua
thyc chfn mudi"l Vi thl, phai Phat dgng mgt
cao trdo khdng Nhdt, cim nu&c manh me dl
lam tien de cho cugc Tdng khdi nghTa Cao
trdo dy co thl bao gdm tu hinh thuc bdt hgp
tdc, bai cdng, bai thi, pha phach, cho din
nhung hinh thiic cao nhu bilu tinh, thi uy vd
trang, du kfch Sdn sang chuyin qua hinh thu:c tdng khdi nghTa mgt khi da du dilu kien (vf du khi qudn Ddng minh bdm chdc vd tien manh tren nudc ta)"^ Chi thi cdn xde dinh:
" ngay bay gid phdt dgng du kich, chilm can cii dia, duy tri va md rgng chien tranh du kfch, phai la phuang phdp duy nhat cua ddn
tgc ta de ddng vai chu dgng trong viec ddnh
dudi qudn dn cu&p Nhgt Bdn ra khdi nu&c,
chuan bi hudng ung qudn Dong minh mgt each tich cue"'' Chi thi neu rd: "Song du sao
ta khdng the dem viec qudn Ddng minh do bg vdo Ddng Duong lam dieu kien tat yeu cho cugc Tdng khdi ngMa cua ta; vi nhu the Id y vao ngudi va tu bd tay trong kM tinh thl biin chuyen thuan tien neu giac Nhdt mat nudc nhu Phap nam 1940, va qudn dgi vien chinh cua Nhat mat tinh than, tM kM ay du quan Dong minh chua do bg, cugc Tong khdi nghTa cua ta vdn cd the bung no va thdng Igi"^
Chu truang cua Dang da dugc cu the hda bang viec td chuc cac dgi vfl trang, gay ca
sd chinh tri, md rgng can cil dia, lap khu giai phdng, thuc hdnh khai nghTa tung phdn, gianh chfnh quyen d mgt so dia phuang Vdi nhiing ket qua dat dugc trong qud trinh van dgng each mang, chuan bi lyc lugng da chu dgng gdp phdn tao ra thdi ca cdch mang tryc tiep, chii hodn todn khdng phai do dieu kien khach quan (ben ngoai) quylt dinh Thdng 5-1945, phat-xit Due ddu hang Ddng minh Ddu thdng 8-1945, dao quan Quan Dong cua Nhdt bi Lien Xd tieu diet Trudc tinh hinh do, ngay 13-8-1945, tai Tdn Trdo (Tuyen Quang), Hgi nghi todn qudc cua Dang hgp vd quylt dinh phat dgng Tdng
54 TAP CHi UCH SLF O A N G - SO 9/2010
Trang 3khdi nghTa trong cd nudc tru&c khi qudn
Ddng minh vdo Ddng Duang Hgi nghi
khang dinh: Tinh thl vd cung khdn cdp Tat
cd mgi ngudi deu phdi nhdm vdo nhiing viec
chfnh; thong nhat ve mgi phuang tien qudn
sy, ehinh tri, hanh dgng, khdng bd la co hgi
Dem 13-8-1945, Uy ban khdi nghTa ra
Quan lenh so 1: "Gid tong khdi nghTa da
ddnh! Co hgi cd mgt cho qudn ddn Viet
Nam vung day gidnh lay quyen dgc lap cfla
nude nhd! Chiing ta phai hdnh ddng cho
nhanh, vgi mgt tinh than vd cung qua cdm,
vd cung than trgng! Cugc thang lgi hodn
toan nhat dinh se veta"!^ ^J; ,
Trong gid phut khan truang va quyet dinh
ndy, khi thdi co each mang da xuat Men, Chu
tich Hd Chi Minh khang dinh: Luc nay thdi
CO thudn lgi da tdi, du hy sinh tdi ddu, dfl
phai ddt chay cd day Trudng Son cflng phdi
kien quyet gianh cho dugc dgc lap
Qudc ddn Dai hgi hgp tai Tdn Trao trong
hai ngdy 16 din 17-8-1945, sau khi tan
thdnh vd thdng qua quylt dinh Tdng khdi
nghTa, cflng nhdn manh: khdng phai Nhdt
bai Id nudc ta ty nhien dugc dgc lap Nhilu
sy gay go, trd ngai se xdy ra Chung ta phai
ludn kheo vd kien quylt "Khon kheo" dl
trdnh nhirng sy khong lgi cho ta "Kien
quyet de gidnh dugc n i n dgc lap Mgt dan
tgc quyet tdm vd nhat tri ddi quyen dgc lap
thi nhdt dinh dugc dgc lap"'" Sau khi Uy
ban ddn tdc giai phdng Viet Nam dugc
thdnh lap, trong thu keu ggi ddng bao, Chu
tich Hd Chi Minh chi rd: "Gid quylt dinh
cho van menh ddt nude da din Todn qudc
ddng bdo hay dung day dem sire minh md
ty gidi phdng cho ta Chung ta khdng the chdm t r i " "
Qud trinh lanh dao, chi dao vd chudn bi Tdng khdi nghTa cfla Dang, lanh ty Hd Chf Minh va toan dan ta da dien ra trong nhieu
ndm vdi phuang cham "dem sue ta md tu gidi phdng cho ta" Day la mgt phuang
cham dung dan, sang sudt, xac dinh ngi lyc, nhdn to chu quan la quyet dinh, hoan toan khdng dya vdo sy "an may" tir nhan to khach quan (ben ngoai) dua lai
2 Trong thdi gian dien ra cugc Tong khdi nghTa (tu ngay 14 din 28-8-1945;,
trin lanh thd Viet Nam khdng hi tdn tgi mdt khodng trdng quyen luc ndo
Cdch mang Thdng Tdm nam 1945 no ra vdo thdi diem rat dac biet: Phap chay, Nhat hang, chfnh phu Trdn Trgng Kim te liet, trieu dinh phong kien nhd Nguyen bdt lyc, trong khi do quan Dong minh chua vao Phdt xft Nhat tuy dai bai trudc Hong qudn Lien Xd tai Man Chdu, d Viet Nam va Dong Duong, tinh than bac nhugc, mdt sire chien dau, song van cdn lyc lugng dong, dang kiem soat tinh hinh, nen vdn Id mgt trd lyc ldn cho cugc khdi nghTa
Mac du Nhat Hoang chinh thilc tuyen bd ddu hdng Dong minh vao ngdy 15-8-1945, nhung qudn Nhdt d Dong Duong vdn chua nhan dugc lenh dau hdng, vd van thyc hien quyln kilm soat trat ty, an ninh Ong Le Trgng NghTa, Uy vien Uy ban Khdi nghTa
Hd Ngi, ngudi dugc cu di gap true tilp dai
su Nhdt ban Tsukamoto tdi ngdy
19-8-1945, sau nay da vilt lai: Phdi din ngay 21, tap dodn quan 38 cua Nhat, vdi hon mgt
TAP CHi LICH SLF O A N G - SO 9/2010 55
Trang 4TRAO OOI
van qudn ddng giu mgt van quan quanh Ha
Ngi, mdi nhan dugc lenh ngung ban Vi
vay, trudc dd, trong nhung ngay 17,18,19,
qudn dgi Nhat vdn co du ly do de nd sung
can thiep, hoac dk: ty ve, hoac de giu an
ninh, ma hg chiu trach nhiem cho den
khi qudn dgi Ddng minh den tiep quan
Tren thyc tl, trong nhung ngdy dien ra
cugc Tdng khdi nghTa d Hd Ngi vd nhieu
dia phuang tren ca nudc, qudn Nhdt da to
chile chdng lai cdc lyc lugng vfl trang vd
qudn chung nhan dan khdi nghTa gianh
chinh quyen hoac bo tri lyc lugng sdn sang
chdng tra Dieu nay bac bd y kien cho rang,
qudn Nhdt d Viet Nam da "bd mac tinh
hinh" de cho Dang ta de ddng lanh dao
nhdn dan ndi day gidnh chfnh quyen!
Ve Chfnh phu Trdn Trgng Kim, Id Chfnh
phu do phdt xft Nhat dyng len ngay
7-5-1945 Tren thyc te, Chfnh phu Tran Trgng
Kim khdng cd silc manh vd quyen hdnh gi
ddng ke, nhung den ngdy 17-8-1945, Chfnh
phil nay vdn cdn nam quyen vd cu ngudi di
"mgc cd" vdi Viet Minh Trudc do, ngdy
14-8-1945, Chfnh*phu Tran Trgng Kim da
tuyen bd: "Nhdt quyet khdng chiu liii mgt
budc trudc mgt khd khan nao de ldm trdn
Sli menh va van hgp tac chat che vdi cdc
nha duong cue Nhat"'^
3 Thdi diem phat dgng Tong khdi nghTa
ma Ddng ta vd Ho Chi Minh dua ra la thdi
diem cd mgt khong hai ve nghe thuat tao
dyng vd doan thdi co trong nudc va qudc tl
Nhu da trinh bay, cugc Tong khdi nghTa
Thang Tam nam 1945 cua nhan dan ta dugc
tien hanh va dien ra trong bdi canh dac biet
Dieu can nhdn manh la, bdi cdnh qudc te liic
do khdng phdi 'chi thudn lgi doi vdi rieng Viet Nam, ma edn thuan lgi ddi vdi mgt so nudc trong khu vyc Ddng A - Nam A Tuy nhien, chi cd cugc Tong khdi nghTa d Viet Nam gianh dugc thang lgi nhanh chdng va triet de Diem mau chdt de ly gidi vi sao nhdn
ta dugc thang lgi Id gi? Dd chinh la do thyc luc cua chung ta, do Dang vd lanh tu Hd Chi Minh sdm de ra dudng loi ddu tranh giai phdng dan tgc mgt each dung dan, sang tao, tao dung dugc ca sd, nen tang each mang virng chae (nhan to chu quan) vd sdm nam bdt thdi CO trong nuac vd quoc te thudn lgi de phdt dgng toan dan khdi nghTa gianh chinh quyln Neu khdng xay dung dugc lyc lugng chfnh tri, lyc lugng vfl trang, can cu dia cdch mang, khong tap dugt cho cac lyc lugng nay trong thyc te dau tranh tu thap den cao, thi khi thdi co tdi, cflng khong the tan dung dugc de tien hanh khdi nghTa thdng lgi Sau ndy, ddng chf Trudng - Chinh da phan tich thdi CO kM Tdng khdi nghTa no ra Ddng chi cho rang: Neu ngdy 9-3-1945, Nhdt vira danh do Phap md cugc khdi nghTa da no ra nhanh thi each mang cd the tdn that nhieu va chinh quyen chua the thanh lap trong toan quoc, vi luc lugng Nhat liic do cdn kha vung,
cd the tieu diet qudn each mang d nhung noi
cd the giu Cho nen luc do chi khdi nghTa bg phan gianh cMnh quyen dia phugng Neu sau khi qudn Nhat dau hang Dong minh ma nhan dan ta bi dgng trdng chd quan Ddng minh vao "giai phdng", khdng tuc thdi ndi day gidnh chfnh quyen todn quoc thi se ra sao? Hai trudng hgp cd the xay ra: Hoac bgn bu
56 TAP CHi LICH SLF D A N G - SO 9/2010
Trang 5nhin tay sai cua Nhdt dimg ra vd nguc "thodt
ly anh hudng cfla Nhat" vd ty xung la "dgc
lap, dan chu" de ddu hang Anh, My chu
khong phdi de gidi phdng ddn tgc Hodc
Phdp se ngoc ddu day thu thdp sue tan d
Ddng Duong vd dem tan quan chay ra ngodi
rdi thdng 3 trd lai cung vdi bgn Viet gian
than Phdp, lap chinh quyen bfl nhin thdn
Phdp trong todn quoc va tuyen bo thi hdnh
ban tuyen ngdn ngdy 24-3-1945 eho Dong
Duong "ty tri" Cd hai tru'dng hgp dy deu vd
cung nguy hiem
Cd the ndi rang, trong nhung bai hgc ve
thdng lgi cua Cdch mang Thdng Tam, thi bdi
hgc vi du bdo th&i ca vd ch&p th&i ca la bdi
hgc cd tdm ddc biit quan trgng
1 StenTonnesson: The Vietnamese Revolution
of 1945 - Roosevelt, Ho CM Minh and De Gaulle
in a World at War, Sage Publication London
-New Delhi, 1991, p 412
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Dang Cong san Viet Nam:
Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.7,
tr 113, 498, 365, 367, 372, 373, 421 -422
4, 11 H6 Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H,
2000, T 3, tr 505-506, 554
10 Chat xilng, ST, H, 1955, tr 65 (din theo
Ljch sir Qudc hoi Viet Nam 1946-1960, CTQG,
H, 1994,tr22)
12 Doan Thanh nien Cuu quoc Hoang Dieu:
Tong khdi nghia Thdng Tdm ndm 1945, NXB
Lao Dong, H, 1999, tr 338
13 Tran Quang Huy: 19- 8, Cdch mqng
Thdng Tdm Id sdng tgo, Hpi Khoa hoc Ljch six
Viet Nam xuat ban, H, 1995, tr 26-27
THEM MOT SO T\f LIEU
(Tiep theo trang 52)
Cac to chuc Dang trong qua trinh tai lap lai khdng lien ket va thong nhdt dugc vdi nhau Tuy nhien, nhung cd gang khong met mdi cua nhung ngudi cgng san chan chinh trong giai doan khdc liet cua phong trdo each mang Nam Ky da tao tien de quy bau cho su khoi phuc to chile Ddng
va lyc lugng quan chung trong nhung
nam ke tiep ' , '
I, 2, 3 Ban Tuyen giao Thanh iiy Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh (Pham Ngge Bich chii
bien): Cdch mqng Thdng Tdm 1945 d Sdi Gdn - Chg Ldn vd Gia Dinh, NXB Tdng hgp
TP Hd Chi Minh, 2008, tr.43, 44, 47-48
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 Hd so s6 65490, Phong Phil Todn quyen Dong Duong, Trung tam
Luu tru-Hai ngoai Phap
10 H6 so sd D6/171, Phong Thdng ddc Nam Ky, Trung tam Luu tru' Qudc gia 11
I I Tu Cha la ngi gian ciia thiic dan Phap trong Lien Tinh uy mien Tay, da tiing cung cap ke hoach khdi nghTa Nam Ky cho thuc dan Phap, chi diem bat dugc nhieu dang vien trong Lien Tinh iiy mien Tay va mot sd can
bg da chuyen vimg, ddn thuc dan Phap danh pha can CU'U Minh, i
13 Ho sa so 161, Phong Cao uy Phdp a Dong Duang, Trung tam Luu tru Hai ngoai Phap
14 H6 saso 95 SMT, Luu tru Bo Cong An