* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả nó xảy ra trước động từ của mệnh đề còn lại.. Having registered, Anna entered the conference room.[r]
Trang 1UNIT 6: GLOBAL WARMING PART I LANGUAGE FOCUS
1 Vocabulary
emission (n): khí thải
fertilizer (n): phân bón
deforestation (n): sự phá rừng
man-made (adj): do con người
irresponsible (adj): vô trách nhiệm
suffer (v): chịu đựng
infectious (adj): lây nhiễm
ecological (adj): thuộc về sinh thái
come up with (phr-v): nghĩ ra
go through (phr-v): thảo luận chi tiết
work out (phr-v): tìm ra
severe (adj): khốc liệt
upset (v): phá vỡ
environmentalist (n): nhà môi trường học
alternative (adj): thay thế
identify (v): xác định
suspect (v): nghi ngờ
extinction (n): sự tuyệt chủng
Trang 2numerous (adj): nhiều
catastrophic (adj): thảm khốc
release (v): thải ra, làm giảm
demand (n): nhu cầu
disrupt (v): gây cản trở
capture (v): hút
absorb (v): hút, hấp thụ
drought (n): hạn hán
flood (n): lũ lụt
injure (v): làm tổn thương
famine (n): nạn đói
delay (v): trì hoãn
disappearance (n): sự biến mất
diversity (n): sự đa dạng
ecosystem (n): hệ sinh thái
light bulb (n): bóng đèn
significantly (adv): một cách hiệu quả, mạnh mẽ lawmaker (n): người lập pháp
ban (v): cấm
2 Grammar: Perfect participles and perfect gerunds 2.1 Perfect participles (Phân từ hoàn thành)
Trang 32.1.1 Form: having + V-3/(e)d
e.g Having met his parents, he left home
(Sau khi gặp bố mẹ mình, anh ấy rời khỏi nhà.)
He gave up smoking after having seen the death of a smoker
(Cậu ta đã bỏ hút thuốc sau khi thấy cái chết của một người nghiện hút thuốc.)
Having drunk too much alcohol, he is vomiting now
(Vì đã uống quá nhiều rượu nên giờ ông ta đang nôn mửa.)
* Note: Nếu phân từ hoàn thành đứng đầu cậu ta phải dùng dấu phẩy (,) giữa hai mệnh đề.
e.g Having met his parents, he left home
(Sau khi gặp bố mẹ mình, anh ấy rời khỏi nhà)
2.1.2 Use:
* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả nó xảy ra trước động từ của mệnh đề còn lại
e.g Having registered, Anna entered the conference room
= After Anna had registered, she entered the conference room
(Sau khi đã đăng ký Anna đi vào phòng hội nghị.)
* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả lý do cho động từ của mệnh đề còn lại (mệnh đề chính)
e.g Having worked on his computer for a long time, Peter feels dizzy now
= Because Peter has worked on his computer for a long time, he feels dizzy now
Trang 4(Giờ Peter thấy chóng mặt là do cậu ấy đã làm việc trên máy tính quá lâu.)
* Note: chúng ta chỉ dùng phân từ hoàn thành khi hai mệnh đề có cùng chủ ngữ
2.2 Perfect Gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành)
2.2.1 Form: having + V-3/(e)d
Danh động từ hoàn thành được dùng theo 2 cấu trúc sau:
* Verb + (object) + preposition + perfect gerund
e.g He apologized for having broken his watch
(Cậu bé xin lỗi vì đã làm vỡ mất chiếc đồng hồ.).
They praised the old lady for having caught the thief
(Họ ca ngợi bà cụ vì đã tóm được tên trộm.)
Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: apologize for, accuse of, blame for,
congratulate on, criticize for, punish for, thank for, suspect of
* Verb + perfect gerund
e.g The little girl admitted having eaten all the cakes
(Cô bé thừa nhận là đã ăn hết số bánh đó.)
Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, recall, regret
* Note: để tạo thành thể phủ định ta thêm not vào trước danh động từ hoàn thành.
e.g Hana was punished for not having done her homework
(Hana bị phạt vì chưa làm bài tập.)
2.2.2 Use: Danh động từ hoàn thành là hình thức thay thế cho danh động từ khi chúng ta đề
cập đến hành động trong quá khứ xảy ra trước động từ chính đứng trước nó
Trang 5e.g Peter admitted having poured milk into the bowl.
= Peter admitted that he had poured milk into the bowl
(Peter thừa nhận là đã đổ sữa vào trong cái bát.)
3 Pronunciation
Echo questions (câu hỏi lặp lại)
Câu hỏi lặp lại dùng để hỏi lại phần thông tin mà ta vừa nghe nhưng chưa rõ hoặc thể hiện
sự ngạc nhiên hoặc chú tâm vào lời nói của người khác (ồ thế á?) Ta lên giọng ở cuối câu hỏi lặp lại
* Ta có thể hỏi bằng cách lặp lại một phần thông tin.
e.g A: David said to me that he's getting married
(David nói với mình rằng anh ấy sắp lấy vợ)
B: He's getting married?
(Ồ thế á?)
* Ta có thể hỏi bằng cách dùng câu có hình thức là câu kể nhưng có từ để hỏi ở cuối câu.
e.g A: My lover's dog is so lovely Her name is Adam
(Con chó của người yêu em thật đáng yêu Tên nó là Adam.)
B: Her name is what?
(Tên nó là gì cơ?)
PART II PRACTICE
1 Match each picture with a suitable word/phrase.
Trang 61 a deforestation
Your answer:1 2 3 4 5
2 Give the English word and Vietnamese meaning to each of the following
transcription.
1 _ /iˈmɪʃn/ (n): _
2 _ /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ (adj): _
3 _ /ˌiːkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ (adj): _
4 _ /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪst/ (n): _
5 _ /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/ (n): _
6 _ /ˈnjuːmərəs/ (adj): _
Trang 77 _ /dɪsˈrʌpt/ (v): _
8 _ /ˈkæptʃə(r)/ (v): _
9 _ /əbˈzɔːb/ (v): _
10 _ /ˈfæmɪn/ (n): _
3 Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets
1 _ (take off) his shoes, he realized that they smelled awful
2 (reach) the top of the mountain, they started a fire
3 Their clients agreed to pay by check after (receive) the contracts
4 He went out to play after (ask) his mother's permission
5 We went to bed after _ (switch) all the lights
6 My friend's cousin apologized for _ (break) my vase 4 months ago
7 His neighbors suspected him of (dump) a lot of rubbish onto the beach
8 The president was awarded for (promote) the close relationship between two countries
9 Last week, that strong man (accuse) of having attacked the old lady's puppy
Trang 810 They congratulated their beloved mayor on _ (give)
an excellent speech
4 Complete the following sentences
1 He did not drive home himself after _
2 , they had no desire to go there
3 _, he was taken to hospital and had an operation
4 She said good-bye to him after
5 Farmers turned to use bio-fertilizers after _
5 Find and correct mistakes in following sentences.
1 Have washed the car, the skilled mechanic noticed a small scratch on the front left fender
2 The sales manager was praised for take an important role in the development of the organization
3 Read his proposal carefully, he submitted it to his lecturer
4 The board of director made big decisions after discuss for a long time
5 The architect's co-worker apologized for having not kept his promise
PART III TEST YOURSELF
1 Gap - filling: Choose the suitable words from the box to complete the sentences.
Trang 9came up disrupted upset identified suffering
1 He spread on the field with a rake
2 Many companies are _ from a shortage of skilled staff
3 She with a new idea for increasing sales
4 She the company's accounts, looking for evidence of fraud
5 He arrived an hour late and _ all our
arrangements
6 We can agree to their terms or else pull out of the deal completely: those are the two
_
7 Scientists have _ a link between diet and cancer
8 If you a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light
9 The advantages of this system are too to mention
10 Bus services will be _ tomorrow because of the bridge closure
2 Match each word/phrase on the left with its description on the right.
1 irresponsible a not thinking enough about the effects of what they do
2 alternative b existing in large numbers
3 identify c that can be used instead of something else
4 numerous d causing a lot of damage and suffering
5 catastrophic e to find or discover somebody/something
Your answer:
Trang 101 2 3 4 5
3 Word formation: Give the correct form of the words in brackets
1 The government has pledged to clean up industrial (emit)
2 Flu is highly _ (infect)
3 We risk upsetting the (ecology) balance of the area
4 Strikes are causing severe _ to all train services (disrupt)
5 The mountain gorilla is on the verge of _ (extinct)
6 Police are investigating the of a young woman (appear)
7 There is a need for greater _ and choice in education (diverse)
8 Profits have increased over the past few years (signify)
9 State _ have been arguing over the new healthcare reform bill for months (lawmake)
10 It is said that land erosion is caused by widespread _ (forest)
4 Choose the best answer.
1 We apologize for the delay in answering your letter The underlined word has the closest meaning to
2 William: "Who will come to Thomas's housewarming party?" - Scot: “ ”
A He's invited all his fellow workers B No, I haven't been there
C It will be warm house D He's cooking rice and noodle
3 The country's entire grain harvest has been hit by a
Trang 117 The related publications are far too numerous list individually.
5 "After her partner had uninstalled a program, he restarted the computer." has the closest meaning to
A After had uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer,
B Had uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer
C Having uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer
D After uninstalled a program, her partner restarted the computer
6 "That policeman had hidden the special statue in a wooden box, but he denied this." has the closest meaning to
A That policeman denied to have hidden the special statue in a wooden box
B That policeman denied had hidden the special statue in a wooden box
C That policeman denied having hide the special statue in a wooden box
D That policeman denied having hidden the special statue in a wooden box
7 Scientists worry about the of many species of plants and animals from our planet
8 The heavy rain has caused in many parts of the country
9 Plants carbon dioxide from the air
10 You need to the tension in these shoulder muscles
A release B pleasure C strengthen D enlighten
Trang 1211 Your receptionist talked to me after with some other customers.
A have dealt B having dealt C dealt D having dealing
12 The police suspected that strange van driver of and eaten many wild animals
A hunting B hunted C having hunted D had hunted
13 The factory for dumping tons of toxic waste into the river
A was heavily fine B was heavily fined C was heavily fining D was heavily fines
14 There's an increased for organic produce these days
15 Choose the word with a stress pattern different from the others
A emission B infectious C identify D fertilizer
16 We know of several mass in the earth's history,
A distinction B extinction C distinct D extinctions
17 Choose the answer which needs correcting
Spend all the money on advertising, he ended up going home empty-handed
18 Choose the answer which needs correcting
The student was criticized on having written his final paper carelessly
A B C D
19 Choose the word with a stress pattern different from the others
A alternative B catastrophic C interference D disappearance
20 Choose the word with a stress pattern different from the others
Trang 13A ecological B extinction C significantly D economy
5 Rearrange the words/phrases to make meaningful sentences.
1 the / was / having / of / He / stolen / money / accused
2 wine / She / up / of / suddenly, / glass / stood / upsetting / a
3 trap / he / right / walked / the / nothing, / Suspecting / into
4 finished / Having/ his / he / to / all / bed / homework, / went
5 film / before, / Having / the / the / didn't seen / want / I / to / to / cinema / go
6 Read the passage and choose the best answer.
Mitigation and adaptation
Mitigation - reducing climate change - involves reducing the flow of heat-trapping
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, either by reducing sources of these gases (for
example, the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat or transport) or enhancing the
"sinks" that (1) and store these gases (such as the oceans, forests and soil) The goal of
Trang 14mitigation is to avoid dangerous human (2) with the climate system, and "stabilize greenhouse gas levels in a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic
development to proceed in a sustainable manner" (from the 2014 report on Mitigation of Climate Change from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, page 4) Adaptation - adapting to life in a changing climate - involves adjusting to actual or expected future climate The goal is to reduce our (3) to the harmful effects of climate change (like sea-level encroachment, more intense extreme weather events or food
insecurity) It also encompasses making the most of any potential beneficial opportunities (4) with climate change (for example, longer growing seasons or increased yields in some regions)
Throughout history, people and societies have adjusted to and coped (5) changes in climate and extremes with varying degrees of success Climate change (drought in
particular) has been at least partly (6) for the rise and fall of civilizations Earth's climate has been relatively stable for the past 12,000 years and this (7) has been
crucial for the development of our modern civilization and life as we know it Modern life is tailored to the stable climate we have become accustomed to As our climate changes, we will have to learn to adapt The faster the climate changes, the harder it could be
While climate change is a global issue, it is felt on a local scale Cities and municipalities are therefore at the front line of adaptation In the (8) of national or international climate policy direction, cities and local communities around the world have been focusing
on solving their own climate problems They are working to build flood defenses, plan for heatwaves and higher temperatures, install water-permeable pavements to better deal with floods and storm water and improve water storage and use
According to the 2014 report on Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (page 8) from the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, governments
at various levels are also getting better (9) adaptation Climate change is starting to be factored into a (10) of development plans: how to manage the increasingly extreme disasters we are seeing and their associated risks, how to protect coastlines and deal with