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Name Test Bank Chapter 01: Multiple Choice
Description Question pool for Chapter 01: Multiple Choice
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Question
The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
Answer how and why people from diverse cultures are different.
how children learn to speak and understand language
how and why people change across the life span
how humans and animals are similar and different
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The study of human development is empirical, meaning that it is based on:
speculation
common knowledge
public opinion
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A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
Answer focus on all kinds of people, young and old.
search for the meaning of life
focus on middle-class American people
use of subjective research methods
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Traits, capacities, and limitations that we each receive from our biological parents are said to be a result of:
nature
nurture
amino acids
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Even though both of LaMont's parents are less than five feet tall, LaMont has grown to a height of 5 feet, 11 inches His parents lived through the depression era, and LaMont has always had plenty of food and good medical care His tall height is most likely a result of which of the following?
nature nurture genes
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Question
Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of nature and nurture in our development?
Answer The relationship between the two moves only in one direction In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture
affects the manifestation of those genetic influences Nurture has no effect on our genes
The relationship between the two is clear Genes (nature) determine our physical traits, while nurture affects the development of our psychological and behavioral traits
Nurture is the primary influence on our overall development Genes only set the stage, and from the moment of birth nurture takes over
The relationship between the two is reciprocal In other words, our genes set the stage for our development; nurture affects the manifestation of those genetic influences Nurture, in turn, affects genes
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Which of the following best defines the difference-equals-deficit error?
Trang 2Answer The mistaken assumption that a deviation from a norm is inferior to behavior that is statistically normal.
The scientific explanation which explains how behavioral deficits interfere with day-to-day functioning
The mistaken assumption that there is no such thing as “normal” behavior because each individual is unique
The mistaken assumption that all variations from normal behavior are a result of nature
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Question
David and Nichole both have normal hearing, and their children all have normal hearing David and Nichole have decided to teach their daughter Celeste, who is 3, American Sign Language Based on the research of Goodwyn et al., why might David and Nichole be doing this?
Answer Celeste will probably interact with deaf children at school, so she will be able to interact with all of her peers.
Children learn better when they use gestures as well as words when speaking
Children who learn sign language develop better fine-motor coordination
There is no reasonable explanation unless an extended family member is deaf
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Professor Nguyen is a developmental researcher who divides his research participants into groups according to their age Professor Nguyen is using which of the following to define developmental stages?
nature chronology culture
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Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of human development discussed in the text?
cognitive development psychosocial development chronological development
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A manner of studying human development that stresses the fluctuations that occur constantly throughout life is referred to as the:
dynamic-systems theory
life-span approach
multicontextual effect
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You are a developmental researcher who believes that even a small change in one area of a person's life can lead to larger overall changes in that person's development Which of the following approaches best describes your thinking?
the cognitive approach the systems approach the chronological developmental approach
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The notion that development involves gains and losses that do not always occur in a straight line exemplifies the following characteristic of the life-span approach
multidisciplinary plasticity multicontextual
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Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors which develop over time that appear to persist, unchanging, from one age to the next?
systems discontinuity critical period
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Trang 3Which of the following concepts refers to behaviors which develop over time that appear quite different from those that came before?
systems discontinuity critical period
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Which of the following aspects of development appears to fall under the category of a continuous, or persistent, personality trait?
temperament shyness hardiness
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It is much easier for children to learn a second language than it is for adults This exemplifies a:
sensitive period
critical period
discontinuous period
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Assume that the ability to perceive differences in shape must be learned before the age of six years, or it can never be learned If this is true, it is
an example of a(n):
sensitive period
continuity period
critical period
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To understand levels of human development, Urie Bronfenbrenner advocated a(n):
Answer microscopic-systems approach.
ecological-systems approach
physiological-systems approach
chronological-systems approach
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An ecological-systems approach to the study of human development was recommended by:
Sigmund Freud
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Erik Erikson
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According to the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of David's family on his development is part of his:
microsystem
exosystem
mesosystem
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Within the ecological-systems approach, the customs of the society, as well as the economic and political philosophies of the nation, are all part of the:
microsystem
exosystem
mesosystem
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Trang 4Within the ecological-systems approach, the connections among the various microsystems are part of the:
microsystem
exosystem
mesosystem
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Cohort refers to a group of people who:
Answer hold the same political beliefs.
are born within a few years of one another
support each other in times of stress
participate in a scientific experiment
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When people belong to different cohorts, they differ in:
Answer membership in community groups.
socioeconomic status
age group or generation
ethnic or racial groups
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You and your high school classmates are part of the same:
Answer social construction.
context
socioeconomic status
cohort
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The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same circumstances
socioeconomic historical familial
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Dora, who is 75 years old, disagrees completely with her teenage granddaughter about the proper role of women Their arguments are most likely
to arise from differences in which context?
ethnic historical socioeconomic
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Pam attended her 20th high school reunion and had a wonderful time dancing the old dances and singing the old songs According to the multicontextual characteristic of development, her enjoyment may be attributed to:
fond memories of high school
her success beyond high school
social context
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At 55 years of age, Ross lost his job and had to be retrained in a new field that required taking a course over the Internet Never having gone online, he was baffled while his younger classmates excelled His frustration may be attributed to differences in the:
ethnic context
social context
historical context
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Trang 5Socioeconomic status refers to an individual's:
Answer culture.
ethnicity
social standing
race
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An individual's socioeconomic status includes:
Answer ethnicity.
level of education
political beliefs
religion
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The values, assumptions, customs, clothing, technologies, and art that a group of people have developed over the years as a design for living are referred to as their:
cohort
ethnicity
environment
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Question
Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon:
Answer A close loving bond can shield children against abuse.
More children than adults live in lower-income households
American women tend to be shorter than American men
American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents
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A researcher interested in making a multicultural comparison would be most likely to compare which of the following?
eight-year-olds and eighteen-year-olds computer users and non-users
Australians and Canadians
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Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China While they focused strongly on passing their cultural traditions down to their son, they were distressed to observe Han incorporating some American traditions into their Chinese heritage It might be helpful for Han's parents to understand that Han:
Answer is rejecting his Chinese heritage to fit in with his American friends.
will experience his culture somewhat differently than his parents do because of having moved to the United States
is having difficulty finding his cultural identity because he is an adolescent
is going through a sensitive period of development, so they need to be patient until he passes through this phase
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If a group of people have the same ancestors, religion, and language, they are said to be part of the same:
racial group
culture
ethnic group
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In many cultures around the world, people believe that it is the husband's responsibility to earn the majority of the income for the family This is an example of:
a racial bias
a social construction
heritage
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Trang 6Which of the following has a strong influence on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and race?
culture social directives stereotypes
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According to research by Buckett, which of the following will be most adversely affected by disturbed sleep?
Answer a Hispanic child from a wealthy family
children under the age of five years infants who sleep in a room separate from their parents
an African American child from a low-income family
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Which of the following factors correlates positively with violent delinquency?
race and SES child abuse and ethnicity SES and social class
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The presence of which of the following genetic variations correlates positively with violent delinquency?
high-MAOA gene low-MAOA gene low SES gene
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Question
Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else by mimicking the action are called:
mirror neurons
sensory neurons
glial cells
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When her grandfather stuck his tongue out at her, two-day-old Leila stuck her tongue out in return How might scientists explain her behavior?
Answer Leila's behavior was strictly coincidental.
Mirror neurons were activated
She was exhibiting early signs of high intelligence
She was exhibiting the tongue-thrust reflex
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Our genetic structure is set:
Answer after about 38 weeks of gestation.
during the last trimester before birth
at the moment of conception
after about 1 year of age
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How do infants react to their mothers when the mother speaks to them in a monotone, expressionless manner?
Answer They laugh at her odd behavior.
They cry uncontrollably
They will try to engage her and reach up to be held
They tend to be wary and disengaged
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The notion of plasticity refers to the:
Trang 7Answer fact that many academic fields contribute data and insight to the science of development.
universals and specifics of human development in many cultural settings
vast array of contexts in which development occurs
ability of human traits to be molded during development
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The case study of the textbook author's nephew, David, demonstrates that severely disabled children:
Answer should be cared for in special institutions.
may be integrated into public education
may live reasonably normal lives
may be limited in opportunities in order to be successful
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The case study of the textbook author's nephew, David, illustrates which of the following?
Answer how poverty can disrupt development
the plastic nature of human traits how ethnic and cultural values can interrupt the normal course of development the inevitable fate of some individuals who are born with severe disabilities
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The idea that the study of development involves several academic fields defines the characteristic of development
multicontextual plasticity multidirectional
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Which of the following best defines the term plasticity as it applies to human development?
Answer Development takes place within multiple contexts.
Development processes do not always occur in a straight line
Every trait within an individual can be altered at any point during the life span
Many cultures within any given country affect the development of individuals within that country
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Rebecca experienced a traumatic event at the age of four From that time forward, her development seemed to stagnate At the age of six Rebecca’s family moved to a better neighborhood with better schools After this move, not only did Rebecca’s development begin to move forward, but she excelled in many areas of development This exemplifies which two characteristics of development?
multicontextual and multidirectional plasticity and multidirectional multidirectional and multicultural
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In order to draw conclusions that are based on evidence, rather than opinion or wishful thinking, researchers use:
observational surveys
the scientific method
reflective thinking
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The scientific method:
Answer is used only for the “hard” sciences, such as physics.
always involves conducting experiments
requires systematic testing of hypotheses
is not generally used in psychology, as it is quite susceptible to researcher bias
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The first step in the scientific method involves:
Trang 8Answer posing a question.
running an experiment
selecting a group of participants
asking people to participate
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Within the scientific method, once a researcher poses a question, her next step is to:
Answer draw conclusions.
run an experiment
select a group of participants
develop a hypothesis
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Watching and recording others' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner is referred to as:
Answer scientific observation.
a correlational design
cross-sectional research
a laboratory experiment
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Becky wants to study stealing in school-age children She asked to review surveillance videos from three stores that were focused on the candy aisle Her method of study is:
scientific observation
an experiment
an exploration
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If a researcher watches one-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using:
a controlled experiment
cross-sectional research
scientific observation
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If a scientist wanted to use scientific observation to see how frequently schoolchildren share food at lunch, she could:
Answer give half of them candy and see how many would share.
mingle with the children and ask them about sharing
bring a small group into her laboratory and observe them eating
watch the children from an unobtrusive spot in the school lunchroom
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Scientific observation permits:
Answer the study of individuals behaving as they normally do.
determination of cause-and-effect relationships
precise control of the environment
systematic manipulation of variables
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Identify an example of scientific observation
Answer asking employers about their employee's assertive behavior
asking teachers to rate children's activity levels in the classroom watching mother–child interactions at home
bringing people to a laboratory to measure memory ability
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Scientific observation would probably be the best choice for a researcher interested in:
Trang 9Answer beliefs of parents about the drinking behavior of their children.
adolescents' risky sexual behavior
obtaining extensive information about a single adolescent's nutritional behavior
the frequency of bullying during school recess periods
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Which of the following is the major drawback to observational research?
Answer It must be done in a laboratory setting.
It cannot be generalized to other populations
It does not allow us to identify cause-and-effect relationships
It violates the ethical standards of research
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Experiments allow researchers to:
Answer study the natural environment.
study the entire complexity and uniqueness of an individual
inexpensively adhere to the scientific method
determine a cause-and-effect relationship
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When a researcher is interested in the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is:
scientific observation
the experiment
the survey
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Which of the following is the best definition of “dependent variable”?
Answer It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable.
It is any unmeasured variable that is not controlled within the context of the experiment
It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher
It is one of the external variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher
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Which of the following is the best definition of “independent variable”?
Answer It is the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of an experimental variable.
It is any unmeasured variable not controlled within the experiment
It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher
It is one of the external variables that cannot be controlled by the researcher
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An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be:
blood type
eye color
level of depression
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A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared This study was:
an experiment
a case study
longitudinal research
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A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers, and then he observed their aggression levels In this study, the independent variable was the:
Trang 10Answer viewing of the violent film.
level of aggression displayed before the film
level of aggression displayed following the film
children's home environment
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A researcher was interested in whether watching violence affected children's behaviors To examine this, he showed a violent film to one group of preschoolers and a nonviolent film to a second group of preschoolers Following the films, the behaviors of the two groups were compared In this study, the comparison group was the children:
Answer who watched the violent film.
who watched the nonviolent film
whose behavior was the inspiration for the study
who watch at least four hours of television per day
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In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the group
dependent experimental comparison
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In an experiment, the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the:
significant group
control group
experimental group
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When differences between experimental and comparison groups are greater than chance, they are considered to be:
insignificant
effective
ineffective
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When differences between experimental and comparison groups are greater than chance, they are considered to be:
significance meta-analysis effect size
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You are doing research looking at how a child’s overall health, SES, and culture affect academic performance Which of the following would you use to determine this?
significance meta-analysis effect size
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Which of the following is the best definition of “odds ratio”?
Answer a number indicating the likelihood that experiment results occurred by chance
a number indicating the relationship between two variables in correlational research
a number measuring the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable
a number comparing a variable to a standard identified as 1
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