English for mariners teacher 39 s book

12 Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling EfM Guidance NotesLevel 1, Unit 1A Ship handling General Notes This unit presents some key basic vocabulary related to parts of ships, places andposit

English for MarinersGuidance Notes for Teachers

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1A Ship handling 12

1 Introduction 12

2 Vocabulary 12

3 Structures 16

4 Reading 18

1B Ship Handling in Seaspeak 19

1 Introduction 19

2 Vocabulary 19

3 Listening 20

4 Structures 21

5 Speaking 22

Unit 2 23 2A Emergencies 23

1 Introduction 23

2 Vocabulary 23

3 Reading 24

4 Structures 25

5 Writing 26

2B Emergencies in Seaspeak 27

1 Introduction 27

2 Listening 27

3 Structures 29

4 Reading 29

Unit 3 31 3A Navigation 31

1 Introduction 31

2 Vocabulary 32

3 Reading 33

4 Listening 34

5 Structures 36

6 Writing 36

6 Contents EfM Guidance Notes

3B Navigation in Seaspeak 37

1 Introduction 37

2 Vocabulary 38

3 Structures 39

4 Reading 40

5 Listening 40

Unit 4 42 4A Meteorology 42

1 Introduction 43

2 Vocabulary 43

3 Structures 44

4 Reading 45

5 Writing 45

4B Meteorology in Seaspeak 46

1 Introduction 46

2 Vocabulary 47

3 Reading 48

4 Writing 48

5 Listening 49

Unit 5 51 5A Cargo Handling 51

1 Introduction 51

2 Vocabulary 51

3 Structures 53

4 Reading 54

5 Writing 55

5B Cargo Handling in Seaspeak 57

1 Introduction 57

2 Vocabulary 57

3 Reading 58

4 Structures 58

5 Writing 59

6 Listening 59

Level 2 61 Unit 1 62 1A Ship handling 62

1 Introduction 62

2 Structures 62

EfM Guidance Notes Contents 7

3 Vocabulary 63

4 Reading 65

6 Writing 66

1B Shiphandling in Seaspeak 67

1 Introduction 67

2 Vocabulary 67

3 Speaking 70

Unit 2 71 2A Emergencies 71

1 Introduction 71

2 Speaking 71

3 Vocabulary 72

4 Structures 74

5 Reading 74

2B Emergencies in Seaspeak 76

1 Introduction 76

2 Listening 76

3 Vocabulary 78

4 Reading 79

Unit 3 80 3A Navigation 80

1 Introduction 80

2 Vocabulary 80

3 Structures 81

5 Reading 82

3B Navigation in Seaspeak 83

1 Introduction 83

2 Vocabulary 83

3 Structures 84

4 Speaking 84

5 Reading 85

6 Listening 85

Unit 4 89 4A Meteorology 89

1 Introduction 89

2 Vocabulary 89

3 Structures 90

4 Writing 90

5 Reading 90

6 Listening 91

8 Contents EfM Guidance Notes

4B Meteorology in Seaspeak 93

1 Introduction 93

2 Vocabulary 93

3 Structures 93

4 Listening 94

5 Reading 95

Unit 5 96 5A Dockside and Cargo Handling 96

1 Introduction 96

2 Vocabulary 97

3 Structures 97

4 Reading 98

5 Speaking 99

6 Writing 99

7 Listening 100

5B Dockside and Cargo Handling 101

1 Introduction 101

2 Vocabulary 101

3 Structures 102

4 Listening 104

5 Speaking 105

6 Reading 105

of units, or in grey boxes throughout the book Furthermore, answers to the exercises

as well as transcripts of the sound recordings used in the listening exercises are given.Suggestions for introductory or follow-up activities have been added occasionally.The book follows the two-level structure of English for Mariners, which is explained

in more detail in the introduction to the course book

Level 1

12 Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling EfM Guidance Notes

Level 1, Unit 1A Ship handling

General Notes

This unit presents some key basic vocabulary related to parts of ships, places andpositions in ships and words of rank and onboard tasks It addresses some uses of thepresent tense in the context of ship handling and seamanship This structural theme

is continued throughout the unit and past tenses do not feature

1 Introduction

Exercise 1 Answers:

1) b (tanker)

Note: How the wind affects a ship when it hits sideways depends on the shape

of the ship Ships with their main superstructure amidships will turn away fromthe wind and ships with the main superstructure aft, such as tankers, will turntowards the wind A ‘beam wind’ like this causes a ship to make ‘leeway’ In otherwords, she is blown sideways off her course

2) c (propellers)

Note: The force from a propeller is the ‘axial thrust’ Transverse thrust is the ways force that is also made by the action of the propeller as it turns

side-3) a (bow up, stern down)

Note: lift it and lower it

4) c (surging)

Note: Yawing is the effect of waves and wind to move the bow slightly off course

to one side and then to the opposite side Heaving is when the entire ship liftsvertically and drops down

5) a (waves from abeam)

Note: Roll is the action of a ship as it goes port up, starboard down and vice versa

2 Vocabulary

Parts of a ship

Exercise 2.

Introductory activity: Ask students to:

1) identify the type of ship in the picture (it is a container ship)

2) describe the work that the container ship does

3) name other types of vessels

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling 13

Answers

a) stern

b) rudder

c) propellerd) keel

e) davitf) bows

g) containerh) bridge

Follow-up activity: Ask students to name other parts of the ship in the picture

including: portholes / sidescuttles, companionway, poop deck, radar, funnel / stack,superstructure, hull

Exercise 3 Answers

1) ‘Port side’ is the left hand side of a ship facing forward

2) ‘Starboard side’ is the right hand side of a ship facing forward The starboard side

is the side shown in the picture

3) ‘Dead astern’ is directly to the rear of the ship

4) ‘Abaft’ is towards the rear of the ship

5) ‘After end’ is an alternative to ‘stern’

6) The ‘forward end’ is the ‘bows’

Other useful vocabulary (places/positions):

Abeam At right angles to the ship but not on the ship

Aboard On the ship

Above deck On the deck but not over it

Abreast By the side of the ship

Aft Toward the stern

Ahead In a forward direction

Alee Away from the direction of the wind

Aloft Above the deck

Amidships Towards the centre of the ship

Astern In the rear of the ship

Below Under the deck

Dead ahead Directly ahead

Fore-and-aft In a line parallel to the ship

Headway The forward motion of the ship

Inboard Inside the ship

Lee The side away from the wind

Leeward The direction away from the wind

Leeway The sideways movement of the boat caused by either wind or current

Midship Mid way between bow and stern

Overboard Over the side of the ship

Stem The forward most part of the bow

14 Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling EfM Guidance Notes

Exercise 4 Answers

bows → point that is most forward

port side → left side

starboard side → right side

forward → towards the front

keel → a projection below the hull

bridge → command station

hatch way → opening in the deck

windlass → machine to move heavy things

quarters → living area

Exercise 5.

Note: This exercise gets students to build sentences As a follow on activity ask

them to use any of the vocabulary that has appeared in the unit so far in shortsentences of their own construction Exercise 4 presents possibilities for doing thisfor the weaker students For example: ‘The bows are the point of the ship which ismost forward

Answers

1) The windlass is aft of the bridge

2) Crews quarters are on the port side

3) Help me out in the galley please

4) Go through the hatch way and onto the deck

5) Report to the bridge now

6) We paint and scrape the hull of this ship

7) The propeller is broken

8) The keel hit the rocks

9) Clean the ship from the bows to the stern

10) There is a hole in the starboard side of the hull

People on board

Exercise 6.

Introductory activity: Ask students to name ranks and jobs on board ship Ask

about the differences between non-military (merchant) navies and military naviesincluding names of ranks, equivalences of ranks and differences in work

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling 15

Answers

Master → the captain of a ship

Second Engineer → supervises engine department

Purser → officer in charge of accounts

Third Officer → safety officer who does the 8-12 watch

Marine Oiler → helps maintain engines

Ordinary Seaman → learner

Electrician → technical expert

Cook → sailor responsible for food

Note: Ships are generally organised into three departments (Deck, Engineering

and Stewards) The full range of ranks is provided here Though not all ships will

have all these positions and some ships will have more than those listed here

Exercise 7 Answers

1) Deck department: 1, 4, 5, 7

2) Engineering department: 2, 6, 8

3) Stewards department: 3, 9

16 Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling EfM Guidance Notes

Follow-up activity: Use the texts in the speech bubbles as models and elicit from

students similar sentences which describe the work of other mariners not in thelist Ask students to explain the difference between an unlicensed mariner and anofficer Ask students to explain the difference between an Ordinary Seaman and

an Able seaman (An Able Seaman is a sailor with at least two years experience.)Ask students about their own career history so far Ask about their professionalaims and ambitions

3 Structures

Present Tenses

Note: Ensure that students understand the terms Simple Present and Present

Con-tinuous Exercise 10 helps students identify the two present tense structures cise 11 helps students identify the usage of the two present tense structures

Exer-Exercise 10 Answers

1) I am travelling at three knots – Present Continuous

2) We sail from Dover to Calais every day – Simple Present

3) The second Engineer supervises the engine room – Simple Present

4) We’re leaving harbour now – Present Continuous

Exercise 11 Answers

1) facts that are true at any time: sentence 2

2) things that are happening now: sentence 3

3) repeated actions: sentence 2

4) things that happen for a limited time: sentence 4

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling 17

Exercise 12 Answers

1) Crews of ships are in departments The deck department has responsibility forship handling and general maintenance The engineering department deals withpropulsion The stewards department handles supplies and living quarters

2) This seaman is cleaning the decks at the moment He is getting more and moreexperience

3) The chief cook is not available right now He is working in the kitchen Today he

is supervising a new seaman

Exercise 13 Answers

1) We are navigating by the stars

2) I am not standing watch tonight

3) I am planning the route

4) We avoid collisions by navigating safely

5) We are not arriving but leaving our berth

6) Wind tide and swell affect a ship’s movement

Exercise 14 Answers

We are leaving → port now

I plan → each route very carefully

The deck hand is → helping the cook

Everyone → stands watch

I am making fast → to a buoy

The ship → is sinking

My job is to → maintain the engines

Follow-up activity: Obviously the next step in the process of mastering these two

tenses is for students to write and / or speak sentences of their own construction.Supply a list of verbs and perhaps other prompts for students to practice doing

this with The following is a list of verbs that occur in this unit which are relevant

to ship handling/seamanship

• (to) drop anchor

• (to) make fast

• (to) stand watch

• (to) come on board

• (to) lash

Note: More advanced students could practice constructing present tense questions

18 Level 1, Unit 1A – Ship handling EfM Guidance Notes

4 Reading

Exercise 16 Text 1

Introductory activity: Write the following important vocabulary on the board

and elicit definitions:

Note: Ask students to list the range of onboard tasks of an Ordinary Seaman Then

read the text After having read the text they can check back and find things thatare either not mentioned in their list or things in their list which are not mentioned

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 1B – Ship Handling in Seaspeak 19

Level 1, Unit 1B Ship Handling in Seaspeak

3) b

Note: An effect known as the propeller walk kicks the stern of a vessel to port orstarboard depending on the type of propeller

4) Ultra Large Bulk Carrier

5) C = astern, B = on the port beam

2 Vocabulary

Standard wheel and engine orders

Exercise 2.

Note: Wheel orders are given by the Officer of the Watch to the helmsman The

normal procedure is for the helmsman to repeat the order All wheel orders are

held until a new order is received The helmsman reports immediately if the vessel

does not respond (answer the wheel)

Exercise 3 Answers

‘Full ahead both’ → Maximum speed for two engines

‘Dead slow astern’ → Reverse very slowly

‘Stand by engine’ → Get ready

‘Bow thrust half to port’ → Move the ship’s head to port on 50 % power

‘Midships’ → Hold rudder in the fore and aft position

‘Ease to twenty’ → Reduce the amount of rudder to 20°

‘Steady as she goes’ → Stay on the heading given earlier

20 Level 1, Unit 1B – Ship Handling in Seaspeak EfM Guidance Notes

Note: Other examples of wheel orders:

• ‘Port five’: Hold five degrees of port rudder

• ‘Port ten’: Hold ten degrees of port rudder

• ‘Hard-a-port’: Hold rudder fully over to port

• ‘Starboard five’: Hold five degrees of starboard rudder

• ‘Starboard ten’: Hold ten degrees of starboard rudder

• ‘Hard-a-starboard’: Hold rudder fully over to starboard

• ‘Ease to five’: Reduce amount of rudder to five degrees and hold

• ‘Ease to ten’: Reduce amount of rudder to ten degrees and hold

• ‘Steady’: Reduce swing as fast as possible

Exercise 4 Audio script (and answers):

1) Port steer zero two five

2) Hold two five degrees of rudder

3) Port engines full ahead

4) Full ahead both

5) Ease to five6) Port steer one eight two7) Hard-a-port

3 Listening

SMCP Message markers

Note: An important feature of the Standard Marine Communication Phrases is

the use of message markers These are single words that come at the beginning

of a message that explain the purpose of the next bit of speech There are eightmessage markers in total (listed in exercise 5)

Exercise 6 Answers (for audio script see below)

1) gives permission: number 2

2) talks about future action: number 4

3) gives geographical position: number 1

4) gives an order: number 3

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 1B – Ship Handling in Seaspeak 21

Exercise 7 Audio script (including answers)

Transmission Number 1:

Answer: bearing zero – nine – five degrees true from Cape Marcel distance two

decimal six miles

Note: Note that when the Officer of the Watch (OoW) requires a course to be

steered, the direction is given by stating each numeral separately (including zero).For example: ‘starboard steer zero-eight-two’ and ‘port steer three zero five’

Exercise 8 Answers

Wheel orders

OoW: Steer starboard five

Helmsman: Steering starboard five,sir

OoW: Easy to one - five and steady as she goes

Helmsman: Steady on one - five sir

OoW: Keep the buoy on the port side

Helmsman: Keeping buoy on port side sir

Engine orders

OoW: Stand by engine room

Engineer: Engine room standing by, sir

OoW: Slow astern

Engineer: Astern slow, sir

OoW: Stop engines

Engineer: Stop engines, sir

OoW: Dead slow ahead

Engineer: Dead slow ahead, sir

OoW: Full ahead

22 Level 1, Unit 1B – Ship Handling in Seaspeak EfM Guidance Notes

Exercise 11 Model answer:

Student a: Marseille Port Control, Marseille Port Control, Marseille Port Control,

This is container ship Sandpiper dl 1763 on Channel 4, over

Student b: Sandpiper, This is Marseille Port Control Go ahead, Over

Student a: Marseille Port Control this is Sandpiper Information: My eta is 10.15,

over

Student b: Sandpiper, this is Marseille Port Control, Question: what is your cargo?

Over

Student a: Marseille Port Control, this is sandpiper Answer: we have one thousand

five hundred containers on board There is no dangerous cargo, over

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 2A – Emergencies 23

Level 1, Unit 2A Emergencies

General Notes

There are three levels of emergency and they are announced by different call signs:Mayday (repeated three times) is used for ‘grave and imminent danger to life or vessel’.Pan-pan (repeated three times) is for ‘an emergency on board but no immediate danger

to anyone’s life or to the vessel’ Sécurité (repeated three times) is the least urgent and

it is used for ‘important safety information’ The emergency VHF channel is almostalways Channel 16

Introductory activity: Invite students to:

1) give examples of ways of communicating a distress message (SOS, Morse Code,Semaphore, bells, whistles, code names etc.)

2) define an ‘emergency’ at sea

3) give examples of emergencies (personal experiences etc)

1 Introduction

Exercise 1 Introduction quiz: Answers

1) Channel 16 (one six)

Note: To include: man overboard, fire on board, collisions with other vessels and

with static objects like jetties, illness and disease on board, piracy, leaking, sinking,damage done by weather, attacks by animals / fish etc

24 Level 1, Unit 2A – Emergencies EfM Guidance Notes

Exercise 3.

to capsize → turn over

to collide → smash together

to sink → go under

to swamp → fill with water

to settle → go down slowly

to drift → go without power

to disappear → cannot be seen

Exercise 4.

Exercise 5.

Present Present continuous Past

capsize (is/are) capsizing capsized

collide (is/are) colliding collided

sinking (is/are) sinking sank

swamp (is/are) swamping swamped

settle (is/are) settling settled

drift (is/are) drifting drifted

disappear (is/are) disappearing disappeared

Exercise 6.

1) We are drifting in heavy seas Please send assistance

2) The sea is swamping our yacht

3) We collided with a tanker but there is no damage

4) Both vessels are sinking now

5) Yesterday the yacht Western Rose capsized off the coast of southern Portugal

3 Reading

Note: The aim of this reading exercise is to acquaint students with short messages

(2-3 sentence-long) for comprehension, analysis and vocabulary All the messagesare adapted from authentic material so they are examples of reports which anOfficer of the Watch might have to read and understand

Introductory activity: Students read all seven reports without doing the exercises.

They underline the words they don’t initially understand and make guesses aboutthe meanings of those words from the contexts

Vocabulary note: The opposite of to capsize is ‘to right’.

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 2A – Emergencies 25

5) 16) 2

7) 28) 1

9) 310) 1

5) to die = lose (their)

lives (to lose life)

6) swamped = b7) to ship = c8) settle = a9) undergoing = b10) blaze = c11) compartment = b

12) overturns = c13) the cargo = c14) tow = a15) to right = a16) c

17) b

4 Structures

Introductory activity: Point out different ways of giving orders:

1) The use of the smcp phrase marker ‘Instruction’

2) Must + infinitive (no ‘to’)

3) Stop + verb + ing

4) Avoid + verb + ing

5) Do not + infinitive (no ‘to’) for negative commands

6) Must not + infinitive (no ‘to’) for negative commands

7) Verb of command (infinitive) e.g Do / Use / Change / Proceed / Enter

8) Polite orders (use of ‘please’, ‘you may’, ‘you have permission to ’)

7) Stop8) Instruction9) avoid

Exercise 12 Answers

• Do not make unnecessary transmissions

• Request: send assistance immediately

• Stop transmitting on this channel

• Please avoid putting life in danger

• You have permission to come alongside

• Please repeat your distress message

• You must always respond to distress calls

26 Level 1, Unit 2A – Emergencies EfM Guidance Notes

Follow-up activity: Give students a topic word to use in order to construct orders

as in the examples e g.: topic word – ‘the fairway’ (lane used for passageway in aharbour) Students construct: ‘You must enter the fairway’/‘Stop using the fairway’etc Suggested topic words: berth/harbour/new course

5 Writing

Attacks by pirates

Introductory activity: students practice turning information that is given in note

form into full sentences For example: Attacked vessel: tanker (report no.1), can

be written as: ‘the attacked vessel is a tanker’

Students do the same with the following: Location: Malacca Straits; (The location

is the Malacca Straits); Crime: attempted hijacking (The crime is attempted ing); Details of attackers: 10 men in 2 speed boats (The attackers are ten men intwo speed boats)

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 2B – Emergencies in Seaspeak 27

Level 1, Unit 2B Emergencies in Seaspeak

1 Introduction

Exercise 1 Introduction quiz: Answers

1) Radio reception is measured on a scale of 1–5 5 is loud and clear or ‘Lima Charlie’.The numbers describe reception of signal in the following ways:

5 loud (your signal is strong)

3 weak (it is difficult to hear you)

2 very weak (it is very difficult to hear you)

1 nothing heard

2) They are all devices for transmitting distress signals epirb = emergency indicating radio beacons, elt = emergency locator transmitter (used by aircraft),pfd = personal flotation device

position-3) a (see Reading text)

4) c

5) Man overboard = O

2 Listening

Introductory activity: Ask students: What are the most important pieces of

in-formation that must be given in an emergency call? Ask also in what order these

things should be given

Exercise 2.

Written in the correct order, the message is:

1) Pan-pan, Pan-pan, Pan-pan (pronounced[pA:n])

2) All stations, all stations, all stations

3) This is 30312, mother of Pearl, Mother of Pearl, Mother of Pearl

4) My position is 37° 11.3' n 76° 10.2' w

5) Steering failure Drifting at 2 knots towards the shore

6) Require an urgent tow

7) Over

Follow-up activity: students read aloud the message then construct their own

similar distress messages based on material in this unit

28 Level 1, Unit 2B – Emergencies in Seaspeak EfM Guidance Notes

Audio script:

Emergency call part one:

Captain of Sirius: May day, May day, May day All stations, all

sta-tions, all stations This is Sirius, Sirius, Sirius Mayday Over

Westkapelle coast guard: Hello Sirius This is Westkapelle Coast Guard

Channel one six Question: What is the nature ofyour emergency? Over

Captain of Sirius: Westkapelle, this is fishing vessel Sirius We are

taking on water very fast and we have got deadbatteries Request immediate assistance Over.Westkapelle coast guard: Fishing vessel Sirius This is Westkapelle Nether-

lands coast guard Question: What is your tion? Over

posi-Captain of Sirius: Hello Westkapelle We are in the Wadden Sea,

about twenty kilometres North West of Harlingen.Over

Emergency call part two:

Westkapelle coast guard: Thank you Sirius Confirm: twenty kilometres

North West of Harlingen Over

Captain of Sirius: Affirmative Westkapelle Over

Westkapelle coast guard: Sirius, this is Westkapelle coast guard Question:

How many are on board? Over

Captain of Sirius: Westkapelle Answer: Crew of three Over

Westkapelle coast guard: Sirius This is Westkapelle coastguard We are

com-ing to your assistance Standby on channel one six.Over

Captain of Sirius: Westkapelle I’m standing by on channel one six

Exercise 3 Answers

1) fishing boat

2) vessel is sinking + dead batteries

3) Wadden Sea, about twenty kilometres North West of Harlingen

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 2B – Emergencies in Seaspeak 29

Emergency type: u danger to life or vessel

j no immediate danger to life or vessel

Number of people on board: 3

Summary of emergency: taking on water/dead batteries

3 Structures

Exercise 6 Answer

Mayday Ocean Princess This is Duke Leopold, Romeo Foxtrot one-four ReceivedMayday My speed is six knots and my eta (or: Echo Tango Alpha) is nine three three.Over

Exercise 7 Answer

All stations, all stations, all stations This is Ocean Princess, Alpha Hotel Romeo oneniner My position/location is: two two four degrees North, one two three degrees West.Cancel my distress alert of Monday one six June fourteen hundred hours This is OceanPrincess, Alpha Hotel Romeo one niner Out

4 Reading

Exercise 8 What not to say – Language of cb radio:

• Handle = name/call sign

• Ten-four = acknowledged/ok

• Smokey bear = police

• Put the hammer down = go faster

2) A: Big Daddy, Big Daddy, Big Daddy How do you read me? Over

B: This is Big Daddy I read you five Go ahead Over

30 Level 1, Unit 2B – Emergencies in Seaspeak EfM Guidance Notes

Background: Meanings of words commonly used in vhf transmissions

acknowledge Confirm that you have received my message and will comply affirmative – negative Yes/Correct - No/Incorrect.

all after/all before Everything that you (I) transmitted after (Keyword).

Everything that you (I) transmitted before (Keyword)

correct (that is correct) What you have transmitted is correct.

correction An error has been made in this transmission It will continue with

the last word (group) correctly transmitted An error has been made in thistransmission Correct version is That which follows is a correct version

in answer to your request for verification

wrong Your last transmission was incorrect The correct version is

disregard this transmission – out This transmission is an error

Disre-gard it This pro-word shall not be used to cancel any message that hasalready been completely transmitted and for which receipt or acknowledge-ment has been received

do not answer – out Station(s) called are not to answer this call, acknowledge

this message, or otherwise to transmit in connection with this transmission

silence – silence – silence Cease all transmissions on this net immediately.

Will be maintained until lifted

silence lifted Silence is lifted The net is free for traffic.

fetch I wish to speak on the radio to that person.

speaking Requested person is now using the radio himself.

figures Numerals or numbers will follow (This pro-word is not used with the

call signs, time definitions, grid references, bearings, distances, etc., cially in fixed-form reports.)

espe-through me I am in contact with the station you are calling; I can act as a relay

station

message passed to Your message has been passed to

roger so far? Have you received this part of my message satisfactorily? wilco I have received your message, understand it, and will comply (To be used

only by the addressee.) roger and wilco are never used together

unknown station The identity of the station calling or with whom I am

at-tempting to establish communication is unknown

verify Verify entire message (or portions indicated) with the originator and

send correct version To be used only at discretion of or by the addressee towhich the questioned message was directed

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 3A – Navigation 31

Level 1, Unit 3A Navigation

General Notes

Background information: Marine navigation is literally the moving of a vessel from

one place to another (the word ‘navigation’ comes from Latin: navis = ship, agere =move) All navigation, whether it is done by reading the stars or by GPS, involveslocating the navigator’s position by using the known locations of other things

An essential tool in navigation is the nautical chart which, unlike conventional maps,gives information about: water depth, the nature of the seabed, hazards to shipping,the location of landmarks visible from the sea, man-made navigational aids such asbuoys and lighthouses, details about coastline, hazards to shipping – both naturaland man-made, information about tides and currents and details about harbours andbridges Nautical charts are marked with lines of latitude (north — south) and lines oflongitude (east -– west) These are expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds Mostlypositions are given with respect to latitude and longitude These are given, latitudefirst and look like this: 49°30'02" n, 123°30'30" w

Modern navigation techniques use positioning provided by satellites Otherwise it

is done by plotting lines of position and direction (expressed as ‘bearings’) A navigatordraws two lines of position and his position is where the two lines intersect

1 Introduction

Introductory activity: The quiz can be done as a class activity Scoring on it is

unimportant as its main purpose is to introduce the subject of marine navigation

and should ideally generate ideas for other questions Ask what experience dents have of navigation, how much of their course is spent on navigation and

stu-what they find difficult about it Then, having answered the questions, students

can write questions of their own for the others to answer This could be done in

32 Level 1, Unit 3A – Navigation EfM Guidance Notes

Answers

light buoyanchoragevisible wreckwreck under wateroil rig

Obstn obstruction

foul sea beddangerrock

Exercise 3.

Note: Students should study the chart Get them to identify water depths and the

three different ways water depth is shown on this chart (tones of blue, contoursand spot values) The questions are not difficult – what would be demanding ishow to answer them and the exercise will demand students can use structuressuch as ‘South West of ’ etc

Answers

1) You must not enter the ‘prohibited area’ in the north west of the chart (Considerother ways of saying ‘prohibited’ e.g forbidden, banned, restricted, illegal)2) Bombs are found in the area of sea marked ‘unexploded ordnance’ (UO) UO areunexploded bombs, bullets, naval mines etc

3) Along the south coast of Columbas Island (Note rocks and spot values)

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 3A – Navigation 33

4) There is an unspecified obstruction east of the light vessel and lying betweencontour 20 and 10 (fathoms) south west of Columbas Island

5) The tower on the east side of Columbas Island

6) North and south of Columbas Island lie two visible wrecks

7) In the south west corner of the chart

8) There are underwater rocks all long the south coast of Columbas Island

9) 10 and 20 metre contours circle Columbas Island

2) false – spot values are given

7) wide berth

3 Reading

Note: Here are four authentic navigational warnings which are constantly being

issued to mariners by maritime authorities such as coast guards and port ties The language of navigational warnings is invariably sparse and in note form

authori-with abbreviations commonly used

34 Level 1, Unit 3A – Navigation EfM Guidance Notes

• Notice D

1) a2) c3) b

4 Listening

Chart work

Exercise 8.

Note: Navigation has its own specialist vocabulary and the phrases and words

provided in this exercise are associated with ‘manual’ navigation techniques andalthough most navigation is done by gps nowadays mariners, more traditionalmethods of plotting courses are still central to mariners’ training

Ask students if any is prepared to explain in English how to plot a course and find

a position Further information is usefully provided in online tutorials such as:www.sailingissues.com

Answers

intended course → direction you want to go

fix → intersection of 2 Lines of Position

dead reckoning → using course and speed to estimate present position

prime meridian → 0 degrees longitude

course made good → direction actually travelled

drift → movement because of currents/wind etc

intersection → where two Lines of Position meet

cardinal points → North South East West

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 3A – Navigation 35

Exercise 9.

a) The intended course is line A–D

b) Take a fix to find the start position ‘A’

c) Use Lines of Position BC and AC to make a dead reckoning of present position.d) Your position is the intersection of BC and AC

e) B–C is the drift caused by tide

f) A–C is course made good

g) A–D is a bearing of 0 degrees

Exercise 10.

Note: To do this exercise students listen to instructions and plot a course They

will need paper, a pen, and a ruler

Audio Script:

In the centre of your page write the letter A This is your start point

The scale of your map is 1 cm = 1 NM Now draw a line of position from A at

a bearing of 70° for 6 nautical miles Mark this point B

Change course at point B Your course is now 30° for a distance of 5 nautical

miles to point C There is drift so your course made good is 5 Nautical miles

on a bearing of 10° Write D to show your position

Answer

A

B

C D

36 Level 1, Unit 3A – Navigation EfM Guidance Notes

5 Structures

Simple Past

Exercise 11.

Verbs in order of appearance in the text: left, set (course), travelled, dropped, drifted,

returned, steered, changed, headed, sighted, saw, knew, took on, continued, reached,headed

Follow on activity: After students have read the text and studied the table of rules

for making simple past tense verbs (13) get them to check back to the list they havecompiled in exercise 11 and match the verbs with the rules

Exercise 12.

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Present Simple Past

5) gave6) plotted

6 Writing

Note: The two diagrams show that the Jade Star was driven off course by Gale

Force winds and that eventually the vessel hit rocks

Exercise 16 Model answer:

At 15.25 utc the Jade Star headed on an intended course on a bearing of 290 degrees.However a gale force 8 wind caused the vessel to drift off course The vessel’s coursemade good was in fact 270 degrees At 16.00 the Jade Star was in collision with rocks

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 3B – Navigation in Seaspeak 37

Level 1, Unit 3B Navigation in Seaspeak

General Notes

Background Information: The exercises in this unit focus on expressing

measure-ment within the context of basic nautical navigation: position, bearings, speed, timeand distance

Positions are expressed in degrees and minutes of latitude and longitude Latitude

is the position north or south of the equator and longitude is position east or west ofGreenwich For example: ‘my position is 15 degrees 34 minutes North, 061 degrees 29minutes West.’ When a position is related to a clearly defined object on a chart, thebearing is expressed in degrees from true north from the charted mark For exam-ple: ‘my position is bearing 137 degrees from Red Star lighthouse distance 1.5 nauti-cal miles/kilometres.’ Bearings are also given relative to vessels such as: ‘pilot boat isbearing 215 degrees from you.’ Bearings are expressed relative to the vessel’s port orstarboard bow For example: ‘Buoy 080 degrees on your port bow.’ When distancesare given, their unit of measurement should be made clear (kilometres/nautical miles)and time is expressed by a 24 hour utc notation

1 Introduction

Note: Assessing signal strength is often done with numbers such as ‘5 x 5’ meaning

five out of five for clarity and volume Other terms include: ‘loud and clear’ or

‘Lima and Charlie’ For example: ‘X-ray Charlie Two-One, This is Alpha Bravo

One-Two, radio check, over.’ Alpha Bravo One two This is X-ray Charlie Two-one

I read you five by five, Over

Exercise 1 Introduction quiz: Answers

1) Zulu

2) second (Example: ‘warning Dangerous wreck in position 15 degrees 34 minutesNorth 061 degrees 29 minutes West.’)

3) distance – cables, speed – knots, bearings – minutes

4) Collision Regulations - International ‘rules of the road’ for avoiding collision atsea

5) go ahead I have received your initial call; continue with the rest of

i read you 5 by 5 I can hear you clearly

38 Level 1, Unit 3B – Navigation in Seaspeak EfM Guidance Notes

2 Vocabulary

Background information: Numbers are included in the nato phonetic

alpha-bet in order to standardise their pronunciation This is because pronunciation ofnumbers as well as the alphabet varies throughout the world according to firstlanguage and dialect In addition, when speaking, numbers are given in separatedigits: ‘One-five-zero’ for 150, ‘Two decimal five’ or ‘Two point five’ for 2.5 How-ever, when wheel orders are given the full number is spoken (‘sixteen for 16 etc.).The full list of digits is given here:

Introductory activity: Write down a few numbers and discuss with students

dif-ferent ways of speaking them Ask why and when clarity of numbers is very tant for safety at sea Ask for suggestions of when numbers are used Ask if anyoneknows of situations when numbers have been either incorrectly given or whenthey have not been understood and whether this caused problems or dangers

impor-Exercise 2 Answers

150 → One five zero

1.50 → One decimal five

Follow-up activity: Move on to explore the language of mathematics – simple

sums and formulae that may need to be expressed in words: 10 5 × 3 = 6 (Tendivided by five multiplied by three equals six) as well as fractions and mathematicalsymbols (–, +, ×,º

etc)

EfM Guidance Notes Level 1, Unit 3B – Navigation in Seaspeak 39

3 Structures

Background information – Corrections and repetitions in smcps: If part of a

message is considered very important then it is repeated The word ‘repeat’ is ken followed by the important part of the message For example: ‘Do not approach

spo-– repeat spo-– do not approach.’

When a message is not properly heard, then the words: ‘Say again (please)’ are said.The part that needs to be repeated is indicated by ‘all after ’ For example: ‘Say

again please, all after “position” ’ When a mistake is made in a message the word

‘mistake’ is spoken followed by the word ‘correction’ and then the corrected part

of the message For example: ‘My speed is one two knots - mistake Correction,

my speed is one five knots.’

Exercise 5.

Ensure that students know the words ‘repeat’ and ‘correction’ Once the definitions ofthese words are established, students will need to study the three sentences and workout from the context which phrase/word fits in each gap

Answers

Exercise 6.

1) Do not overtake repeat do not overtake

2) Turn to starboard and pass astern, mistake Correction: turn to port

3) c/v Passing Wind change course to two three zero repeat change course to twothree zero, Over

4) My position is North 69°24', West 133° mistake Correction West 132°

5) Understood time now is 02:58 utc please say again all after ‘utc’

Exercise 7.

1) Please say again all after location

2) My eta is one four zero four five utc, mistake Correction my eta is one two fourfive utc

3) Give a wide berth Repeat give a wide berth

40 Level 1, Unit 3B – Navigation in Seaspeak EfM Guidance Notes

4 Reading

COLREGS (collision regulations)

Background: colregs are laid down by maritime authorities such as the imo.

They are the traffic rules of the sea Here are some examples:

• Power driven vessels must keep out of the way of sailing vessels but a sailing

ves-sel must not impede a power driven vesves-sel navigating within a narrow channel

or traffic lane

• If sailing through a channel, keep to the starboard side.

• If crossing a narrow channel, you must do so as nearly as possible at right angles.

Ask students what colregs they know, what colregs are frequently broken andhow colregs compare with the rules and regulations of driving

5 Listening

Note: Sudden changes that can present dangers to shipping: dredging, new

uncharted wreck, oil discharged from other ships, cargo fallen over the side,buoy/warning lights failure, vessels breaking colregs etc

Exercise 10.

Audio script: [single voice]

Cherbourg Traffic Control: Sécurité, Sécurité Sécurité All stations, all stations,all stations This is Cherbourg Traffic Control with traffic information A group

of white boxes is reported in position 7 miles South East of Echo Charlie Two.Advice: Give a wide berth For all information please contact Cherbourg Trafficlistening on channel 16.From Cherbourg Traffic Out

Answers

• A group of white boxes

• South East of ec2

• Give a wide berth