Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết việc thực thi công ước quyền trẻ em ở Việt Nam, tuổi chịu trách nhiệm hình sự và chế tài đối với người chưa thành niên phạm tội.
Trang 1^THirc THI CONG iSCiC QUYEN TRE EM 6 VIET NAM:
Tuoi chiu TRAch NhitM hJNh si/ VA chi lAi doi vdi Nqu^5i chu^A ihANh NiEN phAivi rpi
PHAM THI THANH NGA*
m
1 Gidi thidu chung
Tudi chiu trach nhiem hinh sy (TNHS)
va ehd tdi hinh su hay hinh phgt la nhiing
vin dd CO ban vd khdng thd thidu trong cd
he thdng phap luat qudc gia vd qudc td, thd
hidn quan didm va each thiic xir ly ngudi
phgm tdi, ciing nhu cdc bidn phap bao vd trat
tu xa hdi, an toan cdng cdng va quydn con
ngudi Vide xac djnh nhiing gidi hgn do tudi
chju TNHS thich hgp, dgc bidt la tudi tdi
thidu ludn la van de khd khan khi xay dyng
chinh sach hinh sy d mdi qudc gia cung nhu
cac dieu udc vd hudng din chung trong
cdng ddng qude te'
Trong phgm vi Cdng ude quydn tre em
(CUQTE), tudi chju TNHS vd chd tai ddi
vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nidn (NCTN) pham tgi
la nhiing ndi dung dac bidt quan trgng Viet
Nam phd chuan CUQTE (khdng bao luu bat
ky dieu khodn ndo) vdo nam 1990^, la qudc
gia diu tien d Chau A chip nhgn Cdng udc Nhd nude ta da tuyen bd ring, thye thi CUQTE Id mdt ngi dung uu tien trong chidn luge thuc thi quydn con ngudi eua qudc gia^ Nhu mgi qudc gia thdnh vidn, Viet Nam cd nghia vu tidn hanh mgi bien phdp cin thidt
ca vd lap phap, hdnh phap va tu phdp dd hien thuc hda cdc quydn cua trd em dugc ghi nhgn trong Cdng udc''
Q day, chung tdi danh gia miic dp tuang thieh giiia phap lugt va thye tidn ciia Viet Nam vdi cdc chuan myc j)hap ly qudc
td, trung tam la CUQTE vd tudi chju TNHS
vd chd tdi ddi vdi NCTN phgm tdi Cdc vdn
dd td tyng (quydn bdo chiia, quydn rieng tu, hoae thu tye gidi quydt) khdng thudc pham
vi ciia nghidn ciiu nay Kdt qud nghidn citu chi ra rang, so vdi cac tidu chuan qude td, tudi chju TNHS d Viet Nam hien nay dugc quy dinh hoan toaii phii hop; he thdng chd tai thidu dam bao vd nguyen tdc nhung thidu
Tda in nhan dan tor tso, NCS Bai hgc WoHongong, Australia
Gregor Uitas (2000) ''The Age of Criminal Responsibility" in Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, (AustrBllan Institute of Criminology), trang 1; Cipriani Don (2009) Children's Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Respon^t^tity:
A Glotiai Perspective, Buriington, VT, Ashgate xiv; Delmage Bnys (2013) "The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Medico-Legal Perspective." Youth Jusb'ce 13(2), tiang 104
Xem: <http://www2.ohchr.org/engli^/law/a'c.htm>
Vietnam (1999) Bao cao quoc gia ve w^c thWc hiin Cdng ddc quyen tre em giai do?n 1993-1998, trang 66 CUQTE: Dieu 4
I LAP P H A P _ / S 5 18 (274) T9/2014
Trang 2tinh da dgng, mdt sd ehd tdi (dac bi?t la eae
bi?n phdp tu phap) thidu tinh kid thi
Trong eae van ban phap luat va nghidn
ciru hgc tiiuat, nhung thugt ngii lidn quan den
tudi chju TNHS dugc su dyng kha phd bidn
nhung khdng dugc dinh nghia hogc gidi hgn
rd rang vd thong nhat Trong nhidu tdi lieu,
'tudi chiu TNHS' (the age of criminal
re-sponsibility) cd the duoc hidu nhu 'tudi tdi
thidu cua TNHS' (the minimum age of
crim-inal responsibility) Q mdt sd trudng hgp
khde, thugt ngii ndy dugc sir dung rit chung,
khdng phan bidt cac gidi han tudi khde nhau,
gdm 'tudi tdi thieu cua TNHS', 'do tudi tdi
da thudc tu phdp NCTN' (the upper age-limit
for juvenile justice)^, hay 'tudi tdi thieu cua
TNHS day dii' (the minimum age of criminal
maturity) Nhiing gidi hgn do tudi nay khd
da dang, phy thugc vao timg he thdng phap
ludt 6 miic dg chung va khai qudt, ed hai
gidi hgn dp tudi i)hd bidn thudng dugc dd
cap, bao gdm: 'tudi tdi tiiidu cua TNHS' va
'tudi tdi thidu ciia TNHS diy dii'
'Tudi tdi thidu ciia TNHS' la do tudi
thdp nhat ma mdt ngudi cd thd phdi chiu
TNHS khi hg vi phgm phdp ludt (VPPL)
hmh sy Nhirng ngudi dudi do tudi nay dugc
coi Id khdng cd nang lyc VPPL hinh sy, hay
khdng cd nang lye TNHS va khdng bi xu ly
theo thii tuc tu phdp hinh sy trong bit ky
hoan eanh ndo*
'Tudi tdi thidu cua TNHS day dii' la dp
tudi thap nhat ma ngudi VPPL hinh su bj xii
ly theo he thdng hinh phat va thu tuc td tung
danh cho ngudi da trudng thdnh Nhiing
ngudi d dg tudi nay hoac ldn hon khdng
dugc xem xet giam nhe hmh phat hay xet xii theo thu tuc dac bidt danh eho nhiing ngudi duge coi la chua trudng thanh; khdng la ddi tugng cua chinh sach tu phap NCTN Khde vdi van de tudi, hinh phgt hay chd tai ddi vdi ngudi phgm tgi thudng dugc djnh nghTa vd liet kd cy the trong he thdng phap lugt qudc gia 6 tam khai (|uat, chd tai dugc hidu la nhiing ban chd vd quydn ma mdt ngudi cd thd phai chju do hp phgm phap lugt hinh sy
Nhiing ngi dung cu thd vd tudi chju TNHS va chd tai theo ede ehuin muc phap
ly qudc td, eae quy djnh ciia phap lugt vd thuc tien thi hanh lgi Viet Nam se duge trinh bay trong cdc phin tidp theo
2 Phap ludt quoc te ve tudi chiu trach nhiem hinh sir va che tai dp dung d6i vol ngu-di chu^ thanh nien pham t^i Trong he thdng phap luat qudc td, tudi chiu TNHS va che tdi phai phii hop cac didu udc qudc te lidn quan vd quydn con ngudi
va tu phap hinh sy Khdng ke den eae van kien dp dung chun^ cho tat ca mgi ngudi nhu Tuyen bd toan cau vd Quydn con ngudi^ hay Cdng ude vd cac quydn dan sy va ehinh tri*, cac van ban dgc biet quan trgng ddi vdi mdi chiu TNHS va hinh phgt ddi vdi NCTN phgm tdi bao gdm:
CUQTE dugc thdng qua va md cho cdc qudc gia ky kdt, phd chuan vd gia nhap theo Nghi quydt cua Dai hdi ddng Lidn hgp qudc
sd 44/25 ngay 20/l0/i989;'
Bd quy tac ve Tieu chuan tdi thieu ve Quan ly tu phdp NCTN, dugc ban hanh bdi
5 Xem: Binh luan chung so 10 (2007) ve Quyen cua Tre em trong td phap NCTN cua Uy ban Cong udc ve Quyen tre em
<http://vnvw2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cr<^docs/co/CRC.C.HND.C0.3_en.pdf> (sau day goi tat la Binh luan chung so 10): cac Do^n: 35-36
6 u m^t so quoc gia, &n t^i hai gidi han dp tuoi toi thii'u cua TNHS, do tuoi toi thieu trin vado tuoi toi thieu dW&i Nhihig ngu'di tir d^ tua toi thii'u dudi nhung chua dat do tuoi tdi thii'u tren thdc hiin cac hanh dong pham toi se phai chiu TNHS neu Toa an ket luan ngudi do da du trudng thanh va nhan thii'c dudc iinh chat sai trai ciia hanh vi Xem them: Binh lu$n chung so 10, cac Do^n 30- 33; Thomas Crofts (2012) 'The Age of Innocence: Raising the Age of Criminal Re-sponslhility"
<http://rightnow org au/topics/dJildren-and-youdi/the-age-of-innocence-raising-the-3ge-of-cdminal-responsibility/>
7 United Nadons (1948) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights <http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/>
8 United Nations (1966) The Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
<http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalin-tere$t/pages/ccpr.a^x>
9 Xem, <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htn}>
NOHIEN CUVI
So 18 (274) T9/2014\ LAPPHApl 13 NOHIEN CUVI « C
Trang 3Dai hdi ddng Lidn hgp qudc nam 1985
(thudng ggi la Quy tdc Bic Kinh);'"
Bd quy tic vd Bdo vd tre em bi tude ty
do, dugc Dai hgi ddng Lidn hgp qudc ban
hanh nam 1990 (thudng ggi Id Quy tic
Ha-vana);"
Hudng ddn vd Ldm vide vdi tre em
trong he thdng tu phap hinh sy, dugc Hgi
ddng Kinh td - Xa hdi ciia Lidn hgp qudc
thdng qua nam 1997;'^ va
Bmh ludn Chung sd 10 (2007) vd Quydn
tre em trong Tu phdp NCTN, duge Uy ban
Quydn tre em dua ra nam 2007
Trong sd van ban trdn, CUQTE la trung
tam vd cd gia tri phap ly bat bude ddi vdi
hdu hdt mgi qude gia tren the gidi, 193 qudc
gia thanh vidn ciia Cdng udc'^ Nhiing van
bdn cdn lai, cd tinh khuydn nghj, chita dung
nhiing hudng ddn cy tiid, ldm sang td cdc
ydu eau lidn cjuan ddi vdi tu phdp NCTN,
bao gdm ca tudi chju TNHS vd hinh phat md
mdi qudc gia can phdi tuan theo dd dam bao
quy^n ciia tre em theo quy djnh ciia Cdng
udc
Vd tudi chju TNHS, CUQTE ydu cdu
mdi qude gia phai quy djnh mgt do tudi tdi
thidu ma tre em dudi dd tudi dd dugc coi Id
khdng cd khd nang VPPL hinh sy'** Ndi
each khac, mdi qudc gia can quy djnh 'tudi
tdi thidu chju TNHS'
Didu 4 Quy tac Bac Kinh hudng dan
ring didm bit diu cua gidi han tudi chiu TNHS khdng dugc quy dinh d miic qud thdp, phai chu y tdi sy phdt trien ciia cam xiic, tam ly vd nhgn thiic cua NCTN NghTa
la vide quy dinh 'tudi tdi tiiidu cua TNHS' phdi du cao dd dam bdo tre em da nhan thiic dugc tinh chdt nguy hidm trong hanh vi pham t^i thi mdi cd thd phai chiu TNHS Trdn thye td, tudi tdi thidu cua TNHS dugc quy dinh rat khac nhau giu:a cdc qudc gia, tii bdy ddn 18 tudi, hoac khdng dugc quy dinh'*
Khing djnh rang ndu quy djnh dp tudi
tdi thidu ciia TNHS qua thap, thi f nghia ciia
vide quy djnh khdng cdn vd khdng ddm bdo quydn ciia NCTN Uy ban CUQTE kdt lugn rang ndu tudi tdi thieu cua TNHS thap han
12 se bi coi la khdng phu hgp vdi chuin myc
phap ly qudc td Do dd Uy bsai keu ggi cdc qudc gia hien dang quy dinh do tudi tdi tiiieu ciia TNHS qud thap cin nang ldn 12 - m(ic
cd thd chap nhgn d tam qudc te, va tidp t^c tang ldn tdi d§ tudi cao hon'* Dg tudi toi thidu dugc Uy ban khuydn nghj la 14" Tudi tdi thieu cua TNHS day du, khdng dugc dinh nghTa rd rdng trong cdc van ki?n phdp ly, nhung dugc hieu khd thong nhat Id
18 tudi Theo CUQTE va cac van ki$n lidn quan thi tre em hay NCTN dugc djnh nghia
la bat ky ai dudi IStudi'* Theo edc van bdn
dd, ciing nhu khuydn nghj tu cac td chiic bao
10 United Nations (1985) Standard Minimum Rules for Administration of Juvenile Justice <http://www2.ohciir.org/ english/law/beljingrules.htm>
11 United Nations (1990) United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived for their Liberty
<http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/res45_113.hbn>
12 United Nations Economic and Social Council (1997) Guidelines for Acdon on Children in the Criminal Justice System
<ht^://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/system.htm>
13 Den nay, CUQTE co 193 quoc gia thanh vien, bao gdm tit ca cac thanh viin cua Uen hdp qudc ngo$l trie d)l hai qu3c gia, My va Somalia da ky Idt nhutig chua phe chuan Xem them tai: <http://treaties.un.org/Pages/'/iewDetalls.aspX? src=TR£ATY8tmtdsg_no=IV-n&chapter=4&lang=en>
14 CUQTE: Diiu 40/3/a
15 Xem Angela Melchlorre (2004) At What Age? Are Sdiool-diildren Employed, Married and Taken to Court?, Mght to Ed-ucation Project, <htpp://wvm.right-to-edEd-ucation.org/sites/r2e.gn.apc /At%20What%20Age_.pdfnCached>; Binh Ii4n Chung so 10: Doan 30
16 Binh luan Chung so 10: Doan 32
17 Binh luan chung so 10: Doan 33
18 Xem CUQTE: Dieu 1; Cong Udc so 183 cua TS chii'c Lao dgng quoc te'ifli Lo?i bd nhOhg hlnh thOb lao a0ng tr^ em (14c biet tni ti: Dieu 2; Nghi djnh thU vi Phong chdng v^ tn/c ph^t t$i ph^m mua bin ngUdi, d$c bl^t li phi^ nO" vitriem-B6 sung Cdng Udc cua Liin hdp quoc ve Phdng chdng ^i ph^m c6 tS chut: Diiu 3(d); Quy tSc Havana: Quy d c J l(d}
L A P P I I A P _ / S 6 18 (274) T9/2014
Trang 4vd tre em, cdc qudc gia ludn dugc khuydn
khich ap dyng chinh sach tu phap NCTN,
bao gdm ca yB hinh phgt vd thii tuc td tyng
than tiiidn đi vdi mgi ngudi pham tdi dudi
18 tudi, bat ke loai tgi phgm hg tbyc hidn"
Trdn thye td, d mdt so qudc gia (nhu
Malaysia, mgt sd bang cua My, Singapore
vd Uc), Tod dn NCTN (Tod an tre em) cd
thdm quydn xet xit nhiing ngudi dudi 16
tudi; nhung khdng cd tham quydn giai quydt
đi vdi nhung vy vide dac bidt nghiem
trgng, nhung vy ed ca bi cdo trdn 16 tudi,
hoac nhiing vy lidn quan đn vii khi, an ninh
quoc giâ° Trong nhung trudng hgp nhu
vgy, NCTN pham tdi dugc xet xir bdi cac tda
an hinh su thdng thudng, theo thii tye nhu
đi vdi ngudi da trudng thanh O mdt sd
qudc gia khdc, Tda dn thanh thieu nien^' cd
ttiam quydn giai quydt cac vy an ma ngudi
phgm tdi dudi 21 tudị NghTa la thu tuc td
tyng dac bidt danh cho NCTN dugc ap dung
d6i vdi khdng chi nhiing ngudi dudi 18 tudi
ma cd nhung ngudi ldn hon nhung khdn^
qud 21 tu6ị Nhiing quy dinh nhu vay, rat
dugc Uy ban CUQTE khuyen khich va ung
Vd hinh phgt, bdn eanh nhung quy djnh
cd tinh nguyen tdc chung vd bao vd va cham
sdc tre em nhu bdo ve lgi ich tdt nhat va su
phdt trien hai hoa cua tre em, CUC^TE va cac
hudng dan đu ydu cdu cac qudc gia đm
bdo nhimg van đ cd tinh dac trung vd tu
phdp hinh sy trong xu ly NCTN phgm tdị
Cdc ydu cdu đ bao gdm: khdng tra tan, đi
xu tan t? vd nhdn dgo hay lam mat phdm gia
con ngudi; khdng xii phat tu hinh hay tu
ehung than vi nhimg hanh đng pham phap
do ngudi dudi 18 tuoi gay ra; vide bit, giam
giii hay bd tu phai dugc tidn hanh theo phap luat vd ehi dugc dung đn nhu mdt bidn phdp cudi ciing va trong thdi hgn ngan nhat
cd thd; vd tre em bj tude ty do phdi dugc đi
xu nhdn dgo va tdn trgng pham gia cua eon ngudi theo each thiic phu hgp vdi cac nhu cau ciia lira tudi^^
Cac van kidn phap ly ciing nhan mgnh vide can cd nhiing he thdng xii ly NCTN pham tdi ma khdng phai dung đn cac đn cac thii tuc td tyng, xet xir va giam giii ehinh thirế' Cae qudc gia dugc khuydn nghj đ xay dung va phat tridn eae quy trinh xu ly ehuydn hudng, cac bien phap thay thd giam giii nhu lenh giam sat, cham sdc va hudn^ dan, tu van, cdc chuang trinh giao due nghd nghidp, tai hda nhap cdng đng^^ Nhu vdy, ngoai trir quy djnh khdng ap dung hinh phat tii hinh va tii chung, CUQTE
va cac van kidn lidn quan khdng dua ra nhimg quy dinh chi tidt vd tdi phgm, hinh phat va edc bien phap xir ly đi vdi NCTN pham tdị Cac hudng dan ve xir ly va dp dung hinh phgt cd tinh dinh hudng va ky thuat Dieu nay cd thd giai thich bdi he thong che tdi hinh sy ludn phan anh quan didm ciia moi nha nudc ve tdi phgm vd edeh thirc bao vd quydn con ngudi; va chiu anh hudng cua truyen thdng phap luat va didu kidn kinh te - xa hdi d mdi qudc giạ Thdng qua cac kdt qua vide giam sat va
hd trg thye thi CUQTE va quyen tre em trong ITnh vu tu phdp NCTN, Uy ban CUQTE va cac to chiic qudc td hogt đng trong ITnh vyc nay (UNICEF, Save the Chil-dren, va Mgng ludi tu phap NCTN) cd thd nhgn thay tu phap NCTN thu dugc it thanh cdng so vdi cac ITnh vuc khac cua quydn tre
19 Xem Binh lu$n dyung so 10: Doan 38
20 Aiem Champion, D J va G L Mays (1991) Transferring Juveniles to Criminal Courts: Trends and Implications for Criminal Justice, New Yori(, Praeger; Chris Cunneen va Rob White (2007) Juvenile Justice: Youdi and Crime in Australia, Oxford Unlvêity Press; Chan, W-C (2012) "Juvenile Ganders in Singaporẹ"
21 Tin đng Anh: the Youth Court
22 Binh lu$n chung s610: Doan 38
23 CUQTE: DHu 37; Quy tSc Bic Kmh; Quy tSc Havana; Binh luan chung sd 10
24 CUQTE: DiSu 40/3
25 CXJQTE: DHu 40; Hudng dSn Lim viic v&itreem trong h$ thong tUphap hinh sifi Quy tic Havanạ
Trang 5em^* Ddn nay, chua cd qudc gia nao xay
dung dugc md hinh tu phap NCTN dap ling
diy du cdc ydu cau ciia nhiing ehuan myc
phap ly qudc td lien quan, dii rang d mdt sd
tidu cM hep han (nhu tda an ehuydn bidt hay
chuang trinh giao due cdng đng) da dugc
thuc hidn hieu qua d mdt sd qude giấ
Trong qud trinh giam sat viec thye thi
Cdng udc, Uy ban CUQTE thudng xuydn
đ nghi cae qudc gia thdnh vien, bao gdm ca
Viet Nam, can quan tam hon niia den tu
phdp NCTN, trong đ cd vin đ tudi va ehe
tai hinh sy hay hinh phat
3 Phap luat va thurc tidn d Vidt Nam
3.1 Vi tudi chiu TNHS
Phap lugt Viet Nam hien hanh ed hai
quy trinh khdc nhau đ xu ly nhirng hanh vi
cd diu hidu ciia tdi pham: trinh ty td tyng
hinh sy (TTHS) va thu tye hanh chinh - tu
phap Trinh ni TTHS dugc quy djnh bdi Bd
luat TTHS nam 2003, thu tuc hanh chinh
-tu phdp dugc quy djnh bdi Luat Xir Iy vi
pham hanh chinh nam 2013 Can cii đ xac
djnh thii tuc giai quydt vy viec phy thudc
vdo tudi eiia ngudi vi pham vd tinh chat
nghidm trpng cua hanh vị
Theo thdng Id, khi thao lugn vd tudi chiu
TNHS va hinh phat, cac nha nghien cuu Viet
Nam thudng chi tap trung ban den nhiing
van de dugc quy dinh bdi Bd luat Hinh sy
(BLHS) vd Bg luat TTHS Trong hai bd luat
nay, tudi tdi thieu cua TNHS va tudi chiu
TNHS diy du khdng dugc dinh nghTa rd
rang, nhung cd the duge xac djnh ehinh xac
Tudi tdi thidu chju TNHS la 14 va tudi chiu
TNHS diy du lálS^^ Hai bd lugt nay ciing
nhu phap ludt ndi chung, sir dung thuat ngii
'NCTN' phii hgp vdi dinh nghTa cua Bd luat
Dan su: ngudi chua du 18 tudi la NCTN, ngudi til dii 18 tudi trd idn !a ngudi da thdnh nidn^^
Tudi tdi tiiidu eua TNHS Id 14 khdng đng nghia vdi vide ndu mdt ngudi du 14 tudi VPPL hinh sy se ludn phdi chju trach nhidm theo thu tuc TTHS va ngudi dudi 14 tudi vi phgm thi khdng bj dp dung edc bi$n phap hgn chd ty do nhu bit, tam giu, hogc dua vdo trudng giao dudng Theo phdp luat hidn hdnh, ngudi dgt dp tudi tdi thidu cua TNHS (14 tudi) nhung chua du 16 tudi chiu trach nhidm trong trudng hgp cd y thye hidn tdi phgm rit nghidm trgng hoac tdi phgm dgc bidt nghiem trgng; vd ngudi du 16 tudi hoac ldn ban phai chju TNHS ve mgi tdi phgm
ma hg thuc hien^"
Tir phuang didn hinh phgt, vide xac djnh logi tdi phgm cd tiie dya vao miie eao nhdt cua khung hinh phat ma BLHS quy djnh Tdi phgm it nghiem trgng cd miic cao nhat ciia khung hinh phat khdng qua ba nam tu; tdi phgm nghiem trpng ed miic cao nhdt ciia khung hinh phat tir trdn ba nam đn bdy nam tu; tdi phgm rit nghiem trgng cd miic cao nhit cua khung hmh phgt tu trdn bay nam tii đn 15 nam tu; tdi iihgm dgc bidt nghiem trpng ed mue cao nhat eua khung hinh phat trdn 15 nam tu, tii ehung than hogc tir hinh Nhu vgy, nhiing ngudi dgt dp tudi toi thidu ciia TNHS, 14 tudi hogc ldn hon nhung ehua du 16 tudi, ehi phdi chju trach nhidm phap ly theo thu tue TTHS ndu hp thye hidn tgi phgm cd mire eao nhat ciia khung hinh phat la trdn 15 nam hi, tii chung than hogc tir hinh; hogc cd y thye hidn t^i phgm cd miic cao nhat ciia khung hinh phgt trdn bay nam tiị
26 Xem: International Networic on Juvenile Justice (2001) Bao cao aia Uy ban Quyen tre em Lien hdp qudc ve Cong tic tit phap NCTN (sach dich), Nha xuat ban Chfnh tn Quoc gia, trang 6
27 Pham Thi Thanh Nga (2013) "The Establishment of Juvenile Courts and die Fulfiment of Vietnam's Obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child." Australian Journal of Asian Law 14(1), trang 17; xem thim: UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia (2006) Juvenile Justice in South Asia: Improving Protection for Children in Conflict with the Law, United Nations Publications, trang 615
28 BLHS nam 1999, dUOc sua doi bo sung nam 2009: cac Dieu 12, 68-77
29 Bo luat Dan sU nSm 2005: Dieu 18
30 BLHS: Dieu 12
18 I NGHIfcN CUU
Trang 6Cd BLHS vd Bp ludt TTHS ddu cd
nhung quy djnh dp dung ridng ddi vdi
NCTN pham tdi Hinh phat dp dung vdi
ngudi pham tgi khi chua du 18 tudi nhe han;
thu tye td tung dp dung vdi ngudi bj bit, bj
can, bi edo dudi 18 tudi cd tinh ddn nhung
didm dgc thu, phu hgp vdi tam ly liia tudi
cua ngudi chua trudng thanh^' Ndi cdeh
khde, ngudi tii dii 18 tudi trd len chju TNHS
theo cdc quy djnh cua phdp luat hmh sy vd
TTHS, khdng cd bdt ky uu tidn nao vi ly do
ngudi pham tgi edn non ndt vd the ehdt va
tinh than
Tdm lgi, khi xdc djnh TNHS theo quy
djitii ciia BLHS va Bd lugt TTHS, tudi tdi
thidu eiia TNHS (14 tudi) vd tudi tdi thidu
cua TNHS day du (18 tudi) Id hodn toan phu
hgp vdi chuan mire phdp ly qude td, phu hgp
vdi cac khuyen nghi cua Uy ban CUQTE
Ndu xet trong ca he thdng phap lugt Viet
Nam, nhiing ngudi tir 12 ddn dudi 14 tudi
du dugc coi la khdng cd nang luc TNHS,
ndu vi phgm cdc quy djnh ciia BLHS van cd
the bj dp dyng cdc bi?n phdp hgn chd ty do
theo phdp ludt ve xir ly cdc vi phgm hanh
chinh Vi dy, ngudi tu dii 12 tudi den dudi
14 tuoi thye hidn hdnh vi cd dau hidu ciia
mgt tpi phgm dac bidt nghidm trpng do cd
y; va ngudi tir dii 14 tudi den dudi 16 tudi
thye hi^n hanh vi cd dau hidu eiia mdt tdi
phgm rat nghidm trgng do vd y cd thd bj dua
vdo trudng giao dudng tir sau ddn 24
thdng'^ Vd nguyen tdc, vide dp dung nhiing
bi?n phdp xd ly hdnh chinh, bao gdm gido
dye tai xa, phudng, thj tran; vd bidn phap
dua vao trudng gido dudng cd tinh gidi phap
vd trj li$u trong quan ly hanh chinh - tu
phdp, nham myc dich giao dye hon Id mang
tinh trimg phat, khde vdi cac hinh phat vd
bi?n phap duge quy dinh trong BLHS
Co the ndi rang, bien phdp dua vao
trudng gido dudng, cd theo thii tuc TTHS va
hdnh chinh - tu phdp, cd thd xem nhu mgt
loai bidn phap cudng chd cd tinh chat ban chd tu do do VPPL hinh sy theo phgm vi dieu ehinh eua CUQTE Trong Cdng udc, cung nhu cac hudng din ve tu phdp NCTN khdng cd sy phdn biet bidn phdp hanh ehinh hay bien phdp hinh sy, ma quan tam ddn bdn chat eua nhiing chd tdi, sy ban che ty do dp dyng len tre em - NCTN do hp thye hidn nhung hdnh vi trai phap luat hinh sy Didu nay cd thd thay qua cac bdo cdo thye hidn CUQTE vd cac yeu ciia Uy ban CUQTE ddi vdi cdc qudc gia trong vide cung cap thdng tin vd vide xir ly tre em VPPL ca vd hinh su
va ca bidn phap hdnh chinh cd tinh chdt ban chd ty do dua vdo cdc co sd gido dye bat budc (nhu trudng giao dudng, trung tam cai nghien)
Va nhu vgy, khi md rdng pham vi nghidn ciiu thi c6 the ndi rang, do tudi thdp nhat ma mdt ngudi cd the phai chiu trdch nhiem trudc phap lugt khi hg VPPL hinh sy
d Viet Nam la 12 tudi Ngudi 12 tudi thye hidn hanh vi ma BLHS quy dinh miie cao nhat ciia khung hinh phgt la tren 15 nam tii, til chung than hogc tir hinh se bj dp dyng bidn phap dua vao trudng giao dudng tir sdu ddn 24 thang theo thu tuc hanh chinh - tu phap Gidi hgn 12 tudi nay khdng trdi vdi cac chuan myc phap ly qudc te ve do tudi tdi thidu ciia TNHS, nhung khdng phai Id muc ma td chiic chju trach nhiem gidm sat thuc thi CUQTE khuydn khich
Trong thuc tien dp dung phap lugt, he thdng thdng tin du lieu chinh thuc ciia cdc
CO quan tien hanh td tung khdng cd nhirng
sd lieu rd rdng vd nhiing vide truy ciiu TNHS sai lam Hen quan ddn tudi chju TNHS Tuy nhidn, Tda an nhan dan tdi cao
da ludn phdi cd nhiing hudng dan dd xdc djnh tudi ciia bj cao trong nhung trudng hgp cdc tai lieu lidn quan khdng rd rang" Thdi gian gan day da xdy ra trudng hgp Tda an cap phue tham quydt djnh trd mdt hd so dd
31 Xem BQ luit TTHS: Chuong XXXn
32 Lu$t X&lyvi ph^m hinh chinh: dc Dieu 91 • 92; Nghi dinh sd 01/2014/ND-CP quy dinh che do ap dung, till hinh bi$n phip xit ly hinh chinh dua vio tiUdng giao dudng vicosd giao due bit buoc
33 Tda in nhin din tdi cao, Cdng vin sS 81/2002/TMiDTC: myc 11
— , NOHItHCUUI i n
Trang 7didu tra lai vi eho rang bi cao chua du 14
tudi khi thye hidn hanh vi pham tdi, kdt luan
gidm djnh vd dp tudi cua bj cao chua ro
rang^"^ Hogc trudng hgp Tda an da quydt
djnh xir phgt tir hinh ddi vdi mdt ngudi
pham tpi dac bidt nghidm trgng, nhung sau
dd xet xir Igi vd xu phgt 18 nam tu do xac
djnh rang, vao thdi diem thuc hidn hdnh vi
phgm tdi, bj cdo chua du 18 tudi^^ Trong
rtiiung vu nay, mdt trong cae can cu din den
sy thay ddi trong ket luan eua Tda dn la do
bj eao khdng cd giay khai sinh bdn gdc,
nhCmg tai lieu lidn quan den xdc djnh ngdy
sinh ciia bj cdo, bao gdm cd cdc kdt ludn
gidm djnh khdng thdng nhit
3.2 Chi tdi hinh sir ddi v&i ngwon chira
thdnh nien pham tgi
3.2.1 Nhimg quy dinh chung ve hinh
ph^t vd cdc bien phdp tuphdp
Trong he thong phap lugt Viet Nam, chd
tai hinh sy cd thd dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi thye
hidn hanh vi trai phap luat hinh sy bao gdm
hinh phgt va bidn phap tu jihdp^^
Hinh phat ndi chung gdm cac hiitii phgt
chinh va hinh phat bd sung Cd bay logi hmh
phat chinh gdm: Cdnh edo; Phgt tidn; Cai tao
khdng giam giii; Tryc xudt; Tu cd thdi hanj
Tu chung than; va Tu hinh Trong dd, xet vd
mdi Udn be vdi logi tdi pham thi Cdnh cdo
va Phgt tidn chi ap dung ddi vdi tdi pham it
nghiem trpng; Cai tgo khdng giam giir chi
dp dung ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi it nghidm
trpng hogc nghidm trgng; True xuat chi ap
dyng vdi ngudi nudc ngodi; Tu cd thdi ban
(tir 3 thang den 20 nam) ed the dp dyng ddi
vdi mgi loai tdi pham; Tu chung than va Tu
hinh chi dp dung ddi vdi tdi dgc biet nghiem trgng^' Hmh phat bd sung gdm bdy logi^',
vd khdng dp dyng ddi vdi NCTN^^ Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi bj xd phat tii khdng qua ba nam, can cii vdo nhan than ngudi phain tpi
vd cac tinh tidt giam nhe, tda an cd thd dp cho ngudi bj kdt dn hudng an treo vdi thdi gian thir thdch tii mdt den nam nam Cac bidn phdp tu phap quy djnh tai Chuong VI BLHS bao gdm: Tjch thu vgt, tidn true tidp lidn quan ddn tdi phgm; Tra lai tai sdn, sua ehua hoac bdi thudng thidt hai; budc cdng khai xin loi; va Bat budc chira bdnh Nhiing bien phap nay cd the dp dung ddi vdi mgi tdi pham va ngudi pham tdi nay khi xet thiy ed edc can cii tuong ung quy dinh tgi cae Didu 41-44 eua Bg lugt Ddi vdi edc vy an NCTN phgm tdi, hai bidn phdp tu phap niia cd the ap dung la giao due tgi xa, phudng, thi trdn; vd dua vao trudng giao dudng
Theo quy dinh cua phdp lugt, khdng phdi tit ca nhung ngudi cd hanh vi VPPL hinh sy ddu bj dp dyng cdc che tai hinh su
vd hinh phat Trong qud trinh giai quyet vy
an, cdc ca quan tidn hanh td tyng cd the midn TNHS vd mien hinh phgt khi cd cac can cu tuong ung quy dinh tgi cae Didu 25
va 54 BLHS Vi dy, khi vy dn dang dugc dieu tra, truy td hogc xet xit, do chuydn bien ciia tinh hinh ma hanh vi pham tdi hoac ngudi pham tdi khdng cdn nguy hidm cho
xa hdi nua, thi ngudi phgm tgi dugc mien TNHS""
34 Toa an nhan dan thanh phd Ho Chf Minh, Bin in so 30/2014/HSPT ngay 10/01/2014
35 Xem: Thoat an by sau hai lan bi tuyen tCfhinh: <http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20131226/thoat-an-tu-sau-M-lan-bi-tuyen-tu-hinh.aspx>
36 Ddi vdi cac bien phap ngan chan (bat, tam giiy hay tam giam) la nhftng van de thugc ve thii tuc TTHS, khong dudc thio luan trong pham vi bai viet nay nhU da gidi han d t r i n
37 BLHS: cac Dieu 28-35
38 Gom: Cam dam nhiem chdc vu, cam hanh nghe hoic lam cong viec nhit djnh; Cam cU tni; Quin che; TUdc m$t so quyin cdng dan; Tich thu tai san; Phat ben, khi khdng ap dung la hinh phat chfnh; vi True xuat, khi khong ip dl^ng 6 hinh phat chfnh Xem BLHS: Dieu 28/2
39 Bt}tS: Dieu 69/5
40 BLHS: Dieu 25/1
I N O H l l N CUU
i n I NOHIEN CUU ,
I U I L A P P H A P ^ S J 18(274)T9/2014
Trang 83.3.2 Hinh phgt vd cdc bipn phdp dp
d^ng aSi v&i NCTN phgm tgi
BLHS quy djnh ring, vide xir ly NCTN
pham tgi phdi bao ddm cac nguydn tac va
quy djnh tai Chucmg X (cae Dieu 69-77) vd
cdc quy djnh khac ma khdng trdi vdi chuong
nay Vd ca bdn, bao gdm:
- \^dc xu Iy chu yeu nham gido due,
giiip dd hg siia chiia sai lam; chi truy cim
TNHS trong trudng hgp cin thidt, can eii
vao tinh chat ciia hdnh vi phgm tdi, nhan
thdn NCTN pham tgi va ydu cau eiia vide
phdng ngira tdi phgm;
- Cd the midn TNHS neu hg phgm tgi it
nghidm trgng hogc tdi nghidm trgng ma ed
nhidu tinh tidt giam nhe va duge gia dinh
hogc td chirc nhgn gidm sdt, giao due;
- Ndu thay khdng can thidt phdi ap dung
hinh phgt, tod an cd the dp dyng mdt trong
hai bien phdp tu phdp (gido dye tgi xa,
phudng, thj trdn; vd dua vao trudng giao
duang);
- Khdng xii phat tii chung than hoac tir
hinh; ban ehd dp dyng hinh phat tu;
- Hinh phat dp dyng ddi vdi hp nhe ban
mire dn ap dyng vdi ngudi thdnh nien phgm
tpi tuong ling;
- Khdng dp dung hinh phgt tidn ddi vdi
NCTN pham tdi d dg tuoi tir 14 den dudi
16^';
- Khdng dp dyng hinh phat bd sung;
- An da tuydn ddi vdi ngudi dudi 16 tudi
khdng tinh dd xac djnh tai phgm hoac tdi
pham nguy hiem;
- Nhung hinh phgt cd thd dp dung ddi
vdi NCTN pham tpi gom: Canh cdo; Phat
tidn; Cdi tao khdng giam giii; va Tii cd thdi
han«;
- Phgt tidn chi dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi tir
du 16 tudi trd ldn vd cd tai san rieng vdi miie phgt khdng qua mdt phin hai muc phgt tidn
md didu luat quy djnh;
- Thdi hgn cai tgo khdng giam giii ddi vdi hg la khdng qua mgt phan hai thdi ban
ma didu lugt quy djnh;
- Hmh phgt tii dp dyng ddi vdi NCTIN khi pham tdi la khdng qud 12 nam hogc 18 nam lan lugt ddi vdi ddi vdi ngudi tii 14 ddn dudi 16 tudi, hoae tir 16 ddn dudi 18 tudi
Cy thd:
+ Ddi vdi ngudi tii du 16 tudi ddn dudi
18 tudi khi pham tdi, ndu didu lugt dugc dp dyng quy djnh hinh phat tu chung thdn hoae tit hinh, thi miic hinh phgt cao nhat dugc dp dyng khdng qud 18 nam tu; neu la tii ed thdi hgn thi miie hinh phgt cao nhat dugc dp dyng khdng qud ba phdn tu miie phat tu ma dieu ludt quy djnh;
+ Ddi vdi ngudi tir dii 14 tudi ddn dudi
16 tudi khi pham tdi, ndu didu lugt dugc dp dung quy djnh hinh phat tu chung than hoae tir hinh, thi miic hinh phgt cao nhat dugc dp dyng khdng qua 12 nam tii; ndu Id tii cd thdi hgn thi miie hinh phat cao nhat dugc dp dyng khdng qua mpt phan hai miic phat tii
ma dieu lugt quy djnh''^
- Bidn phap tu phdp: Giao due tai xa, phudng, thi tran cd thdi ban tir mdt ddn hai nam, cd thd ap dung ddi vdi nhiing NCTN pham tdi it nghiem trpng hoac nghidm trpng'" Bidn phap dua vao trudng gido dudng cd thdi ban tir mdt nam ddn hai nam, neu xet thay khdng can ap dung hinh phat ddi vdi NCTN pham tdi nhung can dua ngudi dd vdo mdt td chiic gido dye cd ky luat chat che''^
41 Thi/c ra quy djnh nay li khdng can thiet Hinh phat bin chi co thi'ap dung ddi vdi toi pham it nghiim trgng hoic nghiem
tr^g, nhung tpi pham ma ngUdi ngUdi tCfdu 14 den dudi 16 khong phai chiu TNHS Xem BLHS: cac Diiu 8/3; 12 va
30/1
42 BLHS: Dieu 71
43 BLHS: DiSu 74
44 BLHS: DiSu 71/2
45 BLHS: cic Diiu 69/2, 70/3
, NOHIEN CUUI A l
56 18 (274) T 9 / 2 0 1 4 V _ L A P P H A P ' ^ *
Trang 9rang, edc nguydn tac xir ly NCTN pham tgi
ciia phdp ludt Viet Nam kha phu hgp vdi cac
chudn myc phap ly qudc td vd hinh phat va
myc dich cua dp dyng hinh phat ^^et Nam
khdng dp dyng hinh phgt tii chung thdn vd
tii hinh ddi vdi NCTN khi pham tdi Hinh
phat dp dung ddi vdi NCTN dac bidt giam
nhe so vdi ngudi da thanh nien phgm tdi
tuong ling Nhiing ngudi tir du 14 ddn dudi
16 tudi ehi phdi ehiu TNHS trong trudng
hgp pham tdi rat nghiem trpng do cd y hoae
tdi dac biet nghiem trgng Hinh phgt nghidm
Idiae nhat ma nhung ngudi ndy cd the bj dp
dyng la 12 nam tu Ddi vdi nhiing tu 16 ddn
chua dii 18 tudi khi pham tdi, thi hinh phat
nang nhdt Id 18 nam NCTN khdng bj dp
dyng hinh phat bd sung
Tuy nhien, cd the thay rang, he thdng
hinh phgt va bien phdp cd the dp dung ddi
vdi NCTN phgm tdi la khdng da dgng, cd rat
it cde phuong an dd lua chgn, dgc bidt ddi
vdi nhimg ngudi tir 14 den dudi 16 tudi Tu
c6 thdi ban la loai hinh phat duy nhit cd thd
ap dung ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi tir dii 14 ddn
dudi 16 tudi Tudng rang edc bidn phap tu
phdp se ldm da dang hda su lya chgn eho tda
an khi quyet djnh hinh phgt, nhung thye te,
cae bidn phap ndy lai thidu tinh kha thi Bidn
phdp gido dye tgi xa, phudng, thj tran khdng
the dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi tu 14
ddn dudi 16 tudi vi bidn phap ndy chi ap
dyng ddi vdi ngudi phgm tpi it nghiem trgng
hogc nghiem trgng - nhung tdi ma ngudi tic
14 ddn dudi 16 khdng phai chju d-ach nhiem
Bidn |>hap dua vao trudng giao dudng tudng
cd thd dp dung ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khi
phgm tdi tir 14 den dudi 16 tudi ndu Tda an
nhien, vide khdng dp dyng hinh phat ddi vdi ngudi phgm tdi phgm dgc bidt nghidm trgn^ hoae tdi pham rat nghidm trgng vdi Idi cd ^ thi rit khd xdy ra"^ Ddi vdi ngudi phgm tpi; nhdm tir 16 ddn dudi 18 tudi tiii cac bidn phdp nay lai khdng phii hgp vd thdi gian
Cac bien phdp tu phdp cd thdi gian ta mpt
ddn hai nam, ndn khi tda an quyet djnh hi cao edn phai dudi 17 tudi Ndi cdeh khdc, nhung n ^ d i khi pham tdi gin 17 tudi se khdng thd du didu kidn dd dugc dp dung bidn phap tu phdp Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khi phgm tdi 16 tudi, thi thai gian ap dyng bien phdp tu phap vdi hp eiing phdi ngan ban hai nam vi sau khi ed hdnh vi phgm tdi, eae co quan tidn hdnh td tyng can thdi gian dd dieu tra, truy td va xet xir
Vdi dgc didm eua hd thdng hinh phat va bien phap xu ly nhu vay, nen cd le day la ly
do CO bdn ma UNICEF nhan xet rang, he thdng hinh phgt eua Viet Nam mang nang tinh trimg phgt han so vdi cae qudc gia khac trong cimg khu vyc'*' Hon the niia, cae bien phap xu ly khdng chinh thue vd bi?n phdp thay the duge nhan mgnh trong cde tieu chuan qudc te, khdng dugc quy djnh cy the
va chi tidt trong BLHS Phdp lugt Viet Nam chua cd mdt co che chinh thiic cho cde viec xii ly NCTN phgm tdi ma khdng phai ap dung cac thii tuc TTHS chinh thiic Trong
xu hudng hien nay, khi ma cac chuang trinh phdng ngira NCTN phgm tdi, cdo bdo cao tdng kdt cua co quan tu phap thudng dua ra cdc nhan xet rang xu hudng phgm tdi gia tang va tre hda; hay NCTN pham tdi dac biet nghiem trpng vdi each thirc vd eiing ddc ac
va tan bgo''^, thi da cd nhiing y kidn cho
46 Ngudi tir dii 14 den dUdi 16 tudi khi pham tdi chi phai chiu TNHS ve toi rat nghiem tiong do co y hoac toi die biet nghiem trong
47 UNICEF (2011) Bao cao phan tich tinh hinh tre em Viit Nam 2010 <hppt:www.unicef.org/sitan/nies/SitAn-Viet_Nam_2010_Eng.pdf>, trang 234
48 Toa an nhan dan thanh phd Ho Chi Minh (2006) Bao cao tong ket cdng tic nim 2006 va Phuang hudng cdng t^ nSoA
2007, trang 2; Toa an nhan dan tdi cao (2008) Bao cao tdng ket cong tic nim 2008 vi Trien khai nhiem vu cdng tic r ^
2009 cua nganh Toa an nhan dan, trang 1; Ban chu nhiem dean IV- Ban Chi dao 138/CP (2012) Tong kit tiii/c hl$ni
an IV "Dau trant) phong, chdng toi pham xam hai tre em va Toi pham tiong li^a tdi vi thinh nien - ChuiJng trinh Qtk gia phdng chdng toi pham giai doan 2006-2010, ti^ng 16; Cue Canh sit hinh sU - Tdng ci^c dnh sit phdng cham t pham (2012), Kit qua thuc hiin de an IV-CT138/CP nim 2011
I L A P P H A P ^ S 6 18 (274) T9/2014
Trang 10NCTN pham tdi de gdp phan phdng ngira tgi
phgm ndi chung Cy thd, da cd nhiing y kien
cho rang phdp ludt hinh sy edn sira ddi theo
hudng giam do tudi chju TNHS xudng 12,
tang cac mue hinh phat ddi vdi NCTN, vd
cd the dp dyng hinh phat tit hinh vdi nhung
ngudi pham tdi khi chua du 18 tudi ndu hg
pham tdi ddc biet nghidm trpng vd cd tinh
ehdt hung bgo, man rg*' Nhung quan didm
nhu vdy, trdi nguge vdi cae quan diem va
tieu chuan qudc te, da gan cho hinh phgt vd
vi?c trimg phgt mgt nhidm vy la phdng ngira
tdi pham, ma chua di sau vao giai quydt
nguydn nhan edt loi cua tdi phgm nhu ddi
ngheo, thidu hpc, thieu ky nang sdng Cac
nghidn eiiu va sd lieu thdng kd da ehi ra
rang, phdn ldn tdi pham d NCTN Hen quan
ddn tdi xam pham sd hiiu, dgc biet la tdi
trdm cap tdi sdn; vd phan nhidu trong sd
NCTN pham tgi Id bd hgc, sdng lang thang
hogc tir nhiing gia dinh khdng hodn ehinh^"
3.3.3 Thuc tien dp dung dp dung che
tdi hinh sy ddi v&i NCTN phgm tpi
Dii cdc sd lieu thdng ke tu phdp hinh sy,
cac chi sd ve quyen tre em ndi chung ngdy
cdng dugc thu thgp vd danh gia theo nhidu
tieu ehi han, nhung sd lieu lidn quan den tre
em VPPL chua thye sy day dii Cde nghien
dinh rang, d Viet Nam khdng cd nhiing phuang thuc dd thdng kd chinh xdc mgi trudng hgp tre em VPPL, dae bidt Id phdp lugt hanh chinh^'; hoac he thdng thdng tin dii hdu vd tinh hinh tre em VPPL rat it do tin cay^^ Trong mdt bdi cdiih nhu vdy, chiing tdi xem xet va danh gid thye tidn dp dyns phap lugt vd chd tai dp dung ddi vdi NCTN pham tdi dya trdn cac nghien ciiu va sd lieu san ed duge thdng kd bdi cac co quan cd trdch nhiem lidn quan trong giai doan 2005 -2012"
Theo tdi lieu Tdng kdt dy dn Dau tranh phdng, ehdng tdi pham xam hai tre em vd tdi phgm trong lira tudi vj thdnh nien^'', sd NCTN vi phgm trong giai dogn 2006-2010 dao ddng trong khoang 12.878 den 16.444 ngudi/nam, tdng sd tang khoang 6,70% so vdi giai dogn nam nam trude do" Vd sd Heu trong nam 2011 la 13.600 ngudi, tang 5,60%
so vdi sd NCTN VPPL trong nam 2010^^ Binh quan trdn cd nudc, sd NCTN VPPL chidm 20% tdng sd ngudi VPPL trong ITnh vye trat tu an toan xa hoi" Sd lieu ciia Du
an ciing xdc dinh dugc rang, trong giai dogn 2006-2011, CO 24.452 ngudi, chidm khoang 30% tdng sd NCTN VPPL, bj xir ly theo thii tuc TTHS Trong giai doan 2000-2005 ty I? NCTN VPPL bi xir ly hinh sy la 18%
49 Xem: Xuin Hiing (2012) Giam tuoi vi thanh nien de phong chong tdi pham tre em <http://www.tinmoi.vn/giam-tuai-vi-thanh-nien-de-chong-tai-pham-tre-011096568.html>; Ha Nguyen (2013) Ban ve Do tuoi chiu TNHS cua NCTN
<http://www.tinmoi.vn/ban-ve-do-tuoi-chiu-trach-nhiem-hinh-su-cua-nguoi-chua-thanh-nien-011263431.html>; Hong Thuy (2013) Can nhac ting hinh phat ddi vdi NgUdi pham tdi chUa thanh nien <http://dantii.com vn/phap-iuat/can-nhac-tang-hinh-phat-voi-nguoi-pham-toi-chua-thanh-nien-718153.htm>; Hong Thiiy (2013) Toi pham nhULi Vin Luyen
cd thebj tCthinh <http://tiin.vn/chuyen-muc/24h/toi-pham-nhu-le-van-luyen-co-the-bi-tu-hinh.htmi>;Le Nhung va Minh Thing (2012) De xuat hf tudi thinh nien xudng 16 < ht^://us.24h.com.vn/tin-tuc-trong-ngay/de-xuat-ha-tijoi-thanh-nien-xuong-16-c46a49S427.html>
50 UNICEF (2011) Bao cao phan tich tinh hinh tre em Viet Nam 2010 <www.unicef.org/sitan/hles/5itAn-Vlet_Nam_2010_Eng.pdf>
51 Pamala Cox (2010) "Juvenile justice reform and policy convergence in tiie new Vietnam" Youth Justice 10(3), tiang 232
52 UNICEF (2011) Bio cao phan tich tinh hinh tre em Viit Nam 2010 <hppt:www.unicef.org/sitan/fiies/SitAn-Vlet_Nam_2010_Eng.pdf> tiang 232
53 Tir 2005 cic cd quan tiin hinh td bjng bit dau thUc hien viec viec thdng ki toi pham, thong ki hinh sU diung, dau mdi
li Vi^n kiim sit nhan din tdi cao, xem Thdng b/ sd 01/2005/TfLT-VKSNDTC-TANDTC-BCA-BQR
54 Dean IV trong Chudng trinh phong didng tdi pham (ChUdng trinh 138/CP), cic giai doan tir nam 1998 din nim 2012, xem: Quy^ dinh sd 138/1998/QD-TTg ngay 31/7/1998 cua Thu tUdng Chfnh phu ve Phe duyet chUang trinh hi nh dong qudc gia phdng chong tpi pham
55 Cue Canh sat hinh si/ - Tdng ciie Canh sat phong chdng tdi pham (2012), Kit qua thUc hiin dg an IV-CT138/CP nim 2011
56 NhU trin
57 Xem: Ban chii nhlfm dein IV- Ban Chl d^o 138/CP (2012) Tdng kit thUc hien Oi in IV "Dau tranh phong, chdng tgi ph^m xam hai tri em vi Tgi ph^m trong lui tdi vi thanh men - ChUdng trinh Qudc gia phdng chdng toi pham giai doan
, NOHIEN CUUI n<
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