Preview chemistry the science in context, 5th edition by thomas r gilbert (2017)

Preview Chemistry The Science in Context, 5th Edition by Thomas R. Gilbert (2017) Preview Chemistry The Science in Context, 5th Edition by Thomas R. Gilbert (2017) Preview Chemistry The Science in Context, 5th Edition by Thomas R. Gilbert (2017) Preview Chemistry The Science in Context, 5th Edition by Thomas R. Gilbert (2017) Preview Chemistry The Science in Context, 5th Edition by Thomas R. Gilbert (2017)

Trang 2

Chemistry The Science in Context

Thomas R Gilbert

N O R T H E A S T E R N U N I V E R S I T YRein V Kirss

N O R T H E A S T E R N U N I V E R S I T YNatalie Foster

L E H I G H U N I V E R S I T YStacey Lowery Bretz

M I A M I U N I V E R S I T YGeoffrey Davies

N O R T H E A S T E R N U N I V E R S I T Y

nEW york • London

Trang 3

Printed in Canada

Editor: Erik Fahlgren

Developmental Editor: Andrew Sobel

Associate Managing Editor, College: Carla L Talmadge

Assistant Editor: Arielle Holstein

Production Manager: Eric Pier-Hocking

Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson

Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi

Media Editor: Christopher Rapp

Associate Media Editor: Julia Sammaritano

Media Project Editor: Marcus Van Harpen

Media Editorial Assistants: Victoria Reuter, Doris Chiu

Digital Production: Lizz Thabet

Marketing Manager, Chemistry: Stacy Loyal

Associate Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell

Photo Editor: Aga Millhouse

Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel

Composition: Graphic World

Illustrations: Imagineering— Toronto, ON

Manufacturing: Transcontinental

Permission to use copyrighted material is included at the back of the book

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Gilbert, Thomas R | Kirss, Rein V | Foster, Natalie | Bretz, Stacey

Lowery, 1967- | Davies, Geoffrey,

1942-Title: Chemistry The science in context

Description: Fifth edition / Thomas R Gilbert, Northeastern University, Rein

V Kirss, Northeastern University, Natalie Foster, Lehigh University,

Stacey Lowery Bretz, Miami University, Geoffrey Davies, Northeastern

University | New York : W.W Norton & Company, Inc., [2018] | Includes

Trang 4

1 particles of matter: measurement and the Tools of Science 2

2 atoms, ions, and molecules: matter Starts here 44

3 Stoichiometry: mass, Formulas, and reactions 82

4 reactions in Solution: aqueous Chemistry in nature 142

5 Thermochemistry: Energy Changes in reactions 208

6 properties of Gases: The air We Breathe 272

7 a Quantum model of atoms: Waves, particles, and periodic properties 330

8 Chemical Bonds: What makes a Gas a Greenhouse Gas? 386

9 molecular Geometry: Shape determines Function 436

10 intermolecular Forces: The Uniqueness of Water 496

11 Solutions: properties and Behavior 536

12 Solids: Crystals, alloys, and polymers 588

13 Chemical kinetics: reactions in the atmosphere 634

14 Chemical Equilibrium: how much product does a reaction really make? 694

15 acid–Base Equilibria: proton Transfer in Biological Systems 738

16 additional aqueous Equilibria: Chemistry and the oceans 784

17 Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions and processes 832

18 Electrochemistry: The Quest for Clean Energy 878

19 nuclear Chemistry: applications to Energy and medicine 922

20 organic and Biological molecules: The Compounds of Life 960

21 The main Group Elements: Life and the periodic Table 1016

22 Transition metals: Biological and medical applications 1052

Trang 6

List of Applications xv

List of ChemTours xvii

About the Authors xviii

Preface xix

Particles of Matter:

Measurement and the Tools of Science 2

1.1 How and Why 4

1.2 Macroscopic and Particulate Views of Matter 5

Classes of Matter 5 • A Particulate View 7

1.3 Mixtures and How to Separate Them 9

1.4 A Framework for Solving Problems 11

1.5 Properties of Matter 12

1.6 States of Matter 14

1.7 The Scientific Method: Starting Off with a Bang 16

1.8 SI Units 18

1.9 Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis 20

1.10 Evaluating and Expressing Experimental Results 22

Significant Figures 23 • Significant Figures in Calculations 23 •

Precision and Accuracy 27

1.11 Testing a Theory: The Big Bang Revisited 32

Temperature Scales 32 • An Echo of the Big Bang 34

Summary 37 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 37 • Problem-Solving Summary 38 •

Visual Problems 38 • Questions and Problems 40

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules:

Matter Starts Here 44

2.1 Atoms in Baby Teeth 46

2.2 The Rutherford Model 47

Electrons 47 • Radioactivity 49 • Protons and Neutrons 50

2.3 Isotopes 52

2.4 Average Atomic Mass 54

2.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements 55

Navigating the Modern Periodic Table 56

2.6 Trends in Compound Formation 59

Molecular Compounds 60 • Ionic Compounds 60

Trang 7

2.7 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas 62

Molecular Compounds 62 • Ionic Compounds 63 • Compounds of Transition Metals 64 • Polyatomic Ions 65 • Acids 66

2.8 Organic Compounds: A First Look 67

Hydrocarbons 67 • Heteroatoms and Functional Groups 68 2.9 Nucleosynthesis: The Origin of the Elements 70

Primordial Nucleosynthesis 70 • Stellar Nucleosynthesis 72Summary 74 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 74 • Problem-Solving Summary 75 • Visual Problems 75 • Questions and Problems 77

Molecular Mass and Mass Spectrometry 116 3.8 Combustion Analysis 117

3.9 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield 122

Calculations Involving Limiting Reactants 122 • Actual Yields versus Theoretical Yields 126Summary 129 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 130 • Problem-Solving Summary 130 • Visual Problems 131 • Questions and Problems 134

Reactions in Solution:

Aqueous Chemistry in Nature 142 4.1 Ions and Molecules in Oceans and Cells 144 4.2 Quantifying Particles in Solution 146

Concentration Units 147 4.3 Dilutions 154

Determining Concentration 156 4.4 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 158 4.5 Acid–Base Reactions: Proton Transfer 159 4.6 Titrations 166

4.7 Precipitation Reactions 169

Making Insoluble Salts 170 • Using Precipitation in Analysis 174 • Saturated Solutions and Supersaturation 177

4.8 Ion Exchange 178 4.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions: Electron Transfer 180

Oxidation Numbers 181 • Considering Changes in Oxidation Number in Redox Reactions 183 • Considering Electron Transfer in Redox Reactions 184 • Balancing Redox Reactions by Using Half-Reactions 185 •

The Activity Series for Metals 188 • Redox in Nature 190Summary 194 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 195 • Problem-Solving Summary 195 • Visual Problems 197 • Questions and Problems 198

3

4

How do antacid tablets relieve

indigestion? (Chapter 4)

How much medicine can be

isolated from the bark of a

yew tree? (Chapter 3)

Trang 8

Thermochemistry:

Energy Changes in Reactions 208

5.1 Sunlight Unwinding 210

5.2 Forms of Energy 211

Work, Potential Energy, and Kinetic Energy 211 • Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

at the Molecular Level 214

5.3 Systems, Surroundings, and Energy Transfer 217

Isolated, Closed, and Open Systems 218 • Exothermic and Endothermic

Processes 219 • P–V Work and Energy Units 222

5.4 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Changes 225

5.5 Heating Curves, Molar Heat Capacity, and Specific Heat 227

Hot Soup on a Cold Day 227 • Cold Drinks on a Hot Day 232

5.6 Calorimetry: Measuring Heat Capacity and Enthalpies of Reaction 235

Determining Molar Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 235 • Enthalpies of

Reaction 238 • Determining Calorimeter Constants 241

5.7 Hess’s Law 243

5.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction 246

5.9 Fuels, Fuel Values, and Food Values 252

Alkanes 252 • Fuel Value 255 • Food Value 257

Properties of Gases:

The Air We Breathe 272

6.1 Air: An Invisible Necessity 274

6.2 Atmospheric Pressure and Collisions 275

6.3 The Gas Laws 280

Boyle’s Law: Relating Pressure and Volume 280 • Charles’s Law: Relating Volume

and Temperature 283 • Avogadro’s Law: Relating Volume and Quantity of Gas 285 •

Amontons’s Law: Relating Pressure and Temperature 287

6.4 The Ideal Gas Law 288

6.5 Gases in Chemical Reactions 293

6.6 Gas Density 295

6.7 Dalton’s Law and Mixtures of Gases 299

6.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 304

Explaining Boyle’s, Dalton’s, and Avogadro’s Laws 304 • Explaining Amontons’s

and Charles’s Laws 305 • Molecular Speeds and Kinetic Energy 306 •

Graham’s Law: Effusion and Diffusion 309

6.9 Real Gases 311

Deviations from Ideality 311 • The van der Waals Equation for Real Gases 313

A Quantum Model of Atoms:

Waves, Particles, and Periodic Properties 330

7.1 Rainbows of Light 332

7.2 Waves of Energy 335

7.3 Particles of Energy and Quantum Theory 337

Quantum Theory 337 • The Photoelectric Effect 339 • Wave–Particle Duality 340

Trang 9

7.4 The Hydrogen Spectrum and the Bohr Model 341

The Hydrogen Emission Spectrum 341 • The Bohr Model of Hydrogen 343 7.5 Electron Waves 345

De Broglie Wavelengths 346 • The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 348 7.6 Quantum Numbers and Electron Spin 350

7.7 The Sizes and Shapes of Atomic Orbitals 355

s Orbitals 355 • p and d Orbitals 357 7.8 The Periodic Table and Filling the Orbitals of Multielectron Atoms 358 7.9 Electron Configurations of Ions 366

Ions of the Main Group Elements 366 • Transition Metal Cations 368 7.10 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions 369

Trends in Atom and Ion Sizes 369 7.11 Ionization Energies 372 7.12 Electron Affinities 375

Summary 377 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 377 • Problem-Solving Summary 377 • Visual Problems 378 • Questions and Problems 380

8.3 Polar Covalent Bonds 398

Polarity and Type of Bond 400Vibrating Bonds and Greenhouse Gases 401 8.4 Resonance 403

8.5 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures 407

Calculating Formal Charge of an Atom in a Resonance Structure 408 8.6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 411

Odd-Electron Molecules 411 • Atoms with More than an Octet 413 • Atoms with Less than an Octet 416 • The Limits of Bonding Models 418 8.7 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds 419

Bond Length 419 • Bond Energies 420Summary 424 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 424 • Problem-Solving Summary 424 • Visual Problems 425 • Questions and Problems 427

Molecular Geometry:

Shape Determines Function 436 9.1 Biological Activity and Molecular Shape 438 9.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 439

Central Atoms with No Lone Pairs 440 • Central Atoms with Lone Pairs 444 9.3 Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 450

9.4 Valence Bond Theory 453

Bonds from Orbital Overlap 453 • Hybridization 454 • Tetrahedral Geometry: sp3Hybrid Orbitals 455 • Trigonal Planar Geometry: sp2 Hybrid Orbitals 456 • Linear Geometry: sp Hybrid Orbitals 458 • Octahedral and Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometries:

sp3d2 and sp3d Hybrid Orbitals 461

8

9

Why does a metal rod first

glow red when being heated?

(Chapter 7)

Why is CO2 considered a

greenhouse gas? (Chapter 8)

How do some insects

communicate chemically?

(Chapter 9)

Trang 10

9.5 Shape and Interactions with Large Molecules 463

Drawing Larger Molecules 465 • Molecules with More than One Functional Group 467

9.6 Chirality and Molecular Recognition 468

9.7 Molecular Orbital Theory 470

Molecular Orbitals of Hydrogen and Helium 472 • Molecular Orbitals of Homonuclear

Diatomic Molecules 474 • Molecular Orbitals of Heteronuclear Diatomic

Molecules 478 • Molecular Orbitals of N21 and Spectra of Auroras 480 •

Metallic Bonds and Conduction Bands 480 • Semiconductors 482

Intermolecular Forces:

The Uniqueness of Water 496

10.1 Intramolecular Forces versus Intermolecular Forces 498

10.2 Dispersion Forces 499

The Importance of Shape 501

10.3 Interactions among Polar Molecules 502

Ion–Dipole Interactions 502 • Dipole–Dipole Interactions 503 • Hydrogen

Bonds 504

10.4 Polarity and Solubility 510

Combinations of Intermolecular Forces 513

10.5 Solubility of Gases in Water 514

10.6 Vapor Pressure of Pure Liquids 517

Vapor Pressure and Temperature 518 • Volatility and the Clausius–Clapeyron

Equation 519

10.7 Phase Diagrams: Intermolecular Forces at Work 520

Phases and Phase Transformations 520

10.8 Some Remarkable Properties of Water 523

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity 524 • Water and Aquatic Life 526

Solutions:

Properties and Behavior 536

11.1 Interactions between Ions 538

11.2 Energy Changes during Formation and Dissolution of Ionic Compounds 542

Calculating Lattice Energies by Using the Born–Haber Cycle 545 • Enthalpies of

Hydration 548

11.3 Vapor Pressure of Solutions 550

Raoult’s Law 551

11.4 Mixtures of Volatile Solutes 553

Vapor Pressures of Mixtures of Volatile Solutes 553

11.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 558

Molality 558 • Boiling Point Elevation 561 • Freezing Point Depression 562 • The

van ’t Hoff Factor 564 • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 568 • Reverse Osmosis 573

11.6 Measuring the Molar Mass of a Solute by Using Colligative Properties 575

Trang 11

Small Molecules versus Polymers: Physical Properties 608 • Polymers of Alkenes 609 • Polymers Containing Aromatic Rings 612 • Polymers of Alcohols and Ethers 612 • Polyesters and Polyamides 615

13.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate 645

Reaction Order and Rate Constants 645 • Integrated Rate Laws: First-Order Reactions 650 • Reaction Half-Lives 653 • Integrated Rate Laws: Second-Order Reactions 655 • Zero-Order Reactions 658

13.4 Reaction Rates, Temperature, and the Arrhenius Equation 659 13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 665

Elementary Steps 666 • Rate Laws and Reaction Mechanisms 667 • Mechanisms and Zero-Order Reactions 672

What materials are used in

artificial joints? (Chapter 12)

What causes smog? (Chapter 13)

What reactions produce

nitrogen-based fertilizers?

(Chapter 14)

Trang 12

14.5 Equilibrium Constants and Reaction Quotients 710

14.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria 713

14.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 714

Effects of Adding or Removing Reactants or Products 715 • Effects of Pressure

and Volume Changes 717 • Effect of Temperature Changes 719 • Catalysts and

Equilibrium 721

14.8 Calculations Based on K 721

Acid–Base Equilibria:

Proton Transfer in Biological Systems 738

15.1 Acids and Bases: A Balancing Act 740

15.2 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 741

Strong and Weak Acids 742 • Strong and Weak Bases 745 • Conjugate Pairs 746 •

Relative Strengths of Conjugate Acids and Bases 747

15.3 pH and the Autoionization of Water 748

The pH Scale 749 • pOH, pKa, and pKb Values 752

15.4 Ka, Kb, and the Ionization of Weak Acids and Bases 753

Weak Acids 753 • Weak Bases 756

15.5 Calculating the pH of Acidic and Basic Solutions 759

Strong Acids and Strong Bases 759 • Weak Acids and Weak Bases 760 •

pH of Very Dilute Solutions of Strong Acids 762

15.6 Polyprotic Acids 764

Acid Rain 764 • Normal Rain 765

15.7 Acid Strength and Molecular Structure 768

15.8 Acidic and Basic Salts 770

Additional Aqueous Equilibria:

Chemistry and the Oceans 784

16.1 Ocean Acidification: Equilibrium under Stress 786

16.2 The Common-Ion Effect 788

16.3 pH Buffers 791

Buffer Capacity 794

16.4 Indicators and Acid–Base Titrations 798

Acid–Base Titrations 799 • Titrations with Multiple Equivalence Points 805

16.5 Lewis Acids and Bases 809

16.6 Formation of Complex Ions 812

16.7 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids 814

16.8 Solubility Equilibria 816

Ksp and Q 820

Trang 13

Thermodynamics: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Reactions and Processes 832 17.1 Spontaneous Processes 834

17.2 Thermodynamic Entropy 837 17.3 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 841

Entropy and Structure 844 17.4 Calculating Entropy Changes 845 17.5 Free Energy 846

17.6 Temperature and Spontaneity 852 17.7 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 854 17.8 Influence of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants 859 17.9 Driving the Human Engine: Coupled Reactions 861 17.10 Microstates: A Quantized View of Entropy 865

Electrochemistry:

The Quest for Clean Energy 878 18.1 Running on Electrons: Redox Chemistry Revisited 880 18.2 Voltaic and Electrolytic Cells 883

Cell Diagrams 884 18.3 Standard Potentials 887 18.4 Chemical Energy and Electrical Work 890 18.5 A Reference Point: The Standard Hydrogen Electrode 893 18.6 The Effect of Concentration on Ecell 895

The Nernst Equation 895 • E° and K 898 18.7 Relating Battery Capacity to Quantities of Reactants 899

Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries 900 • Lithium-Ion Batteries 901 18.8 Corrosion: Unwanted Electrochemical Reactions 903 18.9 Electrolytic Cells and Rechargeable Batteries 906 18.10 Fuel Cells 909

Radiation Dosage 938 • Evaluating the Risks of Radiation 940

How are radioactive nuclei

used in diagnostic medicine?

(Chapter 19)

Trang 14

19.7 Medical Applications of Radionuclides 942

Therapeutic Radiology 943 • Diagnostic Radiology 943

19.8 Nuclear Fission 944

19.9 Nuclear Fusion and the Quest for Clean Energy 946

Organic and Biological Molecules:

The Compounds of Life 960

20.1 Molecular Structure and Functional Groups 962

Families Based on Functional Groups 963

20.2 Organic Molecules, Isomers, and Chirality 965

Chirality and Optical Activity 969 • Chirality in Nature 972

20.3 The Composition of Proteins 974

Amino Acids 974 • Zwitterions 976 • Peptides 979

20.4 Protein Structure and Function 981

Primary Structure 982 • Secondary Structure 983 • Tertiary and Quaternary

Structure 985 • Enzymes: Proteins as Catalysts 986

20.5 Carbohydrates 988

Molecular Structures of Glucose and Fructose 988 • Disaccharides and

Polysaccharides 989 • Energy from Glucose 992

20.6 Lipids 992

Function and Metabolism of Lipids 994 • Other Types of Lipids 996

20.7 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 997

From DNA to New Proteins 1000

20.8 From Biomolecules to Living Cells 1001

Summary 1004 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 1004 •

Problem-Solving Summary 1004 • Visual Problems 1005 •

Questions and Problems 1007

The Main Group Elements:

Life and the Periodic Table 1016

21.1 Main Group Elements and Human Health 1018

21.2 Periodic and Chemical Properties of Main Group Elements 1021

21.3 Major Essential Elements 1022

Sodium and Potassium 1023 • Magnesium and Calcium 1026 •

Chlorine 1028 • Nitrogen 1029 • Phosphorus and Sulfur 1032

21.4 Trace and Ultratrace Essential Elements 1037

Selenium 1037 • Fluorine and Iodine 1038 • Silicon 1039

21.5 Nonessential Elements 1039

Rubidium and Cesium 1039 • Strontium and Barium 1039 •

Germanium 1039 • Antimony 1040 • Bromine 1040

21.6 Elements for Diagnosis and Therapy 1040

Diagnostic Applications 1041 • Therapeutic Applications 1043

Summary 1044 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 1045 •

Problem-Solving Summary 1045 • Visual Problems 1046 •

Questions and Problems 1048

Trang 15

Transition Metals:

Biological and Medical Applications 1052 22.1 Transition Metals in Biology: Complex Ions 1054

22.2 Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 1058

Complex Ions with a Positive Charge 1058 • Complex Ions with a Negative Charge 1060 • Coordination Compounds 1060

22.3 Polydentate Ligands and Chelation 1062 22.4 Crystal Field Theory 1066

22.5 Magnetism and Spin States 1071 22.6 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 1073

Enantiomers and Linkage Isomers 1075 22.7 Coordination Compounds in Biochemistry 1076

Manganese and Photosynthesis 1077 • Transition Metals in Enzymes 1078 22.8 Coordination Compounds in Medicine 1081

Transition Metals in Diagnosis 1082 • Transition Metals in Therapy 1084Summary 1088 • Particulate Preview Wrap-Up 1088 •

Problem-Solving Summary 1088 • Visual Problems 1089 • Questions and Problems 1091

Appendices APP-1Glossary G-1Answers to Particulate Review, Concept Tests, and Practice Exercises ANS-1Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems ANS-13Credits C-1

Index I-1

22

What drugs help doctors image

the human heart? (Chapter 22)

Trang 16

Driving the Mars rover Curiosity 36

Radioactivity and the Baby Tooth

Natural gas stoves 102

Photosynthesis, respiration, and the

carbon cycle 104

Atmospheric carbon dioxide 104

Power plant emissions 106

Anticancer drugs (Taxol) 128

Evidence for water on Mars 144

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes 151

Great Salt Lake 151

Saline intravenous infusion 156

Stalactites and stalagmites 162

Water softening and zeolites 178

Iron oxides in rocks and soils 190

Drug stability calculations 193

Rockets 217

Diesel engines and hot-air balloons 222

Resurfacing an ice rink 226

Instant cold packs 226

Nitrogen narcosis 302Gas mixtures for scuba diving 314Rainbows 332

Remote control devices 340Lasers 355

Road flares 365Fireworks 376Greenhouse effect 388Oxyacetylene torches 396Atmospheric ozone 403Moth balls 423

Ripening tomatoes 463Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) intercalation in DNA 468

Spearmint and caraway aromas 468Auroras 470

Semiconductors in bar-code readers and DVD players 483

Insect pheromones 484Hydrogen bonds in DNA 506Anesthetics 511

Petroleum-based cleaning solvents 512High-altitude endurance training 516Supercritical carbon dioxide and dry ice 522

Water striders 524Aquatic life in frozen lakes 526Drug efficacy 527

Antifreeze 538Fractional distillation of crude oil 553Radiator fluid 562

Osmosis in red blood cells 568

Saline and dextrose intravenous solutions 573

Desalination of seawater via reverse osmosis 573

Eggs 578Brass and bronze 600Shape-memory alloys in stents 600Stainless steel and surgical steel 601Diamond and graphite 606

Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes 607

Polyethylene: LDPE and HDPE plastics 609

Teflon in cookware and surgical tubing 610

Polypropylene products 611Polystyrene and Styrofoam 612Plastic soda bottles 613Artificial skin and dissolving sutures 615

Synthetic fabrics: Dacron, nylon, and Kevlar 617

Thorite lantern mantles 621Photochemical smog 636Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and ozone in the stratosphere 673

Catalytic converters 676Smog simulations 679Fertilizers 696Hindenburg airship disaster 703Manufacturing sulfuric acid 708Limestone kilns 713

Manufacturing nitric acid 728Colors of hydrangea blossoms 740Lung disease and respiratory acidosis 741

Liquid drain cleaners 759Carabid beetles 760Acid rain and normal rain 764Bleach 772

pH of human blood 774Ocean acidification 786Swimming pool test kits for pH 798

applications

Trang 17

Sapphire Pool in Yellowstone National

Energy from glucose; glycolysis 863

Prehistoric axes and copper refining 868

Hybrid and electric vehicles 880

Alkaline, nicad, and zinc–air

batteries 889

Lead–acid car batteries 896

Nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion

Alloys and corrosion at sea 912

Scintillation counters and Geiger

counters 932

Radiometric dating 935Biological effects of radioactivity:

Chernobyl and Fukushima 940Radon gas exposure 941

Therapeutic and diagnostic radiology 943

Nuclear weapons and nuclear power 944

Nuclear fusion in the Sun 946Tokamak reactors and ITER 948Radium paint and the Radium Girls 950Perfect foods and complete

proteins 974Aspartame 979Sickle-cell anemia and malaria 982Silk 984

Alzheimer’s disease 984Lactose intolerance 986Blood type and glycoproteins 988Ethanol production from cellulose 991Unsaturated fats, saturated fats, and trans fats 993

Olestra, a modified fat substitute 995

Cholesterol and coronary disease 997DNA and RNA 997

Origin of life on Earth 1001Hydrogenated oils 1003Dietary reference intake (DRI) for essential elements 1020

Ion transport across cell membranes 1023Osteoporosis and kidney stones 1026Chlorophyll 1026

Teeth, bones, and shells 1027Acid reflux and antacid drugs 1028Bad breath, skunk odor, and smelly shoes 1035

Toothpaste and fluoridated water 1038Goiter and Graves’ disease 1038Prussian blue pigment 1057Food preservatives 1065Anticancer drugs (cisplatin) 1073Cytochromes 1079

Thalassemia and chelation therapy 1085Organometallic compounds as

drugs 1086

Trang 18

Greenhouse Effect 402Resonance 404Lewis Structures: Expanded Valence Shells 414

Estimating Enthalpy Changes 420Hybridization 462

Structure of Benzene 467Molecular Orbitals 471Intermolecular Forces 499Henry’s Law 516

Phase Diagrams 520Capillary Action 523Dissolution of Ammonium Nitrate 542Raoult’s Law 551

Fractional Distillation 554Boiling and Freezing Points 563Osmotic Pressure 568

Unit Cell 597Allotropes of Carbon 607Polymers 608

Reaction Rate 639Reaction Order 645Arrhenius Equation 661Collision Theory 661Reaction Mechanisms 665Equilibrium 698

Equilibrium in the Gas Phase 700

Le Châtelier’s Principle 715Solving Equilibrium Problems 721Acid–Base Ionization 743Autoionization of Water 748

pH Scale 749Acid Rain 764Acid Strength and Molecular Structure 769

Buffers 791Acid–Base Titrations 800Titrations of Weak Acids 802Entropy 837

Gibbs Free Energy 847Equilibrium and Thermodynamics 854Zinc–Copper Cell 881

Cell Potential 888Alkaline Battery 889Cell Potential, Equilibrium, and Free Energy 895

Fuel Cell 909Balancing Nuclear Equations 928Radioactive Decay Modes 929Half-Life 934

Fusion of Hydrogen 946Chiral Centers 969Condensation of Biological Polymers 979

Fiber Strength and Elasticity 984Formation of Sucrose 990Crystal Field Splitting 1067

ChemTours

Trang 19

of chemistry with an active research interest in organometallic chemistry.

Natalie Foster is an emeritus professor of chemistry at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, vania She received a BS in chemistry from Muhlenberg College and MS, DA, and PhD degrees from Lehigh University Her research interests included studying poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by NMR

Pennsyl-as part of a larger interest in porphyrins and phthalocyanines Pennsyl-as candidate contrPennsyl-ast enhancement agents for MRI She taught both semesters of the introductory chemistry class to engineering, biol-ogy, and other nonchemistry majors and a spectral analysis course at the graduate level She is a fel-low of the American Chemical Society and the recipient of the Christian R and Mary F Lindback Foundation Award for distinguished teaching

Stacey Lowery Bretz is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio She earned her BA in chemistry from Cornell University, MS from Pennsylvania State University, and a PhD in chemistry education research from Cornell University Stacey then spent one year at the University of California, Berke-ley, as a postdoc in the Department of Chemistry Her research expertise includes the development

of assessments to characterize chemistry misconceptions and measure learning in the chemistry laboratory Of particular interest is method development with regard to the use of multiple rep-resentations (particulate, symbolic, and macroscopic) to generate cognitive dissonance, including protocols for establishing the reliability and validity of these measures She is a fellow of both the American Chemical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science She has been honored with both of Miami University’s highest teaching awards: the E Phillips Knox Award for Undergraduate Teaching in 2009 and the Distinguished Teaching Award for Excellence

in Graduate Instruction and Mentoring in 2013

Geoffrey Davies holds BSc, PhD, and DSc degrees in chemistry from Birmingham University, England He joined the faculty at Northeastern University in 1971 after doing postdoctoral re-search on the kinetics of very rapid reactions at Brandeis University, Brookhaven National Labora-tory, and the University of Kent at Canterbury He is now a Matthews Distinguished University Professor at Northeastern University His research group has explored experimental and theoretical redox chemistry, alternative fuels, transmetalation reactions, tunable metal–zeolite catalysts and, most recently, the chemistry of humic substances, the essential brown animal and plant metabolites

in sediments, soils, and water He edits a column on experiential and study-abroad education in the

Journal of Chemical Education and a book series on humic substances He is a fellow of the Royal

So-ciety of Chemistry and was awarded Northeastern’s Excellence in Teaching Award in 1981, 1993, and 1999, and its first Lifetime Achievement in Teaching Award in 2004

Trang 20

D ear Student,

We wrote this book with three overarching goals in mind: to make

chem-istry interesting, relevant, and memorable; to enable you to see the world

from a molecular point of view; and to help you become an expert problem-solver

You have a number of resources available to assist you to succeed in your general

chemistry course This textbook will be a valuable resource, and we have written

it with you, and the different ways you may use the book, in mind.

If you are someone who reads a chapter from the first page to the last, you will

see that Chemistry: The Science in Context, Fifth Edition, introduces the chemical

principles within a chapter by using contexts drawn from daily life as well as from

other disciplines, including biology, environmental science, materials science,

astronomy, geology, and medicine We believe that these contexts make

chemis-try more interesting, relevant, understandable, and memorable.

Chemists’ unique perspective of

natu-ral processes and insights into the

proper-ties of substances, from high-performance

alloys to the products of biotechnology,

are based on understanding these

pro-cesses and substances at the particulate

level (the atomic and molecular level) A

major goal of this book is to help you

develop this microscale perspective and

link it to macroscopic properties.

With that in mind, we begin each

chapter with a Particulate Review and

Particulate Preview on the first page

The goal of these tools is to prepare you

for the material in the chapter The

Review assesses important prior

knowl-edge you need to interpret particulate

images in the chapter The Particulate

Preview asks you to speculate about new

concepts you will see in the chapter and

is meant to focus your reading.

preface

Breaking Bonds and Energy

When ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet rays (UV rays) from the Sun, the ozone falls apart into oxygen molecules and oxygen atoms according to the chemical reaction depicted here As you read Chapter 5, look for ideas that will help you answer these questions:

What role does energy play in breaking the bonds?

Does bond breaking occur when energy is absorbed? Or does breaking

a bond release energy?

PARTICUL ATE PREVIEW

O 3(g) UV rays O 2( g) + O(g)

Acid and Base

In Chapter 5 we consider the energy changes that occur during reactions such as the combustion reactions from Chapter 3 and neutralization reactions from Chapter 4.

Here we see the key molecules and ions involved in the titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide

Name each molecule or ion and write its formula.

The colorless solution in the flask on the left is hydrochloric acid The colorless solution in the buret

is sodium hydroxide On the right is a picture of the titration after all the acid has been neutralized Which

of the illustrated particles are present in the buret, the flask on the left, and the flask on the right?

(Review Sections 4.5–4.6 if you need help.)

(Answers to Particulate Review questions are in the back of the book.)

PARTICUL ATE REVIEW

Trang 21

If you want a quick summary of what is most important in a chapter to direct

your studying on selected topics, check the Learning Outcomes at the beginning

of each chapter Whether you are reading the chapter from first page to last, ing from topic to topic in an order you select, or reviewing material for an exam, the Learning Outcomes can help you focus on the key information you need to know and the skills you should acquire.

mov-LO1 Explain kinetic and potential energies at the molecular level

In every section, you will find key terms in boldface in the text and in a

run-ning glossary in the margin We have inserted the definitions throughout the

text, so you can continue reading without interruption but quickly find key terms when doing homework or reviewing for a test All key terms are also defined in the Glossary in the back of the book.

Approximately once per section, you will find a Concept Test These short,

conceptual questions provide a self-check opportunity by asking you to stop and answer a question relating to what you just read We designed them to help you see for yourself whether you have grasped a key concept and can apply it You will find answers to Concept Tests in the back of the book.

CONCEPT TEST

Identify the following systems as isolated, closed, or open: (a) the water in a pond;

ducting plastic wrap; (d) a live chicken.

-(Answers to Concept Tests are in the back of the book.)

New concepts naturally build on previous information, and you will find that many concepts are related to others described earlier in the book We point out

these relationships with Connection icons in the margins These reminders will

help you see the big picture and draw your own connections between the major themes covered in the book.

At the end of each chapter is a group of Visual Problems that ask you to

inter-pret atomic and molecular views of elements and compounds, along with graphs

of experimental data The last Visual Problem in each chapter contains a visual

problem matrix This grid consists of nine images followed by a series of

ques-tions that will test your ability to identify the similarities and differences among the macroscopic and particulate images.

If you’re looking for additional help visualizing a concept, we have almost 100

ChemTours, denoted by the ChemTour icon The ChemTours, available at digital

.wwnorton.com/chem5, provide animations of physical changes and chemical reactions to help you envision events at the molecular level Many ChemTours are interactive, allowing you to manipulate variables and observe resulting changes in

C NNECTION In Chapter 1 we

discussed the arrangement of molecules

in ice, water, and water vapor

CHEMTOUR

Heating Curves

Trang 22

a graph or a process Questions at the end of the ChemTour tutorials offer

step-by-step assistance in solving problems and provide useful feedback.

Another goal of the book is to help you improve your problem-solving skills

Sometimes the hardest parts of solving a problem are knowing where to start and

distinguishing between information that is relevant and information that is not

Once you are clear on where you are starting and where you are going, planning

for and arriving at a solution become much easier.

To help you hone your problem-solving skills, we have developed a

frame-work that is introduced in Chapter 1 and used consistently throughout the book

It is a four-step approach we call COAST, which is our acronym for (1) Collect

and Organize, (2) Analyze, (3) Solve, and (4) Think About It We use these four

steps in every Sample Exercise and in the solutions to odd-numbered problems in

the Student’s Solutions Manual They are also used in the hints and feedback

embedded in the Smartwork5 online homework program To summarize the

four steps:

In this step we often point out what you must find and what

is given, including the relevant information that is provided in

the problem statement or available elsewhere in the book.

problem As part of that strategy we often estimate what a

rea-sonable answer might be.

infor-mation and relationships identified in the first step to actually

solve the problem We walk you through each step in the

solu-tion so that you can follow the logic as well as the math.

answer is not the last step when solving a problem Checking

whether the solution is reasonable in light of an estimate is

imperative Is the answer realistic? Are the units correct? Is the

number of significant figures appropriate? Does it make sense

with our estimate from the Analyze step?

Many students use the Sample Exercises more than any

other part of the book Sample Exercises take the concept

being discussed and illustrate how to apply it to solve a

problem We hope that repeated application of COAST will

help you refine your problem-solving skills and become an expert problem-solver

When you finish a Sample Exercise, you’ll find a Practice Exercise to try on your

own Notice that the Sample Exercises and the Learning Objectives are connected

We think this will help you focus efficiently on the main ideas in the chapter.

Students sometimes comment that the questions on an exam are more

chal-lenging than the Sample Exercises in a book To address this, we have an

Inte-grating Concepts Sample Exercise near the end of each chapter These exercises

require you to use more than one concept from the chapter and may expect you to

use concepts from earlier chapters to solve a problem Please invest your time

working through these problems because we think they will further enhance your

problem-solving skills and give you an increased appreciation of how chemistry is

used in the world.

SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.2 Identifying Exothermic and

impure water vaporization water vaporpure condensation pure water

Solve

q

system (water vapor) into the surroundings (condenser walls), process 3 is exothermic

q is negative.

Think About It Endothermic means that energy is transferred from the surroundings

into the system—

process is exothermic.

d Practice Exercisemolten candle wax solidify, and (c) perspiration evaporates from skin? In each What is the sign of q as (a) a match burns, (b) drops of

(Answers to Practice Exercises are in the back of the book.)

Trang 23

If you use the book mostly as a reference and problem-solving guide, we have

a learning path for you as well It starts with the Summary and a

Problem-Solving Summary at the end of each chapter The first is a brief synopsis of the

chapter, organized by Learning Outcomes Key figures have been added to this Summary to provide visual cues as you review The Problem-Solving Summary organizes the chapter by problem type and summarizes relevant concepts and equations you need to solve each type of problem The Problem-Solving Summary also points you back to the relevant Sample Exercises that model how to solve each problem and cross-references the Learning Outcomes at the beginning of the chapter.

Type of Problem Concepts and Equations Sample Exercises Calculating kinetic and potential

For the system:

DE 5 q 1 w (5.5) where w 5 2PDV.

5.2, 5.3, 5.4

Predicting the sign of DH sys for physical and chemical changes Exothermic: DHEndothermic: DHsyssys , 0 0 5.5, 5.6

Following the summaries are groups of questions and problems The first

group is the Visual Problems Concept Review Questions and Problems come

next, arranged by topic in the same order as they appear in the chapter Concept Reviews are qualitative and often ask you to explain why or how something happens Problems are paired and can be quantitative, conceptual, or a combination

of both Contextual problems have a title that describes the context in which the problem is placed Additional Problems can come from any section or combina-

tion of sections in the chapter Some of them incorporate concepts from previous chapters Problems marked with an asterisk (*) are more challenging and often require multiple steps to solve.

We want you to have confidence in using the answers in the back of the book

as well as the Student’s Solutions Manual, so we continue to use a rigorous check accuracy program for the fifth edition Each end-of-chapter question and problem has been solved independently by at least three PhD chemists For the fifth edition the team included Solutions Manual author Bradley Wile and two additional chemistry educators Brad compared his solutions to those from the two reviewers and resolved any discrepancies This process is designed to ensure clearly written problems and accurate answers in the appendices and Solutions Manual.

triple-No matter how you use this book, we hope it becomes a valuable tool for you and helps you not only understand the principles of chemistry but also apply them

to solving global problems, such as diagnosing and treating disease or making more efficient use of Earth’s natural resources.

Changes to the Fifth Edition

Dear Instructor,

As authors of a textbook we are very often asked: “Why is a fifth edition sary? Has the science changed that much since the fourth edition?” Although chemistry is a vigorous and dynamic field, most basic concepts presented in an

neces-LO5 A calorimeter, characterized by its

calo-rimeter constant (its characteristic heat

capac-ity), is a device used to measure the amount of

energy involved in physical and chemical

pro-enthalpy of reaction

(DHrxn ) (Section 5.6)

LO6 Hess’s law states that the enthalpy of a reaction (DH rxn) that is

the sum of two or more other reactions is equal to the sum of the DHrxn

values of the constituent reactions It can be used to calculate enthalpy

changes in reactions that are hard or impossible to measure directly

Trang 24

introductory course have not changed dramatically However, two areas tightly

intertwined in this text— pedagogy and context— have changed significantly, and

those areas are the drivers of this new edition Here are some of the most

note-worthy changes we made throughout this edition:

• We welcome Stacey Lowery Bretz as our new coauthor Stacey is a

chemistry education researcher, and her insights and expertise about

student misconceptions and the best way to address those misconceptions

can be seen throughout the book The most obvious examples are the new

Particulate Review and Particulate Preview questions at the beginning

of each chapter The Review is a diagnostic tool that addresses important

prior knowledge students must draw upon to successfully interpret

molecular (particulate) images in the chapter The Review consists of a

few questions based on particulate-scale art The Preview consists of a

short series of questions about a particulate image that ask students to

extend their prior knowledge and speculate about material in the chapter

The goal of the Preview is to direct students as they read, making reading

more interactive.

• In addition to the Particulate Review and Preview, Stacey authored a new

type of visual problem: the visual problem matrix The matrix consists

of macroscopic and particulate images in a grid, followed by a series of

questions that ask students to identify commonalities and differences across

the images based on their understanding Versions of the Particulate Review,

Preview, and the visual matrix problems are in the lecture PowerPoint

presentations to use with clickers during lectures They are also available in

Smartwork5 as individual problems as well as premade assignments to use

before or after class.

• We evaluated each Sample Exercise, and in simple, one-step Sample

Exercises, we have streamlined the prose by combining the Collect and

Organize and Analyze step We revised numerous Sample Exercises

throughout the fifth edition on the basis of reviewer and user feedback.

• The treatment of how to evaluate the precision and accuracy of experimental

values in Chapter 1 has been expanded to include the identification of outliers

by using standard deviations, confidence intervals, and the Grubbs test.

• We have expanded our coverage of aqueous equilibrium by adding a second

chapter that doubles the number of Sample Exercises and includes Concept

Tests that focus upon the molecules and ions present in titrations and

buffers.

• In the fifth edition, functional groups are introduced in Chapter 2 and

then seamlessly integrated into chapters as appropriate For example,

carboxylic acids and amines are introduced in Chapter 4 when students

learn about acid–base reactions This pedagogical choice enables us to

weave core chemistry concepts into contexts that include a wider variety

of environmental and health issues Our hope is that it provides a stronger

foundation for considering Lewis structures with a broader knowledge of the

variety of molecules that are possible, as well as emphasizes the importance

of structure–function from the very beginning of students’ journey through

chemistry.

• Given the integration of functional groups into the first 12 chapters, we

now have one chapter (Chapter 20) that focuses on organic chemistry and

biochemistry by discussing isomers, chirality, and the major classes of large

Formation of dew Breaking the bond inan oxygen molecule Hardening of hotparaffin wax

Na + + Cl – → NaCl

5.8 Use representations [A] through [I] in Figure P5.8 to answer questions a–f.

a Which processes are exothermic?

b Which processes have a positive DH?

c In which processes does the system gain energy?

d In which processes do the surroundings lose energy?

e

of propane [E] at 1000°C in terms of (i) average kinetic energy and (ii) average speed of the molecules.

f Which substance(s) would not have vibrational motion or

rotational motion? Why?

Trang 25

• Chapter 12, the Solids chapter, has been expanded to include polymers with a focus on biomedical applications, and band theory has been moved from the Solids chapter to the end of Chapter 9 following the discussion of molecular orbital theory.

• We took the advice of reviewers and now have two descriptive chemistry chapters at the end of the book These chapters focus on main group chemistry and transition metals, both within the context of biological and medical applications.

• We have revised or replaced at least 10 percent of the end-of-chapter problems We incorporated feedback from users and reviewers to address areas where we needed more problems or additional problems of varying difficulty.

• A new version of Smartwork, Smartwork5, offers more than 3600 problems

in a sophisticated and user-friendly platform, and 400 new problems are designed to support the new visualization pedagogy In addition to being tablet compatible, Smartwork5 integrates with the most common campus learning management systems.

• The nearly 100 ChemTours have been updated to better support lecture, lab, and independent student learning The ChemTours include images, animations, and audio that demonstrate dynamic processes and help students visualize and understand chemistry at the molecular level Forty

of the ChemTours now contain greater interactivity and are assignable in Smartwork5 The ChemTours are linked directly from the ebook and are now in HTML5, which means they are tablet compatible.

Teaching and Learning Resources

Smartwork5 Online Homework for General Chemistry

digital.wwnorton.com/chem5

Smartwork5 is the most intuitive online tutorial and homework management system available for general chemistry The many question types, including graded molecule drawing, math and chemical equations, ranking tasks, and interactive figures, help students develop and apply their understanding of fundamental concepts in chemistry.

Every problem in Smartwork5 includes response-specific feedback and

gen-eral hints using the steps in COAST Links to the ebook version of Chemistry: The Science in Context, Fifth Edition, take students to the specific place in the text

where the concept is explained All problems in Smartwork5 use the same guage and notation as the textbook.

lan-Smartwork5 also features Tutorial Problems If students ask for help in a Tutorial Problem, the system breaks the problem down into smaller steps, coach- ing them with hints, answer-specific feedback, and probing questions within each step At any point in a Tutorial, a student can return to and answer the original problem.

Assigning, editing, and administering homework within Smartwork5 is easy It’s tablet compatible and integrates with the most common campus learning management systems Smartwork5 allows the instructor to search for problems

Trang 26

by using both the text’s Learning Objectives and Bloom’s taxonomy Instructors

can use premade assignment sets provided by Norton authors, modify those

assignments, or create their own Instructors can also make changes in the

problems at the question level All instructors have access to our WYSIWYG

(What You See Is What You Get) authoring tools— the same ones Norton authors

use Those intuitive tools make it easy to modify existing problems or to develop

new content that meets the specific needs of your course.

Wherever possible, Smartwork5 makes use of algorithmic variables so that

students see slightly different versions of the same problem Assignments are

graded automatically, and Smartwork5 includes sophisticated yet flexible tools for

managing class data Instructors can use the class activity report to assess

stu-dents’ performance on specific problems within an assignment Instructors can

also review individual students’ work on problems.

Smartwork5 for Chemistry, Fifth Edition, features the following problem

types:

• End-of-Chapter Problems These problems, which use algorithmic variables

when appropriate, all have hints and answer-specific feedback to coach

students through mastering single- and multiple-concept problems based on

chapter content They make use of all of Smartwork5’s answer-entry tools.

• ChemTour Problems Forty ChemTours now contain greater interactivity

and are assignable in Smartwork5.

• Visual and Graphing Problems These problems challenge students

to identify chemical phenomena and to interpret graphs They use

Smartwork5’s Drag-and-Drop and Hotspot functionality.

• Reaction Visualization Problems Based on both static art and videos of

simulated reactions, these problems are designed to help students visualize

what happens at the atomic level— and why it happens.

• Ranking Task Problems These problems ask students to make comparative

judgments between items in a set.

• Nomenclature Problems New matching and multiple-choice problems help

students master course vocabulary.

• Multistep Tutorials These problems offer students who demonstrate a need

for help a series of linked, step-by-step subproblems to work They are based

on the Concept Review problems at the end of each chapter.

• Math Review Problems These problems can be used by students for practice

or by instructors to diagnose the mathematical ability of their students.

Ebook

An affordable and convenient alternative to the print text, Norton Ebooks let

students access the entire book and much more: they can search, highlight, and

take notes with ease The Norton Ebook allows instructors to share their notes

with students And the ebook can be viewed on most devices— laptop, tablet,

even a public computer— and will stay synced between devices.

The online version of Chemistry, Fifth Edition, also provides students with

one-click access to the nearly 100 ChemTour animations.

The online ebook is available bundled with the print text and Smartwork5 at

no extra cost, or it may be purchased bundled with Smartwork5 access.

Norton also offers a downloadable PDF version of the ebook.

Trang 27

Student’s Solutions Manual

by Bradley Wile, Ohio Northern University

The Student’s Solutions Manual provides students with fully worked solutions to

select end-of-chapter problems using the COAST four-step method (Collect and

Organize, Analyze, Solve, and Think About It) The Student’s Solutions Manual

contains several pieces of art for each chapter, designed to help students visualize ways to approach problems This artwork is also used in the hints and feedback within Smartwork5.

Clickers in Action: Increasing Student Participation in General Chemistry

by Margaret Asirvatham, University of Colorado, Boulder

An instructor-oriented resource providing information on implementing clickers

in general chemistry courses, Clickers in Action contains more than 250

class-tested, lecture-ready questions, with histograms showing student responses, as well as insights and suggestions for implementation Question types include macroscopic observation, symbolic representation, and atomic/molecular views of processes.

Test Bank

by Chris Bradley, Mount St Mary’s University

Norton uses an innovative, evidence-based model to deliver high-quality and pedagogically effective quizzes and testing materials Each chapter of the Test Bank is structured around an expanded list of student learning objectives and evaluates student knowledge on six distinct levels based on Bloom’s Tax- onomy: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating.

Questions are further classified by section and difficulty, making it easy to construct tests and quizzes that are meaningful and diagnostic, according to each instructor’s needs More than 2500 questions are divided into multiple choice and short answer.

The Test Bank is available with ExamView Test Generator software, allowing instructors to effortlessly create, administer, and manage assessments The convenient and intuitive test-making wizard makes it easy to create customized exams with no software learning curve Other key features include the ability to create paper exams with algorithmically generated variables and export files directly to Blackboard, Canvas, Desire2Learn, and Moodle.

Instructor’s Solutions Manual

by Bradley Wile, Ohio Northern University

The Instructor’s Solutions Manual provides instructors with fully worked tions to every end-of-chapter Concept Review and Problem Each solution uses

solu-the COAST four-step method (Collect and Organize, Analyze, Solve, and

Think About It).

Trang 28

Instructor’s Resource Manual

by Matthew Van Duzor, North Park University, and Andrea Van Duzor,

Chicago State University

This complete resource manual for instructors has been revised to correspond to

changes made in the fifth edition Each chapter begins with a brief overview of

the text chapter followed by suggestions for integrating the contexts featured in

the book into a lecture, summaries of the textbook’s Particulate Preview and

Review sections, suggested sample lecture outlines, alternative contexts to use

with each chapter, and instructor notes for suggested activities from the

Chem-Connections and Calculations in Chemistry, Second Edition, workbooks Suggested

ChemTours and laboratory exercises round out each chapter.

Instructor’s Resource Disc

This helpful classroom presentation tool features:

• Stepwise animations and classroom response questions Developed by Jeffrey

Macedone of Brigham Young University and his team, these animations,

which use native PowerPoint functionality and textbook art, help instructors

to “walk” students through nearly 100 chemical concepts and processes

Where appropriate, the slides contain two types of questions for students

to answer in class: questions that ask them to predict what will happen

next and why, and questions that ask them to apply knowledge gained from

watching the animation Self-contained notes help instructors adapt these

materials to their own classrooms.

• Lecture PowerPoint (Scott Farrell, Ocean County College) slides include

a suggested classroom-lecture script in an accompanying Word file Each

chapter opens with a set of multiple-choice questions based on the textbook’s

Particulate Review and Preview section, and concludes with another set of

questions based on the textbook’s visual problem matrix.

• All ChemTours.

• Clickers in Action clicker questions for each chapter provide instructors with

class-tested questions they can integrate into their course.

• Photographs, drawn figures, and tables from the text, available in

PowerPoint and JPEG format.

Downloadable Instructor’s Resources

This password-protected site for instructors includes: