English communication skill of the staff of an nhien gemstone jewellry joint stock company, problems and solutions

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY ENGLISH FACULTY ---GRADUATION PAPER TOPIC: ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILL OF AN NHIEN GEMSTONE JEWELLRY JOINT STOCK COMPANY, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Supervisor : Le Th

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY ENGLISH FACULTY

-GRADUATION PAPER

TOPIC:

ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILL OF

AN NHIEN GEMSTONE JEWELLRY JOINT STOCK COMPANY,

PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Supervisor : Le Thi Phuong Mai

Student : Nguyen Thi Huong Ly

In our modern society, English is used as an international language andcommunication tool, and it increasingly plays an important role in the world Beingable to communicate effectively is perhaps the most important of all life skills It iswhat enables us to pass information to other people, and to understand what is said to

us In reality, however, the level of English communicating skill of employees at AnNhien JSC still is not good Therefore, research topic: “ English Communication Skill

of An Nhien Gemstone Jewellry Joint Stock Company, problems and solutions” ismeaningful and necessary in both theory and practice to improve their communicatingabilities in the workplace

The study deals with finding the problems in communicting by English ofstaffs at An Nhien JSC In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, thestudy presents the key theories related to English communication skill Theresearcher carried out survey questionnares among 20 staff of An Nhien JSC to gettheir oppinion In addition, the study also gives some solutions to improve thestaff’s English communication skill

Based on findings, some suggestions are given with the hope that they might

be useful for staff at An Nhien Joint Stock Company in particular and othercompanies in general to develop their communication skills

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirst and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to mysupervisor - Ms Le Thi Phuong Mai, for her guidance and encouragement during

my study Furthermore, I really appreciate all her help and suggestions on variousdrafts of the thesis Without her valuable advice and support, this thesis could nothave been completed on schedule

I would also like to express my full appreciation to An Nhien Joint Stockcompany for helping me so much in my data collection My special thanks also go

to entire Sale Department who agreed to participate in the study

Additionally, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my dear friends fortheir help and warm encouragement throughout my hard times carrying out thestudy Without them, I could not have overcome such times and concentrated on mystudy

Finally, I am greatly indebted to my family, especially my loving parents fortheir continuous support during my study Thanks to their intense devotion, I haveovercome the difficult times and completed this thesis

Hanoi, 15th April 2020

Student

Nguyen Thi Huong Ly

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES vi

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Previous of the study 2

1.3 Aims of the study 3

1.4 Research subjects 4

1.5 Scope of the study 4

1.6 Research methodology 4

1.7 Organization of the study 5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Overview 6

2.1.1 Definition of communication skill 6

2.1.2 Types of communication 7

2.2 The importance of English communication skill 8

2.3 Difficulties in communicating English 9

2.3.1 Linguistic factors 9

2.3.1.1 Pronunciation and accent 9

2.3.1.2 Vocabulary 11

2.3.1.3 Grammar 12

2.3.2 Psychological factors 13

2.3.2.1 Lack of confidence: 14

2.3.2.2 Lack of motivation 14

2.3.3 Social Factors 16

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH FINDING 17

3.1 The results of questionnaire and data analysis 17

3.1.1 The personal opinions and real situation on English communication skill of

An Nhien JSC 17

3.1.2 The difficulties in communicating English 21

3.2 The results of the managers’ interview 26

3.3 Main findings and discussion 27

3.3.1 The reality of English communication skill of the An Nhien JSC’s staff 27

3.3.2 The difficulties in communicating English of An Nhien JSC’s staff 28

3.3.3 The solutions of the difficulties in speaking English of the staff 29

CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 30

4.1 Limitations of the study 30

4.2 Recommendations 30

4.2.1 Recommendations for the staff at An Nhien JSC 30

4.2.1.1 Pronunciation 30

4.2.1.2 Vocabulary 31

4.1.2.3 Grammar 32

4.2.1.4 Psychological factor 32

4.2.1.5 Practicing environment 32

4.2.2 Recommendations for the managers at An Nhien JSC 33

CONCLUSION 34

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

iv

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

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CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

The first chapter shows overview of the study on the problems when communicating English of the staff at An Nhien Gemstone Jewellry Joint Stock Company The rationale of the study, the previous studies, research subjects and the aims, scope of the study, research methodology as well as structure of the study are also mentioned Thanks to the data foundation, the study becomes clear and detailed.

of English Knowing English is a skill that companies can use If you want to beable to negotiate with other companies, knowing English is pretty much a must.You’re going to have to find a common language and English is the most likely one

to be it Learning English is the first step in getting ahead in your career

The actual number of multinational companies in the world is difficult toestimate One of the most recent surveys was completed in 2016 by EF EducationFirst, which showed a 25 percent increase in the number of multinationals over theprevious 10 years In 28 non-English-speaking countries, 70 percent of thecompanies surveyed reported that English was important to their business, while 11percent stated that it was the main language The disparity in English English ontheir own and more people are able to use English in the workplace.proficiencyamong industries has been narrowing, with the gap between the highest and lowestindustries reduced nearly by half Companies are investing more in English training,more adults are learning

In An Nhien Gemstone-Jewellry Joint Stock Company, everyone is required toknow English Staff of Sale Departure use English the most Working as an saler in

An Nhien JSC for more than 3 months, I find that the English usage of staff here aswell as of myself still faces many problems, especially in communication skill

Therefore, in order to study this problem in depth, I have conducted the research

entitled: “ English Communication Skill of the staff of An Nhien Gemstone Jewellry

Joint Stock Company, problems and solutions” Hopefully, this study will help the

staff understand deeply the issues that they have not noticed before and suggestsome solutions to solve the problems and help them improve their Englishcommnication skill

1.2 Previous of the study

There are several studies conducted to investigate English communicationskill not only in workplace but also in educational environment :

The study by Abdel-Rahman (2016) “Improving English Communication Skill

of Ajloun National University Students”, this study aimed to enhance the oral

communication skills (conversations) of ANU students The sample of the studyconsisted of 20 students (12 female students and 8 male students) all of them arestudying English language, the majority of the sample were the seniors and juniorsstudents, while freshman were minority students The researchers used randomsample method To achieve the objectives of the present study, the researchers usedsemi-structured interview as an instrument for data collection The results of thisstudy revealed that the students of ANU face many problems related tocommunication skill, such as confusion and embarrassment; students did not learnspeaking lessons correctly at school, and face difficulty in pronouncing some words.The results also showed that the most frequent problems were the limited amount ofvocabulary among students, while the least frequent problems were the difficulty inunderstanding questions This study also presented some of appropriate solutions toovercome the weakness in speaking skill, such as practicing speaking English insideand outside the classroom effectively, using the modern social media tocommunicate in English and to express the students feelings and needs

According to the study in 2018 by A.Clement “English for the Workplace:

The Importance of English Communication Skill for Effective Performance” find

out the importance of English in workplace by conducting a survey amongemployees of different companies in India The results show that the necessity ofEnglish communication skill in workplace hasn't changed and the participants havereiterated the role of English as the influencing factor during interviews and at

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workplace In addition, it has been found that poor English communication skill canhamper the attempts of finding a good job Moreover, participants emphasized theneed for in-house English training for improvement of skills required to performtheir duties Among all the skills, speaking has been considered the most importantskill in workplace and majority accepted that they needed to improve their speakingskills and online training has been preferred by most of the participants as thefavorite mode.

In addition to the research of foreigner scholars such as Abdel-Rahman (2016)and A.Clement (2018), in Vietnam, there were also many studies related to thisissue

In 2013, Nguyen Thi Dieu Huyen had a research paper on the subject, with the

title: “A study on how to improve English communication skill through

extra-Activities for the first year english non - Major students in Hai phong Private University” The study is about to help the first-year English non-major students at

Hai Phong Private University improve their communication skill through activities and to prepare for them to the basic knowledge of communication skillwith higher requirement for the next graders; find out appropriate techniques forteaching communication lesson which draw student’s attention into the lesson.Some good techniques, especially the extra activities wil be given out in order toimprove their communication skill It should be noted that this paper should not beconsidered exclusive to English non-major students at Hai Phong PrivateUniversity In fact, the fundamental concepts and result of this paper can be applied

extra-to most English learners

All the studies showed the reader a more multidimensional view and torecognize the problems when practicing English communication skill So users will

be able to take corrective measures and improve their communication skill Andthis study, researcher hope to contribute to the research treasure, clarify the subject

as well as extend the view to the staff in An Nhien JSC

1.3 Aims of the study

To find out the difficulties and recommend possible solutions to improvecommunication skill of the staff in An Nhien JSC Within the framework of a minorthesis, the study is aimed at:

• Analyzing the real situation and difficulties when communicating English of

in communicating English of the staff in An Nhien JSC As the main problems arefound, it is essential to find possible solutions to improve English communicationskill

1.5 Scope of the study

First, the study was conducted with 20 staff An Nhien Gemstone JewellryJSC Second, the study only covers the communiction skill Third, the studyconcentrates on finding out the factors that caused communication difficulties Theauthor hoped this study would be a useful material for every staff who concernedthis issue and helped to get rid of their communication difficulties

The questionnaires of study are described as below:

- What are the common difficulties which staffs of An Nhien JSCfrequently have in English communicating?

- What are techniques and solutions to improve English communicating?

 Interview: It aims at finding out problems of staffs in communication skill,their view of errors, their difficulties in communicating skill Three staffs of

An Nhien JSC will join the investigation to answer the listed questions

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The researcher closely and regularly instructs what the members need todiscuss, avoid being away from the topic This method eliminates unnecessaryinformation and saves time.

Procedures

Step 1: Determining and preparing the content of designing questions

Step 2: Starting survey by asking 20 staffs the listed questions and determinethe solutions they apply when communicating English

Step 3: Collecting the solutions from their answers

Step 4: Giving reliable figures with charts and conclusion from the calculatedresults

The data were collected by using two kind of instruments namely; a tablerecording each staffs' errors, and a survey interviewing The errors were

subsequently analyzed to find the percentage

1.7 Organization of the study

As many other scientific studies, the structure of this research is divided into 4 parts:

1 The first chapter, “Overview of the study” outlines the rationale by which theauthor decided to conduct this study as well as the limit within which thestudy is conducted This part also presents some methods for theaccomplishment of the study

2 The second chapter is about “Literature review” The author will presenttheories related to theoretical background It focuses on backgroundknowledge of English Communication Skill Besides, it also mentionspoints to remember when communicating English

3 The third chapter shows the “Research findings” of the study including theanalysis It presents an overview results of the survey questionnaires aboutEnglish commnication skill of staff in An Nhien JSC

4 The last chapter in this part entitled “Recommendations and suggestions” This chapter will give the staff and managers solutions to improve theirEnglish communication skill Conclusion is the quick summary of the abovechapters and some limitations in doing research on From that, the researchercan give some recommendations for further studies

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter revises the relevant theories and studies that can be the base for the research being carried out by linguistic experts The overview of communication skill as well as the difficulties in communicting English of the staff

at An Nhien Joint Stock Company will be presented.

2.1 Overview

2.1.1 Definition of communication skill

Communication skills are the abilities you use when giving and receivingdifferent kinds of information Communication skills involve listening, speaking,observing and empathising It is also helpful to understand the differences in how tocommunicate through face-to-face interactions, phone conversations and digitalcommunications like email and social media Communication skills allow you tounderstand and be understood by others These can include but are not limited toeffectively communicating ideas to others, actively listening in conversations,giving and receiving critical feedback and public speaking Communicating is one

of the four skills necessary for effective communication in any language,particularly when speakers are not using their mother tongue As English isuniversally used as a means of communication, especially in the internet world,English communication skills should be developed along with the other skills sothat these integrated skills will enhance communication achievement both withnative speakers of English and other members of the international community

We use communication every day in nearly every environment, including inthe workplace Whether you give a slight head nod in agreement or presentinformation to a large group, communication is absolutely necessary when buildingrelationships, sharing ideas, delegating responsibilities, managing a team and muchmore Learning and developing good communication skills can help you succeed inyour career, make you a competitive job candidate and build your network While ittakes time and practice, communication and interpersonal skills are certainly able to

be both increased and refined

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2.1.2 Types of communication

There are several different ways we share information with one another Forexample, you might use verbal communication when sharing a presentation with agroup You might use written communication when applying for a job or sending anemail There are four main categories or communication styles including verbal,nonverbal, written and visual:

Verbal

Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information throughspeaking or sign language It is one of the most common types, often used duringpresentations, video conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-oneconversations Verbal communication is important because it is efficient It can behelpful to support verbal communication with both nonverbal and writtencommunication

Nonverbal

Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facialexpressions to convey information to others It can be used both intentionally andunintentionally For example, you might smile unintentionally when you hear apleasing or enjoyable idea or piece of information Nonverbal communication ishelpful when trying to understand others’ thoughts and feelings

If they are displaying “closed” body language, such as crossed arms orhunched shoulders, they might be feeling anxious, angry or nervous If they aredisplaying “open” body language with both feet on the floor and arms by their side

or on the table, they are likely feeling positive and open to information

Visual communication is the act of using photographs, art, drawings, sketches,charts and graphs to convey information Visuals are often used as an aid duringpresentations to provide helpful context alongside written and/or verbalcommunication Because people have different learning styles, visualcommunication might be more helpful for some to consume ideas and information

2.2 The importance of English communication skill

Today the compulsions of learning English are no longer merely political butscientific and technological And no longer is English language of Great Britainonly; it is the language required by the world for greater understanding; it is themost international of languages English has become a global language a connectinglink, a language of modern science and technologies, a language of latest sciences,like information technology and space science, a language of all competitiveexaminations-be they the state level, national level or international level Whether

we realize it or not we are now living in the world of information andcommunication technology

In this digital age, computers can be seen populating everywhere Eightypercent of computer data are processed and stored in English Scientists have foundout that five thousand newspapers more than half of the newspapers published in theworld are published in English

Even in many countries where English is a minority language there is still atleast one newspaper in English It has become the language of international affairsand international correspondence It has become a language of Internationalcommerce and trade, a language of status and symbol English is window to world

“English has been widely accepted as the most widespread language in the world.” People with effective communication skills are more confident, because theyknow that they can tell other people exactly what they need In order tocommunicate effectively one has to think ahead and organize one’s thoughts Inorder to have the technical know-how and other related skills should learn todevelop the competence in application of English language

Advantages of learning English language communication is an endless list,creating possibilities each day to connect with people worldwide With commandover English language you can get jobs easily and can participate in interviews anddiscuss with people in a group about any particular important topic or aspect.English communication gains us wisdom and we can also gain lots & lots ofknowledge by reading online magazines, newspapers, story books, essays, websitesand journals and any of the greatest and famous writing written in English by poets,authors or leaders.

Apart from being most important, widely used and useful, English isconsidered to be one of the easiest languages to learn and speak With dailypractice, you can communicate-well with others and improve your skills, show-off

or expose your skills before others to impress and motivate them to come up withtheir English language communications skills

2.3 Difficulties in communicating English

2.3.1 Linguistic factors

2.3.1.1 Pronunciation

Pronunciation is an important part of foreign language learning because itdirectly affects learners' communicative competence as well as performance.Pronunciation is the way in which a language or a particular word or sound ispronounced This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used inspeaking a given word or language in a specific correct pronunciation, or simply theway a particular individual speaks a word or language Learners of English oftenexpect to be able to speak that language like a native speaker However, theyencounter many factors to gain their desire One of the common factors that theyfind difficult is the pronunciation of another sound system Learners find that theirmother tongue influences their pronunciation of English Avery and Ehrich argued

that, "the native language affects both the ability to produce English sounds and the

ability to hear sounds" (Avery and Ehrich, XV) Pronunciation is most definitely

the first aspect that people can notice in second language learners when they are

speaking English Nation (2009) stated, "When some teachers and students

complain about difficulties in speaking, they are often talking about pronunciation"

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(p.75) Pronunciation also plays a very important role in learning a language, as

Derwing and Munro (2005) claimed that, "having good pronunciation of the

language can help in normal communication, particularly intelligibility" (as cited

by Nation & Newton, 2009 p 75)

There are numerous factors affecting spkeaker’s pronunciation and causingconfusion when communicating English namely consonants, vowels, phonemes,stress, etc However, the researcher would like to focus on four most commonpronunciation mistakes of An Nhien JSC’s staff which are consonants, linkingwords, word stress and intonation

Problems with consonants: Consonants are the sound in the production of

which one articulator moves towards another or two articulators come together,obstructing the air-stream and the air-stream can’t get out freely Vietnamesespeakers can pronounce words with final voiceless stop consonants /p/, /t/ and /k/,

as these voiceless stop consonants occur at the final position of a word inVietnamese However, Vietnamese speakers pronounce these consonants withextremely short duration, and therefore, the sounds are never released at the endposition of a word It can be very difficult for English native speakers to hear thesesounds from Vietnamese speakers For example, a Vietnamese learner of English

producing the word seat may sound like see (Avery and Ehrlich, 1992, p 153).

Problems with word stress: The stress placed on syllables within words is

called word stress or lexical stress The stress rule is one of the hardest things tolearn in English Unfortunately, it's also one of the most important aspects of thelanguage as it ups intelligeability greatly It is actually quite hard to understand ifsomeone speaks flatly with no stress and equal rythm Knowing where to stress andwhere to speed up and slow down is an important part of the language

Problems with linking words: Word Linking or connected speech is how we

join the words together to communicate faster, more natural and more fluent If you

do not join the words together when you speak, you can’t follow native speakers’sspeed and they can’t follow your line of thought English speakers process thelanguage in big chunks and could lose concentration when the sentence soundsbroken or incoherent When we say a sentence in English, we join or link word to

each other Because of this linking, the words in a sentence do not always sound thesame as when they say them individually Linking is very important in English Ifyou recognize and use linking, two things will happen:

- You will understand other people more easily

- Other people will understand you more easily

Problems with intonation: Intonation is the melody of the sentence Intonation

is created by changes in the pitch of the voice (the voice goes higher and lower;remains on the same level; rises and falls), by sentence stress (strong stress onimportant words; weak stress or no stress on less important words), and by rhythm(stress syllables occur at more or less equal intervals) Intonation is about how wesay things, rather than what we say, the way the voice rises and falls when speaking,

in other words the music of the language Just as words have stressed syllables,sentences have regular patterns of stressed words In addition, the voice tends torise, fall or remain flat depending on the meaning or feeling we want to convey(surprise, anger, interest, boredom, gratitude, etc.) Intonation therefore indicates themood of the speaker

2.3.1.2 Vocabulary

Vocabulary represents one of most important skills necessary for learning aforeign language It is the basis for the development of all the other skills: readingcomprehension, listening comprehension, speaking, writing, spelling andpronunciation Vocabulary is the main tool for the learner in their attempt to useEnglish effectively When confronted with a native English speaker, when watching

a movie without subtitle or when listening to a favorite English song, when reading

a text or when writing a letter to a friend, people will always need to operate withwords

Talking about the importance of vocabulary, the linguist David Wilkins(1972)argued that: “There is not much value in being able to produce grammaticalsentences if one has not got the vocabulary that is needed to convey what onewishes to say While without grammar very little can be conveyed, withoutvocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”(p97) Indeed, people need to use words in

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order to express themselves in any language Most learners, too, acknowledge theimportance of vocabulary acquisition Research has shown that second languagereaders rely heavily on vocabulary knowledge and the lack of that knowledge is themain and the largest obstacle for L2 readers to overcome (Huckin,1995) Inproduction, when we have a meaning or concept that we wish to express, we need tohave a store of words from which we can select to express this meaning or concept.

‘‘When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries’’(Krashen, as cited in Lewis, 1993, p25) Many researchers argue that vocabulary isone of the most important-if not the most important- components in learning aforeign language, and foreign language curricula must reflect this

However, lack of vocabulary is a big difficulty in speaking English Currentfindings also match the result of the study Hamad (2013) on female EFL learners byindicating lack of vocabulary knowledge resulting in poor performance of speaking.Some learners know a few vocabularies especially professional words which is notmuch enough for communicating as well as exchange tasks with foreign teachers.However, there are many people learning plenty of vocabularies and sentencestructures but not applicable because they cannot remember all of them and do notknow what to use in any situation When dealing with foreigners, discretevocabulary and stereotypes confuse them, confusing one to the other or the word fornot being in a group or on a particular topic Therefore, they cannot speak theirmind when talking in English

2.3.1.3 Grammar

English grammar is one of the most importance elements of the language study.Unfortunately, it can also be one of the most complex and difficult Correctgrammar is the key to communicate English fluently and confidently Knowinggrammar will help you avoid errors that make your English sound strange to nativespeakers Grammar is the structure and sound of a language Native Englishspeakers are able to recognize the grammar and are therefore able to speakgrammatically correct sentences It may however, be a struggle for non-nativespeakers who have to learn the language from its core and the mother tonge isanother language For such people, understanding the grammar may seem to be

difficult Grammar is not just about avoiding mistakes Understanding howgrammar works is fundamental for all learners It helps you to know how to craftwords into coherent sentences, and how to form those sentences into paragraphs thatsuccessfully convey your meaning.

Grammar is essential Written communication and any other form of indirectcommunication thus depend on correct use of grammar or syntax, as well as ofvocabulary and spelling, in order to ensure that messages are immediatelycomprehensible to another, and not meaningless or ambiguous

Then there are social and professional reasons for using good grammar For anyjob that entails writing of any kind, or communication with coworkers, customers orsuppliers – and that means most jobs except the most humdrum and basic of jobs –employers are increasingly attentive to the way applicants write and speak Thosewho can't speak coherentlyand grammatically, are likely to get marked way down

in a job interview

2.3.2 Psychological factors

In every learning situation or environment, human psychology plays asignificant role English speaking is a language skill that is highly affected byhuman psychology Feelings and emotions experienced by learners are consideredimportant in understanding learning processes, learner motivation and effectiveteaching Feelings and emotions are said to be a result of the evaluation learnersmake of particular situations while learning (Pekrun, 2000) These evaluations areinfluenced by previous experiences, the social context and their personal goals It isreally vital for learners to take some important psychological factors into accounts

in order to achieve better results in English communicating skill Positive emotionscan encourage English learners to perform better and improve their Englishspeaking process

Nevertheless, psychological factors may cause many difficulties incommunicating English if it is a negative emotion Burns and Joyce in Nunan(1999); Schwartz (2005); and Thornbury (2005) argue that psychological factorssuch as anxiety or shyness, lack of confidence, fear of making mistakes and lack ofmotivation are the factors that hinder learners from speaking

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2.3.2.1 Lack of confidence:

Many people face the common problem that although they spent six or seven yearsstudying English at school, they can't pronounce an English sentence correctly, andthey are not confident enough to communicate in the language Some peopleunderstand English grammar very well, and even score high marks in examinations,but their communication skills are very poor and they are often too shy to evenattempt to strike up a conversation They explained that they are often shy, andafraid that if they make a mistake, others will laugh at them, so they try to avoidspeaking English in front of others So, self-confidence is an individual’s feelingabout themselves to do something well In many international workplaces, themajority of Vietnamese staff lost their confidence when expressing themselves, sothey prefer to keep silent Some of them feel uncomfortable and inhibited in theiroral participation because they cannot speak in front of their foreign colleagues.Others hesitate to participate in the discussion simply because they are afraid ofmaking mistakes Therefore, learners who lack confidence about themselves andtheir English necessarily suffer from communication apprehension (Tsui cited inNunan, 1999) This means that building learners’ confidence is an important partthat teachers have to focus their attention on Many learners think that their English

is bad and feel that they cannot speak English well So, the main cause of their lack

of self-confidence is their low ability in speaking English (He and Chen, 2010)

2.3.2.2 Lack of motivation

This is one of the major psychological problems that many English learnersmay face in their speaking All scholars share the same opinion that motivation isone of the most important causes in learners’ success or failure Harmer (2001)defines motivation as “some kind of drive which pushes someone to do things inorder to achieve something” Motivation is probably the most commonly used termfor explaining the success or failure in any complex tasks (Brown, 2000) In thissense, Johnson (2001) states that “motivation may lead to success, but success canalso lead to motivation” According to Gardner (1985), motivation is a connection

of efforts and will to reach a goal in the language, plus favorable attitudes towardslearning the language (as cited in Williams and Burden, 1997) Thus, without

motivation learners will almost all the time fail to make the necessary effort.Speaking in an FL can be an uncomfortable activity or experience in the classroom,thus the majority of learners find it hard to deal with it because of the lack ofmotivation atmosphere If FL learners cannot use language appropriately to expressthemselves and to communicate with their foreigners, they will not improve theirspeaking performance (Little wood 1990).

► Extrinsic motivation:

If someone takes part in an activity for reaching a goal that is not for theactivity itself, but for outside objectives such as money or passing exam, themotivation in this case is extrinsic and it is also called instrumental motivation(Sikszent and Nakmusia 1989 cited in Williams and Burden 1997) So, it isimportant to show that extrinsic motivators are external factors to individuals thatmotivate them to respond or to achieve their goals, such as praise, high grades, orcommand, thus it is caused by many external factors Lukmani (1972 cited inJohnson 2000) also finds that “the instrumental motivation correlated with success

at English” In this context, Gardner and Lambert (1972) add that EFL students whoare motivated by an instrumental type or parental support are more successful intheir speaking language than those who are not

► Intrinsic motivation:

There are many people who carry out an activity without any imposition fromthe outside environment (Lee 2005) That is to say those intrinsic motivators comefrom within the individual without any imposition from the outside environment.According to Deci (1975, p.32) “Intrinsically motivated activities arecome forwhich there is apparent rewards expect the activity itself People seem to engage inthe activities for their own sake and not because they lead intrinsic reward” Thus,when FL learners are assigned to do a task, they firstly look for situations whichattract the attention of their interest and which are considered satisfactory for themwhere they can show that they can deal with problems in this task While tryinghard to meet these challenges, they develop the sense of competence in theircapacities and vice versa, when learners have not intrinsically interest to the

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