A STUDY ON DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS OF TRANSLATING COMPLEX SENTENCES IN ENGLISH ECONOMICAL NEWSPAPERS OF THE 3TH YEAR STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF ENGLISH, THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY

This study was conducted to find out the students’ difficulties intranslating complex sentences in English Economical newspapers as well as theirexpectations when they begin to learn wri

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

Translation is a new subject for the students of English majors at ThuongmaiUniversity There are two forms of translation: written translation and spokentranslation Written translation is taught for the students of English faculty from thebeginning of the third year Because translation is still new and strange for their firsttime learning, most of the English major students still have difficulties in learningthis kind of subject This study was conducted to find out the students’ difficulties intranslating complex sentences in English Economical newspapers as well as theirexpectations when they begin to learn written translation to make suggestions thatcan partly help them overcome these obstacles in studying this course Besides that,the study also aims at making some suggestions as a useful reference helping adjustthe learning method to get a better result in the learning process The researchmethods used in this study are the questionnaire- a list of questions to find out thedifficulties that students usually face

We hope that this research can help the translators to have many experiencesand knowledge

Thank you for reading this research

To complete this study, besides our effort, we have also received a lot ofsupport from many people We would like to express my sincere thanks to all thosepeople who are always willing to help us during the time of conducting this study.First of all, we would like to express my greatest appreciation to our firstsupervisor Nguyen Thuy Linh MA, for her patience in providing continuousguidance, suggestions, and supports during our consultations for this study Shealways encouraged us and gave us a lot of advice and experiences to make our studymore perfect But for her help, we certainly have difficulties in completing thisstudy

Secondly, I would like to thank all the teachers of the English Faculty whohelped us to improve our skills in translation Thanks to their teaching, we gain a lot

of knowledge of translation and other fields

Last but not least, I express highly appreciation of our friends in Englishfaculty for helping us complete our research We hope that our study will be usefulfor anyone reading this study

Hanoi, April 2020StudentPham Thi Thuy Hang

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

1.1. Rationale

No one can deny the importance of language in the process of conveyinginformation And language plays an indispensable role in people’s life and socialdevelopment, especially English English can be seen as the second language that allpeople around the world can use to exchange ideas with each other in order to meet thedemand of the global standards in today’s world The role of English is more and moreasserted in the booming age of information and technology Today, when every countryfrom the world overcomes the consequences of the economic crisis and has a problemwith a large amount of unemployment, every person needs to push his career award.Its knowledge can get one’s dream job in any international company, earn moremoney, and so on

However, just knowing English is not enough Sometimes, a person who canspeak, listen and read English does not mean he or she understands it carefully Onemore problem that we have to face here is the necessity of translating skills WhenVietnam has entered the integration period, it has more and more requirements forVietnamese people especially students to have expert translation skills Nowadays,more and more contracts, emails, or newspapers are in English, so it is necessary tomaster translation to translate documents exactly in order to avoid regrettablemisunderstanding

As learners, the researchers assume that all learners who begin to study writtentranslation will meet many difficulties, there is no exception for students majoring inThuongmai University, especially, when students have faced English Economicalnewspapers which have many complex sentences This is the reason we carry out thisresearch with the hope that the study will be a useful reference helping improvetranslation skills as well as handle the students’ difficulties when translating complexsentences in English Economical newspapers to get the best result

1.2. Previous studies

About “difficulties of translation of learner”, I found many research Firstly, it is

“Common mistakes in learning translation subject by the second-year Englishmajor at Dong Thap University” of Duong Thi Thuy Hang and Nguyen Thi Cam

basis concepts such as translation, the importance of translation, the factorsinfluencing translation process and common errors in Vietnamese – Englishtranslation The research methods included research questions, research participants,research procedures and data collection instruments Chapter three had identified andanalyzed the collected results and found the causes of those errors Chapter four gavesome suggestions to help learners avoid those errors The translation was acomplicated process, it was suggested that the students had to focus on their ways ofself-study and applying the strategies for translation as much as possible so that theywould find their suitable ways for learning translation effectively.

The study showed that “It will be easier and smoother in their English translating if the students take the time to study carefully the source languagetext, to write an analysis of it and then to look for the equivalent way in which thesame message is expressed naturally in the receptor language.”

Vietnamese-The next study is “English majored students’ difficulties and expectations inlearning written translation at Dong Thap University”, written by Nguyen Thi HongTham, Bui Thi Huyen Tran This research showed the importance of translation Forthose reasons, the translator plays an important role as a bilingual or multi-lingualcross-cultural transmitter of culture and idea by attempting to transfer the text asfaithfully and accurately as possible

This research had types of translation, strategies, some useful techniques, thefactors influencing the translation process and common errors in written translation.Its methodology included research questions, research participants, datacollection instruments and research procedures Then, the researchers were able toobtain a general view of the virtual situation and give possible suggestions to help thestudents of English major when learning translation

Lastly, it is “Unnaturalness in English- Vietnamese translation: causes and cures”

of Le Phuong Lan This study defined unnaturalness in translation, classification ofmistakes that caused unnaturalness Two aspects caused unnaturalness, includinglinguistic and cultural The linguistic aspect had word level, phrase level, sentencelevel and linguistic untranslatability The cultural aspect had the translation of idiomsand fixed expressions, translation of implications and classic references, culturaluntranslatability The research showed the causes of unnaturalness translation and gavetranslation techniques to avoid unnaturalness From this research, the readers in

general and the translators, in particular, had an overview of the contemporarysituation of Vietnamese translated works, its strengths and limitations, and how toimprove it.

Research topic on issues “complex sentences” have been studied by manydifferent researchers around the world Firstly, it is “To Translate and Adapt a text withLong Sentences With Focus on Readability”, written by Anna Nyqvist This study was

to analyze how an academic text with long sentences can be adapted for a larger targetreader group, when translating from English to Swedish through aspects: sentencestructure, noun phrases, connectors This study used 5 complex sentences in the sourcetext, one sentence has become two in the target text The corresponding sentences fromthe target text were analyzed and discussed based on these aspects

Secondly, Juan Zou was at Hubei University, Wuhan, China with the study “Onthe Translation of Long and Complex English Sentences” This study was on thetranslation of Long and complex sentences from English into Chinese

There were several points The definition of long and complex sentences mainlyrefers to three kinds of compounds; paralleling long sentence, which consists of two ormore clauses with complete sentence structure and without affiliation; compound longsentence, which comprises a principal clause and some other sub-clauses like nounclauses, attributive clauses, adverbial clause, etc; and paralleling and compound longsentence, which as the name implies, the most complicated with the features of theprevious two types of long sentences

The feature of long complex English sentences which includes many clauses,intricate grammar structure, and numerous prepositional phrases Reason analysis onthe difficulties of long complex English sentences which proceeding from culturalfactors, different language family, and different language style Specifically, they hadtaken a concrete look at the contents of language disparity, covering from wordstranslation, translation unit, sentence order, and translation of linking words Also, wetook a touch on the two different language structures, like the seven sentence structurepattern, Chinese grammar theory Besides, some knowledge about translation theory isdispensable

Another study is “Logical and linguistic strategies for translating complexsentences in literary texts of natural languages”, done by Tatiana V Emets, Iuliia V

Akhmetzyanova This research was a more holistic view of inferences in German andRussian both as a logical category and in a logical-linguistic aspect of complexsentences The researchers analyzed the material of German language at the logicallevel and the linguistic level and provided three models for constructing complexsentences This study was logical and linguistic strategies for translating from German

to Russian

Complex sentences, representing inferences, were left translated by thetranslators or were translated arbitrarily This happens if: the original sentenceexpressing an inference was not translated completely, that was, either a minor premise(a conditional clause) or a conclusion (a principal clause) was eliminated duringtranslation, therefore one judgment corresponds to the German inference in Russian; orwhile retaining the general meaning of the statement in the translated equivalent, thesemantic causative-consecutive dependence that characterized the original text waslost

Complex sentences, serving to express inferences in the German language, weremost susceptible to change in the translation process at the syntactic level: a widevariety of complex syntactic constructions of the Russian language correspond to theGerman complex sentence The possibility to transform complex sentences duringtranslation was primarily explained by the synonymy of these constructions, whichwere considered as linguistic variants that serve to express one logical-semanticinvariant, that was, the causative-consecutive relations that underlie inferences Theuse of various syntactic constructions in translation was permissible if a change in thesyntactic structure did not lead to a change in semantics But in most instances, thesyntactic form of the original text was retained

Moreover, “A Study of the Mastery of Complex Sentences of Pre-ServiceEnglish Teachers” was written by Adaninggar Septi Subekti at Duta Wacana ChristianUniversity This study reported research conducted to find out the mastery of complexsentences of students of Writing 5 of an English Education Program in Indonesia.Complex sentences can contain a finite and non-finite dependent clause(Radfod,1990) Radfod (1990), furthermore, stated that the distinction between finiteand non-finite clauses is partly on morphological criteria, the forms of verbs A clause

is finite if it contains a finite verb, showing tense distinction between “past” and

“present”, and being associated with a particular subject In comparison, a clause issaid to be non-finite if it lacks a finite verb Non-finite clauses remain constant in formwhatever the context and they cannot carry finite Tense /Agreement inflections such aspresent or past tense (Eastwood,2002) And there were three types of non-finite verbforms in English: Infinitive forms, Gerund forms, Participle forms.

More specifically about dependent clauses of complex sentences, Quirk &Greenbaum (1985) divided them into three broad categories, namely noun clause,adjective clause, and an adverb clause

Complex sentences becoming the focus of this study were those having oneindependent clause, and at least one dependent clause, which can be in the form offinite or non-finite noun clause, adjective clause, adverb clause, and multiples clausestructures

The next study is The Complex Sentence in Legal English: A Study of LawReports of John Franklin Wiredu at the University of Ghana, Legon According to thisstudy, the complex sentence was an overwhelming choice in the law reports First, thistype of sentence allowed for the pile-up information Secondly, it allowed forinformation ranking

This law reports used many complex sentences that have one or more dependentclauses In support of this observation, the dependent clause was distributed in varyingnumbers in the sentences such as sentence with 1 dependent clause, sentence with 2dependent clause, …

Different types of dependent clauses were relative clause, “that” nominal clause,participial clause, infinitival clause, adverbial clause, interrogative clause and the mostfrequently occurring clause types were the relative and nominal Legal language wascharacterised by the pursuit of precision, clarity and all-inclusiveness This hadnecessitated the types of dependent clause, it was believed they could carry the heavyinformation load in the law reports

In conclusion, the complex sentences had the high volumes of information in asentence and present the ideas in as precise and concise a manner as possible

Finally, it is the research “Indonesian Students’ Writing Proficiency and TheirAbility in Using Complex Sentences” of Bambang Yudi Cahyono, Nur Mukminatien

at Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia and Rosyi Amrina at Universitas LambungMangkurat, Indonesia This study investigated EFL students’ proficiency in writing,

their ability in using complex sentences, and how these two variables are related Thisstudy involved 54 students who took the Argumentative Writing course in the EnglishDepartment curriculum of Universitas Negeri Malang, one of the well-knownuniversities in Indonesia, having a reputable ELT Study Program.

This study had revealed that complex sentences had an important role incontributing to the quality of EFL students’ essays Although the EFL students hadused various types of sentences in their essays, the use of complex sentences was moredominant than the other types of sentences This indicated that the students haddeveloped their writing ability in their stage of taking Argumentative Writing as themost advanced in the series of three writing courses

Therefore, teachers of EFL writing were recommended to remind the students ofthe function of the structure of coordinating and embedded statements in constructingcomplex sentences The attempt to raise the students’ awareness of the importance ofcomplex sentences could be done through explicit teaching (for the whole students inthe class) or through teacher feedback individually (for those who have problems inconstructing the grammatical patterns) Along with the proper use of other components(content, organization, vocabulary, and mechanism), the accurate use of complexsentences will contribute to their remarkable development in writing proficiency,which is the ultimate goal of the teaching of EFL writing

1.3. Aim of study

This aim of the study includes:

- Researching the difficulties of translating complex sentences in English Economicalnewspapers of the 3rd-year-student of Faculty of English at Thuong Mai University

- Finding out the causes of those difficulties of translating complex sentences in EnglishEconomical newspapers of the 3rd-year-student of the Faculty of English at ThuongMai University

- Giving suggestions to improve the quality of translating complex sentences in EnglishEconomical newspapers of the 3rd-year-student of the Faculty of English at ThuongMai University

1.4. Subject and scope of study

There are two forms of translation: written translation and spoken translation AtThuongmai University, written translation is taught for the students of English facultyfrom the beginning of the third year This study was conducted to find out the students’difficulties as well as their expectations when translating complex sentences in English

Economical newspapers in order to make suggestions that can help them overcomethese obstacles in this course.

Due to the large number of English major students as well as the limitation oftime and my knowledge, this study limited only fifty participants of the 3rd-year-student in the 53rd course, Faculty of English to survey from March to April, 2020.These participants were learning written translation and disclosing the attitude as well

as the expectation of participants toward this topic, to find out difficulties andsuggestions to reduce those difficulties

After that, there are two smaller methods: primary data collection method andsecondary comparative method

• Primary data collection method:

• Observation method: All complex sentences in English Economical newspapers

• Questionnaire: collecting information through questionnaires There are somequestions to understand clearly about participants such as their level, skill, andknowledge, …

After collecting the data and conducting a comparison, there is an analyticalmethod used to find out difficulties that students often have when translating complexsentences in English Economical newspapers Then this research gives solutions tohelp them translate many documents well

The combination of the above methods aims to find difficulties and suggestionswhen translating complex sentences in English Economical newspapers The studybecomes clearer and more cohesive

- Chapter 2: Readers are going to approach the issue from the theoretical background.They are translation, translation methods, affecting factors to translation, complexsentences, types of complex sentences.

- Chapter 3: research findings: The researcher studied the difficulties in translatingcomplex sentences

- Chapter 4: recommendations and suggestions

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”

Besides, based on Culture and Context theories (by Peter Newmark 1982 [49,p.25],) concentrate on culture and context during the translation process He defines

“Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or

statement in one language by the same message of textual material in one languageinto another language in the way that the author intended the text.”

On the other hand, it can be said simply that “Translation is the process ofchanging something that is written or spoken in another language” (Advanced Oxforddictionary)

Researching the concept of translation, the different schools of translation, thedifference in definitions helps learners to better understand translation, approachtranslation from different perspectives, both in-depth and width and achieve a goodresult when beginning to learn the translation

All definitions make it clearer about the actual translation However, in order totranslate closer to the reader, easy to understand, easy to absorb, I use the definition ofauthor Bui Tien Bao and Dang Xuan Thu (1997)

“Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that theauthor intended the text

Translators are concerned with the written word They render written texts fromone language into another Translators are required to undertake assignments whichrange from simple items, such as birth certificates and driving license, to morecomplex written material, such as articles in specialized professional journals, businesscontracts and legal documents.”

2.1.2 Process of translating

There are two approaches to translating:

(1) You start translating sentence by sentence, for say the paragraph or chapter, to get thefeel and the feeling tone of the text, and then you deliberately sit back, review theposition, and read the rest of the source language text;

(2) You read the whole text two or three times, and find the intention register, tone, markthe difficult words and passages and start translating only when you have taken yourbearings

The key factor in selecting the approaches is the translator’s ability ofapplication Whether you trust your intuition, you can choose the first method or youtrust your powers of analysis, you can choose the second one

The translating process begins with choosing a method of approach Secondly,when we are translating, we translate with four levels in mind: the source languagetext level, the referential level, the cohesive level, and the level of naturalness.

You transpose the source language grammar (clauses and groups) into their

“ready” target language equivalents and you translate the lexical units into a sense thatappears immediately appropriate in the context of the sentence Your base level whenyou translate is the text This is the level of the literal translation of the sourcelanguage into the target language, the level of the translationese you have to eliminate,but it also acts as the corrective of the paraphrase and the parer-down of synonyms So

a part of your mind may be on the text level whilst another is elsewhere Translation ispreeminently the occupation in which you have to be thinking of several things at thesame time

Whether a text is technical or literary or institutional, you have to make up yourmind summarily and continuously, what it is about, what it is in aid of, what thewriter’s peculiar slant on it is For each sentence, when it is not clear, when there is anambiguity, when the writing is abstract or figurative, you have to ask yourself: What isactually happening here? And Why? For what reason, on what purpose? Can you see it

in your mind? Can you visualize it? If you cannot, you have to “supplement” thelinguistic level, the text level with the referential level, the factual level with thenecessary additional information from this level of reality, the facts of the matter

This level follows both the structure and the moods of the text, the structurethrough the connective words (conjunctions, enumeration, reiterations, definite article,general words, referential synonyms, punctuation marks) linking the sentences, usuallyproceeding from known information (theme) to new information (rheme)

The second factor in the cohesive level is mood moving between positive andnegative, emotive and neutral For example, you have to spot the difference betweenpositive and neutral in, say, “passed away” and “died”, “appreciate” and “evaluate”,between “I would welcome the opportunity of meeting you in person at a time which

is convenient for you” and “I would like to meet you in person at a time which isconvenient for you”

• The Level of Naturalness

For the vast majority of texts, you have to ensure: (a) that your translation makessense, (b) that it reads naturally, that it is written in ordinary language, the commongrammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of the situation Normally, you canonly do this by temporarily disengaging yourself from the source language text, byreading your translation as though no original existed You have to ask yourself: Wouldyou ever see this in The Times, The Economist, in a textbook…? Is it common usage

in that kind of writing? How frequent is it? Check and crosscheck words andexpressions in an up-to-date dictionary Note any word you are suspicious of

2.1.3 Translation methods

According to Peter Newmark (1988), he said: “The central problem of translatinghas always been whether to translate literally or freely” However, whether translatedliterally or freely, we also need specific translation methods for each text Translationmethods play a key role in the whole translating process

In “A textbook of Translation”, Peter Newmark gave 8 translation methods

Word-for-word translation

This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language(TL) immediately below the SL words The source language (SL) word order ispreserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out ofcontext

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ The SL word order is preserved

+ The words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context

- This kind of translation used for:

+ Information about SL

+ Language learning (mechanics of the SL)

+ Pre-translation process of difficult text in order to gain a sense of meaning

Ex: You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough – Mae West

 Bạn chỉ sống một lần duy nhất, nhưng nếu bạn làm đúng thì một lần là đủ

 Everything you can imagine is real - Pablo Picasso

 Mọi điều bạn có thể tưởng tượng được đều là thật

 Một nền kinh tế ổn định và phát triển trong những năm qua đã giúp chúng ta không còn lỗi hẹn với các kiểu thời trang hiện đại và thành phố Hồ Chí Minh được đánh giá

là trung tâm sáng tạo thời trang của cả nước.

 A stable and developed economy in recent years has helped us to keep pace withmodern modes Ho Chi Minh city is estimated as the centre of creating fashion for awhole country.

( Luyen dich Viet- Anh, Minh Thu- Nguyen Hoa)

Literal translation

The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalentsbut the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ Lexical words are translated singly, and out of context

Ex: He is a big liar.

 Anh ta là một kẻ nói dối lớn

 When we look up at the night sky, the Milky Way appears beautifully.

 Khi chúng ta nhìn lên bầu trời đêm, con đường màu sữa xuất hiện thật đẹp

- This kind of translation used for:

+ Pre-translation process to identify problems

+ Basic of poetry translation for a poet who does not understand SL

Faithful translation

It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within theconstraints of the TL grammatical structures

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ Words are translated in context but uncompromising to SL

+ Transfer cultural words

+ Does not naturalize

+ Often read like a translation

Ex: He is as fast as a kangaroo.

 Anh ấy nhanh như một con kangaroo

 My dad is as strong as Superman.

 Cha tôi khỏe như một siêu anh hùng vậy

- This kind of translation used for:

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ More flexible than faithful translation

+ Naturalize a bit while faithful is uncompromising (but in order to achieve theaesthetic effect), for instance, it may translate cultural words with neutral or functionalitems

+ Great focus on aesthetic features of the source text (at expense of meaning ifnecessary)

+ Close rendering of metaphors, collocations, technical terms, slang,colloquialisms, unusual syntactic structures and collocations, peculiarly used words,neologism, badly written or inaccurate passages.

- This kind of translation used for:

+ Texts that have high status, e.g., religious texts, legal texts, politicians’speeches

+ Expressive texts, e.g., literature

Ex: She has a sunny smile on her face.

 Cô ấy có gương mặt với nụ cười tỏa nắng

 In a speech of President Obama during the visit to Vietnam, he said: “It’s clear from this visit that both our peoples are eager for an even closer relationship, a deeper relationship And I was moved to see so many people lining the streets as we were driving into town today I bring greetings and friendship of the American people, including some outstanding members of Congress who are joining me on this visit, and

so many Vietnamese Americans whose families bind us together and remind us of the values that we share.”

[…] So, again, President Quang, thank you for your hospitality Thank you for our work together I’m looking forward to the opportunity to visit with the Vietnamese people Maybe I will enjoy some cà phê sữa đá.[…]

 “Tôi thật xúc động thấy thật đông người dân đứng dọc hai bên đường vẫy chào chúngtôi trên đường chúng tôi vào thành phố Tôi mang tới đây lời chào thân ái và tình hữunghị của nhân dân Hoa Kỳ, và cả những lời chúc mừng Việt Nam của các vị nghị sĩHoa Kỳ, một số nghị sĩ danh tiếng cũng đồng hành với tôi trong phái đoàn ngày hômnay Có rất nhiều người Mỹ gốc Việt mà nguồn gốc gia đình họ chính là sợi dậy kếtnối chúng ta, đồng thời họ cũng là nhắc nhở chúng ta về một loạt các vấn đề.”

[…] Một lần nữa, tôi xin trân trọng cảm ơn chủ tịch Quang về sự hiếu khách, xincảm ơn những công việc phối hợp với chúng tôi, tôi mong chờ dịp được gặp gỡ ngườidân Việt Nam, biết đâu tôi lại được cùng họ nhâm nhi ly Cà phê sữa đá.[…]

The brief presentation was only 10 minutes but full of information about what the United States and Vietnam have done and will do in the future Thereby, we see the love of President Obama for our country and our people's affection for him.

This is the “freest” form of translation.

- This kind of translation used mainly for plays and poems

Ex:

What feeling do I borrow?

Sometimes I am happy

Sometimes I am sad

I can feel my heart

Telling me I feel bad

First I’m up there

First I’m down here

I’m holding my fear

But it’s hard to hear

What I sing today

Is what I feel tomorrow?

I can hear my thoughts

“What I am to borrow

My feelings change

Nearly every minute

I can feel my heart

Still holding fear in it

Cảm xúc nào tôi đang mượn

Có những lúc trong tôi là hạnh phúc

Có những lúc sầu muộn lại đong đầyTrái tim tôi tâm sự với tôi đây:

Tôi thấy xấu, buồn đau và khổ ải!

Đang trên cao cảm thấy lòng thoải máiBỗng ngờ đâu phút chốc lại vơi đầy

Sợ hãi nào tôi đang giữ trong tay

Nó giẫy giụa quấy rầy cho tôi khổTôi đang hát một bài ca nào đóLời nhạc này- cảm giác của ngày maiTôi đang nghe trí óc tôi tâm sự

Cảm giác nào cần phải mượn nữa đâyDẫu biết rõ cảm xúc tựa gió mâyLuôn luân chuyển vô thường trong mỗiphút

Tôi thương cảm trái tim tôi nhỏ dạiNhịp đập nào thiếu vắng nỗi lo đây?(dohop- dịch phỏng từ Tiếng Anh)

Melody Angel 27 September 2004 (from “The Grant Piano”)

In addition to the poem of M.Angel, there is also a poem that had a great translation Here are a few verses from this poem, called “My love is like to ice”, written by Edmund Spenser It is translated in Vietnamese: “Mãnh lực tình yêu”,

written by Hoang Nguyen Chuong

“My love is like to ice, and I to fire:

How comes it then that this her cold so great

Is not dissolved through my so hot desire,

But harder grows the more I her entreat?”

 “Tôi hóa lửa trước người yêu băng giá

Nàng lạnh lùng tôi chẳng hiểu vì sao

Băng không tan trước cuồng nhiệt khao khát

Tình khó chớm lẽ đâu tôi cầu khẩn?”

so-Ex: Business is business.

 Công việc là công việc, tình cảm là tình cảm, không thể lẫn lộn được

 Wait and see.

 Thời gian sẽ trả lời tất cả

Idiomatic translation

It reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances ofmeaning by referring colloquialism and idioms where there do not exist in theoriginal

Ex: “He is just like his father.”

This sentence can be translated:

“Hai cha con giống nhau như đúc.” Or “Cha nào con nấy.” (Neutral emotion)

“Con nhà tông không giống lông cũng giống cánh.” (Positive- Compliment)

“Rau nào sâu đấy.” (Negative- damn)

Communicative

Communicative attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of theoriginal in such a way that both content and languages are readily acceptable andcomprehensible to the readership

- The following are the characteristics of this approach:

+ Be freer than semantic translation

+ Give priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicated

+ Both the content and the language are easily acceptable and comprehensible

to the readers

- This kind of translation used for informative texts

Ex: Surely the name “Kentucky Fried Chicken”, KFC will immediately

appear in your head It is “It’s finger lickin’ good”, this phrase has become the company’s slogan, the trademark of the founder Harland Sanders, and is used by the company in its campaigns And it translated in Vietnamese: “Vị ngon trên từng

ngón tay”

Or with Apple, a big well-known brand of America, Apple has many different slogans associated with certain products The most famous and impressive during the development of this company is the slogan “Think different” It was created by Steve Jobs, and became the foundation for Apple’s later development strategies It isn’t translated in Vietnamese: “Nghĩ khác đi” but translated as “Hãy khác biệt” It promotes the value of endless creativity, the importance of difference Apple products are unique, different from other brands.

 Note:

In “A textbook of translation”, Peter Newmark added further definitions oftranslation methods In which, these last two concepts are P Newmark’s

language The term is not widely used, but as the practice is necessary in mostcountries, a term is required

by E.V Rieu for Penguin Books

sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarized andnot in the form of a paraphrase

SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions,

normally reducing any figurative to literal language

universities, reduces an original SL text to an “elegant” idiomatic educated TLversion which follows a non-existent; literary register It irons out theexpressiveness of a writer with modish colloquialisms

2.1.4 The factors influencing translation process

Influence of the mother tongue

During the process of learning a foreign language, our mother tongue has a biginfluence on our way of thinking and our use of the target language (word order,word choice) Thanks to translation, we understand better the interference of themother tongue when learning a foreign language.

Ex: The following example is used to illustrate more about the differencesbetween word orders in Vietnamese and English:

Cô ấy là một giáo viên nổi tiếng Tên của cô ấy là Hoa.

As we have seen in Vietnamese, an adjective or possessive adjective follows anoun

However, in English, an adjective precedes a noun and the same position forthe possessive adjective

Vietnamese: N + adj/N + possessive Adj

English: Adj + N/ possessive Adj + N

 The above sentence is rewritten in English:

She is a famous teacher Her name is Hoa

Adj N possessive adj N

Words and choices of word meaning

Words play a crucial role in any language learners to build their vocabularysystem to get advantages in their language learning Vocabulary is a fundamentalcomponent of communication

If learners have no difficulty in new words, it will be easy for them to translateinto the target language text In contrast, they seem to fail to translate Most Englishwords have many meanings, so choosing a suitable and appropriate word, which hasthe exact meaning to apply to the target language text sometimes, creates manyconfusing for translators

Ex: We’ve run the computer equipment, but nothing happens.

The exact meaning of one word can be expressed only in context The word

“run” is past participle of “run” means “chạy”, “vận hành”, chạy trốn”, “tranh cử”,

etc,

If the meaning of this word is not selected, carefully and appropriately, thetranslator will have a bad result: Chúng tôi vừa mới chạy trên thiết bị máy tính này,

và không xảy ra điều gì cả

 Suggested version: Chúng tôi vừa vận hành thiết bị máy tính này, và không có điều

gì xảy ra cả

Obviously, vocabulary is one of the most important parts helping translatorscreate a good translated text The more meanings of a word we know; the moreadvantages we have in the translating process

Grammatical structures

Vocabulary is really important but it is not enough for translation Grammar orgrammatical structure is another special means to make translating meaningful.Insufficient knowledge on either of the two areas may lead to poor quality oftranslation

English goes by very strict structures while the Vietnamese language is muchmore flexible by the way it does not always use articles In English, many tenses arebeing used with a particular structure In case, an untrue tense is used, readers cannot understand or misunderstand its meaning

Ex: Tôi đã sống ở đây 20 năm rồi.

 I have lived there for 20 years

This is perfect tense, it shows an action that happened in the past and up tonow or in the future However, there are no rules of using the different verb forms toexpress time when the action happens in Vietnamese

 Nếu trời mưa, chúng tôi có thể sẽ ướt.

 If it rains, we may wet

The sentence “If it rains, we may wet” is the type 1 of a conditional sentence.This type refers to a possible condition and its probable result The time is thepresent or future and the situation is real In case, translators don’t understand types

of conditional sentence In Vietnamese, they can translate into English: “If it rains,

so we may wet”, this sentence is wrong