A study on common grammatical errors in translating vietnamese english encountered by english majored students at thuongmai university

Therefore, when Vietnam integrates into the world economy, it is verynecessary for Vietnamese students to learn translation skills to meet the needs ofsociety.. This study was carried ou

THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY ENGLISH FACULTY

HANOI - 2020

Nowadays, with the development of the world economy, English has become

an extremely important tool in all fields Therefore, translation and translation alsobecome two important and indispensable areas, helping writers and speakers conveythe message to readers and listeners And especially, for people who study foreignlanguage, translation skills are a necessary skill

Therefore, when Vietnam integrates into the world economy, it is verynecessary for Vietnamese students to learn translation skills to meet the needs ofsociety For students, translation is really difficult, especially Vietnamese-Englishtranslation And one of the factors that affects translation skills is grammar

This study was carried out to find out the common grammatical errors inVietnamese - English translation encountered by English major students atThuongmai University Moreover, through this research, I hope to help studentsunderstand the importance of translation skills, find out what causes thosegrammatical errors and solutions to improve grammar as well as translation skill fortheir future work There are 100 students of English Faculty participating in thisstudy They have studied translation and they found it difficult Therefore, I wantthis research to be useful not only for students of the English Faculty at ThuongMaiUniversity, but also for those who want to become professional translators

Because of limited time, awareness and practical experience, the study couldnot avoid shortcomings and errors Therefore, I look forward to receiving commentsand suggestions in order to improve this study

During the completion of the thesis, I received the valuable support, guidanceand ideas from the teachers, family and friends

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest and most sincere thanks

to my supervisor, Ms Vu Thi Hanh, who is always willing to help me from thetopic selection as well as the completing process of this study She was the one whogave me helpful advice, assistance, strict supervision and helped me to completethis research

Besides, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Thuongmaiuniversity and especially the English Faculty’s teachers, who taught me usefulknowledge and lessons about life during 4 years Thanks to the ThuongmaiUniversity for facilitating the best conditions for us to study, play and grow

In addition, I am very grateful for the enthusiastic participation of Englishmajor students Thanks to that participation, I was able to complete this study.Lastly, I would like to thank my friends and family who always stand by,support and give me valuable advice during the completion of this study

Because of limited time, awareness and practical experience, the study couldnot avoid shortcomings and errors Therefore, I look forward to receiving commentsand suggestions in order to improve this study

Hanoi,

Student

Hoang Thi Khuyen

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF TABLES vi

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Previous studies 2

1.2.1 Foreign researchers 2

1.2.2 Vietnamese researchers 3

1.3 The aims of the study 4

1.4 Research subjects 4

1.5 Scope of the study 4

1.6 Research methodology 5

1.6.1 Data collection instruments 5

1.6.2 Data collection procedures 6

1.7 Organization of the study 7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Overview of translation 8

2.1.1 Definitions of translation 8

2.1.2 Importance of translation 9

2.1.3 Types of translation 10

2.2 The factors influence the translating process 12

2.2.1 The mother tongue 12

2.2.2 Words and choice of words 13

2.2.3 Grammatical structures 14

2.2.4 Context 15

2.3 Grammar 16

2.3.1 Definitions of grammar 16

2.3.2 Importance of grammar in translation 17

2.4 Definitions of error 17

2.5 Errors in English grammar 18

2.6 Factors that cause common grammatical errors 19

2.6.1 Poor knowledge of English grammar 19

2.6.2 The influence of using Vietnamese grammar 19

2.6.3 Laziness of students 19

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS 21

3.1 The results from questionnaire survey 21

3.2 The results from Vietnamese-English translations collected 23

3.2.1 Error of omission 24

3.2.2 Error of addition 27

3.2.3 Error of selection 28

3.2.4 Error of order 31

CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 32

4.1 Some solutions for teachers band students to help improve English grammar effectively 32

4.1.1 Solutions for teachers 32

4.1.2 Some solutions for students 32

4.3 Limitation and suggestion for further research 34

4.3.1 Limitation of the study 34

4.3.2 Suggestions for further research 35

CONCLUSION 36

REFERENCES vii

APPENDIX: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES viii

Tables and charts Name

translating

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1 Rationale

Language is a valuable asset and a characteristic of each nation Every country

in the world has its own languages, which creates cultural diversity But, tocommunicate with each other, they need a common language and that is English Infact, most countries around the world use English and English is considered a globallanguage and is used in all fields Thanks to their English-translated versions,countries can have a mutual understanding and a sense of global citizenship in thismultilingual world It is considered an effective means to learn how to appreciatedifferent countries, cultures, communities and people By comparison, people canbetter understand their own culture and society as well as exchange the beauty ofcultural values Moreover, English translation makes people understand each otherbetter in the process of diplomatic relations and economic cooperation and otherfields in this day and age when countries tend to integrate for the wholedevelopment development Therefore, English translation has gradually become anindispensable and urgent tool, creating a path for the global success of individuals,organizations, and even businesses when the society grows and the competitiondoes not stop Therefore, nowadays, when Vietnam becomes one of the members ofthe World Trade Organization, Vietnamese English students need professionaltranslation skills to meet the needs of integration into the world economy andcultural exchanges with other countries Therefore, learning translation skills isdefinitely an advantage for Vietnamese students to find the ideal jobs in the future.Translation process requires translators to have necessary knowledge such asgrammar, vocabulary, and skills It is true that translation is harder for studentswho consider English as the second language or foreign language as Vietnam Thehabit in translating word by word because of the strong effect of the mother tonguelanguage Because they have more than one language, it brings them more problems

in applying the structures and meanings.Therefore, they often encounter manydifficulties when translating Vietnamese-English and lead to many mistakes One ofthose errors is grammatical errors Because grammar is extremely important when

translating If the grammar is wrong, the reader, the listener may misunderstand theconveyor's meaning

At Thuongmai University, English is considered as one of the most basicstandard for graduation of all majors Especially, to students of English faculty,translation is a compulsory subject and very important for them to find a ideal job.However, they often complaint that translation is a very difficult subject and theyare afraid of learning this subject Being a student of English faculty, I see thedifficulties in translation subject, especially, almost students struggle withtranslating Vietnamese into English Therefore, I chose this topic "A study oncommon grammatical errors in translating Vietnamese-English encountered byEnglish majored students at Thuongmai University " I hope this study will helpEnglish Faculty students at as well as students in general to overcome grammaticalerrors in the translation process

1.2 Previous studies

Research topics on issues “common errors in translation” have been studied bymany different researchers around the world in general and in Vietnam in particular

1.2.1 Foreign researchers

“College students’ errors in translation” was investigated by Saad Salal Sarhan

at Al-Mustansiriyha University The major aim of this study was to examine errors

of learners who study translation at college of Basic Education and review theiranswers in order to determine some solutions that help them minimize these errors.The sample consists of 40 students They were asked about common errorsencountered during translating process The results reveal that these errors weremultiple types, including grammar, meaning, style, spelling and organizing theirideas in their translation

The topic “common grammatical errors in English translation” was made bythe students of English Study Program of UKI Toraja at State University ofMakassar, Indonesia This research is aimed at describing the grammatical errorsfaced by the Indonesian students Through this study, the researchers provideduseful information about translation and some suggestions to corrects these errors.The sample of this study was two groups: the six-semester and the fourth-semester

students to find out the difference levels of UKI Toraja The method used was adescriptive method The result of this study showed that the most frequent errors areerrors in verbs and that most of the errors are due to overgeneralization and theignorance of the rule restriction.

1.2.2 Vietnamese researchers

In Vietnam, may studies on the translation errors when translating carried out

by students of universities and professional researchers

“Vietnamese-English translation errors made by second year major students” was researched by Nguyen Thi Thu Hang and Trieu Thu Hang atVNU university of Languages and International Studies The researchers carried outthis study to identify common Vietnamese-English translation errors made bysecond year students and propose some suggestions for the improvement of thecurrent practice The instruments in the study included document observations,questionnaires and interviews The combination of these methods enabled theresearchers to triangulate the data in order to attain the most reliable findings.Through this study, the researchers discovered the most errors, including lexicalchoice, lengthy and awkward expressions Thus, they suggested some valuablesolutions to improve this problems

translation-The study on “grammatical errors by English major students” wasimplemented by Vu Thi Ngoc Linh at HaiPhong private university This studyinvestigated only some common grammatical errors such as errors in combinationbetween subject and verb, tense usage, voice usage However, English grammar isextensive and this research did not covered all problems Therefore, I hope mystudy can bring full of these errors and comprehensive solutions to improve thisproblem

In general, the studies are done meticulously with the efforts of theresearchers They may provide further references to the researchers’ process, themethodologies that researchers have used to collect and analyze data Therefore, it

is possible to draw experience to make this study better Although each study has itsown strengths and weaknesses, they have played a part into improve English -Vietnamese translation skills for Vietnamese students

1.3 The aims of the study

When choosing and carrying out this study, I expect to clarify 3 main issues:+to find out some common grammatical errors in translating from Vietnamese

to English faced by English major students at Thuongmai University

+ to learn more about factors that influence the students’ translating process.+to understand about factors that cause common grammatical errors ofstudents

+ to suggest some solutions that can help student improve grammar as well astranslation skill

In order to achieve the aims, this study is seeking answers to the followingquestions:

1 What is the common grammatical errors in translating English of English major students at TMU?

Vietnamese-2 What are factors that cause these common grammatical errors?

3 What are some solutions to improve these problems?

1.4 Research subjects

This study researches common grammatical errors faced by English majorstudents at Thuongmai University, I determined that the research subject of study isthe common grammatical errors of English faculty’s students when they translatefrom Vietnamese into English

1.5 Scope of the study

With this topic, I focus on studying grammatical errors when translating.Other errors such as vocabulary, description, context are not covered by the study.Because of the large number of English major students at TMU as well as thelimitation of time, resources and my knowledge, this study focuses on the Englishmajor students but cannot cover all students of English Faculty as well as othersfaculties at Thuongmai University

The reason of choosing English major students is that they have knowledgeabout English and have studied grammar for many years They understand theimportance and difficulty level of learning English in general and practicetranslating Vietnamese-English in particular Therefore, they have more experience

to help the research be completed However, this study relates to translation skill, sothe study was carried out with the participation of 100 final- years students , Faculty

of English from February to March because only the third-year and final-year learntranslation subject and subjects related translation

1.6 Research methodology

1.6.1 Data collection instruments

The researcher conduct the research with some following steps:

Firstly, I search some necessary documents in web sites on Internet and library

at Thuongmai University Besides, I read some previous studies related totranslation and grammar.In addition, I borrowed books from book stores to havedirections for my study Therefore, I can have basic knowledge about my study anduseful information to complete my study better

Secondly, the study includes survey questionnaires for students who arestudents of English faculty at Thuongmai University The survey investigates 100students at TMU

Survey questionnaire is a method of data collection that has been implementedfor the surveyed students The questionnaires were designed for student in the waythat the researcher finds information easily to summarize and analyze the collecteddata.This method is more convenient, take less time, are cheaper and easilyanswered by students They also help find necessary information for research aswell as provide useful solutions It aims to understand students’ attitudes towardsthe topic of translation in general, common grammatical errors, the causes as well assome solutions to improve these errors

The researcher collects the translations of students that they translated whilestudying translation subject and then the researcher finds out the grammaticalerrors, analysis and correct them

Besides, some sentences and phrases will be given to them and ask for helpfrom them by translating from Vietnamese into English and then analysis theseerrors.

1.6.2 Data collection procedures

1.6.2.1 Procedure of questionnaire

The data collection process is designed with 3 main steps:

Step 1: Designing the questionnaire

In this step, the research begin researching and designing questions forparticipants The questions must be short, concise and easy to understand forparticipants It includes questions related to common mistakes made whentranslating, the factors that cause them and their solutions to improve Afterdesigning, the questionnaire was sent to the supervisor for comments After that, theresearcher will draft a complete questionnaire

Step 2: Delivering questionnaires

Seeking help from friend who is English major students, especially the year and senior students For the most objective results, the researcher ask them topay attention and seriously answer the questions in their own views

third-The questionnaire was conducted through the internet, there will be anapplication system that will statistically answer specific questions or hand-outpapers

1.6.2.2 Procedure of collecting translations

Although this method is time-consuming, it provides a high response rate and

is reliable The researcher can find out common grammatical errors fromtranslations of students and from that the researcher can give some solutions toimprove these problems

Step 1: After collecting questions, researchers started collecting English translations through Internet such as facebook, zalo,

Vietnamese-Step 2: The researcher continues give some Vietnamese sentences, phrases orpharagraphs and then through the Internet, ask for help from English major students

by translating them from Vietnamese into English

After getting results from survey and translations, the researcher will collect andstart analyzing them by using tables and charts to clarify this topic.

1.7 Organization of the study

My graduation thesis is divided into three parts:

Part I is the Introduction which gives general information of outlines.

Part II is the Study that includes four chapters:

Chapter 1:Overview of the study

In this chapter, I introduce about general information of my study to helpreaders understand more, including Rationale, Previous studies, Aims of the study,Research subjects, Scope of the study, Research methodology

Chapter 2: Literature review

In this chapter, the researcher reviews and discusses some previous relevanttheories and studies They are all typical and related to contents of the study Itfocus on theories relating translation and English grammar

Chapter 3: Research findings

In this chapter, the researcher expresses how to collect and process the data.The researcher shows results of the survey and analyzes them

Chapter 4: Recommendations and suggestions.

From the results of chapter 3, the researcher gives some recommendations andsuggestions to improve the problems

Part III is the Conclusion which summarizes main contents, give a final

conclusions, express limitations, and recommend some future researching directions

of the study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Roger T.Bell, translation is expression in another language(target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language),preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences Translation is the replacement of arepresentation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text insecond language

Newmark (1981) indicates that translation is “rendering the meaning of a textinto another language in the way that the author intended the text” He alsodescribes “ translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a writtenmessage and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement inanother language” (1982)

Besides, Brislin (1976) defines translation is “ a general term referring to thetransfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language

is in written or oral form, whether the language have established or thographies ornot; or whether one or both languages is based o signs, as with signs of the deaf”.Although there are many different standpoints, all most of them emphasize thesignificance of “equivalence” in both languages

Catford (1965) also supports “translations is the replacement of the textualmaterial in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material language (TL)”

Some Vietnamese researchers have some viewpoints about translation TuAnh (2005) shows that “translation is the transmission of a thought expressed in onelanguage by means of another language The language used to express the thought

directly is called the source language, the language used to translate that thought iscalled the target language” “Translators are concerned with the written word, Theyrender written texts from one language to another language Translators are required

to undertake assignments, which range from simple items, such as birth certificatesand driving licenses, to more complex written materials, such as articles inspecialized professional journals, business contracts and legal documents” ( BuiTien Bao and Dang Xuan Thu, 1997)

Briefly, it can be said simply that “translation is something that is translated orthe process of translating something, from one language to another language”(Cambridge Dictionary) Although there are many definitions of translation, theysupport that translation is the replacement a written text or utterance from from onelanguage into another language, which remains equivalence in content, the purpose

of communication, or pragmatic In translation, it emphasize the “equivalence” oftwo languages, the source language and the target language

2.1.2 Importance of translation

With the explosion of science and technology, Revolution 4.0 was born as anecessity along with the development of the world Along with the development ofthis revolution is the integration of the whole world, and translation is the key toconnecting the world together

Nowadays, translation plays an important role in our lives The twentiethcentury was the era of translation All areas of human life such as economics,education, politics, tourism, etc., using specialized materials that need to betranslated from the original language into another language With the trend ofintegration and strengthening of the international economy, Translation helpspeople overcome the barriers of multicultural and global communication Especiallywhen the language came out, translation became even more important Translationhelps people exchange information and culture because every country in the worldhas its own language and culture Without translation, people in the world cannotcommunicate with each other, unable to understand the culture of another country.Therefore, translation plays an important role in our lives The twentieth centurywas the era of translation All areas of human life such as economics, education,

politics, tourism, etc., using specialized materials that need to be translated from theoriginal language into another language With the trend of integration andstrengthening of the international economy, Translation helps people overcome thebarriers of multicultural and global communication To meet the multilingual world,the emergence of a common language is necessary and significant And the fact thatEnglish is a global language and is used in almost every country in the world Thus,the language is considered a common language and is used as a common means ofcommunication among countries.

Along with economic development and international integration, English hasbecome a second language and used in all fields in Vietnam It is really true inbusiness when our country cooperates with foreign investors, contracts, emails,agreements or conventions, etc in English, so it requires them to be translatedeffectively Therefore, the role of translation is associated with all areas of societyand Vietnamese-English translation has become a potential career and anopportunity to not only make money but also integrate the economy gender,contributing to the development of a French economy

2.1.3 Types of translation

2.1.3.1 Word for word translation

In word for word translation, the SL word order is preserved and the wordstranslated by their most common meanings, so translators seek to translate anoriginal word by the same target word as much as possible In addition, the order ofwords of the original language will be followed as closely as possible The main use

of this type of translation is either to understand the mechanics of the sourcelanguage or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process

Example: All worldly things may change with time, but the impression of the first love will remain a vivid as ever

(Victor Hugo)

Tất cả mọi vật trên thế gian có thể thay đổi với thời gian, nhưng ấn tượng

về mối tình đầu sẽ tồn tại mãi mãi

(Vương Trung Hiếu, 1993: p.147)

2.1.3.2 Literal translation

Literal translation is a mode of translation that remains close to the form of theoriginal In other words, “translation which gives priority to lexical correspondencesand results in ungrammatical sentences or it could also mean a translation that is asclose as possible to the original while ensuring TL grammaticality (but notnaturalness)” ( Palumbo, Giuseppe)

Example: We would deliver goods after seeing settlement note

 Chúng tôi sẽ giao hàng sau khi nhận được hóa đơn thanh toán.

2.1.3.3 Faithful translation

It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of original within theconstraints of the TL grammatical structures It transfers cultural words andpreserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms

Example: Beauty is the first present Nature gives to women and the

first take away

 Sắc đẹp là tặng phẩm mà Tạo hóa ban cho người đàn bà, cũng là thứ đầu

Example: She has a sunny smile on her face

=> Cô bé có gương mặt với nụ cười tỏa nắng

2.1.3.5 Communicative translation

It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such away that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensive to thereadership Communicative translation is freer and gives priority to theeffectiveness of the message to be communicated It focuses on factors such asreadability and naturalness and is appropriate to translations of “pramatic” textswhere the actual form of the original is not closely bound to its intended meaning

Example: How do you do!

Vietnamese translation: Xin chào!

2.1.3.6 Free translation

Free translation is one which preserves the meaning of the original but usesnatural forms of the target language, including normal word order and syntax, sothat the translation can be naturally understood

Example: The film was beyond any words

Vietnamese translation: Bộ phim không chê vào đâu được

In free translation, there is a type of translation called adaptation It is thefreest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes/characters/plotspreserved, SL culture converted to TL culture & text is rewritten (From a textbook

of translation by P.Newmark)

Example: Continuous as the stars that shine

And twinkle on the milky way

Vietnamese version: Vẫn triền miên như sao trời lấp lánh

Và lung linh trên dải sáng Ngân Hà

2.1.3.7 Idomatic translation

Idomatic translation is where the meaning of original is translated into formswhich most accurately and naturally preserve the meaning of the original forms.Idomatic refers to being in the common language of average speakers, using thenatural phrases and idoms of the language

Example: - He leads a peasant’s hard life

Anh ấy sống cuộc sống chân lấm tay bùn

2.2 The factors influence the translating process

According to Thanh Thuy (Common errors on verb tenses and word choices

in Vietnamese-English translations), there are four factors that influence thetranslating process They are the mother tongue, word order, words and choices ofword meanings and grammatical structures

2.2.1 The mother tongue

The mother tongue is the language we use often in our lives, so it is ingrained

in our thoughts, subconscious and words Therefore, when learning the second

language, we are easily influenced by the mother tongue According Thanh Thuy,

“in the process of learning a foreign language, the mother tongue shapes our way ofthinking, and to some extent, our use of the target language (word order, choice ofwords)”

And the translation is no exception Our mother tongue is Vietnamese, and weall know Vietnamese is a complex language with a variety of structures, vocabularyand Vietnamese have many differences compared to English Therefore, when welearn English, the influence of Vietnamese is natural

Firstly, since English and Vietnamese have some similarities, this will make iteasier to translate from Vietnamese into English

Example: Vietnamese: Tôi yêu bạn

English: I love you

In addition to the similarities, there are many differences between English andVietnamese However, in the process of learning English, students often imposetheir mother tongue

Example: Vietnamese: Tôi muốn mua một ngôi nhà to

English: I want to buy a house big

Because of the influence of Vietnamese, this sentence is wrong when wordorder is not true It should be “ I want to buy a big house”

Therefore, we must know how to use the similarity between Vietnamese andEnglish, and we must also know the difference to be able to translate better

2.2.2 Words and choice of words

Words are essential for any language learner to build their vocabulary to get anadvantage in their language learning Vocabulary is a very important factor ofcommunication; It brings with it the ability to communicate effectively Developingvocabulary will open up opportunities for students to learn translation With atranslation text, when learners have no difficulty in new words, they can easilytranslate into the target language and have a good translation On the contrary, they

do not seem to translate Most English words have many meanings; The exactmeaning of a word can only be expressed in context, so choosing the right language

is crucial for a successful translation, as Thanh Thuy said “with a translation text,

when learners have no difficulty in new words, it is easy for them to translate intothe TL In contrast, they seem to fail translating.

For example:

Word “lỗi” in Vietnamese, there are many words in English to express, buteach word is used a different context

“Mistakes” are accidental

Example 1: I think you’ve made a mistake over the bill

“Errors” are made due to lack of knowledge

Example 2: The automatic system is error

“Faults” is a mistake for which you are blame and you have responsibilities.Example 3: It will be your own fault if you fail the final exam

Therefore, we must understand the meaning of each word to useappropriately, to avoid misleading the reader

We can see that vocabulary plays an important role in translation texts Howmuch we know about the meaning of words will give us many advantages in thetranslation process so learning more new words, cultivating our vocabulary willhave many opportunities for us to really care interested in translating to become anexpert translator

2.2.3 Grammatical structures

The vocabulary is not enough to translate It needs a special means to make itmeaningful in sentences It is grammatical or grammatical structure Thanh Thuyproved that “In the process of translation, grammatical structures are anindispensable means Insufficient knowledge on either of the two areas may lead topoor quality translation” English is complex with many different structures whencompared to other languages It follows a very strict structure while the Vietnameselanguage is much more flexible There are many tenses in English, they are usedwith a specific structure In the case, if using the wrong structure, readers can notunderstand or misunderstand Therefore, using the correct and appropriate structure

is also an important factor to help you have a successful translation.For instance,

“Tôi đã học tiếng Anh 7 năm nay.”

English version: “I have learned English for 7 years.”

The tense of the verb is the present perfect tense, it shows an action whichhappened in the past, and up to now or in the future

In conclusion, grammatical structures in English are so complicated and noteasy to master It requires the learners have to find an effective way of learning tostudy and practice more if they want to limit grammar errors in using English ingeneral and specifically in translation subject as skilled translators

2.2.4 Context

A language is a vehicle for our ideas, thoughts and views about our world

“Translating is understood as a meaningful act of a text from one language toanother This process involves explaining the meaning of the source text andcreating the same meaning in another language The text however, cannot exist out

of context In context, the whole environment in it means that words or sentencesare expressed or stated”(Thanh Thuy, 2009) Any word in the text does not exist in

an isolated way but interacts with other words in the text and with the whole text ingeneral The interaction between these words defines their definition rather than itsspecific meaning

For example, the uses of the word “work” in the following

sentences:

(i) I work at Ministry of education and training

(ii) Kieu story is a famous work

(iii) After graduating, I will look for work

The word “work” in example (i) is a normal verb, it means the activity by

which one makes a living; in (ii), it means the output of a creative writer, whereas in

example (iii), the word “work” has another meaning – that is a job or an

employment

Context helps us capture which word we should choose to mean appropriately

in our translated text If we misunderstand the context, it leads to the selection ofinappropriate meanings, causing readers to misunderstand the meaning of the word

of the sentence and even the translation The context that contributes to the creation

of a truly translated text is considered to be the most important requirement oftranslation.

in Ady, 2012)

Another viewpoint said that “Grammar is the structural foundation of ourability to express ourselves The more we are aware of how it works, the more wecan monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we and others use language

T can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness of expressionavailable n English And it can help everyone not only teachers of English butteachers of anything, for all teaching is ultimately a matter of getting to grips withmeaning” (David Crystal, “in Words and Deed”, TES Teacher, April 30, 2004) Wikipedia also defines that “Grammar is the set of the structural rules thatgoverns the composition of clauses, phrases and words in any given naturallanguage The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includesmorphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semanticsand pragmatics”

Or we can see another definition about grammar is that “The whole systemand structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting ofsyntax and morphology, etc A particular analysis of the system and structure oflanguage or of a specific language”