* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả nó xảy ra trước động từ của mệnh đề còn lại.. Having registered, Anna entered the conference room.[r]
Trang 1BÀI ÔN TẬP CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LỚP 11 Unit 6: GLOBAL WARMING
I Pronunciation
Echo questions (câu hỏi lặp lại): dùng để hỏi lại phần thông tin mà ta vừa nghe nhưng chưa
rõ hoặc thể hiện sự ngạc nhiên hoặc chú tâm vào lời nói của người khác (ồ thế á?) Ta lên giọng ở cuối câu hỏi lặp lại
* Ta có thể hỏi bằng cách lặp lại một phần thông tin.
e.g A: David said to me that he's getting married
(David nói với mình rằng anh ấy sắp lấy vợ)
B: He's getting married?
(Ồ thế á?)
* Ta có thể hỏi bằng cách dùng câu có hình thức là câu kể nhưng có từ để hỏi ở cuối câu.
e.g A: My lover's dog is so lovely Her name is Adam
(Con chó của người yêu em thật đáng yêu Tên nó là Adam.)
B: Her name is what?
(Tên nó là gì cơ?)
II Grammar
1 Perfect participles (Phân từ hoàn thành)
1.1 Form: having + V-3/(e)d
e.g Having met his parents, he left home
(Sau khi gặp bố mẹ mình, anh ấy rời khỏi nhà.)
He gave up smoking after having seen the death of a smoker
(Cậu ta đã bỏ hút thuốc sau khi thấy cái chết của một người nghiện hút thuốc.)
Having drunk too much alcohol, he is vomiting now
(Vì đã uống quá nhiều rượu nên giờ ông ta đang nôn mửa.)
* Note: Nếu phân từ hoàn thành đứng đầu cậu ta phải dùng dấu phẩy (,) giữa hai mệnh đề.
e.g Having met his parents, he left home
(Sau khi gặp bố mẹ mình, anh ấy rời khỏi nhà)
1.2 Use:
* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả nó xảy ra trước động từ của mệnh đề còn lại
e.g Having registered, Anna entered the conference room
= After Anna had registered, she entered the conference room
(Sau khi đã đăng ký Anna đi vào phòng hội nghị.)
* Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành trong một mệnh đề để diễn tả lý do cho động từ của mệnh đề còn lại (mệnh đề chính)
e.g Having worked on his computer for a long time, Peter feels dizzy now
= Because Peter has worked on his computer for a long time, he feels dizzy now
(Giờ Peter thấy chóng mặt là do cậu ấy đã làm việc trên máy tính quá lâu.)
* Note: chúng ta chỉ dùng phân từ hoàn thành khi hai mệnh đề có cùng chủ ngữ
2 Perfect Gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành)
Trang 22.1 Form: having + V-3/(e)d
Danh động từ hoàn thành được dùng theo 2 cấu trúc sau:
* Verb + (object) + preposition + perfect gerund
e.g He apologized for having broken his watch
(Cậu bé xin lỗi vì đã làm vỡ mất chiếc đồng hồ.).
They praised the old lady for having caught the thief
(Họ ca ngợi bà cụ vì đã tóm được tên trộm.)
Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: apologize for, accuse of; blame for;
congratulate on; criticize for; punish for; thank for; suspect of;……
* Verb + perfect gerund
e.g The little girl admitted having eaten all the cakes
(Cô bé thừa nhận là đã ăn hết số bánh đó.)
Một số động từ dùng với cấu trúc trên: deny, admit, forget, mention, remember, recall,
regret…
* Note: để tạo thành thể phủ định ta thêm not vào trước danh động từ hoàn thành.
e.g Hana was punished for not having done her homework
(Hana bị phạt vì chưa làm bài tập.)
2.2.2 Use: Danh động từ hoàn thành là hình thức thay thế cho danh động từ khi chúng ta đề
cập đến hành động trong quá khứ xảy ra trước động từ chính đứng trước nó
e.g Peter admitted having poured milk into the bowl
= Peter admitted that he had poured milk into the bowl
(Peter thừa nhận là đã đổ sữa vào trong cái bát.)
III PRACTICE
Exercise 1: Practise reading the exchanges and mark / (rising intonation) on the echo questions.
1 A: Most of the environmental problems are man-made
B: Man-made?
2 A: Scientists are concerned about the effects of global warming
B: Scientists are concerned about what?
3 A: I cycle to work every day
B: You do?
4 A: By 2050, rising temperatures could lead to the extinction of a million species
B: The extinction of a million species?
5 A: In order to save our environment, we should reduce our use of paper products
B: We should do what?
Exercise 2: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets
1 _ (take off) his shoes, he realized that they smelled awful
2 (reach) the top of the mountain, they started a fire
Trang 33 Their clients agreed to pay by check after (receive) the contracts.
4 He went out to play after (ask) his mother's permission
5 We went to bed after (switch) all the lights
6 My friend's cousin apologized for _ (break) my vase 4 months ago
7 His neighbors suspected him of (dump) a lot of rubbish onto the beach
8 The president was awarded for (promote) the close relationship between two countries
9 Last week, that strong man accuse) of having attacked the old lady's puppy
10 They congratulated their beloved mayor on _(give) an excellent speech
Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences
1 He did not drive home himself after _
2 _, they had no desire to go there
3 _, he was taken to hospital and had an operation
4 She said good-bye to him after
5 Farmers turned to use bio-fertilizers after _
Exercise 4: Find and correct mistakes in following sentences.
1 Have washed the car, the skilled mechanic noticed a small scratch on the front left fender _
2 The sales manager was praised for take an important role in the development of the
organization
_
3 Read his proposal carefully, he submitted it to his lecturer
_
4 The board of director made big decisions after discuss for a long time
_
5 The architect's co-worker apologized for having not kept his promise
Exercise 5: Rearrange the words/phrases to make meaningful sentences.
1 the / was / having / of / He / stolen / money / accused
_
2 wine / She / up / of / suddenly, / glass / stood / upsetting / a
_
3 trap / he / right / walked / the / nothing, / Suspecting / into
4 finished / Having/ his / he / to / all / bed / homework, / went
5 film / before, / Having / the / the / didn't seen / want / I / to / to / cinema / go
_
ANSWER KEYS:
Exercise 1: Practise reading the exchanges and mark / (rising intonation) on the echo questions.
Trang 41 A: Most of the environmental problems are man-made.
B: Man-made? /
2 A: Scientists are concerned about the effects of global warming
B: Scientists are concerned about what? /
3 A: I cycle to work every day
B: You do? /
4 A: By 2050, rising temperatures could lead to the extinction of a million species
B: The extinction of a million species? /
5 A: In order to save our environment, we should reduce our use of paper products
B: We should do what? /
Exercise 2: Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets
1 Having taken off/ Taking off _
2 Having reached/ Reaching _
3 _having received/ receiving _
4 _having asked/ asking _
5 having switched/ switching _
6 _having broken/ breaking _
7 having dumped/ dumping
8 having promoted/ promoting _
9 was accused _
10 _having given/ giving _
Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences
1 _having drunk too much/ having broken his arm
2 _Having seen the photograph of the place/ Having heard some bad news about that university _,
3 _After having fallen from the horse back ,
4 having realized that he was a liar/ having been cheated _
5 having realized/ having been told about the dangers of chemical fertilizers
Exercise 4: Find and correct mistakes in following sentences.
1 Having washed the car, the skilled mechanic noticed a small scratch on the front left fender
Or: Washing the car, the skilled mechanic noticed a small scratch on the front left fender
2 The sales manager was praised for having taken an important role in the development of the organization
Or: The sales manager was praised for taking an important role in the development of the organization
3 Having read his proposal carefully, he submitted it to his lecturer
Or: Reading his proposal carefully, he submitted it to his lecturer
4 The board of director made big decisions after having discussed for a long time
Trang 55 The architect's co-worker apologized for not having kept his promise.
Or: The architect's co-worker apologized for not keeping his promise
Exercise 5: Rearrange the words/phrases to make meaningful sentences.
1 He was accused of having stolen the money
2 She stood up suddenly, upsetting a glass of wine
3 Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap
4 Having finished all his homework, he went to bed
5 Having seen the film before, I didn’t want to go to the cinema
Unit 6: FURTHER EDUCATION
I Pronunciation
Ngữ điệu giúp người nói biểu dạt ý nghĩa lời nói theo chú đích
Sử dụng ngữ điệu lên (rising intonation) ở cuối câu hỏi yes-no để kiểm chứng sự chính xác của thông tin
Ví dụ: Is your father a doctor?
Sử dụng ngữ điệu xuống (falling intonation) ờ cuối các câu hỏi có từ để hỏi who, whose, what, when, where, why và how để lay thông tin
Ví dụ: What are you doing next summer?
1 What are you looking for?
2 What is further education?
3 How are they different?
4 Will that lead to a bachelor's degree? /
5 What are your plans for the future?
II Grammar
The present perfect and the present perfect continuous (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành và thì
hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
1 The present perfect
a Form: has/have + V(p.p)
b Use:
- Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ, kéo dài tới hiện tại và vẫn còn có khả năng sẽ tiếp diễn trong tương lai
e.g: She has worked as a language programmer for three years
We ve been together for nearly fifteen years
Trang 6- Diễn đạt hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không rõ thời gian.
e.g: Doctors have cured many deadly disease
Someone has stolen my car
- Diễ tả một hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ
e.g: She has seen this film several times
- Diễn đạt những kinh nghiệm, trải nghiệm
e.g: This is the first time I have ever eaten that kind of food
- Diễn đạt hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng để lại dấu hiệu hoặc hậu quả ở hiện tại
e.g: The children are dirty Where have they been?
The baby is crying Have you made fun of him?
Note: Những cụm từ chi thời gian thường dùng kèm với thì hiện tại hoàn thành là ever
never, many times, several times, since, for, before, so far, already, yet
2 The present perfect continuous
a Form: has/have + been + V-ing
b Use:
- Hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và còn đang tiếp tục ở hiện tại (nhấn mạnh tính liên tục)
e.g: My sister has been working here since 2012
How long have you been learning English? For three months
- Hành động đã kết thúc trong quá khứ nhưng chúng ta quan tâm tới kết quả hiện tại e.g: I am very tired now because I have been working hard for 12 hours
Note: Sự khác biệt giữa hiện tại hoàn thành và hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành chú ý đến kết quả của hành động Trong khi đó, thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh đến độ dài của hành động, dù hành động đó có thể đã kết thúc hay chưa kết thúc
e.g: He has painted the house (The house is white now.)
He has been painting the house for 5 hours (He’s still painting it.)
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn diễn đạt một hành động mà không bị gián đoạn, nhấn mạnh đến tính liên tục của hành động
e.g: I have been writing emails all afternoon
I have written ten emails this afternoon
III Practice
Trang 7Exercise 1: In each sentence there is one verb which is in the wrong tense Find the mistake and correct it.
1 I have been applying for a vocational scholarship three times
2 We have just been attending a seminar on further education
3 How long have the two international students been knowing each other?
4 I started the course two weeks ago, but I have already been passing most of the tests
5 The academic year has just started and I have lived in the halls of residence so far
Exercise 2: Complete the following sentences with the present perfect or present perfect continuous.
1 A: Can I have a look at the glossary of study terms?
B: Just a minute I (read) it myself
2 A: Let's go to the meeting with the international students this weekend
B: I'd love to, but I (not finish) my assignment yet
3 A: You look so happy! What's up?
B: I (receive) an offer for a summer internship in Japan
4 A: You look tired!
B: I (search) for information about higher education all morning
5 A: Your room is in a mess! (look) for something?
B: My wallet I think I (lose) it somewhere
Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences, using the words given and the present perfect or present perfect continuous.
1 Nam's still studying English He started studying it two years ago (for)
2 He attended two online vocational courses: one in 2012 and the other in 2013 (twice)
3 The British Council established IELTS a long time ago It still uses this test as an
international standardised test of English for non-native English language speakers, (for)
4 The university started building a new campus in May They are still building it (since)
5 Mary is staying at a homestay during her undergraduate programme The programme began three weeks ago (for)
ANSWER KEYS:
Exercise 1: In each sentence there is one verb which is in the wrong tense Find the mistake and correct it.
1 I have applied for a vocational scholarship three times
2 We have just attended a seminar on further education
Trang 83 How long have the two international students known each other?
4 I started the course two weeks ago, but I have already passed most of the tests
5 The academic year has just started and I have been living in the halls of residence so far
Exercise 2: Complete the following sentences with the present perfect or present perfect continuous.
1 have been reading
2 have not finished
3 have received
4 have been searching
5 Have you been looking; have lost
Exercise 3: Rewrite the sentences, using the words given and the present perfect or present perfect continuous.
1 Nam has been studying English for two years
2 He has attended online vocational courses twice
3 The British Council has been using IELTS as an international standardised test of English for non-native English language speakers for a long time
4 The university has been building a new campus since May
5 Mary has been staying at a homestay for three weeks during her undergraduate
programme