Solution manual for experiments in physiology 11th edition woodman tharp

Questions xii Answers to Laboratory Reports 1 Data Acquisition Units 79 Preface This instructor’s manual contains information needed for preparation of the lab experiments and evaluatio

Experiments in Physiology 11th Edition Woodman SOLUTIONS MANUAL

E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N

Experiments in Physiology

Instructor’s Manual

David A Woodman Gerald D Tharp

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Safety Notification

The Author and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted in conformity with the safety precautions described herein and according

to the school’s laboratory safety procedures, are reasonably safe for the student to whom this manual is directed Nonetheless, many of the described experiments are accompanied

by some degree of risk, including human error, the failure or misuses of laboratory or elec- trical equipment, mismeasurement, chemical spills, and exposure to sharp objects, heat, bodily fluids, blood, or other biologics The Author and Publisher disclaim any liability aris - ing from such risks in connection with any of the experiments contained in this manual If students have any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any experiment, they should always ask their instructor for help before proceeding

Contents

Preface iv

Materials and Equipment for Experiments v Sources of Special Supplies and Equipment x Answers to EXPLAIN THIS! Questions xii Answers to Laboratory Reports 1

Data Acquisition Units 79

Preface

This instructor’s manual contains

information needed for preparation of

the lab experiments and evaluation of

the results obtained by students

Materials and Equipment for

Experiments A comprehensive list of

items needed for each teaching unit is

provided In general, the quantities

listed are those needed for one

laboratory of 20 to 24 students

working in teams of 3 to 4 students

However, as differ- ent laboratories

will utilize different methods and data

acquisition systems, not all of the

materials and equipment listed may be

nec- essary to carry out the

experiments within a unit

Sources of Special Supplies and

Equipment In addition to the major

suppliers of physiolog- ical equipment,

this list includes addresses of suppliers

of special items that are not readily

available

Answers to EXPLAIN THIS!

Questions and Laboratory Report

Answers Sample data, graphs, and

answers to questions for each teaching

unit are provided The experimen- tal

results represent typical values

obtained in

our teaching labs Your students’ results may deviate from these, but they will give you a guideline from which to work

The questions posed in the laboratory reports are not meant to be all-inclusive for the topic being examined in lab The questions used are designed

to stimulate students’ thinking about what they are doing in lab and how their results are related to the theoretical con- cepts presented in lecture and text Many other questions could be asked, and each lab instructor is encouraged to devise additional questions that could be included in the lab reports or quizzes

Data Acquisition Units A description of each

data acquisition system featured in the lab manual, including Vernier®, PowerLab®, and BIOPAC® Also included is a chapter correla- tion table for each system, listing which sensors you will need for the relevant chapters

We welcome comments from instructors who have used this manual concerning its strengths and weaknesses and changes that would make it more effective for teaching and learning

Materials and Equipment for Experiments

In general, the quantities provided are those

needed for one laboratory of 20–24 students

working in teams of 3–4 students This list

includes material for all activities in every

exercise For the specific materials required for

each individual activity, see the materials list that

precedes each activity in the lab manual

Fundamental Physiological Principles

75 ml concentrated HCl and NaOH 3 L phosphate buffer

solution

6 250-ml beakers 3 L distilled water

2 pH meters (per group) 6 medicine droppers

6 stirring rods

6 Vernier or PowerLab data acquisition units and pH

electrodes

6 Mac or Windows computers

Movement Through Membranes

240 ml mammalian blood (citrated or oxalated) 6 microscopes

30 microscope slides, cover slips, toothpicks, medicine

droppers

2 beets (fresh, not canned) 6 potatoes

110 small test tubes (10 ml or less) 6 10-ml graduated

cylinders

6 cork borers (8- to 10-mm in diameter) 30 test tubes (15–20 ml)

12 glass tubing, small bore, 3-ft long

12 ring stands and burette clamps, metric rulers 12 sacs

(dialysis tubing), heavy string, tape 30 250-ml beakers

3 800-ml beakers Methylene blue crystals

1.8 L 30% sucrose solution with a little Congo Red dye

1.8 L60%sucrosesolution withalittle Congo Reddye NaCl

solutions (10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 0.9%, 0.6%, 0.5%,

0.4%, 0.2%, 0.1%)

350 ml liquid soap solution

100 ml 0.5 M urea (3 g/100 ml)

100 ml 0.5 M glycerine (4.6 g/100 ml)

100 ml 0.5 M glucose (9 g/100 ml)

100 ml 0.5 M sucrose (17.1 g/100 ml)

100 ml 22 M methyl alcohol (70.5 g/100 ml)

100 ml 8.5 M ethyl alcohol (39.1 g/100 ml)

100 ml 3 M propyl alcohol (18 g/100 ml)

100 ml 1.1 M isobutyl alcohol (8.15 g/100 ml)

100 ml 1.1 M n-butyl alcohol (8.15 g/100 ml)

100 ml 0.38 M amyl or iso-amyl alcohol (33.5 g/100 ml)

15 L distilled water Paper tissues

6 Vernier or PowerLab data acquisition units, conductivity probes or pods, and conductivity electrodes

6 Mac or Windows computers

Renal Physiology

24 urinalysis bottles 4–

6 vials Labstix tests 4–6 thermometers 6–12 1qt Gatorade or Powerade bottles 24 8-oz drinking cups

4–6 large biohazard bags to dispose of urinanalysis cups and test strips

15 urinometers 12100-mlgraduated cylinders 6 500-ml beakers

24 test tubes, medicine droppers 150 ml 20%

potassium chromate

200 ml 2.9% silver nitrate in amber bottle (make fresh daily)

6 types of synthetic urines containing abnormal amounts of glucose, pH, ketones, proteins, and blood

6 vials of Clinitest tablets pHydrion® strips 4–6 ring stands 10 L distilled water Paper tissues

4–6 Vernier or PowerLab data acquisition units and conductivity electrodes

6 Mac or Windows computers

v

vi Materials andEquipment for Experiments

Neuroanatomy

6 sheep brains with hypophysis and cranial

nerves intact

6 dissecting trays

6 sets of dissection instruments (forceps and

scalpels) 6 boxesof longhandled cotton swabs

or Q-tips

6 small vials, each with cotton balls with drops of

vanilla, lavender, or other chemicals with strong

fragrances

12 pairs disposable latex or nitrile gloves

Models and charts of the central nervous system

(spinal cord, spinal cord cross-section, spinal

nerves, human brain)

Membrane Action Potentials

live frogs

6 sets of dissection instruments (forceps, scissors,

and needles)

12 glass probes

6 sets of oscilloscopes, nerve chambers, and

connecting cables

6 PowerLab data acquisition units and cables 6

Mac or Windows computers

6 electronic stimulators (like Grass Technologies

SD-9) and electrodes

6 50-ml beakers and medicine droppers

2 L each of frog Ringer’s solution (10°C, 25°C,

35°C) 100 ml 50% ethyl alcohol

100 ml 1% procaine

100 ml 0.3 M KCl solution 6 sets of Gaskell

clamps Cotton string,ice

Reflex Functions

12reaction timeapparatuses 6 stopwatches

1 swivel armchair with casters removed 6

flashlights

6 reflex hammers

6 BIOPAC® SS10L hand switches

6 pairs of BIOPAC® OUT1 headphones

6 computers with BIOPAC® Student Lab

Software

Sensory Physiology I: Cutaneous, Hearing

6 compasses or esthesiometers

6 sets of brass weights (1-, 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 50-, 200-g

sets)

6 2 * 2 in square pieces of cardboard

3 1-L beakers

1 L each of waterat

threetemperatures(5°C,25°C,45°C) 6 watches

that tickloudly

6 stethoscopes

6 512-Hz tuning forks 1-2 audiometers

Coins (pennies, nickels, dimes) Cotton balls

Sensory Physiology II: Vision

6 flashlights

12 3” * 5” unlined cards

6 metric rulers Snellen eye chart

6 dies or other three-dimensional objects 6

needles

Thread

6 sets of colored paper (white, red, green, yellow) 6

Ishihara® test chart books

6 Holmgren’s yarn test kits

6 Cenco or Ingersoll eye models with associated

lenses 6 perimeters with color disks (white, red,

blue, green) 24 perimeter charts (left and right

eye)

6 cow or sheep eyes (keep frozen until

used)

6sets of dissection instruments (forceps

andscissors) 6 candles

Matches or lighters

1-2 ophthalmoscopes

Reproductive Physiology

4 male rats per group, 75–100 g (needed 2 weeks

prior to final lab)

3 female rats per group, 75–100 g (needed 2 weeks

prior to final lab)

6 immature female rats or mice (15 to 25 days old)

(needed 1 week prior to final lab)

6 desiccators for isoflurane anesthesia, ether 6

precision balances (0.1 g readability)

6 50 ml isoflurane cones (large test tubes with

cotton) 6 ketamine-xylazine anesthetic

cocktails

12 pairs of heavy gloves Sterile gauze

Cotton

1 scale for weighing rats

1 each: analytical balance, triple beam balance, weighing papers, wound clips and applicator pliers, animal clippers, ear tags

Materials and Equipment for Experiments vii

6 sets of sterile surgical instruments (forceps and scissors)

18 1-ml insulin syringes 6 hot plates or water baths 6

microscopes

Slides, cover slips, lens paper, toothpicks Thick string

Large plastic bags for disposing of rats 6 Curved suturing

needles and suture thread 300 ml mammalian Ringer’s

solution

300 ml 70% alcohol

95% ethanol Giemsa stain

Betadine antiseptic

5 ml testosterone, aqueous (Lilly #598, 25 mg/ml) 5 ml

estrogens, aqueous (Parke Davis Theelin #3540-1,

2 mg/ml)

100 ml synthetic urine (0.9% NaCl plus yellow food coloring)

100 ml synthetic urine plus 100 units/ml of chorionic

gonadotropin

Chorionic gonadotropin, 2500 IU per vial 6 early pregnancy

test strips or other similar

commercial product

10 Digestion

150 mlsalivary amylasesol (400 units per 100 ml) 6 units of

Sigma A-1031 (Sigma-Aldrich)

90 test tubes (15–20 ml) 6 test tube clamps

6 graduated cylinders (10 ml)

6 hot plates

6 scalpels Paraffin pHydrion strips

6 water baths (at 37°C) with test tube stands 6 hard-boiled egg

whites

15 ml 1% acetic acid

150 ml 1% pancreatin solution in 0.2% Na2CO3

150 ml 0.5% starch paste 75 ml Lugol’s solution 100 ml

Benedict’s solution 150 ml 5% pepsin solution

100 ml 0.5% HCl

100 ml concentrated HCl 100 ml 0.5% NaOH

Ice

500 ml distilled water Litmus powder

150 ml dairy cream Bile salts

11Smooth Muscle Motility

6 physiological recorders with muscle transducers

6-10 adult female rats, 150–200 g Dissection instruments

6 muscle warmers and aeration apparatuses (aquarium pumps)

6 37°C water baths

6 gas anesthesia chambers (desiccators fitted for gassing)

1 L Locke’s solution at 37°C (per group) 250 ml epinephrine (1:10,000)

250 ml acetylcholine (1:10,000)

250 ml pilocarpine (1:1000)

250 ml atropine sulfate (1:4000)

250 ml BaC12 (0.6% solution)

250 ml HCl (2% solution)

250 ml NaOH (2% solution)

2 L glucose (5.4% solution)

12Regulation of Blood Glucose

100 Testape strips (Lilly) or similar product 6 glucometers and test strips

24 Unistik-3 single use lancets or similar single

-use disposable sterile lancets 20–24 urinalysis bottles

Solution containing 75 g glucose/500 ml or commercial glucose tolerance test

Beveragesuch as Trutol 1 L ml 70% ethanol Cotton

13MeasurementofMetabolicRate

6 respirometers (Collins 1 3.5-L) and accessories 6 metabolators

1 oxygen tank with regulator, 100% O2 Soda lime

6 adult rats, (150–200 g)

6 adult mice

6 rat respirometers

6 mouse respirometers Manometer fluid (Krebs

or Brodie) Animal scales

6 pairs of heavy gloves

24 disposable mouthpieces 70% alcohol

viii Materials and Equipment for Experiments

6 Vernier data acquisition units and oxygen

sensors 6 Mac or Windows computers

Vaseline

14 Thyroid Function

24 adult male or adult female rats, 150–200 g (needed

2 weeks before lab date)

1 animal scale

6 rat respirometers (desiccators with soda

lime) 6 Vernier data acquisition units and oxygen

sensors Vaseline

2000 g thyroid, desiccated 1% in pulverized rat

chow 2000 g thiouracil, 0.5% in pulverized rat

chow

15 L potassium perchlorate, 1% in drinking water

6 pairs of heavy gloves

6 each: analytical balances, triple beam balances 6

50-ml volumetric flasks

Distilled water 70% alcohol

15 Nerve-Muscle Activity

6 live frogs

6 sets of dissection instruments (forceps, scissors,

bone cutters)

6 physiological recorders with muscle transducers

(Kymograph or Physiograph)

6 electronic stimulators (Grass Technologies

SD9) andsets of stimulating electrodes

(hand-held)

6 electrode holders

6 PowerLab data acquisition units and force

transducers 6 Mac or Windows computers

6 ring stands with tension adjusters Thread,

heavy and light

6 sets of weight pans and weights (5 g) 6 femur

clamps

6 6-in metric rulers String

6 small beakers, medicine droppers

2 L frog Ringer’s solution (at room

temperature) 15 ml tubocurarine chloride (3

mg/ml) (Sigma T2379) 1 syringe with

23-Gneedle

12 glass probes

6 motor point electrodes

6 EKG plate electrodes, rubber straps 6 tubes of electrode paste

6 hand dynamometers

16 Cardiac Function

6 live frogs or turtles

6 physiological recorders (like Physiograph™) with electronic myograph transducers 4–6 PowerLab data acquisition units and force transducers

6 Mac or Windows computers

6 electronic sets of stimulating electrodes 6 frog boards or turtle boards

3 turtle hooks and bone saws (if turtles are used) 12 insect pins

6 ring stands, clamps, tension adjusters

6 sets of dissection instruments (forceps, scissors, bone cutters, dissecting needles)

50 ml acetylcholine, 0.1 mg/ml (1:10,000)

50 ml ephinephrine, 1 mg/ml (1:1000)

50 ml pilocarpine, 0.2 mg/ml (1:5000)

50 ml nicotine, 1 mg/ml (1:1000)

50 ml atropine, 1 mg/ml (1:1000)

4 L frog Ringer’s solution (at room temperature) 4 L frog Ringer’s solution (at 37°C)

Squeeze bottles 6 ice baths

6 medicine droppers and SO-ml beakers Beeswax

6 6-in metric rulers Thin thread

Heavy thread or Gaskell clamp

17Human Cardiovascular Function

6 physiological recorders (like Physiograph™) with EKG equipment

6 PowerLab or Vernier data acquisition units with EKG cables and electrodes

6 BIOPAC data acquisition units 6 Mac or Windows computers Recording paper

Printer

6 sets EKG plate electrodes, rubber straps,

electrode paste

6 blood pressure sensors and cuffs

6 pulse transducers (or plethysmographs) 6 heart sound microphones

12 stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers 2

1000-ml beakers containing ice water 12 protractors

3 tourniquets