(Luận văn thạc sĩ) phụ nữ thái đen với việc bảo tồn văn hoá trong thời kỳ đổi mới qua nghiên cứu ở xã thanh luông, điện biên, lai châu

O khfa canh quan he gidi tac gia ciing da cho biet them ve dia vi ciia ngudi phu nir Thai trong gia dinh va cong dong [2, 77] day la tu lieu dang quy giiip cho chiing toi cd ca sd so san

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

LLTONG THI THU HANG

PHU Ntr THAI DEN VOl VIEC BAO TON VAN HO A

TRONG T H O I K Y DOT M 6 I

(Qua nghien cmi b xa Thanh Luong, Dien bien, Lai Chau)

LUAN VAN THAC SY KHOA HOC LICH SIT CHUYEN NGANH DAN T O C HOC

M U C L U C

Trang

Phan thu nhat 7

DAN LUAN

1 Tinh c^p thiet, y nghia khoa hgc va thuc ti6n cua dt tai 7

2 Lich su nghien cuu van de 9

3 Muc dich nghien ctiu cua de tai 14

4 Doi tugng va pham vi nghien cuu 15

5 Nguon tai lieu cua luan van 16

6 Co so ly luan va phuang phap nghien ciru 16

7 Dong gop ciia luan van 17

8 Bo cue cua luan van 18

Phan thii hai 19

NOI DUNG CUA LUAN VAN

Chuong mot 19

GI6I THIEU KHAI QUAT vt DIA BAN NGHIEN ClTU

1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien a Thanh Luong 19

1.2 Lich su tgc ngucfi va dan cu a Thanh Luong 21

1.2.1 Lich su tgc ngucri 21

1.2.1.1 Vai net ve ngucd Thai a Viet Nam 21 1.2.1.2 Nguai Thai a Thanh Luong 22 1.2.2 Su phan bo dan cu a Thanh Luong 25

1.3 Thanh Luong trong khung canh doi mai 26

Chuong hai 31 KHAI QUAT Vfi VAN HOA THAI VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA CUA

NGUCII THAI 6 THANH LLONG

2.1 Khai niem van hoa \'a khai quat ve van hoa Thai 31

2.1.1 Khai niem van hoa 31

2.1.2 Khai quat ve van hoa Thai 33

2.2 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to truyen thong va 35

hien dai trong van hoa

2.3 Nguai Thai Den Thanh Luong vai yeu to hoi nhap va bien 37

doi trong van hoa

Chuong ba 41 PHU NLTTHAI DEN Vdl VI$C BAO TON VAN HOA TOC NGUClI

3.1 Mot so khai niem trong nghien cuu Giai va Phu nS 41

3.2 Nhung quan niem truyen thong ve phu nu trong xa hoi Thai 43

3.2.1 Nhung quan niem ve vai tro cua nguai phu nu 43

3.2.2 Nhung tap tiic va nghi II lien quan den vai tro cua 47

ngucfi phu nu trong gia dinh ngu&i Thai 3.3 Phu nil Thai Den v6i boat dgng kinh te 52

3.3.1 Phan cong lao dgng trong gia dinh 52

3.3.2 Vai tro ciia nguai phu niJ Thai Den trong cac boat 63

dgng san xuat

3.3.2.1 Lam rugng 63

3.3.2.2 Lam nuang va lam vudn 64

3.3.2.3 Chan nuoi 68

3.3.2.4 Phu nu Thai Den v6i viec phan phoi cac san 71

pham lao dgng va quan ly cac nguon thu nhap ciia gia

dinh

3.4 Phu nir Thai Den v6i viec nuoi day con cai 72

3.5 Phu n\s Thai Den vai trang phuc \'a nghe det truyen thong 74

3.6 Phu nS Thai Den v6i tap quan c\x6\ xin 81

3.7 Phu nu Thai Den vai tap quan tang ma 87

3.8 Phu nir Thai Den vai Y hgc c6 truyen 91

3.9 Phu nu Thai Den vdi van nghe truyen thong 95

Phan thu ba 98

KET LUAN

Phuluc 102 Tulieuanh 108 Danh sach nhiing nguai cung cap thong tin 117

Tai lieu tham khao 121

CHtr VIET TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN

NXB CTQG, H 1995 Nha xuat ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi 1995 NXB KHXH Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi

NXB VHDT Nha xuat ban Van hoa Dan toe

PCT Pho chu tich

UBND Uy ban nhan dan

[60 663] Tai lieu tham khao 60, trang 663

LOI CAM ON •

Khi thuc hien ban luan \'an nay toi da gap mot so tra ngai bai \'an

de nghien cuil giai a Viet Nam da la rnai, nghien cuu giai trong Nhan

hgc Xa hoi con tn6i han nira, ben canh do tu lieu ve phii nu Thai rat it

Nhung dugc su khuyen khich, dgng vien chan thanh va chi bao tan tinh

ciia cac thav giao thuoc Bo mon Dan toe hoc khoa Lich Su, Ban chu

nhiem va cac thay giao trong khoa Ljch Su, truang Dai hgc Khoa hgc

Xa hoi va Nhan van, Ban lanh dao Vien Dan tgc hgc, cung sir giup da

cua cac nha nghien curu lop trudc va cac can bg nhan dan dja

phuang noi chiing toi den nghien cuu, dac biet la su hudng dSn, chi bao,

giiip da true tiep tan tinh cua Tien sy Hoang Luang - toi da hoan thanh

ban luan van

Toi xin tran trgng cam an su giiip da quy bau nay

Ha Noi, nam 2001

Luang Thi Thu H^ng

Phan thii nhat

D A N LUAN l.Tinh cap thiet, y nghia khoa hgc va thuc ti^n cua de tai

Mot trong nhiJng van de quan trgng hang dau cua van hoa thai dai hien nay dugc nhieu nguai quan tam la giu gin van hoa truyen thong ciia cac dan tgc trong qua trinh phat tri en ciia the giai hien dai Dieu thach thiic cua m6i quoc gia dan tgc trong su phat trien phai chang chinh la sir bao ton va hoi nhap van hoa?

La mot quoc gia da dan tgc vai 54 thanh phan tgc nguai, van hoa Viet Nam la mot nen van hoa da dang Hien nay, viec bao ton \'a phat huy ban s4c van hoa cua m6i tgc nguai rieng le chinh la mot tien de quan trgng trong su nghiep phat trien ciia dan tgc Viet Nam Vi vay, su bao ton cac yeu to van hoa truyen thong, cung nhu su tiep nhan cac yeu

to \'an hoa ngoai tgc nguai de tao nen ban sdc rieng cua timg tgc ngudi

da diin ra nhu the nao? Vai tro ciia nam va nu a m6i dan tgc dam nhiem

qua trinh nay ra sao?

Phu nir hien nay la nguai cung cap 2/3 lugng thai gian cho lao dgng tren toan the giai, nhung hg chi dugc nhan 1/10 tong thu nhap va chi CO 1/100 so tai san tren toan the giai [60, 663] Neu nhu su bat binh dang vin con in dau len hau nhu tat ca cac xa hoi, du la tien tien nhat thi

no van khong th6 ngan can dugc su thira nhan vai tro cua nguai phu nir trong viec duy tri cac gia tri van hoa truyen thong mang tinh tgc nguoi

Vi vay, dung ve mat ly thuyet viec nghien cuu vai tro do la rat can thiet cho nhan loai

Ve mat thuc tien, thii nhat dung truac boi canh ciia cong cugc doi

mdi ciia dat nu6c ta, y\tc danh gia cac chu'c nang, tac dgng cua nguai

phu nir trong dai song ciia cac dan tgc, trong do c6 nguai Thai se giiip cho chiing ta thay dugc su dong gop cac boat dgng ciia giai nir trong qua trinh nay Thu hai, nguai Thai a Viet Nam la mot tgc nguai c6 dan so dung hang thiJ hai [11, 305] trong cac dan tgc thieu so va da dugc rat nhieu nha khoa hgc quan tam nghien cuu Tuy nhien, trong nhung cong trinh nghien cuu do cac thong tin ve phu nil con rat ft \'a cho tai nay chua CO mot nghien cuu chuyen biet nao ve phu nir Thai Han nira, trong boi canh doi mdi ciia dat nuac, cugc song cua nguai Thai da c6 nhieu thay doi, song chua c6 nghien cu*u nao de cap den vai tro ciia nguai phu

nil Thai trong qua trinh thay doi nay Ve phu nir Thai Den a Thanh

Luong (Dien Bien , Lai Chau) thi tir trudc den nay cang chua c6 ai quan tam nghien cuu

Ben canh do cho tai hien nay, cac nghien cuu ve gidi dual goc do dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc a Viet Nam chua nhieu, dac biet la nhirng nghien curu chuyen sau Thuc te nay la mot tra ngai khong nho cho cac nghien ciru ke tiep, dong thai van de ly thuyet giai ciing la mot thach thiic Ion doi v6i van de nghien cuu Muc dich ma nhiing nghien cuu dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc ve gidi dat ra la khong chi tim hieu xem moi quan

he giiia phu nil va nam gidi, vai tro va dong gop ciia cac giai trong gia dinh, cong dong, xa hoi da va dang di^n ra nhu the nao a m6i tgc nguai, m6i che do xa hoi, ma can chi ra dugc nguyen nhan tai sao, phai tra lai dugc cau hoi tai sao lai c6 moi quan he do, ca sa cua moi quan he va vai tro do la gi Tren the gidfi hien nay da c6 rat nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu giai trong ITnh \arc dan tgc hgc va nhin hgc, tuy nhien viec tiep cSn vdi nhirng thong tin do con rat nhieu kho khan Kho khan thir nhat la thieu tai lieu, thuc te nhiing tai lieu chuyen sau ve giai bang tieng nuac ngoai trong cac thu vien khong nhieu, ben canh do tai lieu da dugc dich ra

tieng Viet con qua ft 6i Kho khan thiic hai la c6 rat ft nhirng chuyen de

dao tao ve ^ioi dual goc do dan toe hoc va nhaji hoc ^"

Tir tinh hinh thuc te ciia van de nghien* ciru giai trong dan tgc hgc

va nhan hgc, c6 ihi thay rang van de nay a Viet Nam hien nay con rat

mdi me Viec tiep can v6i cac kien thiic va thong tin trong Imh \arc nay

dang gap rat nhieu tra ngai Nghien ciiu giai khong chi la va'n de quyen

binh dang giira phu nir \'a nam gidi ma con la van de phat trien ben \amg

ciia m6i tgc nguai va m6i quoc gia Do vay, trong cong cugc doi mdi va

phat trien ciia nude ta ciing nhu trong xu the nghien cuu ung dung phat

triSn hien nay, nghien ciiu nhan hgc ve gidi la het siic can thiet

Xua't phat til yeu cau ly luan va thuc ti6n tren, chiing toi da chgn

van de "P/zu nu Thai Den vdi viec bao ton van hod trong thai ky doi

moi^' (Qua nghien citu a Thanh Luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau) lam de

tai luan van thac sy ciia minh

2 Lich su nghien cuu van de

Hien nay, nghien cuu Thai va cac tgc ngudi noi tieng Thai khong

con la va'n de rieng cua quoc gia nao niia ma no da trd thanh va'n de

mang tfnh quoc te dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc tren the gidi quan tam Dieu

do dugc the hien bang viec cac hoi nghi Thai hgc dugc to chiic lien tiep

hang nam tren the gidi, ma gan day nhat nam \9% la hoi nghi Thai hgc

Quoc te'Ian thii bay dugc to chuc d Ha Lan, va tiep theo la hoi nghi Thai

hgc lan thu* VIII dugc to chiic d Nakhon Phanom Thai Lan nam 2002

Qua tim hieu chiing toi dugc biet trong cac Hoi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te

do cung da c6 nhieu ngudi quan tam den va'n de phu ntr va gidi chang

han nhu hCi nghi Thai hgc Quoc te Ian thii VI dugc to chuc d Tliai Lan

nam 1996 cd tdi 14 bao cao ve va'n de nay

Trong so luane Idn cac nehien ciiu v6 neudi Thai ndi chung,

chiing toi dac biet luu y den cac tac pham: Ngudi Thai 6 Tdy Bdf Viet

Nam caia Cam Trgng [41] Trong cudn sach nay tac gia da trinh bay ve

nhieu mat ciia ddi song xa hoi Thai, nhat la xa hoi ngudi Thai Den, vi

cac mdi quan he kinh te, dac biet la va'n de sd hiru dat dai Day la mot tu lieu dan tgc hgc quy gia ve ddi song xa hoi dan tgc Thai d Tay bac cho

cac nha nghien cuu Thai tham khao; Trong cudn Tu lieu ve lich su vd

xd hoi dan tgc Thai do Dang Nghiem Van chii bien [50], da he thong

nhirng tu lieu thanh van, nhirng van tu c6 pho bien d vung Tay Bac Viet

Nam tiif the ky thii VI nhu Qudm to muang, le muang, luqt mitang, lai

lich ddng hg Ha Cong., ndi ve cac linh vuc lich sir, xa hoi, ton giao

Nhdm tac gia da khai quat dugc biic tranh ve lich su xa hoi Thai giiip

cho ngudi dgc hieu vi tu tudng, gia tri van hoa va lich sir xa hoi c6 truyen cua dan tgc Thai; Vdi bai Thiet che ban mu&ng truyen thong

ciia ngudi Thai a mien tdy Nghe An ciia Vi Van An [2], la nghien ciiu

dau tien va cd he thong ve thiet che xa hoi truyen thong ciia ngudi Thai d mien Tay Nghe An Nghien ciiu nay gdp phan bo sung vac biic tranh toan canh ve xa hoi Thai d Viet Nam O khfa canh quan he gidi tac gia ciing da cho biet them ve dia vi ciia ngudi phu nir Thai trong gia dinh va cong dong [2, 77] day la tu lieu dang quy giiip cho chiing toi cd ca sd so sanh ve vai trd gidi ciia ngudi Thai d cac viing khac vdi diem nghien ciiu

ciia minh Cudn Luqt tuc Thai a Viet Nam ciia Ngo Diic Thinh - Cam

Trgng [37], da tap hgp nhiing tu lieu dan gian ton tai hang tram nam nay

vi luat tuc ciia dong bao Thai Trong cudn sach quy nay cd the tim thay

nhung mo ta vi each ting xir ciia cac mdi quan he trong gia dinh va xa

hoi Thai, dac biet la mot sd quy dinh phan anh mdi quan he gidi trong hon nhan gia dinh va su thira ke tai san Tai lieu nay la mot bang chimg

nira ve vi trf ciia phu ntr va nam gidi trong xa hoi Thai Ben canh do con

mot sd bai nghien ciiu tren tap chf Dan tgc hgc nhu:M V ban chat vd y

nghia ten ggi Thai Trang, Thai Den a Viet Nam ciia Le ST Giao [19], Hoa van mat "Pha" (Thai) phong each rieng trong kho von chung ciia

Hoang Luang [28] Qua nhirng nghien ciiu nay chiing toi da hieu them

ve nguon goc lich sir cung nhu cac khfa canh ciia ddi song kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi cua ngudi Thai d nude ta

Ve cac khfa canh khac nhau ciia ddi song van hoa Thai da cd cac

tac pham: Nha san Thai cua Hoang Nam - Le Nggc Thang [29], Nghe

thiiqt trang phuc Thai ciia Le Nggc Thang [33], Hoa van Thai cua

Hoang Luang [26], Lai tang lido Hoang Tran Nghich suu tam [6]

Cac nghien ciiu tren day la nguon tu lieu v6 ciing quy gia de chiing toi cd mot cai nhin tong quat ve xa hoi Thai

Ddng thdi vdi viec ke thira nhiing nguon tu lieu nghien ciiu Thai, chiing tdi ciing luu y den nhirng nguon tu lieu khac v^ van de gidi Bat dau tii nhiing nam 60 ciia the ky XX, ciing vdi phong trao giai phdng phu nir tren the gidi nghien ciiu ve gidi (chii yeu la nghien ciiu phu nix) bat dau dugc chii y den, dac biet d chau Au cd han mot trao luu nghien ciiu ve phu ntr (Women's studies) Dudi gdc do dan tgc hgc va nhan hgc,

va'n di gidi dugc de cap den d mgi linh \arc trong ddi song xa hoi, kinh

te, van hoa, chfnh tri cua cac tgc ngudi Chang ban khi nghien ciiu va'n

de gidi trong nong nghiep hai tac gia Ann Whitehead va Helen Bloom [58,41], trong mot nghien ciiu d viing ha Sahara chau Phi da cho rang ngudi phu nil khong cd kha nang dua ra nhirng ca hoi lam tang san luong ndne nehicn ciia ho bdi do anh hudna cua khuon mau jzidi den cac kc hoach phat trien tir cac cap dia phuang, viing, qudc gia den qudc te Hon nira trong viec thiet lap mdi quan he gidi tiep can vdi cac nguon luc thi

quyen va su dgc lap ciia phu nir vdi cac ngudn luc bi giam siit ciin^ vai

su hudng phat tri^n ciia thuong mai va hang hoa, Cong viec san xuat ciia ngudi phu nil bi anh hudng bdi mdi xung dot giira cac thanh vien nam, nir trong gia dinh ban la nhiing cong viec hg lam ciing nhu quyen han rieng cua timg gidi ddi vdi viec tieu diing va thu nhap trong pham vi hg gia dinh Cung trong nghien ciiu cua minh d chau Phi, hai tac gia tren da

de cap den cac khfa canh xa hoi va phat trien nhu khuon man giai trong

viec lap ke hoqch phat trien va chinh sach; van de nguon luc; sir phan cong lao dgng theo giai tinh; vai trd ciia phu nu trong kinh te'gia dinh; van de xung dot trong hg gia dinh; ke hoqch phat trien vd nhung xung dot trong hon nhan

Mot trong cac nghien ciru nay da chi ra rang nhUng dau tu trong nong nghiep da tao nen thu nhap cao cho mot sd hg gia dinh Ddng thdi theo

dd la su thay doi trong mdi quan he hg hang va su xuat hien cac loai hinh kinh te xa hoi khac nhau

Ve va'n de gidi trong chuan muc va tap quan cd the tha'y rang cac tap quan va chuan muc xa hoi gdp phan to Idn vao viec giai thfch su phan biet gidi Chiing quyet dinh vai trd cua phu ntr va nam gidi trong gia dinh va cong dong ISIhimg he thong chuan muc va tap quan ve gidi thay doi giira cac khu \arc, giiia cac nude va ngay ca trong mot nude 6 vung phia bac Nam A, he thong gia tgc dudng nhu phan hoa cao do giira cac gidi [55,117] Phu nU d Dong Nam A thudng cd dia vi cao han so vdi viing Nam A, hg ddng mot vai trd kinh te quan trgng trong gia dinh, hg nang dgng han va thudng dugc d^u tu nhieu ban Tuy nhien d khu \ajrc nay tap quan va chuan muc xa hoi van chiia dung nhirng ca cau gidi dan tdi su phan biet nghe nghiep, ty le bao luc lien quan den gidi cao

[55.117] Su khac nhau rat Idn trong bat binh dang gidi va vai trd ciia cac gidi giira cac khu MJC va ngay trong khu \arc phan nao gan lien vdi su khac biet giiia cac ding cap, tang Idp xa hoi, nhdm dan tgc hay ton giao

Mot nghien ciiu khac ciia tac gia Thamora V Fishel [61,9] da de cap den van de gidi, di sau vao van de'gidi mang tfnh cha't dan tgc hgc Tac gia coi hanh vi chfnh tri, gidi la san pham ciia van hoa xa hoi Tac gia chii trgng vao viec tim hieu cau triic xa hoi, niem tin, muc dich va cac gia tri van hoa, coi dd la nhiing nhan td ca ban hinh thanh nen che

do chfnh tri d Thai Lan Trong nghien ciru cua minh tac gia tap trung vao mdi quan he giira cac tang idp xa hoi va quyen luc, ciing nhu anh hudng cua gidi trong xa hoi Thai Lan, nhiing nhan td hinh thanh nen mo hinh gidi, va tim ra nhiing mat han che cua nd

C5 Viet Nam trong nhirng nam gan day nghien ciiu ve gidi mdi chi

la nhiing budc di dau tien, ben canh dd cac nghien ciiu ve phu nii dan tgc

It ngudi bat dau dugc quan tam Dieu dd dugc the hien qua mot sd bao

cao khoa hgc da dugc cong bd nhu: 'Yah de phu nu vd phat trien a viing

dan tgc vd mien niii' [45], ''Mot so van de dat ra khi nghien citu thuc trang dai song phu nu cac dan tgc it nguai, gop phan hoan thien chinh sach xd hoi' [6], va con mot sd nghien ciiu khac da de cap den phu nir

dan tgc ft ngudi Nhung nghien ciiu nay cho tha'y da sd phu nir cac dan tgc cdn dang trong hoan canh kinh te khd khan, bi rang bugc trong phong tuc tap quan, trong nhirng quan niem ve hon nhan, sinh de, giao due Cac nghien ciiu nay da neu nen mot sd thuc trang ve van de phu nir

d Viet Nam, dua ra nhirng sd lieu thong ke vi phan cong lao dgng, ve y

te giao due, dong thdi dua ra mot sd kien nghi vi v\cc day manh nghien

ciiu phu nir va thuc hien chfnh sach uu tien phat trien ddi vdi phu nir, dac biet ddi vdi phu ntr cac dan tgc thieu sd

Nhu vay, nhirng nghien ciiu Thai hgc \'a nhirng nghien ciru v6 gidi

dudi gdc do dan tgc hgc la ngudn tu lieu quy gia giiip chiing toi thuc hien tdt han luan van ciia minh

3 Muc dich nghien cuu cua de tai

Nghien ciiu ve su bao ton cac yeu td va di san van hoa truyen thdng ciia dan tgc Thai, nhan manh den vai trd ciia phu ntr Thai Den trong thdi ky doi mdi d Thanh Luong, Dien Bien la noi dung chfnh cua luan van nay Noi dung chu yeu cua luan \'an bao gdm hai khfa canh chfnh: Van hoa Thai trong khung canh ddi mdi d Viet nam va phu nir Thai Den vdi viec bao ton van hoa tgc ngudi Thuc hien de tai nay chung toi nham hai muc dich chfnh:

Mot mat, tir viec tim hieu su nhin nhan ciia xa hoi Thai ve vi trf ciia ngudi phu nii, tim hieu vai trd ciia phu nir Thai trong gia dinh va cong ddng, chiing toi mudn lam ro su tham gia va ddng gdp cua hg vao viec giiJ gin van hoa tgc ngudi, chi ra cac yeu td tac dgng den su thay doi vai trd cua ngudi phu nii Thai trong dieu kien ddi mdi ciia dat nude hien nay Tir dd ciing chi ra dugc su tham gia cua phu ntr Thai vdi viec bao ton nhirng yeu td va di san van boa truyen thdng cua tgc ngudi trong thdi

ky doi mdi

Mat khac, day la budc thuc hien dau tien, cho mot nghien ciiu lau

dai cua chiing tdi trong tuong lai: ''Phu nii Thdi trong viec bao ton van

hod tgc ngu&r\ Han nira nghien cihi budc dau nay se giiip chiing toi hgc

hoi, tiep can vdi phuang phap giai quyet mot va'n di mang tfnh tong hgp,

li6n nganh cao - va'n de van hoa

4 Ddi tugng va pham vi nghien ciiu

Gidi (Gender), theo cac nha Nhan hgc van hoa la chi mdi quan he

xa hoi giira nam va nii trong bdi canh xa hoi cu the [59, 217], day la mot van de rat Idn ma trong dd nghien ciiu phu nir la mot phan quan trgng

Ben canh dd, vdn hod va ban sac van hod la cac khai niem rat rgng bao

gdm tdng the nhirng tfnh chat rieng phan biet van hoa cua dan tgc nay vdi dan tgc khac[7],[10] Tuy nhien, noi dung ciia de tai chi de cap tdi nhirng van de ca ban nhat lien quan den van hoa Thai va vai trd ciia ngudi phu nir Thai Den trong viec bao ton van hoa tgc ngudi Nhiing van

de cu the J u g c de cap den trong noi dung cua de tai bao gdm:

- Van hoa Thai, cac yeu td truyen thdng, hien dai va bien doi (cac net khai quat the hien qua vai trd gidi, chu yeu gan vdi nix,

su anh hudng qua lai ciia van hoa tgc ngudi trong cung khu AHJC dia ly)

- Vai trd ciia phu nir Thai Den thong qua thu thap tu lieu tai xa Thanh Luong trong viec bao Iiru va trao truyen cac yeu td van hoa truyen thdng

Pham vi dia ban nghien ciiu cua luan van la xa Thanh Luong, huyen Dien Bien, tinh Lai Chau Nai day la mot diem cu trii lau ddi cua ngudi Thai Den d Tay Bac Viet Nam, ddng thdi Thanh Luong nam d nai chiu su tac dgng cua qua trinh dd thi hoa d Dien Bien ciing nhu trong mdi quan he cong cu vdi ngudi Kinh va giao luu vdi ngudi Lao d ben kia bien gidi Viet - Lao

Ben canh dd de phuc vu cho nghien ciiu so sanh trong nhirng trudng hgp can thiet chiing toi cdn md rgng pham vi nghien ciru sang mot sd xa khac trong huyen Dien Bien va dac biet chiing toi cdn cd khao

sat nghien ciiu^ai mot sd xa Thai Den khac thugc huyen Yen Chau, tinh Son La

5 Nguon tai lieu ciia luan van

Ngudn tai lieu quan trgng thir nhat de hoan thanh luan van nay la ngudn tu lieu dien da ma chiing tdi thu thap dugc tir nhung nam 1999 den 2001 tai Thanh luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau va Yen Chau, Son La

Thii hai la nhiing tai lieu da dugc cong bd tir trudc tdi nay cua cac hgc gia, cac nha nghien ciiu trong va ngoai nude, cac bai viet lien quan den ngudi Thai d Viet Nam va Tay Bac ndi chung, dac biet la cac nghien ciiu ve van hoa, gidi va phu nii Tuy nhien, phan Idn nhirng tai lieu lien quan den de tai lai ra't ft di Nhiing tai lieu cua cac nghien ciiu tren

thudng di cap den ngudi Thai va van hoa Thai ndi chung, cdn cac nghien ciiu chuyen biet vi phu ntr Thai chua cd dugc bao nhieu

Ben canh dd luan van cdn sir duns cac tai lieu khac ve tinh hinh kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi qua cac bao cao ciia Uy Ban Nhan Dan cac ca'p d hai tinh Lai Chau, San La

6 Ca sd ly luan va phuang phap nghien ciiu

Ca sd ly luan dugc van dung trong luan van la phuang phap luan cua Chu nghia duy vat bien chiing va Chu nghia duy \'at lich sir de xem xet danh gia cac su vat hien tugng trong qua trinh nghien ciru nhirng \an

de ve van hoa va phu nii Thai Den d Thanh Luong Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing toi xem xet va danh gia van de \'an hoa va gidi dua tren quan diem lich sir he thdng va dat va'n de nghien ciiu trong mdi lien he huii ca theo quy luat khach quan cua sir van dgng va phat trien

Phuang phap chii dao dugc sir dung trong luan van nay la phuang phap dien da dan tgc hgc De" cd dugc sd tu lieu can thiet, chiing toi da di dien da trong ba nam va chia lam nhieu dgt khac nhau Mdi dgt di6n da

la thdi gian chiing tdi d tai mdi gia dinh khac nhau, cting an, d, tham gia vao cac hoat dgng hang ngay cua hg, tien hanh phdng va'n sau, ghi chep, ghi am, chup anh ket hgp quan sat dan tgc hgc va hgc tieng Thai

Ben canh dd, chiing toi cdn sir dung them phuang phap dieu tra

bang bang hdi vi phan cong lao dgng theo gidi - tuoi trong gia dinh

(mdi ban dieu tra tir 15 hg trd len), to chiic them cac cugc thao luan nhdm theo gidi (mdi ban to chiic hai cugc thao luan nhdm, chgn ngiu nhien mot nhdm nam va mot nhdm nii)

Phan tfch gidi va so sanh la phuang phap nghien ciiu da dugc chiing tdi sir dung kha nhieu cho den khi hoan thanh luan van

7 Dong gop cua luan van

- Luan van la mot nghien cim cd the thdng ve phu nir Thai Den vdi viec bao ton van hoa tgc ngudi d Thanh Luong, Dien Bien, Lai Chau Thong qua luan van, ngudi dgc cd the hieu dugc phan nao mdi quan he gidi trong xa hoi Thai truyen thdng trong bdi canh cua su thfch ling vdi qua trinh dd thi hoa, va cong cugc doi mdi cua ngudi Thai Den d Thanh Luong

- Luan van gdp mot phan nhd be vao nghien ciiu gidi, mot xu hudng

nghien ciiu mdi trong Nh'dn hgc va Dan tgc hgc d Viet Nam Ddng thdi

phan nao cung cap them nhirng ngudn tu lieu ve phu nir Thai trong nehiSn ciiu Thai ciia Dan toe hoc Viet Nam

TRL!N^TAMTHE•?^Jf

OiA HA NOt 1 Tlh.THirvifM

8 Bd cue cua luan van

Ngoai phan dan luan (11 trang), ket luan (4 trang) phu luc (6 trang), tu lieu anh (9 trang), tai lieu tham khao (6 trang), noi dung ciia luan van (81 trang) dugc chia thanh 3 chuang

Chuong mot

Gl6l THIEU KHAI QUAT \ i DIA BAN NGHIEN CUU

Chuong hai

KHAI QUAT V^ VAN HOA THAI VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA

CUA NGUCII THAI 6 THANH LUONG

Chuong ba

PHU N C T H A I DEN vQl VIEC 3A0 TON VAN HOA TOC NGLf^I

De hoan thanh luan van nay tdi da c6 giang het siic ve nhi6u

mat Song, vdi kha nang cdn nhieu han che, nha't la van d6 dat ra lai kha mdi me, cho nen luan van nay khong the tranh khdi nhung thieu xdt

Ra't mong cac thay, cd giao va cac ban ddng nghiep xa gan lugng thii va giiip da

Xin tran trgng cam an !

Tac gia

Chuong mot • ^

G I 6 I THIEU KHAI QUAT VE DIA BAN NGHIEN CUU

1.1 Dieu kien tu nhien 6 Thanh Luong (Dien Bien, Lai Chau)

Thanh Luong vira la xa thugc vting thap, vira la xa bien gidi ciia huyen Dien Bien, each trung tam huyen va tinh khoang 5km, phia dong giap thi xa Dien Bien, tay giap Lao vdi dudng bien gidi dai 10 km, bac giap xa Thanh Nua va nam giap xa Thanh Hung cua huyen Dien Bien

Dia hinh Thanh Luong theo do doc tir 16*^ den 20° vdi tong dien tfch toan xa la 4010ha, trong dd dat nong nghiep va dat tho cu la 842 ha, cdn lai la 3168 ha dat rimg va dien tfch mat nude

Dia ban Thanh luong da ggi cho chiing toi lien tudng tdi mot net dac thii nai cu trii ciia ngudi Thai ndi chung, dd la viec cu tru d cac thung Iting chan niii hay viing cao nguyen ma ta vin ggi la viing tha'p Cd mot di6u rd rang la, da sd cac viing da't cd do dd'c tren dudi 20*^ nam d chan niii vdi cac thung lung hoac Idn hoac nhd d khu \ajc Tay Bac, la nai ngudi Thai dinh cu Ciing can ndi them rang, Thanh Luong, Dien Bien

nam trong khu \'uc mdi trudng dia ly, dia chat phii'c tap, nhiing anh

hudng ciia dgng dat trong thdi gian gan day, (dot anh hudng dgng da't d Thanh Luong gan day nha't la tai thdi diem ma chiing tdi tien hanh nghien ciiu dien da tai dia ban, thdi gian thang 2 va thang 3 nam 2001)

da gay nhung khd khan nhat dinh cho ddi sdng cu dan nai day

Ve khi hau, Thanh Luong thugc viing chiu anh hudng khi hau nhict ddi gid mua, hang nam thdi tiet chia thanh 2 miia ro ret: miia khd (tir thang 11 nam trudc den thang 4 nam sau) va mua mua (tir thang 5 den thang 10) Nhiet do trung binh d Thanh Luong la 22,5*^C, cao nhat

26,6'^^C (thang 6.7) thap nhat 14.3*^C (thang 12j: gid nang ca nam d Dien Bien la 158 gid, cao nhat 219 gid (thang3), thap nhat 120 gid (thang 8); lugng mua trong nam tai Dien Bien la 167mm^ cao nhat 526mm (thang7), thap nhat 0mm (thang 2)(Ngudn: Tdng cue thdng ke tinh Lai Chau, 2000)

Dat dai d Thanh Luong dugc phan bo thanh cac nhdm nhu: nhdm dat miin va dat vang, dat d day cd the' trong dugc nhieu loai cay khac nhau nhu: liia, ngd, khoai, san, mia, che

Ve khoang san, Dien Bien cd tiem nang ve mot sd loai nhu: than

da, bac, cao lanh, nude khoang, dac biet d Thanh Luong cd sudi nude ndng hien nay da va dang dugc khai thac, dua vao sir dung Sudi nude ndng nay tuang lai se la mot diem du lich ly tudng cua Dien Bien.'

Chu dinh ciia chiing tdi d day khong phai la di sau ve dieu kien tu nhien d Thanh Luong, ma dieu chiing tdi mudn de cap tdi la: moi trudng

tu nhien ciia mot khu \arc dia ly la mot yeu td anh hudng den van hoa tgc ngudi Chiing tdi da khong may ngae nhien khi tha'y rang nhirng tran dgng da't d Thanh Luong vara qua da gay thiet hai Idn den nha cira cua ngudi Kinh, ma khong may thiet hai cho cac ngdi nha san cua ngudi Thai nai day Theo udc tfnh ciia Uy ban Nhan dan xa Thanh Luong dcrt ddng dat dau nam 2001 viia qua cd den 70% nha cua ciia ngudi Kinh bi ran niit va hong nang, trong khi dd nha san cua ngudi Thai chi bi xd ngdi hoac liin cot Cd le, se cdn ra't nhieu nhirng yeu td van hoa do con ngudi sang tao lam nen ban sac van hoa rieng ciia mdi tgc ngudi, nhung ro rang ngdi nha san hay dia ban cu trii la nhung dac trung mang tinh van hoa cua ngudi Thai Va dieu kien tu nhien nai ngudi Thai sinh sdng la yeu td anh hudng den sac thai rieng cua van hoa Thai

1.2 Lich sir tgc ngudi va phan bd dan cu 6 Thanh Luong

Tren thuc te dieu kien tu nhien ciia mot vung cu dan la ft thay ddi,

do vay ciing ft anh hudrfg den nhirng bien doi \'an hoa cua mot tgc ngudi Nhung cd le su thay doi trong qua trinh phat trien tgc ngudi va phan bd dan cu la yeu td anh hudng rd rang nhai tdi su bien doi van hoa ciia bat cii tgc ngudi nao. CSLC yeu td nay cd le la nhirng yeu td quan trgng ciia bien ddi van hoa ma cac nha Nhan hgc da de cap den trong khai niem

bien doi vdn hod ciia minh: Bien doi van hoa la qua trinh trai qua su phat inin phire tap va cac bien doi quan trgng [59, 94]

1.2.1 Lich su tgc ngu&i

1.2.1.1 Vdi net vengu&i Thdi aViet Nam

Ngudi Thai d Viet Nam la mot bg phan thugc khdi cu dan ndi ngdn ngir Tay - Thai [16, 12] Tinh den nam 1989 ngudi Thai cd 1.040.549 ngudi (517.619 nam, 522.903 nir) [11, 305], den nam 1998 tang len 1.200.000 ngudi [46, 10] Ngudi Thai cu trii d khu \arc Tay Bac Viet Nam va mien Tay hai tinh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An Nganh Thai Den

(Jay Dam) cu trii d tinh Son La, Lai Chau (Huyen Tuan Giao, Dien Bien,

mot phan huyen Phong Tho), mien Tay hai tinh Thanh Hoa va Nghe An

Nganh Thai Trang (Jay Khao) cu trii d cac huyen Quynh Nhai, Phu Yen,

Mgc Chau, tinh San La; Mudng Lay, Phong Tho, Mudng Te, tinh Lai Chau; Mai Chau, Da Bac, tinh Hoa Binh va mien Tay Thanh Hoa, Nghe

An

Ciing can ndi them rang hien nay do qua trinh di dan tu do cd mot

bd phan nhd ngudi Thai da chuyen den CJ trii d cac linh phfa Nam ma

ddng nhat la d linh Dac Lac cd 2528 hg vdi 12.232 nhan khau (Nguon: Ban Dan idc linh Dac Lac, nam 1998)

De phi con n^ua'i ndi chuns neudi Thai dime tii' Phii hoac Con neudi Thai tu eoi minh la Phii Tax hav Con tax Danh xung Tdy a day xora de chi tgc ngudi ndi chung vira de chi cac nhdm dia phuang nhu Tdy

Dam (Thai Den), Tdy Don hay Tdy Khao (Thai Trang), Tdy Thanh, Tdy Mudng, Tdy Mudn, Tdy Khdng (ngudi Thai d viing Thanh Hoa, Nghe An)

[37, 12]

Theo nhirng ket qua nghien ciiu trudc day thi vimg nam Van Nam Trung Qudc, mien thugng Myanma, Thugng Lao va tay bac Viet Nam la nai cu tni cua to tien ngudi Thai, hg sdng xen ke vdi cac dan tgc thugc ngir he Mdn- Kha me va nhdm ngdn ngir Tang- Mien khoang thien nien

ky thii I sau cong nguyen [24] Vao khoang the ky thii VII thii VIII ngudi Thai Trang da cd mat d Mudng Lay (thugc tinh Lai Chau ngay nay) va den the ky thii VIII ngudi Thai Den bat dau phat trien vao Son

La, tir dd cho den khoang the ky thii XI- XH ngudi Thai Den trd thanh

cu dan chiem da sd d khu vuc San La, Dien Bien, sau dd den the ky thii Xni cac khu \arc cat cii quy tgc Thai Den va Thai Trang dugc hinh thanh

va phat trien nhanh chdng I ^ u vay, to tien ngudi Thai d Viet Nam ngay

nay cd the la mot bd phan ciia ngudi Thai co tay bac cong cu vdi mot bg

phan ngudi Thai thien di tir cac khu \arc khac den (nhu Nam Trung Qudc, Lao) [50]

1.2.1.2 Nguai Thdi a Thanh Luong

Theo nha nghien ciiu Thai hgc Cam Trgng, Mudng Thanh la mot

trong sd xip hoc chau Tdy tiic la mdt trong 16 chau mudng ciia ngudi

Thai the ky Xm (xem phu luc 1) Vao dau the ky thii XII tii trudng Lang Chucng da to chiic mot cugc thien di Idn lien tdi Mudng Thanh va mudn bien Mudng Thanh thanh mudng trung tam thu hiil ngudi Thai

khap miin Tii trudng Lang Chuong dua ngudi Thai di tir* Mudng Ld

sang Thuans Lao rdi tir Thuong Lao dd xudne vims Idne chao rone Idn Mudng Thanh, (40, 52-53) Tac gia Cam Trgng cung gia thuyet rang can

cii vao ngudn van hgc dan gian nhat la ngudn truyeri thuyet vh than thoai

TTiai cung cd the' cho rang bat dau tir thdi lien ndng nghiep diing cay tren rugng nude, ngudi Thai da timg sinh tu d mot sd diem tren mi6n Tay Bac

cd viing Mudng Thanh

CQng ve van de nay, trong mot nghien ciru cua tac gia Dang Nghiem Van [49, 400] thi Mudng Thanh trudc kia cd ten la Mudng Then, hay Mudng Theng Mudng Then (Mudng Theng) xua cd le bao gdm ca vung Mudng Te, Mudng Bum, Mudng Luan, sdng Ma d Tay Bac Viet Nam \'a mot phan tinh Phong Sa Ly d Lao Cac dia danh cd cua viing nay deu bang tieng Thai va cd nhieu ten dat gan lien vdi cac truyen thuyet lien quan den sinh boat cd xua ciia ngudi Thai, den cac nhan vat than thoai ma ngudi Thai tu coi la to tien cua minh Lay mot vai vi du,

each Dien Bien khoang 30 km tren dudng ve Tuan Giao cd ban Tdu

Pung (tiic ban qua bau) Tuang truyen sau tran hdng thuy, Then (Trdi)

sai danh rai qua bau xudng dd va tir qua bau chui ra ngudi Xa, Thai O Mudng Thanh cdn cd nhieu dia diem lien quan den truyen thuyet ve Ai

Lac cac, la ngudi khong Id do Then phai xudng xay dung lai tran gian

sau nan hdng thuy Cho den nay, d viing Dien Bien cdn lai nhieu vet tfch lien quan den Ai Lac Cac Cd leu cua Ai (d xa Doan Ket hien nay), cd nai Ai danh vai Than (niii Phii Than a xa Mudng Phang), cd nai Ai cay

ma (canh ddng Mudng Thanh), cd nai Ai la'y xdi nem Irau (niii Pii Khau Chf tiic niii xdi nudng d xa Sam Miin), cd nai Ai de cdi gia trau d Pom Ldt xa Sam Miin

Tac gia Dang Nghiem Van cho rang! nhiing truy^en thuyet cong vdi sir lieu Thai ndi den su cd mat ciia ddng ngudi Lir, rdi ngudi Thai Den d Lai Chau cho thay Mudng Thanh la mot noi cu trii lau ddi ciia to lien ngudi Thai

Trong mdt nghien ciiu cua Nha dan tgc hgc ngudi Phap Georges Condominas cung da nhae den tii trudng Thai Den Lan Chugng sau chuyen thien di qua rat nhieu nai da quyet dinh lua chgn canh ddng Mudng Theng de dinh cu va lay vg d dd [8, 280-281]

Nhu vay, theo mdt sd nghien ciiu trudc day, Thanh Luong nam trong dia ph4n cua Mudng Thanh (Mudng Then, Mudng Theng) trudc kia va la nai cu trii lau ddi ciia ngudi Thai Den

Ve nguon gdc ciia ngudi Thai d Thanh Luong, nhirng ngudi gia d ban Pe Luong, mot ban thuan Thai nam d trung tam xa da ke cho chiing

tdi nghe ve Pan Pit (tiic la to tien) ciia hg nai day Cac cu ke rang ngudi Thai d day da lau lam rdi, trudc day d ban Pe Luong (Pe Luong theo

tieng Thai tiic la \aing sinh sdi Idn) va cac ban xung quanh chi cd ngudi Thai Den sinh sdng Ngudi Thai d day cd ngudn gdc tir Mudng Ld len, mot sd tir Lao sang va den hien nay mot sd hg nhu hg Ld trong ban vin

cd quan he hg hang vdi hg Ld d huyen Mudng May, tinh Phong Xa Ly ben Lao Cac cu cho biet trong ban Pe Luong cd 5 hg Thai, gdm cac hg

Ld, Quang, Ludng, Ca, Tdng trong dd hg Ld la hg to nhat vi rieng hg Ld

d day chia ra lam ba chi nhd Dd la cac chi Ld Huang (tiic la hg Bac CSm), Ld Ngi (tiic hg Ld nhd) va Ld Ludng (liic hg Ld Idn) Cach day khoang 5 ddi ngudi Thai d ban Pe Ludng nay cd ft lam, chi nam bay hg thdi, Ai ban Pe Ludne la ban eiap chan niii nen hie dd neudi Thai chi sdng tap trung quanh cau Mudng Thanh bay gid Den nam quan Phap chiem Mudng Thanh (dau nhirng nam 1950) ngudi Thai phai di chuyen

tdi ban Pe Ludng do va\' cu dan n ^ i ddng dan len Cho den bay gid thi

dan sd ngudi Thai d day da tang len rat nhi6u, ngudi Thai \'a cat nhdm tgc ngudi khac nhu Khamii, Hmdng, Kinh, Tay d Thanh Ludng da tao nen mot biic tranh phan bd tgc ngudi kha phong phii

7.2.2 Su phan bo dan cu a Thanh Luong

Cu dan ciia xa Thanh Ludng hien nay cd khoang gan 8000 ngudi, gdm 5 thanh phan dan tgc: trong dd ngudi Thai (Thai Den) chiem khoang 40%, ngudi Kinh khoang 35%, cdn lai khoang 25% la ngudi Tay, Hmdng, Khamii Ve dia gidi hanh chinh xa cd 41 thdn ban (trong

dd 21 ban Thai) Thuc ra trudc day, ngoai mot ban ngudi Khamii la ban Hua Pe vdi gan chuc hg ra thi d Thanh Ludng vao khoang nhirng nam tir

1954 den 1960 chi bao gdm 9 ban ngudi Thai Chin ban Thai nay la cac ban: Pe Ludng, Pe Ngi, Hong Hin, Lgng Tdng, ban Ld, ban Banh, ban Nong, ban Le, ban Nguu (xem phu luc 4) Trong 9 ban nay thi Pe Ludng

cd the coi la ban trung tam va xa nhat la ban Nguu each trung tam xa khoang 3 km cd dia gidi giap Lao Cho den hien nay (nam 2001), 9 ban nay vSn la cac ban thuan Thai ciia Thanh Ludng, xen ke giira cac ban Thai nay da cd cac ban ngudi Kinh va cac ban \ara Thai \ara Kinh sinh sdng Tuy nhien ban cd ngudi Kinh thi ggi la thdn, do vay trong cac van

ban hanh chfnh ciia xa mdi cd khai niem thdn ban khi ndi ve sd luan^

ban trong xa

Cu trii xen ke vd'n la dac diem ciia cu dan Viet Nam, phan bd dan

cu d Thanh Ludng ciing khdng nam ngoai dac die'm nay, dieu ma chiing

tdi quan tam d day la viec sinh sdng xen ke nay da anh hudng nhu i\\€ nao den ban sac van hoa cua timg tgc ngudi, va anh hudng qua lai vi mat van hoa giira cac Idc ngudi dxhn ra nhu Ihe nao Cu lh6 d Thanh Ludng,

ban sac van hoa Thai da dugc bao ton nhu the nao trong mdi cone cu giiia ngudi Thai vdi ngudi Kinh, ngudi Khamii Van hoa Thai se nhu the nao trong su hg nhap cua van hoa Thai vdi cac yeu td hien dai ciia qua trinh dd thi hoa d thung lung long chao Mudng Thanh Va xa ban nua, khi san bay Mudng Thanh (nam trong dia ban cua Thanh Ludng) (xem

phu luc 3) trd thanh san bay Qudc te, khi thung Iting Mudng Thanh trd

thanh nai giao luu hdi tu ciia nhieu nen van hoa khac nhau tren the gidi

do du lich dem lai, thi liic dd van hoa Thai se dugc nhan dang nhu the nao

Tren day la van de ma khi nghien ciiu ve phan bd dan cu d Thanh

Ludng chiing tdi khdng the khdng di cap tdi, va nhat la neu xem xet

Thanh Ludng trong bdi canh doi mdi ciia Viet Nam hien nay thi se thay

cd rat nhieu di6u dang luu y

1,3 Thanh Ludng trong khung canh doi mdi d Viet Nam

Dai hdi Dang Cong San Viet Nam (Dang CSVN) lan thii- VI da de

ra nhieu chii truang mdi vao thang 12/19 6, dac biet chii y den ca che quan ly nen kinh te Thang 4/1998, Nghi quyet 10 ve doi mdi quan ly ndng nghiep dugc ban bd bao gom trong dd cac chfnh sach ddi vdi san xuat gia dinh, san xuat tap the va ca the [32, 152-153] Tir nhung nam

1986 - 1989 cac chii truang doi mdi ciia Dang CSVN noi len 3 xu hudng

chu yeu: Deri song xd hoi dugc dan chii hod, nen kinh tehdng hod nhieu

thdnh phan theo dinh hudng XHC, chu truang ma cua thu hiit von dau tu nuac ngoai [32, 6] Cdng cugc ddi mdi cua Viet Nam dugc phat trie'n

manh me tir nam 1989 va ket qua ciia cdng cugc ddi mdi dd tuang ddi loan dien \'a dugc Nha nude cdng nhan Giai doan 1986- 1991 idc do

tang trudng ciia Viet Nam dat 4.7% (tang 1% so vdi giai doan 1985), tir 1992 den 1997 tiep tuc tang 8.86%/nam [46, 6]

1976-Cac xoing dan tgc thifeu sd va mien niii Viet Nam chiem xap xi 3/ 4 tdng dien tfch tu nhien ndi dia va chi cd khoang 13% dan sd ca nude [46, 6], tuy nhien cac vung nay lai la dia ban giii vi trf quan trgng trong kinh te va mdi trudng cung nhu van hoa ddi vdi Qudc gia Cac chfnh sach phat trifen viing Mien niii va Dan tgc theo chii truang doi mdi dugc danh dau bdi Nghi quyet ciia Bd Chinh tri trung uang Dang CSVN vao

thang 11/1989 'Vemgt so chit truang chinh sdch phat trien kinh te xd

hgi^mien mii' da the hien nha't quan chu truang phat trien cac viing Dan

tgc va Mien niii cua Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam [46, 7]

Sau thdi gian thuc hien chfnh sach doi mdi phat trien kinh te xa hoi d Viet Nam (16 nam), ket qua la da tao nen nhung chuyen bien manh me trong tat ca cac mat cua ddi sdng \'a san xuat d Viet Nam

Trong khung canh doi mdi chung ciia dat nude, Thanh Ludng cho den giai doan hien nay da thay doi rat nhieu ve cac mat kinh te xa hdi Trudc nhiing nam 1985-1986 nguon sdng chinh ciia cu dan Thanh Ludng la trdng Iiia nude vdi ky thuat gieo ca'y truyen thdng Vdi cac gidng Ilia cii dugc gieo ca'y nhu Bao Thai, Mgc Tuyen, Tran Chau Liin,

va each thiic lam an tap the, tfnh cdng diem nang xuat Iiia chi dat tir 1 den 2,5 tan/ha Tir nam 1985 Thanh Ludng bat dau thuc hien ky thuat gieo sa thay cho ca'y liia Ky thuat gieo sa d Idng chao Mudng Thanh vdn dugc bat ngudn tir viing dong bang sdng Ciru Long va dugc nhan rgng khac \'ung Dien Bien tir nam 1988 Tliem \'ao dd day la thdi diem chinh sach ddi mdi ciia Chfnh phu bat dau dugc ban hanh, Thanh Ludng thuc hien khoan hg tdi ngudi ndng dan, rugng dugc giao cho hg theo nhan

khau, ngudi none dan chii ddng trong san xuat \'a nop san lugng khoan cho nha nude Ciine thdi gian nay, hang loat gidng liia mdi cting dugc sir dung nhu CR203, IR45, den dau nhiing nam 1990 thi cd them cac loai nhu gidng tap giao ciia Trung Qudc, Khang Dan, IR64 Nhung thay doi hang loat tren trong san xuat liia da dem lai cho ngudi dan Thanh Ludng ket qua kha quan, nang suat Iiia trung binh vu chiem khoang 6 tan/ha, vu miia khoang 4 tan/ha Cimg vdi viec hudng cac chinh sach doi mdi ca che quan ly trong ndng nghiep, Thanh Ludng ciing da dugc hudng hang loat cac chinh sach trong chuang trinh phat trien tdng the viing mien niii

va dan tgc theo tinh than Nghi quyet 22/CT cua Bd Chinh tri va Quyet dinh 72-CP cua chfnh phii (nam 1989) Theo chuang trinh nay, nhirng nam gan day cac hg ndng lam nghiep d Thanh Ludng da dugc vay vd'n lam kinh te vdi miic lai sua't uu dai khoang 9,6%/nam Cu the tai thdi di6m nam 2000, 128 hg trong xa da dugc vay 337 trieu ddng vdn xoa ddi giam ngheo (XDGN) Md hinh kinh te trang trai cd xu hudng phat triln vdi 6 trang trai chan nuoi bd, de ciia cac hg ndng dan Theo chuong trinh

"Phu xanh dat trdng, dot ndi trgc - 327'' cua Chfnh phii, 246,8ha dien

tfch da't rimg can trdng mdi va 1226,9ha dien tfch rirng nam trong dien khoang nuoi bao ve cua xa dugc giao khoan cho hg gia dinh

Cac chfnh sach doi mdi da tao cho ndng dan Thanh Ludng ma trong dd phan Idn la ngudi Thai budc ngoai mdi ve kinh te: kinh te hang hoa dang the chd dan cho nen kinh te tu cung tu cap da ton tai lau ddi mang tfnh truyen thdng Thanh Ludng sau Doi mdi den nay da thay doi ra't nhieu, neu nhu vao nhiing nam 1980 sd hg giau d day chi den tren dau ngdn tay, thi den nay (nam 2000) da cd 129 hg giau chiem 7.05% long sd hg, cd 548 hg kha (31,42%), 783 hg trung binh (44,90%), 113

hg ngheo (6,47%), va 177 hg rat ngheo (10,16%), binh quan luong thuc

quv thdc la 380kg/ngudi binh quan thu phap la 920.0G)0d6ng/ngudi/nam (Ngudn: Uy ban Nhan dan xa Thanh Ludng 2000);

Ddi sdng kinh te ciia ngudi dan d Thanh Ludng tir sau Doi mdi thuc su da cd thay doi dieu nay da keo theo nhieu thay ddi khac nira Mdt dieu chac chan la hien tugng di chuyen tam thdi den cac viing thi

xa, thi tii di lam an trudc day rat han htru hoac khdng cd, dac biet d

ngudi Thai Trong vdng 5-7 nam gan day, hien tugng nay cd xu hudng phat triSn d Thanh Ludng Chiing tdi dugc biet cd khoang 15 ngudi d ban Pe Ludng va khoang 10 ngudi d ban Nguu ngoai thdi gian miia vu thudng di lam thue ngoai thi xa Dien Bien Nhting ngudi nay da sd la nam gidi va cdng viec cua hg chii yeu la phu xay hay lao ddng chan tay Cling tai hai ban thuan Thai nay, sd ngudi di budn ban sang Lao cting ra't nhieu, dac biet d ban Nguu, mot ban Thai ngheo nha't Thanh Ludng nam giap Lao, hau nhu nha nao cting cd ngudi di budn ban sang Lao Trong

sd nhung ngudi sang Lao budn ban cd khoang han 60% la nii

TUT ngay doi mdi bg mat ban nay da cd nhieu thay doi, xen ke vdi nhiing ngdi nha san truyen thdng mang phong each Thai, d Pe Ludng cdn cd 2 ngdi nha xay hai tang mai bang, 13 ngdi nha tret, tudng tocxi mai ngdi (gidng nha ngudi Kinh) Ca Pe Ludng va ban Nguu deu cd dich

vu may xay xat, quan nude Xe may, tivi, radio va cac dd diing hien dai xua't hien trong nhieu gia dinh

Nhin chung, ddi sdng cua ngudi Thai d Thanh Ludng ngay nay da khac xua ra't nhieu Cac yeu id cua cugc sdng hien dai len Idi den mdi ban lang, mdi ngdi nha, mdi ngudi Thai cu the d nai day

Nhirng md la ciia chiing tdi tren day cd le chua that du khi ndi vi

bdi canh ciia mdt sir bien doi d day Nhung cd the ndi, nhung thay doi trong van hoa truyen thdng lien quan chat che \ a trudc het tdi nhirmz

bien doi trone ddi sdne kinh te Vi vay nhtins anh hudne ciia chfnh sach phat trien kinh te la mdt trong nhung nguyen nhan bao triim, cd vai trd quyet dinh ddi vdi su phat trien ciia van hoa tgc ngudi

Tieu ket chuong mot: Thanh Ludng la mot diem cu trii lau ddi cua

ngudi Thai Den, la nai mang dam ban sac van hoa rieng cua ngudi Thai Chfnh sach doi mdi ciia dat nude da va dang lam thay doi nhi6u mat trong ddi sdng xa hdi ciia ngudi Thai d Thanh Ludng Ngudi Thai nai day dang chiu tac dgng manh me ciia qua trinh dd thi hoa va anh hudng cua neh kinh te thi trudng d thi xa Dien Bien Mdi ca nhan va gia dinh ngudi Thai da gin giir va nhan dien van hoa cua dan tgc minh ra sao trong giai doan nay la dieu ma luan van mudn de cap den d cac phan tiep theo

Chuong hai

KHAI QUAT VE VAN HOA THAI

VA BIEN DOI VAN HOA CUA NGUCJI THAI 6 THANH LUONG

2.1 Khai niem van hoa va khai quat ve van hoa Thai

2J,1 Khdi niem vdn hod

Tren thuc te ta't ca cac dinh nghia va khai niem ve van hoa deu thdng nha't vdi nhau d mdt diem: van hoa la dac diem hoac phuang thiic hoat ddng sdng cua con ngudi Nhiing dinh nghTa ve \'an hoa lien quan den khuynh hudng nay hoac khuynh hudng khac trong nghien ciiu tuy thugc vao cac nha nghien ciiu khac nhau sir dung

Khai niem vdn hod da dugc diing nhieu tii 1843, nhung den nam

1871 dinh nghia ve van hoa ciia E.B Taylor, mot nha kinh dien ciia khuynh hudng tien hoa luan, mdi dugc sir dung rgng rai Ke tir dd den nay cac dinh nghia khac nhau ve van hoa lien tiep dugc dua ra theo nhung trudng phai ly thuyet khac nhau Chang han nhu trudng phai ly thuyet tien hoa luan ve van hoa vdi cac dai dien noi bat nhu G.Spencer, E.Tylor ciia Anh, A.Batxtian ciia Dire, L.G.Morgan cua My Thuyet tien boa van hoa cua Franz Boas, thuyet chiic nang luan cua B Malinowski, thuyet ca'u triic chiic nang ve van hoa ciia A.Racliff Brown Ndi tdm lai cac nha nhan hgc Tay Au va My nay, cd nhdm thi chia van hoa ra thanh

cac ITnh \arc nhu.* Phuang thitc kiem song; Ca cau xd hoi; Cac hinh thitc

ton gido, nhdm khac lai chia thanh: Ddi song vat chat; Ddi song tinh than; Ca can xd hdi; Cac he thong ton gido Nhdm cac nha dan tgc hgc

Armenia cua Lien Xd cu lai chia van hoa theo he thdng: Vdn hod san

xudt; Vdn hod dam bao dai song (Idng ban, nhd cira, an mac ); \'dn hod chuan mifc xd hdi (luqt le, nghi le phong tuc); Vdn hod nhan thirc

Theo nha Dan tgc hgc Viet Nam Nguydn Tir Chi thi: "\'dn hod Id

todn bg cugc song - cd vat chat, xd hoi, tinh thdn ciia timg cdng ddng'

the cac yeu td mang tinh dac trung, dac thu thuc hien chuc nang co ket

tgc ngudi Chfnh van hoa^ tgc ngudi la n6n tang nay sinh y thiic tgc ngudi, nen tang nhu vay phai ke dau tien la ngdn ngir me de, trang phuc, nha't la trang phuc nii, cac tin ngudng va nghi 16, vdn van hgc dan gian truyen mieng, tri thiic dan gian ve tu nhien, xa hdi, con ngudi, tri thiic san xuat, khau vi an udng, tam ly

Ndi tdi van hoa tgc ngudi la ndi tdi mdt pham vi rat rgng, bao gdm loan bg cac ITnh vuc cua ddi sdng, tuy nhien mdi nen van boa rieng bao

gid ciing ham chiia nhung ban sac rieng 'Ban sac vdn hod Id tong the

nhung tinh chat, tinh cdch, man sac vdn hod ciia mdi dan toe, dugc hinh thdnh vd ton tqi ben viing trong tien trinh lich sir, giiip cho vdn hod dan tgc giir dugc tinh duy nhat vd thong nha't, phdn biet vdn hod cua dan tgc

do vdi cdc ddn tgc khdc" [10, 28]

Tren day, chiing tdi chi dua ra nhung khai niem dugc sir dung trong luan van ma khdng cd y dinh lam ban Nhirng khai niem nay giiip chiing tdi cd ca sd de tim hieu ve ban sac ciia van hoa Thai va su ddng gdp cua ngudi phu nu Thai trong viec bao ton, lam phong phii han va phat huy ban sac van hoa cua tgc ngudi

2.7.2 Khdi quat ve vdn hod Thdi

Ngudi Thai d nha san lam bang gd Ire, mai Igp gianh Tuc ngir

Thai cd cau "huan Tdy huan mi han, qudp^jni xaii' (tiic la nha ngudi

Thai cd gac, ben san cd cot), nha san ciia ngudi Thai chia lam hai loai Nha san cd hai chai dau hdi, cau triic hinh irdn khum tua mai riia ggi la

"hudn tup cong"' (nha mai cong) Nha san mai hdi hinh chii* nhat ggi la

"hirdn tup lai' (nha mai bang) [40, 21-22]

Mdi mot nep nha san Thai la mot don vi gia dinh phu he Cac gia dinh da he hoac hat nhan quan tu thanh don vi cu dan ggi la ban Ban nhd nha't khoang 3 - 4 gia dinh, ban trung binh khoang 30 - 40 gia dinh, cung cd ban Idn nhu Pe Ludng d Thanh Ludng hien nay cd tdi 106 gia dinh, ban Nguu cd 60 gia dinh

Ngudi Thai la mdt dan tgc sdm biet trdng bdng det vai, san pham tit nghe del da dat den trinh do cao ve ky thuat \'a my thuat Nghe del ludn gan vdi ddi sdng ciia ngudi phu ntr , mang dac trung rat rieng cua

dan tgc Thai Cac nhdm Thai cd trang phuc ve ca ban gidng nhau, trang

phuc ntr thudng mang nhiing net dac trung dien hinh ciia van hoa Thai

nhu: xua com (ao ngdn) cd dinh ciic bac hinh con budm, nhen, ve sau hay hinh bdng hoa, xm (vay), xai eo (that lung), pieu (khan ddi dau,

ngudi Thai Den thudng theu hoa van hinh cay gudt, hoa d hai dau khan),

va mdt so dd trang siic nhu pua sooi (mdt loai day bac quan quanh theo that lung cdn ggi la xa lich), mdy khdt can (tram cai tdc bang kim loai,

dung cho phu ntr cd chdng chi cd d ngudi Thai Den)

Trang phuc nam don gian hon, may bang chat lieu vai bdng tu del nhugm cham, gdm khan ddi dau ao co trdn, xe ta ben hdng, quan xe dung giira dng rgng den mat ca chan Trudc kia nam gidi thudng mac

quan den, ao ngdn xe nguc ggi la xua tong te (ao md nguc) Ao thudng

cd mau den mau gach non hoac hoa \'an ke Cue ao lam bang ddng hoac tet bang day vai, ao cd trdn khdng cd cau vai, cd hai tiii d hai ben vat ao

Ngudi Thai cd truyen thdng an xdi, ca, cac loai rau vdi cac each che bien chu yeu la dd nudng Ngudi Thai thfch an cac vi chua dang,

cay, hay an dd tai, gdi vdi nhieu loai gia vi tham ngon Trong cac dip \i

hdi hay tiep khach ruau dugc nau tir gao, san, ngd thudng la dd udng phd bien d cac nhdm Thai

Vdi ca cau kinh te ndng nghiep truyen thdng, ngudi Thai cho rang

tren trdi cd Then Ludng la da'ng cai quan trdi dat, loai ngudi va van vat Dudi Iran gian cd cac Phi (ma) cai quan Phi huan (ma nha), Phi dam (ma hg), Pii pdu (dng ba to lien) la nhting luc lugng phu hg bao ve con ngudi Vao dip dau xuan ngudi Thai to chiic cac \i xen mudng, xen ban,

xen huan mdi cac vi nhien than va td tien ve du Trong cac dip nay, khdp

(hat), xoe (miia) la nhiing bieu hien het sire dgc dao cua van hoa Thai

Cung vdi cac loai hinh nghe thuat phong phii, van hgc Thai cting la mot tai san vd gia cua van hoa Thai Van hgc Thai cd the dugc xem nhu mot biic tranh lich sir xa hdi, mdt qua trinh tu duy ve nhiing su \'al hien tugng khach quan cua tu nhien , xa hdi cua dan tgc Thai Truyen co dan gian, ca dao tuc ngir hay nhiing tac pham ndi ve lich sir cac ddng quy tgc

Thai nhu Qudm td mudng (truyen ke ban mudng), Qudm tdy pii xdc (nhung budc dudng chinh chien cua dng cha), Qudm phanh mudng (Idi

dung mudng) la nhirng tu lieu vd gia cho viec nghien ciiu lich sir, dan tgc hgc va van hgc Thai

Luat tuc Thai cung la mot phan het su'c quan Irgng trong kho tang van hoa Tliai, dac bicl nhuiig luat tuc da dugc \Tc't thanh A'an Luiit tuc Thai la luat ciia xa hdi phong kien Thai sa ky vdi viec xac lap quyen lire cua lanh chiia phong kien Luat tuc Thai khdng nhting xir ly mdi quan he

eitia con neudi vdi con neudi quan he eia dinh va xa hdi ma cdn tim each xir ly mdi quan he giira xa hdi con ngudi vdi xa hoi linh ihieng Luat tuc Thai la tam guang phan anh nhi6u mat cua dgi sdng, (phan anh

vi: to chirc chfnh tri xa hdi, tin ngudng ton giao, luat phap dao diic, quan

he ling xir gia dinh ddng hg, quan he san xua't va phan phdi ), la niem

tu hao ciia dan tgc Thai

Van hoa Thai dugc bieu hien d rat nhieu khfa canh khac nhau cua ddi sdng, qua an, mac, d, phong tuc, luat tuc, nghi I^, hoat dgng nghe thuat, tam ly, phong each sdng, tir dd cd the phan biet dugc van hoa Thai vdi cac nen van hoa khac Hien nay, mdt so ket qua nghien ciiu d Viet nam da len tieng canh bao rang nen van hoa cua cac dan tgc dung trudc nguy ca suy thoai ve ban sac [46, 24] , van hoa thung Iting cua ngudi

Thai dang bi ngheo di Trudc nhan dinh nay, luan vm ciia chiing tdi

chua dam ban luan vao, tuy nhien d Thanh Ludng da xua't hien nhting hien tugng dan xen, ket hgp cua cac yeu td truyen thdng va hien dai trong mot sd net van hoa ciia ngudi Thai

2.2 Mdi quan he giua truyen thdng va hien dai trong van hoa cua ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng

Truyen thdng vk hien dai la nhiing yeu to cd mat trong ddi sdng

ciia bat cii dan tgc nao, tren mgi ITnh \Trc ciia qua trinh phat trien, trong

dd thudng dugc ndi den nhieu nha't, lam thanh nen tang cho tat ca la ITnh

\arc van hoa [56, 7] Nhung yeu td nay ludn d the van dgng, dan xen, hoa nhap vao nhau lam ihanh dien mao van hoa ciia mdt dan tgc Cd the ndi cac yeu id truyen thdng va hien dai trong van hoa la nen tang ciia su phat trien

Neu nhu truyen thdng la su nhan thiic, quan niem vi gia tri, su

dong cam ciia con ngudi trong mot n6n van hoa thi hien dai trong van

hoa la nhting yeu id nay sinh ciing vdi nhting d'liu kien kinh te, chinh tri

va xa hdi mdi

Trong mdi quan he giiia truyen thdng va hien dai trong van hoa, the he tre cd mot vai trd dac biet, hg chfnh la ngudi ke thira cac di san van hoa cua cha dng de lai That khd ndi khi ban ve ban sac \'an hoa qua trang phuc ciia nam thanh nien ngudi Thai bay gid d Thanh Ludng Nhung nam gidi tii khoang tir 35 tuoi trd lai d Thanh Ludng hau nhu khdng mac nhung bg quan ao Thai truyen thdng, hg mac ao sa mi va quan au gidng nhu ngudi Kinh Hg cho biet, chi nhting ngudi cd tudi mdi mac quan ao ngay xua thdi, cdn hg di lam, di hgc, di chai mac quan

ao Thai khdng thfch, khdng tien Han niia, de may dugc bg quan ao Thai ton nhieu thdi gian, cdng siic nen gid day cting ft ngudi lam

Di nhan dien ngudi Thai qua trang phuc hien nay cd le di tha'y

nha't la qua nhting ngudi gia va phu nir Rieng vdi nir thanh nien, ao hg mac ngay nay hau nhu khdng thudng xuyen la nhirng chiec ao com vdi hang ciic bac la'p lanh nira ma thay vao dd la ao so mi kieu hien dai Ba't cii nii thanh nien nao d Thanh Ludng ciing cd ft nha't 2 bg ao vay Thai truyen thdng, nhung hg thudng chi mac vao cac dip 16 hdi, hay khi nha

cd khach Cd mdt dieu lam chiing tdi ra't ngac nhien la trong ca mot dam cudi d Pe Ludng, chii re hoan loan khdng mac trang phuc Thai, cdn cd dau mac ao sa mi va vay Thai Cung trong dam cudi nay, ben canh nhung yeu td dam net van hoa Thai nhu cac nghi thirc ciia nha trai, nha

gai, nghi thiic tdng cdu (biii idc ngugc) cho cd dau, tha'y xua't hien ca

nhirng tieng nhae disco hien dai, \*a nam ntr thanh nien ciing nhay theo nhung dieu nhae dd

Tren day, chiing tdi mdi chi ban vi mdt sd yeu td truyen thdng vk

hien dai qua trang phuc ciia ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng Tren thuc te

d Thanh Ludng cac yeu td nay dang di6n ra chang cheo \'a dang trong qua trinh chgn Igc Vf du nhu trong yeu id van hoa dam bao ddi sdng, cu the' la each thiic trdng liia nude Gieo xa la mot ky ihuat san xual mdi da hoan loan thay the cho ky thuat trdng Iiia nude truyen thdng ciia ngudi Thai Tay Bac Them mot yeu td nua nhu kinh te trang trai - mot md hinh san xuat hang hoa cd xu hudng phat trien d nai day dang pha va dan hinh thiic san xua't kinh le tu cung tu cap truyen thdng ciia ngudi Thai

Sir thay doi ve each thiic san xuat, ve kinh te da hinh thanh su khac biet giira hai the he gia va tre d Thanh Ludng Rd rang, hien nay

giiia the he ngudi Idn va thanh nien da xuat hien nhung khac biet ve thdi

trang, Idi sdng va cac dinh hudng gia tri

Tir su nhin nhan khai quat nhu vay, chiing tdi tha'y rang trong cai mdi quan he giira truyen thdng va hien dai, viec bao luu va trao truyen nhting gia tri van hoa truyen thdng cho the he tre la dieu tat yeu Va ngudi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec nay khdng ai khac chinh la nhiing ngudi phu ntr

2.3 Ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng vdi hoi nhap va bien doi trong van hoa

Theo cac nha Nhan hgc, hdi nhap van hoa la tap hgp cac bien doi van hoa trong qua trinh van dgng, va la su thu hep khoang each giira cac nen van hoa vdi nhau [59, 1] Ben canh dd, bien doi van hoa la qua trinh trai qua sir phat trien phirc tap va cac bien ddi quan trgng [59 *^4] Thirc

ra, day la \'an dc rat Idn, mdt chii di Idn trong nghien ciiu Tliai, trong

khudn kho ciia luan van chung tdi chi dua ra \'a de cap tdi \'an de na\' nham muc dich tim hi6u net dac thii tai dia ban nghien ciiu ciia minh

Ngay nay, theo nhan dinh ciia ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng, ngdi nha san - mdt di san van hoa dgc dao cua ngudi Thai, da cd nhifeu di6m khac xua Ngdi nha san Thai truyen thdng la nha san cd hai mai phang hinh chir nhat chay dgc theo chieu dai ciia nha, hai mai nhd cong hinh canh quat lip che vao hai phfa dau hdi Hinh dang ben ngoai ciia ngdi nha nhin gidng nhu mai con riia nhu phan tren da nhae tdi

Mot diem quan trgng cua ngdi nha la hai khau cut kep hai dau hdi ciia nha san Khau ciit la hai thanh gd bat cheo, quel vdi mau trdng, cd tac dung nep giir cho Idp mai tranh d dau hdi khdi bi gid tdc Khau ciit ddng thdi ciing la tugng trung cho anh sang ciia Then (Trdi) soi rgi cho gia dinh chu nha ludn lam an may man, Khau ciit khdng nhting mang y

nehTa tin neudng ma cdn la da'u hieu phan biet dia vi ciia cac eia dinh

trong xa hdi phong kien Thai trudc day Khau ciit nha quan va khau ciit nha dan phai khac nhau Khau ciit hinh hoa sen chi cd nha quan mdi dugc lam, cdn nha dan phai lam cac loai khau ciit hinh khac nhu hinh

siing de, siing trau, hinh cay [29, 78] Tuy nhien, nhung dieu gan nhu la quy udc tren day khi lam nha san ciia ngudi Thai da cd su thay ddi Vdi

ngdi nha san gd mai ngdi hoac fibrdximang thi khau cut khdng cdn phat

huy tac dung ntra Hau nhu chiing tdi khdng cdn bat gap ngdi nha san

nao d Thanh Ludng cd khau ciit ca Tuang tu nhu vay, theo tap quan ciia

ngudi Thai thi bep la mot bg phan rat quan trgng trong ngdi nha Bep khdng chi la nai nau an va sudi am ma cdn la nai linh thieng an chiia trong dd than bep phii hg cho gia dinh am no, do \'a> trudc day bep thudng dugc dat giira nha, song hien nay cac gia dinh ngudi Thai d Thanh Ludng cung nhu nhieu nai khac d Lai Chau, Son La da chuyen

han bep ra gian rieng mdt phia dau nha Nhu vay phai chang khi chat lieu hien dai thay the cho chat lieu tho sa thi y nghTa tin ngudng, y nghTa

xa hdi kem theo chat lieu dd cung thay doi va mai di Han niia, ngoai viec thay doi tieu tiet cua nha san nhu tren, mdt sd gia dinh ngudi TThai Den d Thanh Ludng da bd han thdi quen d nha san tir bao ddi nay chuyen bin sang d nha xay mai be tdng va nha dat tret mai ngdi

Nguyen nhan ciia hien tugng nay cting di hieu, bdi viec lam mot ngdi

nha san gd hien nay khdng phai don gian, tai nguyen rimg can kiet gd qua hiem Ben canh dd, la su tiep nhan va thfch nghi cua ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng vdi nhting nguyen lieu, yeu td hien dai Nhiing hien tugng bien ddi ma luan van neu ra d day nhu mdi minh hoa nhd cho thay \'iec bao ton cac yeu to van hoa truyen thdng cua ngudi Thai khdng phai la giir nguyen trang mdt di san van hoa, hay mot thdi quen nao dd ma ngudi Thai da bao ton van hoa ciia minh bang each tiep nhan, hoa vao cimg vdi cac yeu td khac de thfch hgp vdi hoan canh thuc te

Hien nay, ngudi Thai Den d Thanh Ludng khdng chi la ngudi san xuat va lieu thu chfnh nhung san pham do minh lam ra ma cdn la ngudi tham gia vao qua trinh tieu thu nhting san pham tir ben ngoai Dac biet la nhiing san pham mang gia tri van hoa linh than Con sd 760 hg trong xa

cd tivi, gan 100 hg cd radio la mdt minh chiing cho viec tiep nhan thdng tin trong va ngoai nude qua cac phuang lien thdng tin dai chiing Viec tiep thu cac thdng tin ben ngoai khdng nhiing nang cao hieu biet ciia ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng ma cdn thu hep dan khoang each giira van hoa Thai vdi van hoa cac dan tdc anh em, nhat la van hoa kinh, tham chf vdi cac nen van hoa the gidi Dieu nay the hien d viec tiep thu nhiing khoa hgc ky thuat mdi trong san xuat, sir dung nhung phuang tien hien dai trong sinh hoat hang ngay Sir thay doi trong ddi sdng kinh le keo

theo nhieu thay ddi khac, dac biet la tha}' doi trong nhan thiic ve gia tri van hoa tdc ngudi Cac cu gia d Pe Ludng cho chiing tdi biet: trong su\' nghT ciia ngudi Thai trudc day, neu da la ngudi Thai thi phai d nha san,

an nep, mac dd Thai, cay Iiia nude, con cai phai d chung vdi bd me., nhung hien nay mgi thii khdng nhat thiet phai nhu the niia Nam nir mdi lap gia dinh, bd me cd the' cho ra d rieng de lam an kinh te tu lap Ve trang phuc thanh nien cd the mac nhung gi minh thich va phii hgp Nha

cira cd ihi la nha xay, nha dat Tuy nhien cai ma ngudi Thai phai cd la

su ton ti trai tu trong gia dinh, su thdng nhat ve ngdn ngii va nhiing nghi

\i chfnh cua ddi ngudi

Nhu vay, ngudi Thai Den Thanh Ludng dang trong qua trinh hdi

nhap va bien doi, cang tim hieu nhiing gi dang diin ra d Thanh Ludng

chiing tdi cang thay rd vai trd ciia timg gidi nam va nii trong viec gin giir nhirng yeu to van hoa truyen thdng cua dan tgc Thai

Tieu ket chuong hai: Tii nhiing trinh bay d tren cd the tha'y rang, van

hoa khdng phai la yeu td ba't bien ma Thanh Ludng la mdt minh chiing thuc te Cac thay doi ciia ddi sdng kinh te dang tac dgng tiing ngay den cac yeu to van hoa Thai truyen thdng Ngudi Thai d Thanh Ludng da hoa minh vao trong cdng cugc doi mdi ciia da't nude va dong thdi hg cung giii gin ban sac van hoa theo each rieng ciia minh