Chiing tdi hy vong van de ma luan van d6 cap se gdp phan vao nghien cflu dac trung ngon ngfl - van hoa ciia thanh ngfl ndi chung va thanh ngfl cd yeu td la con so ndi rieng; Gdp phan gia
Trang 1DAI HOC QUOC OIA HA STOI
TRI/6NG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA H O I VA N H A N VAN
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GIANG THI TAM
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CHUYEN N G A N H : LY LUAN NGON NGlT
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LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGU" VAN
NGUOI HUONG DAN KHOA HOC
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Trang 2f^ L6I CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia rieng toi Cac so lieu va ket qua neu trong luan van la trung thirc va chua tirng dugc cong bd a bat ky cong trinh nao khac
Tac gia luan van
GIANG THI TAM
Trang 3Khao sat thank ngU tieng Han coyeu to cfii con so trong su doi chieu vdi thanh ngU tiengViet co ye'u to Id con so
MUC LUC
MCJDAU
O.l.Tinh cap thiet cua detdi 3
0.2.Doi tugng vdphqm vi nghien citu 4
0,3Muc dich va noi dung nghien citu 4
OA.Phuang phdp vd tulieu nghien cAu 5
0.5.Y nghia li luan vd thuc tiin 6
0.6.Cdu true cua luan van 6
CHirONG I: CO S6 LI LUAN
1 Dqc diem cua thanh ngU tieng Han 7
1 l.Dqc diem chung ciia thanh ngU 7
1.2.Dgc diem chung cua thanh ngit tieng Han 15
l.Dqc trung van hod trong thanh ngu tieng Han 20
2.1 Dqc trung van hod trong thanh ngu noi chung 20
22 Dqc trung van hod trong thanh ngU tieng Han 24
3.Mo tdbitc tranh chung ve thanh ngUcoyeu to la con so 26
3.1 Su ra ddi cua sotU vd the giai quan cua con ngudi 26
3.2 Khdi qudt ve thanh ngitco yeu to chi con so trong tieng Han 28
3.3.Cac so tu: trong tieng Han vd khd ndng ket hap tqo nen thanh ngu cua
chiing 29 Tieu ket 39
CHUONG II: DAC DIEM CAU TAO T H A N H N G L T C O YEU TO LA CON
s6
l.Ddc diem cdu tqo cua thanh ngit Han 40
Trang 4Khao sat thanh ngQ tieng Han coyeu to chi con so trong su doi chieu vcfi thanh ngd tieng Viet coyeu to la con so
1.1.Thanh ngUduac chia thanh hai bo phdn theo quan he ngU nghia, dang
lap, doi ling, tiep noi, muc dich hoqc nhdn qua 40
12 Thanh ngitduacphdn loqi theo quan he cdu true ngQphdp 45
2 Dqc diem cdu tqo cua thanh ngif tieng Han co yeu to chi con so trong
moi quan he vai tieng Viet 50
2.LDqng thanh ngu cdu tqo SBCD 53
2.2.Dqng thanh nguco cdu tqoSBSD 54
2.3.Dqng thanh ngUco cdu tqo ABSB 54
2.4.dqng thanh nguco cdu tqo ASBS 55
2.5.Dqng thdnh nguco cdu trucASCD, ABCS, ABSS,SSCS, SSSS 55
Tieu ket 55
CHUONG III: DAC DIEM VE NOI DUNG NGU* NGHIA CUA THANH
NGU" CO YEU TO CHI CON SO
3.1 Thanh nguTiehg Han coyeu to chi con sdmang nghia gdc con so 57
3.2 Thdnh ngQTiengHdn c6 yeu to chi con sdmang nghia bieu trUng 60
3.3 Thdnh ngu Tieng Han c6 yeu to' chi con so trong ddi song ngon ngit
cUng nhu ddi song vat chdt, tinh than cua ngudi Trung Hoa 77
3.4 Thdnh ngS Tieng Han c6 yeu to chi con so trong sU ddi chieu vai tieng
Viet vd cdc bien the cua no 85
Tieu kit 90
KET LUAN 91
T A I LIEU THAM KHAO 93
PHU LUC 1: Danh sdch cdc thdnh ngu Han co yeu to chi con so (ddi chieu
vai tieng Viet) 97
PHU LUC 2: Danh sdch cdc thdnh ngit Viet co yeu tdchi con so (ddi chieu
vai tieng Han) 140
Trang 5Khao sal thanh ngCt tiehg Han co yen to'chi con so trong su ddi chieu vai thanh ngQ tieng Viet co yen to Id con so
M6DAU
O.l.Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Ngon ngiJ la san pham quy gia ciia xa hoi loai ngudi V6i tu each la cong cu giao tiep, la phuang tien chuyen tai tu duy ciia con ngudi va gan chat vdi moi trudng xa hoi - con ngudi, ngon ngU cua m6i dan toe luon mang dau an ve lich su phat trien, net van hoa, loi tu duy, phong tuc tap quan ciia dan toe do
Trong von tu* vung ciia m6i mot ngon ngiJ, thanh ngu, tuc ngiJ co the coi la kho bau mang tinh dac thii ciia m6i dan toe Han d dau het, net van hoa, nhan sinh quan, phong tuc tap quan, va ca dau an ciia su giao luu van hoa giua cac dan toe duac phan anh rat ro net trong thanh ngu, tuc ngiJ
Viet Nam - Trung Hoa la hai dan toe lang gieng, co nhieu tiep xiic ve cac linh vuc, trong do co tiep xiic ve ngon ngiJ - van hoa Phai noi r^ng, ngon ngu va van hoa Trung Hoa da co nhiing anh hudng khong nho tdi ngon ngfl va van hoa dan toe Viet Thong ke budc dau cho thay, trong tieng Viet CO tdi 800 thanh ngiJ gdc Han duac su dung thudng xuyen trong ddi
song hang ngay nhu: kinh Ida ddc thg, dT thuc vi tien, dong cam cong kho,
an cu Iqc nghiep, muon hinh vqn trqng, thien nien van dqi, thdp todn thdp
my
Cho den nay, da cd nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu vi thanh ngO tieng
Viet, dac biet la thanh ngii gdc Han O Viet Nam cd cac tac gia nhu Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Thien Giap, Nguy6n Van H^ng, Truang Dong San, v.v ) Nghien cuii ve thanh ngir Han cd cac tac gia Trung Qudc nhu Ma Qudc Pham, Vuang Hieu Banh, Thudng Kinh ViJ, v v Song, chua cd mot cong trinh nghien cun mot each he thong ve loi sir dung con so trong thanh ngu ciia tieng Viet cung nhu tieng Han
Trang 6Khao sat thanh ngU tieng Han coyeu to chi con so trong su doi chieu v&i thanh ngU tieng Viet co yeu td la con so
Con SO khong the thieu trong ddi song con ngudi No cang quan trong ddi vdi nhung nganh khoa hoc chinh xac va dac biet la trong tin hoc ngay nay Nhong dieu ly thii han ca la nhiJng con so duac sir dung nhu mot chat lieu ngon ngfl tao nen nhung dan vi ngon ngu dac biet va mang nhung
y nghia ham an, lien tudng khong con y nghia dan thuan ciia con so nfla
Ddi vdi ngudi Trung Hoa, con so nhu cd ma luc, mang theo nhflng dieu ky dieu va ton tai mot each v6 hinh trong ddi song vat cha't, tinh than cung nhu ddi song ngon ngu ciia ho
02.D6i tirong va pham vi nghien cihi
Khao sat nhflng thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con so tieng Han trong sir ddi chieu vdi thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con so ciia tieng Viet nham di sau tim hieu Idi tu duy phong phii, dc sang tao va kha nang lien hoi ciia hai dan toe Chiing tdi hy vong van de ma luan van d6 cap se gdp phan vao nghien cflu dac trung ngon ngfl - van hoa ciia thanh ngfl ndi chung va thanh ngfl cd yeu
td la con so ndi rieng; Gdp phan giai quyet nhflng "to so" v6 loi tu duy con
so ciia ngudi Trung Hoa cung nhu ngudi Viet trong ngon ngfl, dac biet trong thanh ngfl , nhflng y nghia nam sau, ben canh con so da duac con ngudi sijf dung nd ban tang Day chinh la tang y nghia ma neu chi nhin vao cau triic ban than ngon ngfl , be mat con chfl thi khong thay duac
0.3.MUC dich va noi dung cua luan van
Muc dich ciia luan van la de tim ra nhung diem tuang ddng va khac biet gifla viec sir dung yeu td con so d6 cau tao thanh ngfl trong tieng Han
va trong tieng Viet, phat hien ra nhflng dac diem chung va dac diem mang tinh dac thij ciia mdi loai Thong qua dd, gdp phan tim hieu van hoa loi tu duy dan toe, vi ngon ngfl mang nhflng dau an cung nhu anh hudng (tiep thu, vay muan) ciia su giao luii ngon ngfl - van hoa giua hai dan toe
Trong khuon kho ciia luan van thac si, chiing toi chi khao sat nhflng
Trang 7Khao sat thanh ngit tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thanh ngd tieng Viet co yeu td la con so
"3.3.^0^" "tam tarn luong luang" "rzim nam turn bd" "yLyL'M—"
"cuu Clin quy nhat" "Quanh di quan Iqi' "#^—.£-^" "Cu nhat phan tam" ''hoc mot biet mudi' " — > t ^ ^ " "nhat thanh nhi sd" "rdt ro rdng""
Luan van di sau phan tich y nghia thuc tai ciia loai thanh ngfl cd yeu
td chi con sd (y nghia duac su dung trong giao tiep), so sanh ddi chieu vdi y
nghia khai nguyen (Nguyin Xuan Hoa 1997), lam sang td van di ngon ngfl
trong qua trinh su dung, nd da giau len ve trudng nghia do thdi quen tam If
xa hoi, kinh nghiem song, phong tuc tap quan kha nang tu duy, each nhin nhan ve the gidi, ve cuoc song con ngudi, va ddi khi ngay tai ban than ngon ngfl (If do ngfl am, chfl viet) Dd chfnh la yeu td van hoa trong ngon ngfl ma mdi cong ddng ndi ngon ngfl dd cd duac
D^ cd the khao sat cau true ngfl nghia ciia thanh ngfl, luan van khong the khong tim hieu cau triic ciia thanh ngfl ndi chung va thanh ngfl cd yeu
td chi con sd ndi rieng Chinh nhflng quan he chSng cheo, tang bac, tinh phi cii phap da lap day y nghia ciia thanh ngfl Dieu nay da lam cho thanh ngfl mang dac trung rieng
0.4.Phuang phap va tu" lieu nghien ciru
De mo ta, phan tfch, tien tdi quy nap, tim ra quy luat vi ca cau tao
nghia cua thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd trong tieng Han, cd lien he vdi tieng Viet, luan van cd sii* dung phuang phap ddi chieu tuang phan, va lay tieng Han lam ngon ngfl ngudn, tieng Viet lam ngon ngfl phuang tien
Ve tien de If luan,luan van da tiep thu thanh qua nghien cflu cua cac
nha ngon ngfl trong va ngoai nude Tai lieu tieng Viet gdm: Ti^ vitng hoc tieng Viet, Tir vd nhan dien tit tieng Viet cua tac gia Nguyin Thien Giap (1996), Ca sd ngii nghia hoc tit vUng, Cdc binh dien ciia tit vd tit tieng Viet ciia tac gia Nguy6n Hun Chau (1998), Ngon ngu hoc xd hoi nhung vdn de
Trang 8Khao sat thanh ngu" tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu v&i thanh ngif tie'ng Viet coyeu tdldcon sd
ca bdn ciia tac gia Nguyin Van Khang (1999), Ngu dung hoc tac gia
Nguyin Dflc Dan (1998), Vdn hod Viet Nam trong bdi canh Dong Nam A
ciia tac gia Pham Dflc Duong (2000), Ddi chieu thdnh ngu Nga - Viet tren
binh dien giao tiep ciia tac gia Nguyin Xuan Hoa Tai lieu tieng Trung
Qudc gdm:
;'Ai^-^mJl^^^" (1997) " l i ^ J L 6 ^ + I i i L J t - i B % > l j , I S ^ | t ^ ^ ^
" (2000) "}SLi^^^^t^m-^h^&^^ ^ ^ ^ " (1999) ";3ii#>ni#-^
i^t.-t - ^ i^t.-t ? ^.S;|^"(1995)
Tu lieu thong ke thanh ngfl tieng Han ddi chieu vdi tieng Viet chu
yeu dua vao " t H Ai^ ;^>T ^ - i ;^^ it }ik:^-i^ li /j^" va 'Tfl dien giai thich
thanh ngfl tieng Viet - Nguyin Nhu Y chii bien, nam 1997 "
0.5 Nghia li luan va thirc tien
Luan van gdp phan giiip cho cong tac bien, phien dich, hoc tap,
nghien cflu va giang day bo mon tieng Han nhu mot ngon ngfl thfl hai cho
ngudi Viet Nam ve phuang phap giai thfch nghia cua nhflng thanh ngfl cd
yeu td chi con sd trong mdi quan he gifla hai ngon ngu Han - Viet ^
0.6 Cau triic cua luan van
Luan van ngoai phan md dau, ket luan va phu luc gdm ba chuang:
- Chuang I: Ca sd ly luan
- Chuang II: Dac diem cau tao thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd
- Chuang III: Dac diem ve noi dung ngfl nghia ciia thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi
con sd
Trang 9Khao sat thanh ngS tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vai thanh ngi7 tieng Viet co yeu td la con sd
CHUONGI
CO S6 LI LUAN
1 OAC DIEM CUA THANH NGQ TIENG HAN
l.l.Dac diem chung cua thanh ngu*
1.1.1,Khdi qudt ve thdnh ngU
Xet tfl binh dien ngon ngfl, thanh ngfl la phuang tien cd gia tri diln dat rat doc dao Nd tham gia vao viec tao ra cac phat ngon ,cac van ban sue tfch ,sinh dong, giau hinh tuang, cd tinh ggi ta Do dd thanh ngfl luon cd sflc hap dSn va cd sflc thuyet phuc manh me, rat ddc dung trong van phong nghe thuat, van phong chinh luan va trong giao tiep hoi thoai thudng ngay (NhuY- 1992)
Thdnh ngu Id nhung cum ti^cddinh vita co tinh hodn chinh ve nghia, vita CO tinh bieu trung-gai cdm (Nguyen Thien Giap - 1998)
Theo dinh nghia nay, thanh ngfl la mot dan vi ngon ngfl vfla cd dinh
ve cau true va vfla hoan chinh ve nghia, song dieu ma lam cho thanh ngfl cd
gia tri trong giao tiep dd la tinh gai cam Thdnh ngu Id tap hap tit cd dinh
dd quen dimg md nghia thudng khong the gidi thich duac mot cdch dan gidn cdc tit tqo nen no (Tu dien Tieng Viet - 2000) Vi vay, viec dijng
dung, dung hay cac thanh ngfl bao gid cung tao nen nhflng hieu qua cao trong cac canh hudng giao tiep Vi du Trong "Ngudi dai vang" ciia Ly Bien Cuang cd viet "Dat nude dang ddi than, than chd nay lai nhieu, khong le
cam treo meo phdi nhin " Cd le khong can ndi gi nhieu han, chi mot thanh
ngfl dd thoi da du cho doc gia cam nhan dugfc tinh hudng va ca nhu'ng tam trang ma tac gia mudn gui gdm: dd la su thoi thuc, cap bach, can thiet phai khai thac than de phuc vu cho d^'t nude, ddng thdi cung mudn len dieu bat hap If trong viec sir dung ngudn tai nguyen ciia thdi hien tai va ndi day dflt
Trang 10Khao sat thanh ngii tieng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thanh ngO' tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd
tfl nai sau tham day Idng cua tac gia- mot ndi ban khoan, mot tinh yeu nude ndng nan
Y nghia ciia thanh ngfl la su hoa hop chung due ciia nghia tflng yeu
td tao nen nd va nhu vay y nghia ciia thanh ngfl khong phai la phep cong dan gian nghia ciia cac yeu td trong dd Nghia ciia thanh ngfl la thuoc tang nghia thfl hai, tang nghia nay tao nen tinh bieu trung cua thanh ngfl Cac yeu td trong thanh ngfl cd vai trd khac nhau trong viec tao nghia
"Khi ndi den ban sdc dan toe hay dac trung van hoa dan toe duac the hien trong Idp tfl vung cua mot ngon ngfl thi khong the khong ndi den thanh ngfl, tuc ngfl Bdi d dd cac kho bau ciia dan toc-chfla dung ca mot chieu sau
tu duy, kinh nghiem song va lam viec, tap tuc, II giao, quan diem tham my,
II giao lam ngudi, each ddi nhan xu the va biet bao dilu khac nfla ciia con ngudi thuoc tflng dan toe Nhung noi dung ay lai khong the hien len tren bl mat cau true ciia ngon ngfl ma an sau trong ca tang ngfl nghia, nhu khoang san dudi Idng dat Thanh ngfl ciia mdi dan toe cd ngudn gdc sau xa tfl ca mot nin van hoa ciia dan toe dd Hieu thanh ngfl khong the chi cd yeu td ngon ngfl ma phai la su ket hap ciia hai yeu td ngon ngfl - van hoa (Nguyin Van Khang-1998)
l.I.2.Phdn biet thdnh ngU vdi cum tiitudo
Viec phan dinh thanh ngfl vdi cum tfl tu do trong cac ngon ngfl thudng
la khong dan gian, bdi le thanh ngfl vdn bat ngudn tfl nhflng each ndi thong thudng, tfl nhflng cum tfl tu do Cd the ndi, mac du cd nhflng budc tien trong nghien cflu, song cho den nay vdn la cong viec kha phflc tap
De phan biet thanh ngfl vdi cum tfl tu do ? Theo tac gia Nguyin Thien Giap cho rdng thanh ngfl khac vdi cum tfl tu do trudc het d tinh hoan chinh
ve nghia va tfnh phi cu phap ve cau true Thanh ngfl bieu thi mot khai niem ton tai ben ngoai chudi Idi ndi Thanh ngfl cd the duac dung d nhieu bien thi
Trang 11Khao sat thanh ngU tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thanh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd
khac nhau, nhung can cfl vao y nghia hoan chinh vdn cd ciia nd, ngudi ta vSn cd the quy cac bien the dd ve mot dang chung.Vf du :
"Ngudi lam lung vat va, chilu hom sdm mai, mot ndng hai suang quanh
nam chang cd phut nghi ngai ma khong bao gid du tien nop lai."
(Nam Cao - Truyen ngdn)
"Han nam muai tuoi dau, sudt ddi lam an hai suang mot ndng.''
(Chu Van _ Dat man) Ddi vdi tie'ng Han, thi viec khu biet nay cang trd nen khd khan vi cd su trung nhau ve hinh thflc cau tao gifla cac cum tfl cd dinh bdn am tiet vdi thanh ngfl bdn am tiet Bdi theo thdng ke, tren 95 % thanh ngfl tieng Han cd hinh thflc cau tao bdn am tiet Cho den nay, cac nha Han ngfl cflng da ph^n loai cum tfl bdn am tiet ciia tieng Han thanh ba loai
Loai thfl nhat : Cum tfl bdn am tiet cd dinh ve cau true va hoan chinh
vi nghia, duac dung tuang duang nhu tfl va thudng la thanh ngfl Vi du nhu
" J L 4 ^ S ^ ^ " Nghia la lod mat vi tien, hay " ^ 1 3 4$ 11" nghia la mudn mdu
sdc sd
Loai thfl hai : Cum tfl bdn am tiet ban cd dinh, trong hoan canh ngon
ngfl cu the vSn cd nhung bien dang Vi du "i'>X^#iC" nghia la niia cudi
nUa khong hoac "^i -f- ^ # P " nghia la chdn tay vung ve
Loai thfl ba : Cum tfl bdn am tiet tu do, su dung linh boat duac coi la
cum tfl tu do Vf du " ^ 4 ' # ' ^ ^ ^ " nghia la nghien cdu khoa hoc hay
" ; f i ^ X ^ t " nghia la cong tdc xd hoi
Qua each phan loai theo mflc do cd dinh cua cum tfl nhu tren cho thay thanh ngfl phan biet vdi cum tfl tu do d ba diem Mot la : y nghia ciia cum tfl
tu do vl ca ban do y nghia cua cac thanh td quyet dinh, vi vay, nghia ciia chiing ve ca ban cd nghia cua cac tfl tren hap lai Nhung y nghia cua thanh ngfl thi khong phai la phep cong gian dan cua cac yeu td tao nen , ma la
Trang 12Khao sat thanh ngi^ tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu v&i thanh ngU tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd
nghia bieu trung da duac trim tuang hoa, khai quat hoa, va cung vi the ma khong the dl dang nhan biet tfl cac yeu td tao nen thanh ngfl Hai la : cau true ciia cum tfl tu do Idng, cac thanh td trong cum tfl tu do deu dl bi thay
the.Vi du : Nghien cdu khoa hoc, Thdo luan khoa hoc, Hoi nghi khoa hoc, Bdo cdo khoa hoc Thanh ngfl lai khong nhu vay, do tfnh phi cu phap ma
mot sd thanh ngfl cd the cd nhilu bien the, nhung nhin chung thi thanh ngfl luon cd dinh ve cau true, khong dl dang them bdt hoac thay the.Vf du ndi
Dd dau vdo Ida thi khong the tuy tien thay the b^ng Do xdng vdo lua Ba la :
quan he ngfl phap ciia cum tfl tu do thudng dan gian, ft tang bac, cdn quan
he ngfl phap ciia thanh ngfl thudng phflc tap, ch^ng cheo va nhieu tang Vf du:
Cum tfl tu do Thanh ngfl
Khoa hoc tU nhien Khep nep nhu ddu mdi ve nha chon^
IJJ.Phdn biet thdnh ngit vdi tuc ngii:
Tuc ngfl la nhflng cau ng^n gon, thudng cd van dieu, due ket tri thuc, kinh nghiem sdng va thuc tiln ciia nhan dan {Tfl dien tieng Viet -1994}.Tuc ngfl la dan vi gan vdi thanh ngfl ,cung cd dinh ve cau true va
hoan chinh ve y nghia, song la dan vi Idn han tfl va ngfl Vf du nhu doi cho sqch rdch cho tham, con trdu Id ddu ca nghiep , anh em nhu the chdn tay
V.V Cflng nhu thanh ngfl, tuc ngfl mang tfnh lich su, tfnh dan toe va phan anh phong tuc tap quan, Idi tu duy ciia cong ddng Doi luc cung la tu duy vl mot hien tugng nhung d dan toe nay la thanh ngfl, d dan toe khac lai la tuc
ngfl Vf du thanh ngfl tieng Han " ^ t ^ S ' -Ife —%" nghia la Di mot ngdy
Trang 13Khao sat thanh ngit tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vai thanh ngu tieng Viet co yeu td la con so
ddng, hoc sdng khon (Tuc ngu tieng Viet) Tuc ngfl tieng Han " ^ i ^ pf nghia la Dd sdng da chet (thanh ngfl tieng Viet)
Khd cd the khu biet mot each rach rdi gifla thanh ngfl va tuc ngfl, tuy nhien qua nghien cflu ciia cac nha ngon ngfl hoc cho thay vl dai the thanh ngfl tuang duang vdi dan vi tfl, cdn tuc ngfl thudng la gan vdi dan vi cau Bdi the ma cd le thanh ngfl phan biet vdi tuc ngfl cung chii yeu d y nghia Thanh ngfl mang nhilu nghia so sanh, loi ndi an du, td thai do binh gia, bieu cam va thudng cd ngudn gdc tfl dien tfch, dien cd, cau truyen dan gian hoac truyin thuyet, vi the ma khd If giai han, khd su dung han, cdn tuc ngfl
la nhflng cau ndi luu truyin trong dan gian mang tfnh chat due ket tri thflc, kinh nghiem sdng ciia nhan dan, bdi the nen nhflng cau tuc ngu thudng rat
gian di dl hieu Thf du, a bau thi trdn a dng thi ddi, kheo an thi no kheo co thi dm, chap dong nhay nhdy gd gdy thi mUa, rugng sdu trdu ndi khong bang con gdi ddu Idng
1,1.4 Ngudn gdc cua thdnh ngU
Thanh ngfl la "kho bau" ciia mdi dan toe, cd each diln dat rat doc dao, y nghia thudng an sau trong ngon ngfl "y tai ngon ngoai", chfl ft nghia' nhilu, tang kha nang bieu cam, lam phong phu tu duy va dat hieu qua cao trong giao tiep Vay thanh ngfl cd tfl bao gid? va dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao?
Ngon ngfl la san pham ciia nhan loai Con ngudi sang tao ra ngon ngfl, va ngon ngfl da trd lai phuc vu con ngudi, nd la dng cu ciia giao tiep va phuang tien chuyen tai tu duy Trong qua trinh su dung ngon ngfl de giao tiep, loai ngudi khong ngflng phat buy trf tue cua minh de hoan thien va hien dai hoa ngon ngfl, lam cho ngon ngfl ngay cang phong phu va cd hieu qua trong diln dat tu duy Va nhflng each ndi ng^n gon, sue tfch lai cd the diln dat dugc nhutig y nghia phflc tap mot each chfnh xac, ro rang va sinh
Trang 14Khao sat thanh ngU tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngi7 tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con so
dong dugc hinh thanh Nhflng tfl ngfl tinh gian ma y nghia s^u s^c a'y dugc moi ngudi su dung trong ca khau ngfl va van chuang, lau ngay thanh quen, rdi cd dinh lai thanh nhflng dan vi ngon ngfl giau nghia bieu trung ma ta goi la thanh ngfl
Xet tfl gdc do tfl nguyen, neu nhu phan Idn thanh ngfl Tieng Viet diu ddi hdi luan giai b^ng tri thflc dan gian, tri thflc van hoa-lich su dan toe, thi phan nhilu thanh ngu tieng Han xuat phat tfl dien cd, dien tfch trong van hoc CO dai Trung Qudc Vf du :
Thanh ngfl tieng Han
-bf^t (That bo chi tai) [The Thuyet Tan Ngfl]
-^M ^Ip (Tam cd mao Id) [Tam Qudc Chi]
m^}^^ (Hoa xa thiem tuc) [Chien Qudc Sach]
'\t ^ ^Mj (kinh cung chi dieu) [Chien Qudc Sach]
7.7.5 Tinh cd dinh ve cdu true vd hodn chinh ve nghia cua thdnh ngii
Cd the ndi tfnh cd dinh la dac trung ciia thanh ngfl, tfnh cd dinh nay dugc the hien d cau true va y nghia Tfnh cd dinh ve mat y nghia ciia thanh ngfl la do lich su dan toe, tri thflc van hoa quy dinh
Cau thanh ngfl "lay vg dan ba, lam nha hudng nam" doc len nghe cd phan v6 ly, vi le lay vg cha le lai lay dan dng? Song tfl nhflng phan tfch sau
xa, tan ngudn cua thanh ngfl nay thi hai chfl "dan ba" khong the thay b^ng
"hien hoa" bdi le ngudi "dan ba" mdi du do chin de lam vg lam me, cdn
"con gai" thi thudng chua dii Vi vay ma tfl "dan ba" trong thanh ngfl tren khong the thay b^ng tfl "hiln hoa" nhu mot sd ngudi da cd tinh thay doi
Vl mat ca'u true ciia thanh ngfl, ndi chung la on dinh Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat triln ciia thanh ngfl, cau true trong thanh ngfl cd nhflng bien ddng, vf du: "nam be bay canh" lai cd "nam be bay bdi" hay "nam cha ba me" lai cd "nam cha bay me" Song xem ra tfnh phi cu
Trang 15Khao sat thdnh ngii' tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngu tieng Viet co yeu td la con sd
phap cua thanh ngfl bgc Ig d tfnh ddi flng thudng cd nhflng cau true xen long vao nhau cua cac thanh td, tao ra nhieu cap thanh ngfl khac nhau Trong cac thanh ngfl tren yeu td "nam, ba", "nam, bay" khong cdn quan trong nfla,
"ba" cd the thay b^ng "bay" va nguge lai "Ba" va "bay" la sd dem khi tham gia to hgp, chung bieu tugng khong phai la sd "ba" hay "bay" cu the ma la
sd nhilu Cac dang thanh ngfl ddng nghia tren chi la bien the ciia nhau
Vf du:
- Ba Idn bdy luat, ndm Idn bdy luat (nhilu lugt)
- Ba the bdy thiep, ndm the bdy thiep (nhilu vg)
- Ba be bdy mdi (nhilu mdi)
- Ba lo bdy lieu (lo lieu nhilu)
Tuy nhien khi cac cau triic cua thanh ngfl da dugc tao ra theo kieu nay hay kieu kia rdi thi khong dl thay ddi hoac ft thay ddi vf du: Khong the ddi
"ba the bay thiep" thanh "bay the ba thiep" hoac "ba lo bay lieu" thanh "bay
lo ba lieu"
1,1,6 Tinh ke thita vd phat trien cua thdnh ngit
Thanh ngfl cua mot dan tgc khong ngflng hinh thanh va phat trien, vi v^y thanh ngfl khong the cfl hinh thanh la bat bien Thf du, trong tieng Han
cd thanh ngfl "41 ^ ^Jj -1^" (bat mieu trg trudng) bieu thi tfnh ndng vdi mudn
ddt chay giai doan va cudi cung la (due tdc bat dat) Gan day cd nhilu ngudi khong quen dung tfl "^^" nghia la nho ma thudng dung tfl "IS" (cung cd nghia la nho) de thay the Hien tugng tren lieu cd coi la viec tu y thay doi cau true cua thanh ngfl hay khong? Cac nha ngon ngfl Trung Qudc da phu dinh dilu nay Vi bat ki thanh ngfl cua dan tgc nao ngoai tfnh cd dinh cdn mang tfnh ke thfla va phat trien Cd mot dilu khong the phii nhan dd la ngon ngfl ra ddi cung vdi su ra ddi ciia xa hoi, phat trien cung vdi su phat trien ciia
xa hoi, ma thanh ngfl la mot bg phan trong dd, nd cflng se khong ngflng thay
Trang 16Khao sat thanh ngit tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu td Id con so
doi cflng vdi lich sir xa hoi loai ngudi Song phai ndi them r^ng, trong mot thdi ky lich su nhat dinh thi hinh thflc cua thanh ngfl luon mang tfnh on dinh, chuan muc Chfnh dac diem nay lam cho thanh ngfl khac vdi cum tfl tu
do
Cac yeu td tao nen thanh ngfl khong nhflng khong dl thay doi ma cdn
khong dl dang them bdt Trong tieng Han cd thanh ngfl ''kinh cung chi die\r khong the ndi thanh ''kinh cung dieu'\ "Lang bdi vi gian'' khong the ndi thanh "lang bdi nhi vi gian" Trong tieng Viet cd thanh ngfl "ba chim bdy ndi, sdu cdi linh denh"" nhung khong the them vao thanh ngfl "ba Idn bdy lu0, sdu cdi lenh denh "
1,1,7,Tinh bieu trung cua thdnh ngit
Sd dl thanh ngfl dat hieu qua cao trong giao tiep la vi tfnh bieu trung
cua nd hay ndi mot each khac la thanh ngfl thudng dung vdi nghia an nghia bong- y nghia cua thanh ngfl khong n^m ngay tren bl mat cua con
du-chfl, ma nd an sau dudi tang nghia thfl hai cua to hgp
Cd the ndi, nghia cua thanh ngfl khong phai la phep cong dan gian y nghia cua cac tfl trong thanh ngfl Vf du : Tieng Han cd thanh ngfl
" ^ ^ : f c ^ i t " nghia den cua cac tfl tao nen thanh ngfl nay la do trdi khong vd
nhung y nghia cua thanh ngfl lai khong phai nhu vay ma thanh ngfl cd nghia
la suvdt hodn hdo khong mot khiem khuyet Trong loai thanh ngfl nay, nghia
do cac thanh td khai quat len chi mot su vat dung de so sanh tao ra nghia an
du cua thanh ngfl 6 thanh ngfl "Cd cudng chet den dit cdn cay'' trong tieng
Viet, y nghia cua thanh ngfl dugc mugn tfl hinh anh con ca cudng de hinh
dung cho nhung ke ngoan cd
Nghia an du cua thanh ngfl dugc khai quat hoa, trflu tugng hoa tfl y nghia cac thanh td trong thanh ngfl so sanh theo hudng an du ma cd dugc,
Trang 17Khao sal thdnh ngii tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngil tie'ng Viet co yeu told con sd
cdn nghia bdng dugc phai sinh tfl y nghia ca ban ciia cac thanh td tao n6n thanh ngfl Vf du :
Thanh ngu' Nghia bong cua thanh ngOr
Cu ngudi mdi ta Bkng Idng vdi cai minh cd
Chia ndm se bdy Chia nhd rdi rac, khong tap trung
Thanh ngfl sfl dung nghia an du, nghia bdng da lam phong phu y nghia cua thanh ngfl, ddng thdi cung lam cho viec If giai thanh ngfl trd nen khd khan han Cung vi If do dd ma cd nhieu thanh ngfl , y nghia ciia mat chfl trong thanh ngfl rat ro rang, nhung khong hieu thanh ngfl mudn diln dat y nghia gi Vi du trong tieng Han cd thanh ngu "^-jfci^^i." (tam trudng luang doan "ba dai hai ng^n") ro rang la tflng tfl trong thanh ngfl khong cd
gi khd hieu ca, nhung ai ngd r^ng y nghia cua thanh ngfl lai la "tai bay vq gid'
Nhu vay, cd the ndi thanh ngfl la nhflng cum tfl vfla cd dinh vl cau true vfla hoan chinh vl nghia, dugc dflng tuang duang nhu tfl trong nhflng canh hudng giao tiep can cd su binh gia va bieu cam Nghia cua thanh ngfl mang tinh bieu trung, tfnh lich su, tfnh dan tgc va mang dam net van hoa
1.2 Dac diem cua thanh ngfl tieng Han
7.2.7.Cdi/ true bdn dm tiet chiem uu the trong thdnh ngit tieng Han
Tieng Han la mot trong nhflng ngon ngfl ra ddi va phat trien rat sdm tren the gidi Theo Vuang Luc thi tieng Han cd ft nhat tren mot van nam lich
su Kho tfl vung cua tieng Han v6 cung phong phii Trong dd thanh ngfl chiem mot bg phan khong nhd va quan trgng Chang han cudn
( + H )^i-^J<iiH ^ - Trung Qudc thanh ngfl dai tfl dien ) xuat ban nam 1996
da thu thap va giai thfch 18.000 thanh ngfl
Dac diem ndi bat cua thanh ngfl thanh ngfl tieng Han la dugc sinh ra tfl van CO, dien tfch, dien cd, nhflng cau chuyen ngu ngon, truyen than thoai
Trang 18Khao sat thdnh ngit tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngil tie'ng Viet co yeu id la con sd
hay truyin thuyet cua ngudi Trung Hoa Trong tieng Han cd thanh ngfl
"^l^a ^/!? " (tam cd mao Id) vdn bat ngudn tfl tfch Luu Bi ba ISn den llu cd
cua Gia Cat Lugng d Nam Duang mdi dng ra giiip minh Sau nay dung thanh ngu "tam cd mao 16" de bieu thi Idng thanh kinh, thanh tam khi mdi ai
do
Mot dac diem noi bat nfla cua thanh ngfl tieng Han la dugc cau tao tfl bdn am tiet.Theo thdng ke cua chung toi thanh ngfl bdn am tiet trong tieng Han chiem 95%.Tieng Han cd mot sd lugng Idn cum tfl bdn am tiet, trong
dd cd mot bg phan khong nhd la thanh ngfl Dac diem nay dugc the hien d
su c^'u true cua thanh ngfl can ddi, ro rang, mach lac, phong phu va cd tfnh tiet ta'u cao Phai chang chung cd ngudn gdc sau xa tfl van biln ngSu, ddi flng, tmgt net dac trung cua van hoc Han Vf du:
— #-1^ # Nhat cu ludngd^c Nhdt cd luang tien
^ ;$• W if Thien phuang bach ke Trdm mitii ngdn ke
_E-^_5-;i: Tam phien ngu thfl Ndm Idn bdy luat
' h ^ ' i " 5^ Thap toan thap my Mudi phdn ven mitdi
Neu so sanh vdi thanh ngfl tieng Viet cd the thay, trong tieng Viet nhflng dan vj thanh ngfl gdm bdn am tiet cung chiem dai bg phan va chung thudng cd cau true xen long vao nhau , tao ra nhilu cap ddi flng khac nhau
Vf du :Binh mdi ritau cu
Binh cu ruau mdi
Trang 19Khao sat thdnh tigQ tieng Han co yeu id chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngu tieng Viet co yeu td Id con sd
Trong dd cd mot phan thanh ngfl gdc Han, day la ket qua tu nhien ciia
su tiep xuc ngdn ngfl, van hoa Han - Viet Vf du :
Da mUu tuc tri
Da muii tuc ke Khuynh gia bqi san Tham sinh uy td Vong dn bdi nghia
9 %
6 am tiet 2%
10%
7 am tiet 0.5%
4 %
8 am tiet 2%
4 %
Bangl: Bang thdng ke ty le do dai am tiet ciia thanh ngfl tieng Han va tieng Viet
7.2.2 Thdnh ngU tieng Han su dung nhieu hu tit cua tieng Han cd
Theo cac sach ngfl phap tieng Han hien hanh, hu tfl trong tieng Han
hien dai gdm ba loai: gidi tit nhu "H 5^ > ^ > ^ ^ # > /?] ^ ik"; lien tit nhu "^p > 4f ^ PJfi^A J^]"; tra tit nhu "6^ # > i^", cac hu tfl nay dIu
la thuc tfl do hu hoa ma thanh Trong thanh ngfl tieng Han cd su dung cac hu tfl tieng Han hien dai, song khong dang ke', cac hu tfl dugc su dung trong thanh ngfl tieng Han chu ye'u lai la hu tfl cua van ngdn (tieng Han c6 dai)
"-^ -J^ :|^ -4" Phan Idn thanh ngfl tieng Han mang tfnh dien cd, cd ngudn gdc tfl van ngon Cd le cung vi le dd ma thanh ngfl tieng Han mang
Trang 20Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngC( tieng Viet co yeu td Id con sd
dac trung cua tieng Han cd, dd la cac yeu td trong thanh ngfl thudng la tfl dan am Vf du -f- R i r^(thap phong ngu vfl), + ^ + ii(thap toan thap my)
Trong cac hu tfl cua van ngon thi trg tfl kiem dai tfl " ^ " dugc su dung nhieu nhat Vf du :
Trg tfl "^" trong tieng Han cd tuang duang vdi trg tfl "6^" trong
tieng Han hien dai Trg tfl nay xuat hien rat nhilu trong thanh ngfl tieng Han Mot cau hdi dat ra la lieu cd bao nhieu thanh ngfl tieng Han chfla trg tfl
"iS' ? Cac nha ngdn ngfl hgc trung Qudc cho rang, day la con sd khd thdng
ke day du Chi trong cudn "Tfl dien thanh ngu tieng Han", Nha xuat ban giao due Thugng Hai thang 12 nam 1996 da cd 270 thanh ngfl su dung trg tfl
"•^" trong tong sd 8700 thanh ngfl , chiem han 3% Cd the ndi, day la hu tfl dugc su dung nhieu nhat trong cac hu tfl xuat hien d thanh ngfl tieng Han
Ngoai "-^" cac hu tfl khac nhu "-f- > :t" > -tki"cung dugc su dung trong thanh ngfl, tuy nhien sd lugng khong nhilu bang " ^ " Vf du :
'S.'S.'h'k^ (-tki) Trong khong, sqch tran
i^i'fi^^ ( ^ ) Ke bdy trd
^ ^^ '^^ -f" (^) Khong ddng vui hay sao ?
Su dung nhieu tfl dan am va hu tfl cua van ngdn da lam cho thanh ngfl tieng Han tinh gian, sue tfch, dac biet la mang tfnh lich su, tfnh dan tgc va tfnh ke thfla cao
Trang 21Khao sat thdnh ngU tie'ng Han co ye'u td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu v&i thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd
1,2,3, Thdnh ngit tieng Han it su dung luang tir (loqi tit)
Trong tieng Han hien dai, sd tfl khong true tiep tu sflc cho danh tfl ma
gifla sd tfl va danh tfl thudng phai cd luang tit (tieng Viet ggi la loqi tit) Vf
du "^^^" " i 4 - A " " - ^ i ; ^ " , trong dd (4^ 4^ ^ la lugng tfl
Nhung tieng Han co dai thi lai khdng nhu vay, sd tfl thudng true tiep tu sflc hoac ban che danh tfl Hien tugng ngfl phap nay rat pho bien trong thanh ngfl tieng Han cd yeu td chi con sd.Vf du:
— ^ • ^ 1 ^ (Nhat khuu chi hac) Cting mot giuqc
— ;fc 'f' 7jc (Nhat y dai thuy) Di vuat qua
M^J^i^JK, (ngu noi nhu phan) Rugt nhu Ida ddt
y^ -^ i'^P #- (luc ma nguong mat) Hinh dung loqi dm nhqc hodn hdo
Sd tfl trong thanh ngfl tieng Han khdng nhflng cd the true tiep tu sflc cho danh tfl ma cdn true tiep tu sflc, ban che dong tfl va tfnh tfl Hien tugng ngfl phap nay khdng cd trong tieng Han hien dai hay ndi each khac day la tfnh phi cu phap ciia thanh ngfl tieng Han Vf du :
^ii^-H-Jb (Han che cho dong tfl) Ddnh dau thiia ddy
^ ^ i ic (Han che cho ddng tfl) Chia ndm se bdy
yL ^ -" i (Han che cho dong tfl) Thdp td nhdt sinh
S-i^y^ r^ (Han che cho ddng tfl) Tra hdi van veo
— ^ ^ ^ (Tu sflc cho tinh tfl) Ngheo ndn vd Iqc hdu
^-Ife i^^i (Tu sflc cho tfnh tfl) Tai bay vq gid
^ -^ -f" ^J^ (Tu sflc cho tfnh tfl) mudn mdu sac sd
" h ^ r + l i (Tu sflc cho tfnh tfl) mudi phdn ven mudi
It dflng lugng tfl da lam cho thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd trong tieng Han mang tinh phi cfl phap va trd nen doe dao thu vi Thdng ke trong cudn "Tfl dien thanh ngfl tieng Han - Nha xuat ban giao due Thugng Hai thang 12 nam 1996" cua chung tdi cho thay cd 80 thanh ngfl trong tong sd
Trang 22Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd
910 thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd la su dung lugng tfl Qua dd chflng td rang mot trong nhung dac diem noi bat ciia thanh ngfl tieng Han la ft dflng lugng tfl
2.0AC TRUNG VAN HOA TRONG THANH N G O TIENG HAN
•
2.1 Dac trung van hoa trong thanh ngfl noi chung
2.7.7 Tinh dan tgc cua thdnh ngU
Thanh ngfl cua mot dan tgc luon bieu hien ro net van hoa rieng cua dan tgc dd, Thanh ngfl la mot dan vi ngdn ngfl ma ca vl ndi dung va hinh thflc deu mang dam dau an lich su, Idi tu duy, phong tuc tap quan dan tgc,
Tfnh dan tgc cua thanh ngfl ,trudc het dugc bieu hien d noi dung y nghia ma chung chuyen tai Thanh ngfl cd quan he chat che vdi lich su dan tgc su dung chung Cac su kien lich su, nhan vat lich su, cau chuyen lich su, cac cau chuyen truyin thuyet va ca nhflng phong tuc tap quan nfla dIu dugc phan anh trong thanh ngfl Vi the, cd the thay mdi thdi ky lich su thudng xuat hien mot sd thanh ngfl Vf du, d Trung Qudc, thdi Tan Trieu tuang
tranh cd thanh ngfl "f/M'l.ilii^" (gia tri lien thanh) "hinh dung nhung tliit quy gid""f^^/fAi" (no phat xung quan) "vd ciing titc gian" Thdi Sd Han giao chien cd thanh ngfl "^^i^'f-^^" (thu nhi dai chi) "Idy cdi ndy thay the cho cdi khdc" "G/ iS ^ | t " (tfl dien sd ca) "hinh dung the thang trdn".Jxong
tie'ng Viet, mot sd thanh ngfl da dugc su dung trong truyen Kilu cua nha dai van hao Nguyin Du, nay da trd thanh nhflng dan vi ngfl nghia quen thuoc,
dl dung, dl hieu nhung lai cd gia tri bieu cam nhu : "Ket tdc xe td", "Kin cong cao tudng" hay "Da mdi tdc bac"
Tfnh dan tgc cua thanh ngfl cdn bieu hien d each su dung phep an du,
so sanh dugc dung pho bien trong thanh ngfl cua mdi dan tgc, chi cd dieu Idi
tu duy khac nhau, phong tuc tap quan khac nhau nen chat lieu ngon ngfl, hinh tugng ngdn ngfl su dung trong thanh ngfl cd khac nhau
Trang 23Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie tig Han coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd
Thanh ngfl cua mdi dan tgc cung mang trong minh dau an cua cac quan he giao luu van hoa gifla cac cong ddng Viec so sanh, ddi chieu thanh ngfl gifla cac dan tgc cho phep phat hien cac van d l vl lich su giao luu van hoa gifla cac dan tgc, quy luat Ian truyin van hoa, cai pho niem va cai dac thu trong mdi nen van hoa, va sau xa ban nfla, la kieu tu duy con ngudi d mdi dan tdc, mdi khu vuc Dudi day la mot sd vf du vl nhflng Idi tu duy khac nhau gifla cac dan tdc vl cflng mot hien tugng khach quan
Tieng Viet Tieng Han
Giau do bim leo # _Li;o^(Da cd tuyet lai them suang )
Ngheo rdt mdng tai ^^sLi% (ngheo khdng cd chd cam dfli)
Tieng Viet Tieng Anh
Mua nhu trut nude It rains cats and dogs
Do cd su tiep xuc ngdn ngfl - van hoa ma thanh ngfl gdc Han dang chiem mot sd lugng khdng nhd trong kho thanh ngfl tieng Viet, gdp phan lam phong phu va giau cd cho tieng Viet Vf du :
Tham cdn cd de ^M-MSJM
dm cdy dai thd v ^ # / # ^ Vong dn bqi nghia t-^S # #
Bdi long tim ve ^Jl^^liii Dqc nhdt vd nhi # -";€ -^
Khac thuy en tim kiem i'J^^%^^]
Thdu tinh dqt li Hifit^M Verdn them chdn i^^g/^^
Nhu vay cd the ndi cac yeu td van hoa ciia mot dan tgc dugc phan anh trong thanh ngfl rat rd net Nghien cflu thanh ngfl cung gdp phan cho viec xem xet lich su ngdn ngfl qua ddng dai va lich dai Tfnh ke thfla va tinh cd
Trang 24Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Han coyeu id chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co yeu td Id con sd
dinh cua thanh ngfl cung giup chung ta trd vl vdi lich xu xa hoi cua mdi dan tdc hay cong ddng sfl dung nd,
2.7.2 Tinh lich sdcua thdnh ngit
Dai bg phan thanh ngfl cua cac dan tgc dIu cd lich su ra ddi tuang ddi lau, cung vdi lich su su ra ddi va phat trien cua dan tgc dd Nhflng thanh ngfl
ma chung ta su dung ngay nay, phan ddng la cd ngudn gdc tfl xa xua Mac
du cd nhung thanh ngfl ra ddi va luu truyen trong dan gian tfl rat sdm khien chung ta khd ma tim dugc ngudn gdc, song qua viec dugc sfl dung, dugc ghi chep trong cac tac pham cflng du de chflng minh tfnh lich su ciia nd Dac biet la cac thanh ngfl bat ngudn tfl nhflng cau chuyen dan gian va sau nay
dugc dung nhu "dien tfch" Vf du thanh ngfl: Oan Thi Kinh hay oan Thi
Mdw._Da la ngudi Viet Nam, ft ai lai khdng biet den va cheo cd "Quan Am Thi Kfnh" phdng theo chuyen ndm "Quan am tan truyen" Vi the khi nghe
den thanh ngfl "oan thi Mdu" thi ai cung cam nhan ngay dugc "oan" ma chang oan chflt nao, cdn thanh ngfl "oan Thi Kinh" lai la mot ndi oan xdt xa
e chi (cua ngudi phu nfl dudi che do cu),
Tieng Viet cd thanh ngfl "Len let nhu ran miing ndm" Theo dan gian,
ngay mung nam am lich la ngay "diet sau bg", ngudi ta lam banh trai, dd xdi, nau che bay hoa qua cflng te de trfl "sau bg" cd hai cho cay cdi mua mangva ddi sdng ndi chung Tuang truyen vao ngay nay, ngudi Viet co thudng di bat ran de giet Vi vay nhflng con ran vao ngay nay dIu nep minh trong hang khdng dam ngdc dau len (len let) vi sg bi giet Sau nay thanh ngfl
"Len let nhu ran miing ndm" chi thai do va dien mao cua nhflng ngudi hay
sg set ndi chung
"Phd hoi, thu quy ddi chgi nhau vdi thu ky, chudng ba mdi ngudi
khoanh tay dflng dua mot cot, dang dieu len let nhu ran miing ndm" [Ngd
Tat To- Tat den]
Trang 25Khao sat ihdnh ngQ tie'ng Han co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u tdla con sd
Chung tdi tien hanh thdng ke cac thanh ngfl dugc sfl dung trong
"Tuyen tap Mao Trach Ddng" vdn bat ngudn cac tfch trong "Ta Truyen":
^R ^% ft U Gian nan vat va
^ ^^& Can tac vd uu
J^T^^ Hinh dung phai lam mot viec bat dac dl khi bi o ep
^ " 1 " r?f7.^e* Ndi nang bat chap, chi vi Igi fch ca nhan
^ H^^'S^^ ^ lb Lam dilu bat nghia at cd bao flng
trong "Lao Tu":
il ^ -^ ^^ Ke thdng minh biet tu lieu sflc minh
^ ^ ^ ^a ^i ^ Khdng hieu biet Ian nhau
trong "Tdn Tu binh phap":
^ ^^^^> "5"iii^?o Biet dich biet ta tram tran tram thang
^Jj^^^^ t i ! ^ ^ : t Danh dich phai nhan luc dich s o h d
trong "Han Phi Tfl":
^^^:^J^ Ndi mot dang, lam mot neo
^ ^ • i H i ^ Danh tran phai dung muu
^$J^-^ ^ Hinh thflc phai phu hgp vdi ndi dung
Lay tfl "Sfl ky"
^J^ JiiiAl:J^ Ly thuyet sudng
ik^^^i: Ai nhanh ngudi ay thang
^ ^ fi^ ^ Sg set run ray
Thanh ngfl xuat hien, dugc tfch luy va phat trien qua cac thdi ky cua lich sfl, cho nen mang dau an cua lich sfl
Khdng cd ngdn ngfl ngoai xa hdi, Vi vay mudn tim hieu mot ngdn ngfl cflng vdi quy luat phat trien cua nd, thi chi cd the gan lien vdi viec nghien cflu lich sfl phat trien xa hoi, lich su cua dan tgc da sang tao va su dung ngdn ngfl dd ( Xft-Ta-Lin, Chu nghia Mac va van d l ngdn ngfl)
Trang 26Khao sat thanh ngQ tie'ng Han co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu td Id con sd
Thanh ngfl la mot bg phan cua ngdn ngfl, vi vay nd luon phan anh va phan anh mot each sau sac cac boat ddng cua ddi sdng xa hdi (lich sfl, chfnh tri, tdn giao va nhung phong tuc tap quan ) qua tflng thdi ky cua lich sfl, hay ndi khac di, thanh ngfl mang tfnh lich sfl
2.2 Dac trimg van hoa trong thanh ngu" tieng Han
2.2.7 Thdnh ngU tieng Han cd ve ndi dung Idn hinh thdc deu mang ddu
dn lich sd Trung Hoa
95% thanh ngfl Han la thanh ngfl bdn am tiet Cac thanh td tao nen thanh ngfl deu la tfl dan am Tfl dan am la dac diem cua tieng Han cd, Tfl
" # ^ hgc tap" trong tieng Han hien dai la mot ddng tfl song am, nhung trong tieng Han cd lai la hai tfl dan am " # " (hgc) la tiep thu kien thflc mdi
cdn " >] tap" la dn tap, " # i^ 3+ >/ ^ ^ C^ f^ ^f ? Hgc nhi thdi tap chi bat
diec lac hd" (Khong Tfl- Luan ngfl) Cau nay cd chin tfl dan am va nghia
cua cau nay la tiep thu kien thdc mdi md Iqi kip thdi on tap chiing thi khong phdi Id dieu ddng vui hay sao? Tieng Han hien dai phai ndi la:
Thanh ngfl bdn am tiet chiem uu the la dac diem ciia ngdn ngfl Han, ddng thdi cung phan anh net van hoa Trung Hoa Ngudi Trung Qudc thudng
ndi " # ;J^ i : i ton sU di sinh " ma khdng ndi "^-tm'k'k ton kinh su di
sinh" hay " ^ 1^'f :S: # i ton sudi hgc sinh"
Thanh ngfl tieng Han chiu anh hudng sau sac cua tieng Han co, tang trfl van boa co, phan anh lich sfl Trung Hoa va phan ddng bat ngudn tfl nhirng tac pham van hoa, lich sfl co dai Trung Qudc, chfnh dac dilm nay da quy dinh tfnh dien cd ciia thanh ngfl Han
Cac nha ngdn ngfl hgc Trung Qudc cung cho rang de hieu dung va dung dung thanh ngfl cua tieng Han la mot viec khdng dan gian chut nao, Neu nhu ai dd (khdng phai la ngudi Trung Hoa) biet sfl dung thanh thao
Trang 27Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd
thanh ngfl tieng Han thi cd the ndi rang tieng Han cua ngudi da mang
"huang vi" Trung Hoa rdi
dd."i^t&iE^j|^iL^>^i^i6/flc3^>TliI> ^ 'Aif^^^^^>Li%iimi%i~^l^'^
" (Truang Dflc Ngd, 1990: Tieng Hdn cao cdp Nxb Dai hgc Bac Kinh)
2.2.2 Thdnh ngit tieng Hdn phdn anh phong tuc tap quan ngudi Trung
Hoa
Noi dung ma thanh ngfl Han chuyen tai ludn gan liln vdi lich sfl dan
tgc va phong tuc tap quan ciia ngudi Trung Qudc Cung gidng nhu thanh ngfl
cua dan tgc khac, thanh ngfl Han mang tfnh dan tgc, mang tfnh lich sfl va
phan anh Idi tu duy, phong tuc tap quan, net van hoa cua cong ddng ngudi
Trung Hoa Nhimg cd mot dac diem ma thanh ngfl tieng Viet chung ta it cd
(trfl thanh ngfl gdc Han) dd la tfnh dien cd trong thanh ngfl Han,
Tfnh dien cd da lam cho thanh ngfl Han giau hinh tugng, sac thai bilu
cam manh va hieu qua giao tiep cao
Thanh ngfl tieng Han phan anh tap tuc xa hoi dan tgc Han, thf du dudi
day la mot sd ndi vl tap tuc ma chay, cudi xin, gia dinh hdn nhan, tin
nguang tdn giao, am thuc :
) ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^
:f i^-^lW
Bang 2: Mot sd thanh ngfl tieng Han phan anh phong tuc tap quan ngudi
Trung Hoa
Trang 28Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn co ye'u tdchi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co yeu td Id con sd
S.MO TA BLfC TRANH CHUNG VE THANH NGQ CO YEU T 6 LA CON s 6 3.1.Sir ra doi cua sd tfl vdi the gidi quan cua con ngudi
Nhan thflc sdm nhat vl su vat cua con ngudi gan liln vdi su ra ddi cua con sd.Tfl ddi thugng cd, khi ma chfl viet chua ra ddi, con ngudi da dflng day thflng that nflt danh dau de bieu thi sd lugng su vat Trong Kinh dich-he tfl
cd ghi lai rang "^> t'J -& ^'Ji^s^li-tk." Ngay xua ngudi ta ket thflng de
ghi lai su viec, nhung bac thanh nhan sau nay da dung dao khac vao the gd the tre de ghi chep
Tfl thdi thugng co con ngudi dung cay cd de xem lanh dfl, can cfl vao
sd lugng, chSn le cua cay cd de phan doan Luc dd con ngudi tin vao "sd", cho rang "sd" cd ca sd, cd ma luc va tat ca cac tu tudng triet hgc cua ngudi xua deu gan lien vdi "sd" "Sd " trong the gdi quan cua ngudi xua vd cung quan trgng Hg cho rang con ngudi cd sd, the gidi cflng cd sd va nhflng con
sd ludn cd mat trong quan diem triet hgc tu tudng triet hgc cd
"^!k-—^ —^-=^' -=^i-^' ^ ^ : ^ 4 ^ o " {Lao Tfl-chuang 42} nghia la
dao sinh "nhat", "nhat" sinh "nhi", "nhi" sinh "tam", "tam" sinh van vat
"Dao" la thfl vd hinh vd danh, "nhat" la nguyen khi, "nhi" la khi am va khf duang cdn "tam" la thien dia (trdi dat) Con sd " - " , " ^ " , " 3 - " da trd thanh bieu tugng cua tu tudng triet hgc xua
Chfl sd ra ddi sdm va gan lien vdi su ra ddi cua xa hdi loai ngudi Nd quan trgng va cd y nghia vdi ngudi xua, the cdn ngay nay cac dan tgc tren the gidi thi sao, cd quan tam den chung khdng?
Trong the gidi ngay nay, con sd ngoai viec dflng de tfnh toan ghi chep
ra van tdn tai vd hinh trong tilm thflc con ngudi vai nhflng y nghia "tdt",
"xau" khac nhau Song mdi mot dan tgc quan niem vl con sd lai cd su khac biet Phai chang dilu dd phan anh mdi quan he khang kbit gifla van hoa va y
Trang 29Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u to Id con so
nghia cua cac con sd trong ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cung nhu ddi sdng ngdn ngfl cua cac dan tgc?
Quan niem tdt, xau vl con sd, lua chgn sd nay hay tranh sd kia thuc ra den nay chua cd su ly giai nao khoa hgc Song Idi tu duy vl con sd cua mdi dan tgc da an sau vao phong tuc tap quan, Idi suy nghi va dugc truyin tfl ddi nay qua ddi khac, nd da trd thanh mot phan van hoa cua cong ddng dan tgc
do
Ngudi Viet Nam sung bai con sd chSn (2,4,6,8) tranh nhflng sd le, dac biet (3,7) "Chd di ngay bay, chd ve ngay ba" Ngudi Trung Qudc coi trong
sd (6,8,9) " r^'A%" "itS^Jlt ^ ^ ^ T A " nghia la " sau ludn thuan Igi" ,
"Mudn phat tai khdng the thieu con sd 8" va kieng ky sd (4,7) Thf du, neu lap dat dien thoai chang may gap phai sd (7484) ( q i sT b a sT)that la bat hanh, vi dgc len gan am vdi " # ^ ^ ^ " ( q T sT b S s T ) cd nghia la
"vg chet, bd chet" Cd mot sd con sd khdng dugc ngudi Trung Qudc ua dung
chi vi If do ngfl am " ^ " ( s T ) n g h l a la "bdn" gan vdi am dgc cua "Pt"
C s T ) nghia la "chet" Vf du, d Lilu Ninh Trung Qudc benh vien khdng cd tang 4 va cung khdng cd gudng benh sd 4 Ngudi Nhat mac cam vdi sd (4)
ma ua chudng sd (3), hg an tet vao mung 3 thang 3 tang nhau nhflng mdn qua vdi sd lugng la 3 Mot sd nai cua phuang Tay lai ky sd (13) khanh san khdng cd phdng 13, dudng phd khdng cd nha sd 13, cau thu khdng thfch mang sd 13
Quan niem vl con sd d mdi dan tdc khac nhau la dIu cd nguyen do cua nd, hg dIu cd each giai thfch rieng, nhung tuu chung lai each danh gia nhin nhan dd da phan anh Idi tu duy dan tdc hay ndi khac di la mang net dac trung van hoa dan tgc tham chf gifla cac vflng trong mot dat nude O Trung Qudc ngudi Lilu Ninh sg hai sd "bdn", ngudi Tfl Xuyen lai thfch con sd nay
"i23t5^51t"CsT mi a n f a c a i ) nghia la "ludn phat tai"
Trang 30Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Hdn coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co yeu tdla con so
Tu tudng triet hgc d Trung Qudc ra ddi sdm va gan liln vdi con sd
" ^ — , i 4 ^ ^ ^ , i4i^> ^ i , i ^ r r , ^ - t , i ^ A , ^ ^ i ^ + "
"Chu dich" (Thien mot, dia hai, thien ba, dia bdn, thien nam, dia sau, thien bay, dia tam, thien chfn, dia mudi.) Phan thanh sd chSn, le (1,3,5,7,9 la sd cua trdi va ggi la sd duang) (2,4,6,8,10 la sd cua dat ggi la sd am ) Day la each giai thfch vl vu tru cua ngudi Trung Hoa co Phai chang day la If do ma ngudi Trung Hoa ua dflng con sd de bieu thi nhflng y nghia mang tfnh triet
li, mang tfnh bieu trung, dac biet la trong thanh ngfl nhu : "-t -L A T " (that thugng bat ha), nghia la Idng da khdng yen hay ''^f^ ^ : f E5" (bat tam bat tfl) nghia la vd va vd van
3.2 Khai quat ve thanh ngfl co yeu td chi con sd trong tieng Han
Trong tieng Han ngudi ta sfl dung sd tfl de tao nen thanh ngfl Thanh ngu cd yeu td chi con sd trong tieng Han chiem mot sd lugng Idn Theo thdng ke cua chflng tdi cd khoang tren 1,400 thanh ngfl nay trong 18.000 thanh ngfl Han, chiem 7,8% Thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd cua tieng Han
cd sflc sdng manh liet trong ddi sdng vat chat van hoa tinh than dan tdc Trung Hoa Phai ndi them rang sac thai bieu cam cua loai thanh ngfl nay rat
ky dieu
Trong tieng Han cd 16 so tfl " ^ " , " - " , " ^ " , "i^", " ^ " , "e?", " i " ,
"rr", "-t", "A", "^L", " + " , " 1 " " , "-^", ":5'", "fc" va cac "thanh vien" nay dIu xuat hien trong thanh ngfl Nhu vay tfl "mot", "hai", "ba" den "tram",
"ngan", "van", "flc" deu dugc sfl dung nhu mot chat lieu dac biet de tao nen nhflng dan vi ngdn ngfl "dac biet" giau sac thai bieu cam va cd "sflc sdng manh liet" trong ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cung nhu ddi sdng ngdn ngfl cua ngudi Trung Hoa, cd the ndi day cung la mot dac trung van hoa dan tgc dugc the hien trong ngdn ngu tieng Han
Trang 31Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Hdn co ye'u td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u to Id con so
Thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd dugc tao thanh theo nhieu dang, cd loai chi dflng mot sd tfl, nhu : " T T # ^F-g- luc than bat an" bieu thi trang thai
hoang mang lo sg hay " i^ i^-k^^— thuy chung nhu nhat" nghia la trudc sau
nhu mot khdng thay doi Dung hai sd tfl di kl hoac dan xen ddi flng nhu :
" — > t ^ l | n h a t thanh nhi sd" bieu thi y rat ro rang hay " - t J i A T t h a t thugng bat ha" hinh dung mot tam trang khdng yen Cd nhflng thanh ngfl ma cac yeu td tao thanh dIu la yeu td chi con sd
^ ^ 1 ^ i^ tam tam ludng ludng tflm nam tum ba
- H - ^ i i tam tam ngfl ngu tflm tum lai vdi nhau
-f- - | - i i thap thap ngu ngu tflng top, tflng top
Trong cac sd tfl, thi tfl "—" am Han Viet la "nhat" nghia la "mot" dugc sfl dung nhilu nhat trong thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd Chi rieng thdng ke cua "Dai tfl dien thanh ngfl Trung Qudc" da cd: 426 thanh ngfl bat
dau bang "—", 78 thanh ngfl bat dau bang "tam" "^"; Bat dau bang "bach"
""§•" cd 109 thanh ngfl va cd 102 thanh ngfl nay bat dau bang tfl "-f"
"thien" Dd la chua ke den cac sd tfl dugc dung dan xen trong thanh ngfl, dung d cudi hoac gifla thanh ngfl nhu :
^S.-krj— bieu If nhu nhat (trong ngoai nhu mot)
^ i? — T bat thflc nhat dinh (mot chfl khdng biet)
^T ^^ — i^M thien had nhat ban hac (ke ac d dau cflng gidng
Trang 32Khao sat thdnh ngu tieng Hdn co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd
Cac sd tfl cd the xuat hien d dau cua thanh ngfl Chi cd dieu kha nang
boat ddng cua chung khdng gidng nhau Dudi day la bang thdng ke kha
nang cd the xuat hien d dSu mot thanh ngfl cua cac sd tfl trong tieng Han :
Bang 3: Kha nang dflng d dau thanh ngfl cua sd tfl trong tieng Han
Bang thdng ke tren da ndi len dilu If thfl la kha nang ket hgp de tao
thanh tfl va dan vi tuang duang vdi tfl cua sd tfl "—" trong tieng Han rat Idn
Dan tgc Han rat coi trgng con sd "mot" Cac nha ngdn ngfl Trung Qudc ggi
"nhat" la tfl "da nang" chuyen tai mot phan van hoa Trung Hoa Trong "Tfl
dien tieng Han hien dai" cd tdi 263 tfl bat dau bang "—" "mot" Trong "Tfl
dien Trung Qudc " cd han 645 tfl va cd den 426 thanh ngfl bat dau bang
"—"nhu da thdng ke d tren, neu cong them 249 thanh ngfl cd chfla "—" d
gifla hoac cudi nhu : " A - £ W" "fi^-&" " ^ ; r ^ # - " thi se cd tat ca
la 675 thanh ngfl sfl dung sd tfl nay
Trong mot ngon ngfl, mot tfl dan cd the tao ra tren sau tram tfl ghep va
gan bay tram thanh ngfl nhu "—" qua la hiem thay Trong khi dd tfl "fc" td
thanh cd duy nhat mot thanh ngfl "iL7:$f\^~'\
Dflng hai sd tfl ddi flng tao nen thanh ngfl la phuang thflc pho bien cua
loai thanh ngu nay Tuy nhien kha nang ket hgp gifla cac sd tfl khdng gidng
nhau, Tfl nhflng con sd thdng ke dugc chflng tdi lap bang so sanh sau:
Trang 33Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Hdn co ye'u td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd
-
-
-
-
-+ -
-
-
-
+
-
-/ \
-
-
t
-
- - - +
-
-
-/V
-
-+
+ +
+
-
-
-+
+
-
-
4-+
+
-
-
-S
+
- -
- +
- +
+
-7J
+
- -
- - +
-fc
-
- -
- - - -
-Bang 4 : -Bang bieu thj kha nang ket hgp gifla cac sd tfl tao nen thanh ngfl cau true ddi flng trong tieng Han :
Trang 34Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu td Id con sd
Qua bang thdng ke tren cho tha'y, de ket hgp tao nen nhflng cap ddi flng trong thanh ngfl thi "—" van la yeu td dugc sfl dung nhilu nhat "— "
cd the di vdi " - " , " ^ " , "i^", " ^ " , "E0", " i ", "^L", " + " , " l ' " , " - f •,"^" Rat ft ket hgp vdi "TT", "-b", "A"
- ^ =-i£
- * + *
-;1^f-3t
- ^ - ^ ^
3.3.2 Khd ndng ket hop cua " -^" («/?/)
Neu nhu kha nang ket hgp cua "—" rat phong phfl thi ngugc lai kha
nang cflng vdi mot sd tfl khac de tao nen thanh ngfl cua "^" rat ban che
" ^ " c h i d i v d i " ^ "
jZ^ i\^ E;^
3.3.3 Khd ndng ket hap cua "-=-" (tam)
Trong khi ngudi Viet Nam kieng ki con sd (3) "tam", khdng chup anh
ba, khdng cudi xin vao ngay ba, khdng xuat hanh ngay ba, v.v thi ddi vdi ngudi Han, sau con sd (1) "nha't" la con sd (3) "tam" rat dugc ngudi Trung
Trang 35Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn co yeu tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u to Id con so
Hoa yeu thfch Nhutig tfl do "^" tao nen nhilu vd ke Vuang Hieu Banh cho
rang:
Trong cac sd tfl thi ngudi Trung qudc me nhat con sd "ba", cac tfl ngfl
do "ba" tao nen khdng dem xue
"it>Tt> ^m^^r'^"i^ii^t^^^ ^"^"i^A^^m^nT^&ik''
(Vuang Hieu Banh, Manh Tu Man - Van hoa Trung Qudc trong con sd)
Nhu tren bang da thdng ke " ^ " cd the di vdi "—", "—", " i ^ " " ^ " ,
3.3.5 Khd ndng ket hgp cua "£' (ngu)
Con sd "nam" cung la con sd dugc ngudi Trung Qudc sung bai, dac
biet la ngudi Trung Qudc co, hg cd thuyet ngu hanh {thuy, hod, moc, kirn, thd), ngfl dflc (on, luang, kinh, khiem nhudng), ngu thudng (nhdn, nghia, //, tri, tin), ngu sac (xanh, vdng, dd, trang, den), v.v Cdn hien nay thi sao?
Trang 36Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co ye'u told con sd
Chua phai la yeu td huyin dieu cua con sd nay da het, cd dilu khdng dugc dung nhilu nhu trudc day Thdng ke qua luu hgc sinh Trung Qudc tai khoa
* ngdn va van boa Trung Qudc - Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Cho thay, trong 23 thanh ngfl bat dau bang " i " thi hien nay thudng dflng chi cdn cd 10
" i " cd the ket hgp vdi "^" , "rr", "A", " + "
Vf du :
i # r T ^ i ^ r ^ - ^ t i i i r c ? t ^
i ^ t A ^ t i ^ m A H
3.3.6 Khd ndng ket hgp cua " ^ ' (luc)
Ngudi Trung Qudc ndi rang "TT" A J L A ^ nghia la ( con sd "sau" ai gap cflng yeu) {Van Hoa Trung Qudc trong con sd - trang 109} Ngudi Trung Hoa xua va nay dIu men md con sd 6 vdi mot li do rat dan gian la
"re" gan am vdi "}M.%" cd nghia la ")WM" (thuan Igi) Va nhu vay "rr"
dugc gan vdi mot nghia rat tdt dep "rrrri'lS", "rT7T5?>L^" (luc luc thuan) (luc luc song toan) Nhflng each ndi chfla day an y tdt lanh nay ludn cd trong tilm thflc cua cac ba me Trung Qudc Khi ban be chuc rugu nhau cung khd ma cuang lai dugc su hap dSn va mang day y nghia may man cua con sd
6 , va hg khuyen nhau udng sau cdc
6 Hong Kdng, " r r " gan am vdi "^^" nghia la "dudng", vi vay " r r " trong mdt sd hoan canh cu the da trd thanh con sd tdt lanh
Vf du nhu:
163 gan am vdi —^^^ nghia la se sdng mai
168 gan am vdi — ^ ^ ^ nghia la ludn phat tai
Trang 37Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Hdn co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u told con sd
1658 gan am vdi — ^ - § - ^ nghia la ta ludn phat tai
1638 gSn am vdi — ^ ^ : i ^ nghia la ludn tdn tai va phat tai Tuy nhien khdng phai nai nao d Trung Qudc cung dIu tdn sflng con
sd nay O Hd Bac Trung Qudc ngudi ta kieng con sd 6, khdng lam cam 6 mdn, dac biet la an trflng hoac tang nhau trflng thi khdng dung 6 qua, vi d day dan dia phuang dgc am " r r " thanh am " # " va "TC" cd nghia la " ; i ^ # " (man Idc y mudn ndi den luc cai chet) Vung San Ddng Trung Qudc ngudi
ta may ao khdng tra 6 cue va cho rang ao tra 6 cue khdng phai de cho "ngudi mac"
" T C " trong ddi sdng xa hdi thi nhu vay cdn trong thanh ngfl Han thi
sao ? Neu ndi mot each khai quat ddi vdi "r^" ngudi Trung Qudc "yeu"
nhilu, "ghet" ft, nd cd the ket hgp vdi mot sd khac de tao nen con sd "tdt lanh" hoac "kem may man", nhung de tao thanh thanh ngfl thi rat khiem tdn
" r e " chi ket hgp vdi " ^ " va cung chi cd ba thanh ngfl Dd la :
r e ^ ^ i ^ re/'S ^ ^ ^ rr \^ ^ #
3.3.7 Khd ndng ket hgp cua " -t" (that)
" - t " la con sd khdng dugc ngudi Trung Qudc ua dflng " - t " cd the di vdi " A " de tao ra cac thanh ngfl va thudng mang nghia xau nhu :
- t ^L A >I5] (that khong bat ddng) rach buam
- t °f ^V -^ (that chuy bat thiet) thi nhau ndi
-fc _L /V T (that thugng bat ha) thap tha thap thdm
- t ^ A>^ (that tfl bat boat) sdng dd chet dd
4r # A •;|i (that linh bat lac) nhao nhac nhu ga lac me
- t -Ife/VM (that trudng bat doan) dai ngdn khdng deu
- t |5i A # ] (that dien bat dao) khdn ddn, nguy kich
- t # A ; # (that phanh bat tau) chap va lung tung
Trang 38Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn co ye'u td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd
Duy nhat cd mot kieu ket hgp - t - t de tao ra thanh ngfl " - t ^ ^ - t ^/A"
3.3.8 Khd ndng ket hgp cua "y^" (bdt)
" A " la bdi sd cua 2 va 4, duang nhien la con sd chSn va rat dugc ngudi Trung Qudc tdn sflng Trong yen tiec chuc mflng hoac cudi xin, ngudi Trung Qudc thudng bay cd 8 mdn de cau mong dilu tdt lanh Tieng Quang
Ddng " A " ddng am vdi " ^ " cd nghia la "phdt tdi", vi vay moi ngudi hy
vgng phat tai nen mdi yeu thfch con sd 8 Hg mong mudn trong sd nha, sd
xe, sd tai khoan, sd dien thoai cua minh cd chfla sd 8 Vao ngay 8 thang 8 nam 1988 Ngudi Hong Kdng, Mao Cao va Dai Loan dIu cflng nhau an mflng nhu mot ngay tet Idn Hg cho rang ngay nay cd tdi bdn con sd 8, mdt ngay vd cflng "dep" dac biet theo tieng Quang Ddng thi "/V A A /V" ddng am vdi " ^ ^ > ^ > ^ " (phat, phat, phat, phat)
Tuy nhien con sd nay lai rat "khd tfnh", nd gan nhu khdng ket hgp vdi bat ky sd nao de tao ra thanh ngfl cd hai yeu td chi con sd ddi flng nhau
3.3.9 Khd ndng ket hgp cua "A " (cm)
"A." la con sd Idn duang nhat trong day sd tu nhien tfl 1 den 9
":k^t^^ii> ^^-f —' ^f f-A.-^" (trong day sd tu nhien tfl 1 den 9, thi
bat dau bang 1 ket thflc d 9) Ngudi Trung Qudc cho rang "trdi " la cao nhat
va cd 9 tang Ngoai ra vl mat ngfl am, " A " ddng am vdi " ^ " cd nghia la
"bin lau" Cac bac tien de rat sung bai con sd nay , hy vgng thdng tri lau dai, hg mac "yLi£^&" (cuii long bao) " , dat ten nude la Cflu Chau, hg thu tap "Cflu dinh" tugng trung cho Trung Qudc, dat nude cd chin chau, va ggi
la "'{^ g l ^ S " (bao vat truyen nude) Ba dien Idn trong Hoang Cung (Dien Thai Hoa, Dien Trung Hoa, Dien Bao Hoa ) dIu cd do cao la 9 trugng 9 thudc (9.9m) tugng trung cho "Cflu trflng thien" Cac bac trong Cung deu
la 9 hoac bdi sdcua 9 (18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81) Trong thanh cam kien true cd sd phdng la 9999, cd le day chfnh la tu tudng phong kien cua che do
Trang 39Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Hdn co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tieng Viet co ye'u td Id con so
cu, ngudi dan khdng cd quyen binh dang ngay ca khi dflng nhflng con sd Trong khi dd cua Idn cua Cung thanh cd 9 day dinh, mdi day 9 dinh tdng cong la 81 dinh tugng trung cho "trflng cflu" Cac bac Hoang De lap "ciiu mieu" de thd cflng cha me , chflc quan phan "cim khanh" "ciru pham"
Khdng nhutig sd 9 dugc tdn sflng ma bdi sd cua 9 cung mang nhung y nghia khac nhau Trong "Tay du ky", Tdn Ngd Khdng cd 72 phep thuat, trai qua 18 ddng va gap 81 nan Cd mot dilu If thu la tong cac chfl sd cac bdi sd cua 9 ludn la 9
yL^- —4i (cflu nguu nhat mao) hat cat tren sa mac
A ^ — : i (cilu tfl nhat sinh) thap tfl nhat sinh
3.3.10 Khd ndng ket hgp cua " V" (thdp)
" + " la con sd chSn Idn nhat, ngoai y nghia dd ra, dan tgc Han tfl xua den nay cho rang " + " cdn mang mot y nghia la "hoan hao, trgn ven" Tieng Han cd thanh ngfl "-t-4r+ Ji"(thap toan thap my) nghia la mudi phan ven
Trang 40Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Hdn coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u told con sd
mudi Ngay trudc cd "thap dai thanh nhan" (van thanh Khong Tfl, vu thanh Quan Vu, thu thanh Vuang Hy Chi, thao thanh Truang , hoa thanh Ngd Dao Tfl, sfl thanh Tu Ma Thien, y thanh Truang Tu , thi thanh Dd Phu, tuu thanh Dd Khang va tra thanh Luc Vu) Ngoai ra cdn cd ''thap dai binh thu "
"thap dai danh tac" "thap dai danh thi" "thap dai danh hoa" v.v Ngay nay ngudi ta cung thudng dflng "top ten" de lam mot con sd hoan hao Vf du chgn "mudi bai hat hay trong thang, trong nam" "mudi ngudi dep nhat hanh tinh" "mudi guang mat the thao tieu bieu trong nam" v.v
Nhu vay " + " cung la mot con sd "dep" cua ngudi Trung Hoa va tren the gidi, song kha nang tham gia tao ra thanh ngfl ddi flng thi rat ban che, ngoai hai thanh ngfl "-hQ—TlC" " - h M i i ^ " " + " chi ket hgp vdi "^L" nhu:
+ J! A £ (thap that cflu kdng) Nha tan cfla nat
-i~^A.^4 (thap na cflu on) mudi phan chae chfn
'j'^Mt (thap duang cuu muc) dan ft ma quan thi nhilu 3.3.11 Khd ndng ket hgp cua "W- -f' - ^ ' (hdchy thien, vqn)
" ' § ' -f- :5"" deu la bdi sd cua " + " , ma " + " la con sd Idn va trdn tria trong day sd tu nhien, nen ngoai bieu thi sd lugng cu the ra, " + " cdn cd nghia la sd nhilu Trong "Chien qudc sach - Te sach nhat" cd ghi :
"'St — r^^^-^-, + r?f7 i "S" > ¥ i^ ^ -f" (tat nhat nhi duang thap , thap nhi
duang bach, bach nhi duang thien) sau nay cd thanh ngfl "^X— ^ + " (dT
nhdt duang thdp) hinh dung trong danh tran, ta ft dich ddng nen tat phai
dung chien luge "lay it dich nhieu" Ngudi Viet Nam cung dung sd 10 de
hinh dung sd lugng nhieu, nhu "Mudi voi khdng dugc bat nude sao" Vay 10
da bieu thi sd nhilu nen ngudi Trung Qudc dflng ""S" ^ -f ^ :^" (bgi sd cua
10) trong thanh ngfl chu yeu vdi nghia la bieu thi sd nhilu