Translation strategies for the addressing forms between english and vietnamese in the novel hunger

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITYI, the undersigned, herby certify that this project entitled Translation strategies for the addressing forms between English and Vietnamese in the novel “Hunger

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF

(Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết “Đói”)

MAJOR MASTER THESIS

Major: English Linguistics Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF

(Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết “Đói”)

MAJOR MASTER THESIS

Major: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01

Supervisor: Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I, the undersigned, herby certify that this project entitled Translation strategies for the addressing forms between English and Vietnamese in the novel “Hunger” (Các chiến lược dịch từ xưng hô Anh-Việt trong tiểu thuyết “Đói”) is my original work I have duly acknowledged all the sources

from which the ideas and extracts have been taken This project is submitted

in partial fulfillment of requirements for degree of Master in EnglishLanguage

Hanam, 2019

Truong Thi Huyen

Approved bySUPERVISOR

Assoc Prof.Dr Le Hung Tien

Date:

I am also grateful to all my lecturers of Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies

at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam NationalUniversity, Hanoi who give me an opportunity and the best conditions to dothis research

Last but not least, my special gratitute is for my family and my friendsfrom whom I have received alot of spiritual encourage and material support

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II TABLE OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLE V LIST OF FIGURE V

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1

1 Rationale 1

2 Scope of the research 2

3 Research objectives and research questions 2

3.1 Research objectives 2

3.2 Research questions 3

4 Research significance 3

5 Research method 3

6 Thesis structure 4

PART B: DEVELOPMENT 5

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 5

1 Translation 5

1.1 Definitions of translation 5

1.2 Translation strategies 7

2 Addressing forms 9

2.1 Definition of addressing forms 9

2.1.1 Pronouns 12

2.1.2 Names 15

2.1.3 Titles 16

2.1.4 Kinship terms 17

2.1.5 Endearment expressions 20

2.2 Translating addressing forms from one language to another 20

3 Previous Studies 25

CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHOD 28

1 Research Approach 28

2 Data and Data Sources 29

3 Research Instruments 30

4 Data Collection Techniques 33

5 Data Analysis Techniques 34

CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 35

1 Findings 35

1.1 The types of Addressing Forms 35

1.2 The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms 36

2 Discussion 43

PART C CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 45

1 Summary of findings 45

2 Conclusions 45

3 Suggestions 47

3.1 For translator 47

3.2 For students majoring in translation 47

3.3 For researchers 47

REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX I

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: English Pronouns System (according to Larson, 1984) 12

Table 2: Vietnamese Pronouns System by Ngo (2006) 12

Table 3: Example of Addressing People Using Names in English 15

Table 5: The Meanings and Usages of the Vietnamese Kinship Terms 18

Table 6: The Table Data Sheet 32

Table 7 The Frequencies of Types of Addressing Forms in the novel “Hunger” 35

Table 8: The Translation Strategies of Addressing Forms 37

Table 9: Pronouns 37

Table 10 Names 38

Table 11: Titles 39

Table 12: Kinship Terms 41

Table 13: Endearment expressions 42

LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1 The Diagram of Types of Address Terms 36

Figure 2 The Diagram of Translation Strategies 42

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Translation is one of important and not easy skills in the course ofEnglish learning, especially in the process of world economic integrationtoday It is a crucial tool and plays important role in the life and in variousfields such as communication, education, culture, tourism, economy as well asliterature, ect Translation helps people from different countries be able tounderstand and connects together Depending on each field, proper andcertain strategies and procedures are applied to gain a good translation.Because translation is the process of transferring meaning, it is necessary tohave great attention when translating from source language into targetlanguage to get the profound insight about the source language Translatingfrom English into Vietnamese means transferring the meaning from Englishculture into Vietnamese culture

Addressing forms are indispensable in any acts of communication Inlanguage in general, they express the hierarchical, attitude and emotionalrelationship between the persons involved in the conversation Therefore, theimportant thing is to select proper addressing forms in order to get a smoothand good conversation Almost English learners, however, face somedifficulties in translating addressing forms from English into Vietnamese.Like other fields, translation of addressing forms from English intoVietnamese is not easy which depends on various factors and elements such

as culture and translation strategies

The system of addressing forms in Vietnamese language is very richand diverse which depends on each circumstance and relationship The rules

of addressing in Vietnamese are also varied and complicated Personal

Vietnamese which cannot be found in English This is one of the difficulties

in the course of translating such type of addressing forms from English intoVietnamese This forces the translator to focus, pay attention and find signs todistinguish and find words with the same meaning in two languages

On the other hand, the cultural difference is also an element leading todifferent use of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese Cultural factorsand social norms require each language to have a proper system of addressingforms In short, during communication, in English or Vietnamese, addressingforms should be selected and adjusted by each individual to suit the subject aswell as the context of communication Hence, this paper is carried to refectthe similarities and differences between the system of addressing forms inEnglish language and Vietnamese language as well as translation strategies

for translating the addressing form in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun.

2 Scope of the research

Through the process of translation, various versions of target texts can

be created from a source language The translation process is also impacted bydifferent factors These factors can consist of translator behavior or culturalproblem in which cultural factor has a big influence As a result, the translatormust have good understanding on the background of each culture to have the

best translation The addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan are collected by the author to be used as

research data

3 Research objectives and research questions

3.1 Research objectives

The research aims to:

 Describe types of addressing forms that occur in “Hunger” of Knut

Hamsun

 Describe types of translation strategies used in “Đói” of T.B.Tan.

3.2 Research questions

Two following questions are formulated for this research:

1 What types of addressing forms occur in “Hunger” of Knut

Hamsun?

2 What are the types of translation strategies used to translate

addressing terms in “Đói” of T.B.Tan?

4 Research significance

The research is carried out to help the readers and English learners totake in the meaning of addressing forms effectively by understanding thenotion of addressing forms, the types of addressing forms and the factorsaffecting the use of addressing forms and the similarities and differences ofthe system of addressing forms in English and Vietnamese language Theresult of this research also helps people understand that the use of differenttranslation strategies will lead to the change of addressing forms It then will

be a good reference for teachers and students as well as translators, writers oflanguage who are interested in studying the addressing forms in linguistics ingeneral and in translation in particular

5 Research method Research procedures:

 Developing a theoretical background

 Collecting and synthesizing the system of addressing forms in both English and Vietnamese for analysis and comparison

 Finding out the similarities and differences of the system of

addressing forms between English and Vietnamese

 Drawing out the common translation strategies for the addressingforms

 Data collection: the addressing forms in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan.

 Descriptive and comparative methods are used in this research

6 Thesis structure

This research consists of three main parts and a reference

Part A: Introduction

Briefly introduces rationale for the research, research objectives, scope

of the research, research significance and research methodology

Part B: Development

The development includes two chapters:

Chapter I – Literature reviews deals with the literature reviews relevant

to translation definition; translation types, translation process, translationstrategies, addressing forms, previous studies and brife summary on the novel

“Hunger” of Knut Hamsun.

Chapter II – Research method.

Chapter focuses on the research approach, data and data sources,research instruments, data collection techniques, data analysis techniques

Chapter III – Findings and discussion present the research’s results

and related discussion

Part C: Conclusions and suggestions give conclusions andsuggestions drawn from the research’s results

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW

All literature theories related to translation and addressing forms whichare necessary for analyzing all research objectives are discussed in thischapter Many reference sources from books, articles and journals from theinternet are collected and used for the completion of this chapter Theprevious studies of other researchers are also mentioned as the references forthis research

1 Translation

1.1 Definitions of translation

The term of translation has been concerned by many authors It ismentioned as a way to transfer the meaning from one language into another.Larson (1984) defines translation is a way of rendering the meaning of thesource language into the target language According to him, the render oflanguage is conducted in a semantic manner by going from the form of thefirst language to the form of a second language He also says that the lexicon,grammatical structure and communication situation are studied during thetranslation and their meaning is defined, and then reconstructing the samemeaning by using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are suitable forthe receptor’s language and that language’s cultural content Nida (1969) alsosimilarly states that translation is the process of reproducing the receptor’slanguage to the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, first in theterms of meaning and followed by the terms of style Hatim and Munday(2004) states that translation is the process of transferring a written text fromsource language to target language The translator needs to use somestrategies to transfer a meaning in an accurate and natural manner

Catford (1995) mentions that translation is to replace textual material in onelanguage (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).According to Newmark (1988), translation is rendering the meaning of a textfrom one language into another language based on the intention and purpose

of the author Hatim and Mason (1990) suggest that translation is a process ofthe negotiation of meaning between producers and receivers of the text.Picken (1989) defines that general translation is transferring messages in theoral and written forms from writing to speech or from one language to anotherlanguage Bell (1991) mentions that translation is to replace a text in onelanguage by an equivalent text in another language Newmark (1981) viewstranslation as a craft that attempts to replace a message and/or statement inwritten in one language by the equivalent message or statement in anotherlanguage And also, he defines translation is a science, a skill, an art, and amatter of taste Regarding a science, translation consits of the knowledge andassessment of the facts and the language that describes them; as a skill,translation contains the appropriate language and acceptable usage; as an art,translation differentiates good writing from bad and involves innovative,intuitive and inspired levels; and lastly, he views translation as a matter oftaste includes the fact that the translator resorts to his/her own preferences; so,the translated text varies from one translator to another Kelly (2005) statestranslation as the skill of understanding the source text and rendering it in thetarget language by using the register, the background knowledge, and otherlanguage resources according to the intended purpose Therefore, a translator

is considered as a mediator of the two languages and cultures who can transferthe source language to the target language

From those definitions mentioned above, it can be summarized thattranslation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by

means of an equivalent target-language text Additionally, the translator mustpay attention to the meaning to reach a good translation Especially, there arevarious factors affecting the translation of a literary work The close, naturaland equivalent translation must be ensured to have a good translation work.

1.2 Translation strategies

Translation strategies are categorized, classified and suggested bydifferent authors and experts The term of translation strategies is oftenmentioned along with other terms such as procedure, technique, method,tactic, and approach, etc Many researchers study two types of translationstrategies include literal translation and free translation Vinay & Darbelnetdescribe these two strategies in the form of word-for-word translation andsense-for-sense translation, source-oriented translation and target-orientedtranslation, direct translation and oblique translation Meanwhile Eugene Nidaviews them through adequacy and acceptability, formal equivalence anddynamic equivalence; Peter Newmark describes via semantic translation andcommunicative translation

Lorscher (1991) defines translation strategy is a procedure or a sequence

of actions Krings (1986) views translation strategies as “potentially consciousplans for solving a translation problem” Strategies related to using procedures todeal with problems, and the chosen procedure will affect the result

Gerloff (1986) expresses that the text processing strategies includeproblem identification, linguistic analysis, storage and retrieval, generalsearch and selection, inferencing and reasoning strategies, textcontextualizatoin, editing, and task monitoring

Chesterman (1997) and other researchers agree on a few characteristics

of a translation strategy in which translation strategy is goal-oriented;

problem-centered; requires making coordinated decisions; is potentially

conscious; and involves text manipulation

Baker (1992) lists eight strategies which are used to deal with the

problematic issues during the process of translation

 Translation by a more specific word: This often involves choosing

among several different words, as there may be many Vietnamese words thatcorrespond to the general category or meaning expressed by English word

Example: “Carry” in English can be translated into “mang”, “địu”,

“xách”, “cầm”, “thồ”, “địu” etc in Vietnamese.

Or “Rice” is used commonly for “thóc”, “gạo”, “cơm”, “cháo”, etc depending on whether one is planting it, is harvesting it or cooking it.

 Translation by a more general word: in this strategy, a more general

word is used to replace the more specific one

Example: the English words “paw”, “foot” or “leg” may all be translated by the Vietnamese word “chân”.

 Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word: uses more

neutral/less word to replace word which doesn’t have equivalent one

Example: Source language: The number of talent students in English class has mushroomed in recent days.

Target language: Số lượng học sinh tài năng trong lớp tiếng Anh đã tăng nhanh trong những ngày gần đây.

Back-translation: The number of talent students in English class has increased fastly in recent days.

In this example, the verb “mushroom” mentions the fast growth, but itmeans “mọc lên như nấm” in Vietnamese which implies a negative meaning

In Vietnamese, “mọc lên như nấm” is often used to refer to the over-heated oruncontrollable development Therefore, in this case, it should be replaced by a

word “increase” which is more neutral because the growth in quantity of talent students is a good news.

 Translation by cultural substitution: This strategy involves replacing a

cultural-specific item with one of the different meaning but similar impact in thetarget language

Example: “Mother day” 

Ngày lễ vu lan

 Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation: This

strategy is used to handle culture-specific items in which loan word should befollowed with an explanation

Example: HIV and AIDS are two loan words which are familiar concepts with Vietnamese Thus, they are often used without accompanying explanation.

 Translation by omission: This strategy means the deletion of a word or

words from the source language which do not have equivalent words in the targetlanguage during the translation

 Nền văn hóa của Việt Nam rất đa dạng.

 Translation by illustration: This strategy is used in case where is no

equivalent in target language

 Chuỗi khách sạn (The hotel has branches around the world, such as Hyatt, Marriott and Hilton)

2 Addressing forms

2.1 Definition of addressing forms

Addressing forms is indispensable in any communication and defined

in a various manner by different authors and experts C.Richards, H Platt(1999) mentions addressing forms consist of the word and words used to

address somebody in speech or writing text The way in which a personaddressing one another usually depends on their age, sex, social group, and

personal relationship For example, in the British family relationship, the

younger generation uses and kinship terms to address the above generation,and the older generation addresses the below generation by the first name Insociety, they use formal terms such as title, first name, respected andintimated words to address In Vietnam, people use almost the kinship terms

to call in both family and in society, for formal communicated situation, theyuse title and respected words to address

Fasold (1990) mentions addressing forms are the words that speakersuse to call the person who they are talking According to him, in mostlanguages, there are two main kinds of addressing forms including names andsecond-person pronouns Braun (1998) defines address as basis concept of thetheory of address Addressing forms consist of words or expressions used toindicate certain relations between people, or to show the difference in identity,position and social status They reflect national cultures Addressing formsplays a very important role in the communication in person because it is thefirst information transferred to others This means that a person who hashigher social status in society may address people from their lower socialstatus by using a familiar form, although he/she had received any formalforms On the other hand, the familiar title or class of people may influencethe power of addressing someone

According to Khang (2008), “addressing terms are words used to call self and others, which used to address or call the hearer or speaker in the communication”.

Luong (1990) mentions “Both the use and the meanings of Vietnamese addressing forms are saliently and inextricably linked to the power,

solidarity, and formality dimensions in the relations among the addressor, addressee, as well as the referred parties.”

Addressing forms can be classified into different categories In manylanguage, addressing forms may have relations with social status or family.There are some authors and experts which categorized addressing forms intofew types Dunkling (1990) in A Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Addressdivides address terms into two types, nominal vocatives and verbal vocatives.While Braun (1988) classifies addressing forms into five types which consist

of pronouns of address, verb forms of address, noun of address and boundforms of address and free forms of address

The Vietnamese addressing forms is much more diversified and

complicated According to Luong (1990), for example, English I and you,

“have as their counterparts in the Vietnamese system dozens of linguistic forms of various grammatical subclasses” These include personal pronouns,

kinship terms, status terms, and proper nouns (personal names)

Addressing terms can be classified into various categories In manylanguages, addressing forms may have relations with social status or family.There are some experts which categorized addressing forms into few types.Therefore, in this research, the researcher will discuss pronouns, names, titlesand endearment expressions in terms of group of word or phrase Further, theresearcher will focus on the addressing forms which is categorized into group

of word or phrase Before the researcher starts to explain about group of word

or phrase in address terms, the researcher will discuss about the main idea ofaddressing forms, that idea is relevant with Trudgil (1992) and other authors.Addressing forms are divided into the following types:

Table 1: English Pronouns System (according to Larson, 1984)

(male), bạn (male), mày, các

(female) (female) Third Masculine Ông ta, Thằng He, Các ông Mấy They, person ngài ấy, đó him ấy, các thằng them

anh ấy ngài ấy, đó, bọn

các anh nó ấy

Feminine Bà ấy, Con nhỏ She, Các bà Mấy con They,

nó them

From the mentioned above table, the system of pronouns of bothEnglish and Vietnamese is categorized into the same form The findingillustrates that pronouns of both languages have the same function BothEnglish and Vietnamese pronouns are categorized into three persons: firstperson, second person and third person However, English pronouns dependmostly on the grammatical role while Vietnamese pronouns can indicate thesocial status or the relation of the speaker and other persons.

In terms of grammatical role, English pronouns are classified intosubject pronouns and object pronouns

A subjective pronoun is used to indicate that the pronoun is acting asthe object of the verb

Example: Marry is a writer She was awarded outstanding writer.

In this example, “she” takes the place of “Marry” which is the subject

of the sentence

An objective pronoun is used to indicate that the pronoun is acting asthe object of the verb or preposition

Example: Tom knows her.

In this example, Tom is the subjective case Her is the objective case In

addition, English pronouns must be in accordance with the gender

and the number of people mentioned

Regarding gender, there are three genders in English pronouns:masculine, feminine and neuter In term of number, English pronouns aredivided into singular and plural pronouns

Therefore, English pronouns used depend on the grammatical role andmust be in concord with the gender and number of people indicated

As showed in the table above, the Vietnamese pronouns system is muchmore complicated than English pronouns system Unlike English

pronouns, the Vietnamese pronouns are not divided into subjective pronounsand objective pronouns A Vietnamese pronoun can be used as both thesubject and object of the sentence.

Example, in English we say:

Marry is a writer She was awarded outstanding writer I idolize her.

Compare with the way we say in Vietnamese:

Marry là một nhà văn Cô ấy được nhận giải thưởng nhà văn xuất sắc Tôi rất thần tượng cô ấy.

From the example above we can see that in English, the pronoun “she” is the subject of the verb “was awarded” and “her” is the object of the verb “idolize”, but

in Vietnamese we can use the pronoun “cô ấy” for both the subject of the verb

“được nhận giải thưởng” and the object of the verb “thần tượng”.

Vietnamese pronouns are not only in concord with the person, genderand number like the English pronouns but also can show the social status of

the speaker and the other people in the communication For example, the first person “tôi” is the only pronoun used in polite speech The second person

“ta” does not only reveal a higher status of the speaker, this second person

also is used when talking to oneself as in a soliloquy The other inferior forms in the first and second persons (tao, mày, mi, bay), which areconsidered impolite, are commonly used in familiar social contexts, such asamong family member (Huynh, 2009”)

superior-to-The following example will illustrate this difference:

I think this restaurant looks like good I want to have lunch here.

 Tôi nghĩ nhà hàng này có vẻ được đấy Tôi muốn ăn trưa ở đây.

In this sentence: context is formal and form is inferior-to-superior

 Tao thấy nhà hàng này có vẻ được đấy Tao muốn ăn trưa ở đây In

this sentence: context is informal, form is superior-to-inferior or

between two people at the same age

2.1.2 Names

Names are used by humans to addressing people, names are mentioned

as part of addressing forms by Trudgill (1992) There are various descriptionsabout names to address someone Names is used for addressing when twopeople are talking to each other How to mention someone in Vietnamese isdifferent from in English

Table 3: Example of Addressing People Using Names in English

Family name/Surname/Last

name

In the example above, Barrack is first name, Hussein is middle nameand Obama is last name The last name is used to address someone in US andWestern countries In this example, the last name Obama is used when wewant to mention the former President of the US

The use of first name + family name (surname) is also used in Englishwhen we are not sure if the person we are talking to knows who we aretalking about while first names only appear in informal situations

Generally, in some English speaking countries, a woman will change herlast name when getting married However, not all women do like that And, awidowed woman often keeps her husband’s name unless she remarries Adivorced woman often changes her name back to her maiden name

Table 4: Example of Addressing People Using Names in Vietnamese

Normally, Vietnamese names consist of three parts: Familyname/Surname/Last name, middle name and first name name Vietnamesefamily name comes first and then middle name and first name Based on table

4 above, it can be showed that Nguyen is family name, Linh is middle nameand Giang is first name Vietnamese always say the first name when theywant to mention someone Moreover, unlike US and Western culture, amarried Vietnamese woman always keeps her family name She will rarelyuse her husband’s last name on occasions for formal addressing only

2.1.3 Titles

According to Wardhaugh (2006), title used in addressing other peopleindicates the least intimate relationship A speaker addresses his/herinterlocutor only by his/her title, such as Professor, Doctor A Dr or Prof title

is used in more formal situations Dr or Prof title is only used to determine theranks of occupation The use of Dr or Prof can be encountered in an officialsituation when the speaker knows the social status or occupational rank Thetitle Dr short for Doctor is generally used for a medical doctor (MD) or aPh.D used for hard sciences Other title such as Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss is oftenused to people who are foreign or can be used title for the foreign Forexample: “Mr” for men “Mrs” for married women “Ms” used for women ifthey are married or not or in the case of women who do not want to disclosetheir marital status Some women take on their husband’s surname The title

“Mrs” when they get married Some women prefer to keep their surname anduse the title Ms “Miss” also indicates single status or not married Sometimespeople use the words “madam”, “miss” or “sir” in a service situation This isbecause when younger as a speaker does not know the name of the addressee,but they want to be polite and respect the addressee

Different from English, Vietnamese has its own different honorifictitles in accordance with the culture of Vietnam There is a significantdifference between the Vietnamese honorific system and other systems, in

addressing certain family members For example, suppose your first cousin

once removed (son or daughter of your cousin) is older than you Despitebeing of greater age, your first cousin once removed would (formally) have to

address you as “Anh (your first name)” or just “anh”, if the addressed is male, and “Chị (your name)” or just “chị”, if the addressed is female Both terms on their own mean“my elder” Such a situation is an example of how

hierarchy in the family takes precedence even over age

2.1.4 Kinship terms

Wardhaugh (2006) states that kinship term is related to generation andageoriented Kinship terms are a very important part of the Vietnamesesystem to address or refer to oneself and others They are even used muchmore than true personal pronouns Even though the listener is not a familymember or relative, kinship terms can also used as pronouns to address andrefer to friends and unfamiliar interlocutors (Luong, 1990) The Vietnamesekinship term system is quiet complicated, it is not only very challenging forforeigners but also sometimes hard for Vietnamese people to master allkinship terms There are many terms for which cannot find equivalents inEnglish In English, there is hardly any kinship term to be used as personalpronoun The below table summarizes the meanings and usages of theVietnamese kinship terms:

Table 5: The Meanings and Usages of the Vietnamese Kinship Terms

meaning

In both 1st &

In 1stperson In 2nd person

2nd personsVery elderly

To a verygreat-great person to or by

grandparent much younger

personperson

Male about

(great uncle) to or by young (arrogant) equals

personFemale about

(great aunt) to or by young (arrogant) female equals

cousin young person or above

Term Literal Usages

meaning

father’s younger Man parent’s age

( Cooke, 1968 )

The Vietnamese kinship terms can show the relation of the speakersand listeners in a very clear manner, and this is a very interesting feature ofVietnamese system.

Example:

“I will take you to school then pick up you after school.”

Father to son: “Bố sẽ đưa con đến trường rồi đón con khi tan học.” Older brother to younger brother: “Anh sẽ đưa em đến trường rồi đón

em khi tan học.”

2.1.5 Endearment expressions

Terms of endearment are forms of address used in spokencommunication For instance, such words as honey or sweetheart areconsidered as traditional terms of endearment (Morelock, 2005)

Casnig (2012) states endearment expressions universally valuatedqualities, such as sweetness, beauty, peacefulness, innocence, warmth,playfulness, word providence or cuddliness

Both English and Vietnamese often use endearment terms such as

“honey”, “bear”, “sweetie”, “love”, or “darling” to express the fondness andaffection

Example: My dear fellow 

Cô bạn yêu quý của tôi

“Dear” is added to show the close relationship between two friends

2.2 Translating addressing forms from one language to another

In translation, the choose of the most proper equivalent forms of

address is relatively difficult Baker (1992) states that “the familiarity/deference dimension in the pronoun system is among the most fascinating aspects of grammar and the most problematic in translation This causes obstacles to the translation’s expressions of the relationship among the characters and the speaking context” Thus, the translator must

understand the nature as well as the complexity of the system of addressforms in both source language and target language to avoid the problem ofnon-equivalence Odber de Baubeta (1992) argues that the translator has toselect the most appropriate form based on the relationship between the peopleinvolved in the interaction According to Odber de Baubeta (1992), specificfactors such as the identity of speakers, their roles, social position, the degree

of intimacy between interlocutors and emotional attitude will determine thechoice of one form of address rather than another Translators have to takeinto account these factors to gain a proper target translation Garcez (1992)

states that “the translators of English dialogue have traditionally opted to keep the target text formally rather than functionally close to the text in the source language”.

Methven (2006) studied the difficulties in translating kinshipaddressing forms and honorific pronouns in Chinese and English He reportedthat since there are large lexical gaps in translating Chinese family forms ofaddress and honorifics into English, the only way for their translation isthrough the pragmatic translation of address forms into its simple deicticequivalent

Xiao Ying (2007) studied the translation of addressing forms from theaspects of cultural and cognitive perspectives In his research, he usedexperimental view and cultural model to deal with the problem of translatingcultural connotations in addressing forms From the research’s results, heshowed that only by using different translating techniques can reach anequivalent rendering of addressing forms

Ngo (2006) conducted a study of the strategies used in translation ofaddressing forms from Vietnamese into English in four short stories Sheinvestigated the effectiveness degree of translation strategies in conveying the

rich nuances of the addressing forms She suggested that, since these aredistant between two languages and cultures, translators may need to pay moreattention to the need to meet the linguistic and cultural elements of the sourcetext in their translation not only for a better understanding of the original textbut also for providing the target reader with enhanced knowledge of thecustoms and culture of another country.

Inez Probst Lucena (2009) investigated and analyzed the addressingforms in the translation of Animal Farm from English to Brazilian Shebelieves that it is not easy for the translator to convey the message in othercontexts via other equivalents, which cause the same reaction in the reader, so

it is necessary for the translator to understand the exact meaning and apply thebest way to convey the whole meaning

Culture is the apparent origin of the difference between English andVietnamese Sometimes the translator faces a serious problem when trying tounderstand the cultural terms The translator needs to apply the rule of thetarget language, and then the target readers will understand the translationresult, while the translator is also trying to be faithful to the original text

The characteristic of English addressing forms shows the high range ofdifferentiation especially in the culture By generating all of the problems inthis research, the researcher used some strategies which were proposed byVinay and Darbelnet who identified different translation procedures (Munday,2011) to analyze the degrees of meaning equivalence, below is each oftranslation strategies:

- Borrowing: It happens when the source language word is

transferred directly to the target language

Example: Internet 

Internet

- Calque: It is “a special kind of borrowing” where the source language

expression or structure is transferred literally

Example: AIDS 

Hôị chứng suy giảm miêñ dich mắc phải Blacklist 

Sổđen

- Transposition: means the replacing of one word-class by another

without changing the sense and meaning

- Modulation: It changes the point of view to have variation in the

message and of the source language The same phenomenon can be expressed indifferent way

Example: Sunrise industry

Ngành công nghiệp đang lên Sunset industry

Ngành công nghiệp đang tàn

- Equivalence: This is used when both languages describe the same

situation by different stylistic or structural means especially in translating proverbsand idioms

Example: A picture is worth a thousand words 

Nói có sách mách có chứng

Be in the red 

Lãi

- Adaption: This method is used in case where a situation in the source

culture does not exist in the target culture, adaptation happens by changing thecultural reference Adaption is mainly applied for translating film name or novelname, poem and song

Example: When Heaven and Earth changed places 

Khi trời đất đổi thay Just married 

Yêu là cưới

Other translation procedures and strategies which are used are that ofNewmark Some of them which are related to the present study are mentionedhere (Newmark, 1988)

- Transcription: It is the process of converting from one alphabet to

another

- Literal translation: It is known as translation from word to word; group

to group; collocation to collocation; clause to clause; sentence to sentence in whichthe grammar of source language and word-order are transferred

Example: To live and work according to the Constitution and laws.

- Through-translation: is a special kind of borrowing which means a

word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or for-root translation It is also the literal translation of collocation, name oforganizations, the components of compound, also known as loan translation

root-Example: World bank 

Ngân hàng thế giới Black market 

Chơ ̣đen

- Cultural equivalent: The SL word is translated by the target language

cultural word with the same stylistic function The purpose of cultural equivalent is

to bridge cultural overlap between 2 languages

Example: Each bird loves to hear himself signing

 Mèo khen mèo dài đuôi

- Translation couplets: The transcription of an institutional term followed

by its translation in brackets

Example: Hosting house 

Nhà chứa (in Quan ho culture)

Transference + descriptive equivalent

- Deletion: A term of little importance in the target language culture may

be deleted in translation, provided it is marginal to the text, and some indication offunction given where required

Example: If there was a real promises of hope for the disable people.

 Một lời hẹn ước chân thật cho người khuyết tật.

- Naturalization: a source language word is adapted to a target language

equivalence (pronunciation and morphology)

Example: Coffee 

Cà phê Pedal 

Pê-đan

- Addition: a word or some words are added to clarify meaning.

 Kế hoạch chiến lược cho công ty

3 Previous Studies

For supporting this research, the researcher presents some previousstudies in which investigate and mention the translation of addressing formsconducted by some authors which assessed the translation of addressing formsand translation strategies Those studies support the researcher in comparingany sources related to the research and gaining the final findings from theprevious studies, whether it will be support or contrary

The first research is come from Fauliyah (2012) in which he analyzed

the translation of addressing forms in Ketika Cinta Bertasbih II English Subtitle) This research result motivates the researcher to conduct a

(Indonesian-further analysis of addressing forms in different content (novel), and in

different language transfer (English-Vietnamese) The research result of

Fauliyah intends to find the most frequently addressing forms and the mostfrequently strategies used by the translator in the movie of Ketika Cinta

Bertasbih II The result shows that the most frequently found addressingforms is pronoun and the most frequently strategy found is a more generalword strategy This means that Indonesian addressing forms is often translatedinto a more common and general English addressing forms and the translationtends to accommodate the target readers instead of maintaining the culture ofIndonesia addressing forms.

The second research was conducted by Ngo (2006), Translation ofVietnamese Terms of Address and Reference The result of Ngo’s researchaims to explore the strategies applied in the translation of the terms and thedegree to which these strategies are effect in conveying the rich nuances ofthe terms The research results shown that both the source language-orientedand target language-oriented approaches were employed However, thetranslations of all the texts adhered more extensively to the principles of theTL- oriented translation approach This resulted in a substantial loss of thesocio-cultural meanings and pragmatic implications of the richly nuancedVietnamese terms of address and reference Those meanings and implicationswere found to be essential for an adequate understanding of the original texts.There are cases, however, where the translators adopted the SL-orientedstrategy to transfer the linguistic and socio-cultural elements of the originalterms, they were successful in conveying the meanings and implicationsintended by the original writers through their use of the terms, thus helpingthe target readers develop a similar understanding of the target texts as theoriginal readers would have of the source texts The research raised the needfor translators of Vietnamese-English literary texts, especially in treatingterms of address and reference, to pay close attention to the linguistic andcultural elements of the source texts

The next research is from S.Khani and R.Yousefi (2010) In thisresearch, the researchers clarify the complexity of the addressing formsystems of Persian and English language in order to show the translationstrategies in used based on Newmark’s translation procedures for culturalwords Through the research findings, it is found that culture is the mostimportant element related to the use of addressing forms and the choice ofproper equivalence in translation between Persian and English with twodifferent cultures The source and target languages and cultures, thecontextual situation and different characteristics of interlocutors, the ideology

of translator and personal characteristics are the most influential factors inselection and translation of addressing forms

R.Febriyanto (2016) also conducted a research related to translation ofaddressing forms The research results mentioned that thirteen strategies byNewmark including transference, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent,descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shifts ortranspositions, modulation, recognized translation, compensation, paraphrase,couplets, and notes are not all occurred and employed in the text by thetranslator to translate the addressing forms The research findings alsoindicates that the target text of addressing forms tends to in equivalentmeaning than non-equivalent meaning, and also show that the result of thetranslation from the translator is good to understand for readers

CHAPTER II: RESEARCH METHOD

1 Research Approach

Comparative method, descriptive qualitative method and quantitativemethod is used in this research in order to the research’s objectives onanalyzing the sufficiency of the translation text In the book RESEARCHMETHODS FOR EVERYDAY LIFE Blending Qualitative and QuantitativeApproaches, Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009) described qualitative research

as descriptive research The descriptive method applies the techniques offinding, collecting, classifying and analyzing the data The frequencies andpercentages were mentioned in this research which helped the researcherdescribe the data finding related to the types of addressing forms Thetranslation of addressing forms was described in this research that focused oncategorizing types of addressing forms The comparative method wasemployed in this research to compare the addressing forms in the sourcelanguage and the target language from that the difference between theaddressing forms in Vietnam and in English was found This research wasalso supported by quantitative analysis in which numbers and percentageswere used to count the frequency of addressing form, translation strategies

The focus of this research is to categorize addressing forms contained

in the novel “Hunger” of Knut Hamsun and “Đói” of T.B.Tan The goal is to

set up and count the occurrences for each category and delimitated it into thegeneral goal of this research Data collection is important since Silverman(2011) states that early data analysis tends to be associated with goodqualitative research The result of the quantitative data then gives thefrequency of addressing forms occurrences The conclusion will achieve inthe specific situations from the applicant of qualitative research

2 Data and Data Sources

The data of this research is the addressing forms from the analyzednovel The data are in the form of words, group of words (phrase) whichexists in the form of expression or sentences of the written text

The data sources are “Hunger” from Knut Hamsun and “Đói”

translated by T.B.Tan There are many addressing forms in this novel whichtake the researcher consideration to pick this novel as the source of dataanalysis

About source text “Hunger” of Author Knut Hamsun, Author Knut

Hamsun was a major Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize inLiterature in 1920 The works of Hamsun span more than 70 years and showvariation with regard to the subject, perspective and environment Hepublished more than 20 novels, a collection of poetry, some short stories andplays, a travelogue, and some essays

The novel “Hunger” (Norwegian: Sult) was published in 1890 It hasbeen known as the literary opening of the 20th century and a typical example

of modern, psychology-driven literature It was based on the author’s ownexperience The novel has been translated into English by some authors: in

1899 by Mary Chavelita Dunne (under the alias George Egerton), in 1967 byRobert Bly, and in 1996 by Sverre Lyngstad

The novel consist of 27 chapters tell the life story of a journalist’ssuffering and hunger who attempts to write for the masses with maintaininghis high ideals The journalist always struggles to write the perfect works andgoes without food But after a while, his health declined significantly, and hismind dropped into alternative realities He thought himself to be a talentedwriter, so he did not want to find a job He always wrote in passionatemanner The novel is separated into four parts Each part starts with the

journalist starving and trying to look for food In each part, he meets otherhunger people, Ylayali who is hungry for love, for instance And, each partends with him getting enough money for a few meals.

The novel was translated into Vietnamese by T.B.Tan printed inForeign Literature Magazine No 5 in 2004 and published in 1994 by Labourand Social Publishing House Regarding translator T.B.Tan, he is a famoustranslator, poet, writer of Vietnam and an English teacher He worked aseditor of the book at the Publisher of Labor, and a vice president of ForeignLiterature Council and Member of Foreign Relations Committee ofVietnamese Association of Translators, Poets and Writers He has publishedabout 70 titles, including translated poems, translated novels, translated shortstories as well as poems and stories composed by own himself

3 Research Instruments

The researcher uses two instruments for conducting this research.Because the qualitative approach was used by the researcher, the maininstrument of the research is the researcher herself The researcher designedthe research, collected, analyzed, interpreted and reported the data Researchprocedure consists of a series of activities that the researcher carries inimplementing investigation The data collection was conducted throughseveral stages: (i) reading the novel “Hunger” and “Đói”; (ii) selecting allexpressions consisting addressing forms occurred in the two novels; (iii)classifying the data based on types of addressing forms and the translationstrategies used; (iv) comparing data; and (v) presenting the result

The data sheets and analysis are the second instrument of this research.The data sheets play an important role for supporting the research Theyseparate the classification of the data types There are two categories of datasheet that occurs in this research including addressing form data sheets,