A study of the translation of architecture terms in the architects data neufert between english and vietnamese

III.1 The translation of architecture terms of equivalence group 22III.1.2 An overview of equivalence relationship in the translation of architectureIII.1.3 The common strategies and pro

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-

GRADUATE STUDIES

VŨ HẢI YẾN

A STUDY OF THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITE TEMS IN THE" ARCHITECTS' DATA NEUFERT" BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU CÁCH DỊCH CÁC THUẬT NGỮ)

2009

TABLE OF CONTENT

PART B: DEVELOPMENT

II.1 Architecture terms possess typical features of terminology 14II.2 Classification of architecture terms according to their structural patterns 15

III.1 The translation of architecture terms of equivalence group 22III.1.2 An overview of equivalence relationship in the translation of architecture

III.1.3 The common strategies and procedures used in translation of Architecture

III.1.3.1 The translation of single terms-Old words with new senses 24III.1.3.2 The translation of compound terms by rank shift or transposition 25III.1.3.3 The translation strategy which involves the deletion of "OF" 27

III 2 The translation of architecture terms of non-equivalence group 28III.2 1The source of non-equivalence problem in the translation of Architecture

III.2.2 The strategies, procedures and methods employed in dealing with non

-equivalence problem in the translation of Architecture terms 29III.2.2.1 Translation of terms with transference procedure (the use of loan word) 29

III.2.2.4 The translation of terms with communicative method 32

PART A: INTRODUCTION

English for specific purposes is now one of the greatest needs for students of allmajors English for banking, English for tourism, English for law are all mentioned ineveryday life of students of each type Although they are very difficult and challenging,they have become popular in Viet Nam There are still many majors that need ESP for theirown such as: English for accounting, English for advertising, English for computing andEnglish for building and constructing Building and constructing is not a new major incomparison with other majors like accounting or computing, but English for building andconstructing, in contrast, is a completely new for those who work in this field Theproblems do not lie in English itself, but in the great need for systematically translatedterms Vietnamese architects, constructors need systematical materials which are inVietnamese to help them in their work, however, these materials mainly in English

"Neufert", by Ernst and Peter Neufert, is a valuable English book for architects It isedited by many famous authors Undoubtedly, it provides a lot of useful information inarchitecture field Therefore, students, teachers or even experienced architects need it In aneffort to bring new knowledge to Vietnamese, many translators have tried to make it inVietnamese to provide students, architects and constructors an effective tool for their jobs.However, translation in architecture field is not an easy task, the problem lies in the sharpdifferences in English architecture terms and Vietnamese ones Obviously, this will pose agreat obstacle to translators due to their insufficient knowledge about the two different sub-cultures of architecture They may have to struggle to convey the true essence of each kind

of architecture terms from English in Vietnamese Though, in Vietnam, translators do nothave to translate such architecture terms for clients, they still have to translate a number ofpopular architecture terms for at least architecture-majored students or for those who work

in this field

Having studied and compared the original and translated version by differenttranslators, I have decided to make a study on how Architecture terms in Neufert are dealtwith In the hope that the study, titled”A study on the Translation of architecture Terms inthe "Architects' data Neufert" between English and Vietnamese”, may be of some help tothose who has been and will do translation, or are teaching in the field

2 Scope of the study

The study mainly focuses on the Architecture terms in the material “Neufert” The

major aspects to be considered are their:

 classification of equivalence relationships

 structural patterns of AT in English

 their translation

 To work out the similarities and differences between English and their Vietnamese equivalents

 To draw out the strategies, procedures and methods that may apply to thetranslation of architecture terms (especially to the translation of non-equivalence terms in theEnglish architecture terms into Vietnamese)

4.1 Research questions:

a) What are the similarities and differences between English terms and their

Vietnamese equivalent?

b) What are strategies, procedures, methods that are appropriate to the translation of

English architecture terms in Neufert?

4.2 Research methods:

To carry out the thesis the author went through the following steps:

 Collecting and grouping English architecture terms in Neufert and their Vietnamese

equivalents for description, analysis and induction

 Draw out strategies, procedures and methods in translation of architecture terms

4.3 Data collection:

The English architecture terms studied are taken from “Neufert”, “English for

building and constructing” and their equivalents are picked out from the translation byVietnamese translators those who are architects and teachers in this field

5 Design of the study:

The study consists of three main parts, references and appendixes as follows:

+ Part A: Introduction

The rationale for the study, scope, aims, methods and design of the study are orderly presented in this part

+ Part B: Development

There are three chapters in this part:

Chapter I: Theoretical background

The theory of translation and terminology will be dealt with in this chapter

Chapter II: An over view of architecture terms

Chapter III: The translation of architecture terms of architecture terms

 The translation of architecture terms of equivalence group

This chapter gives out an investigation into the equivalence between English and

Vietnamese translation of architecture terms in the Neufert Accordingly, the research focuses on the two main questions: the first one is how architecture terms in the Neufert are

currently translated and the second one what strategies, procedures, methods are employed

This chapter finds out how non-equivalence problems in the translation of

architecture terms in the Neufert are solved by available translation strategies, procedures,

methods

+ Part C: Conclusion

The conclusion summarizes the strategies, procedures and methods of translation,

as well as, makes relevant suggestions

The appendixes give more examples of different groups of architecture terms

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDI.1 Terminology

I.1.1 Definition:

Terminology has been defined by many different linguists to establish its structureand meaning According to Mr Do Huu Chau (1981) "Terms are specialist word usedwithin a scientific field, a profession or any technological field" To identify technicalterms he also states: " Scientific and technical terminology consists of lexical units used todenote phenomenal objects, activities in industrial technologies and natural or socialsciences" Sharing the same points of view about some common features in content withthe definition by Mr Do Huu Chau, Mr Nguyen Thien Giap (1998) proposed a differentdefinition "Terminology, understood as a special linguistic unit of languages, consist ofword and fixed phrase that provides precise definition and objectives that belong toparticular scientific area"

These definitions, though, are at different time and by different people, all showthat there exist "special words in specialized fields or braches of human knowledge".Therefore, there must be terms for mathematics, business, medicine which should bedistinguished from ordinary words Indeed, Baker (1998: 261) says that: "Terms differfrom words in that they are endowed with a special form of reference, namely that theyrefer to discrete conceptual entities properties, activities or relations which constitute theknowledge space of particular subject field

Further important differences between terms and words are:

1 Terms have special reference within a particular discipline whereas words function in general reference over a variety of subject fields

2 Terms keep their lives and meanings only for as long as they serve the system of knowledge that gave rise to them

In other words, terms together with words and proper names constitute the generalclass of lexical items Names refer individually to object and people; words refer arbitrarily

to general concepts while terms refer deliberately to specific concepts However, theboundary between terms and words is not a clear cut i.e many terms become ordinarywords when they are closed to daily life and used with high frequency, and many wordsbecome terms when they are used in specialized field

I.1.2 General features of terminology

Terms and words obviously are different in that terms have special reference within

a particular discipline and surely they are not allowed to carry the speakers’ attitude,figurative sense, compliment or criticism, then it should possess the following qualities:accurateness, systematicism, internationalism, popularity and nationality as proposed byNguyen Thien Giap (1998), Do Huu Chau (1981)

I.1.2.1 Accurateness

A term needs to be accurate and clear because basically it reflects an exact concept

of a science If a term is of absolute accuracy, people never mistake one concept foranother Once a word has become term, it no longer has connotational, emotional meaning;

it also loses its polysemouness, synonymousness and antonymousness In short,terminology necessarily works on the principle that “once concept has only one term for it,and one term indicates only one concept” This relationship is called the one-to-oneequivalent between a concept and a term

I.1.2.2 Systematicism

Any field of sciences has its own limited system of concepts, which are named by asystem of terms Therefore, each term has its own position in the system of concepts andbelongs to a terminological system The value of ech term is determined by itsrelationships with other terms in the same system As a result, a term loses its value whenisolated from its system In short, a term has to be a dependent member of its system

I.1.2.3 Internationality

Terms are used internationally because they are special words expressing commonscientific concepts to people of different languages Therefore, it is useful to agree onterms to be used among languages in order to push up the development of science Theinternational links in science result in a number of terms presented in many differentlanguages For example, video, radio, telephone… are found in French, German, Englishand Vietnamese… with little difference in form

I.1.2.4 Popularity

Terms need to be popular in the sense that they should be close to the language ofthe masses, which is to say easy-to-remember, easy-to-understand and easy-to-understand,because they will help to bring knowledge to and benefit men of all aspects of life

I.1.2.5 Nationality

Though terms are special words used in specialized fields, they are surely part ofthe national language They, therefore, possess the colors, the characteristics of the nationallanguage In other words, they should be made from materials of the national language interms of lexicology, form and grammar

I.1.3 Term creation

Terms are used to name the concepts, so whenever a concept appears, is made in aculture, or translated to a new culture, it involves the creation of a new term to name it

I.1.3.1 Primary and secondary term creation

Primary and secondary term formation is governed by different influences:

+ Primary term formation occurs when a newly created concept has to be namedwhile secondary term formation occurs as result of either (1) the monolingual revision of giventerminology, for example, the purpose of producing a standard document, or (2) a transfer oftechnology to another linguistic community-a process which requires the creation of new term inthe target language

+ Another fundamental differences between the two formation methods lies in thefact that in primary term formation, there is no linguistic precedent although there are rules forforming appropriate terms On the contrary, in secondary term formation, there is always theprecedent of an already existing term formation in another language with its own motivation.+ Secondary term formation is more often subject to guidelines than primary termformation which are on the basis of patterns terms and words formation already prevalent in thesubject field and natural language in question

I.1.3.2 Term formation in technology:

One important feature of vocabulary in technology and in industrial application isthat they are relatively controlled and controllable A large and heterogeneous population

is involved in technology and the terminology used also occurs in general speech situation

Another important feature of technological terminology is its volatility (unlike therelatively stable terminology of science) This instability is caused by changes in materials,methods of production, design… and it is further accentuated in secondary term formationwhere knowledge is transferred from one linguistic community to another and, therefore,new terms are created in the target language

Both primary and secondary term formation in technology suffer from a heavyproliferation of variants and synonyms which appear either because of parallel industrialdevelopment or in response to the need for popular versions of scientific terms and productdifferentiation.

There is a co-existence of several methods of secondary interlingual term formationincluding borrowing, loan translation, paraphrase, parallel translation, adaptation andcomplete new creation These methods may be used sequentially or simultaneously andoften give rise to several alternatives or competing new terms

I.1.3.3 Guidance on the creation of term

+ Terms should consistently reflect some key features of the concepts they arelinked to in order to facilitate precise reference At the same time, they should be as economical

as possible without giving rise to homonymy

+ Terms should be lexically systematic and should conform to the phonological andmorphological rules of the language

+ Terms must conform to the general rules of word-formation of the language that

is they should allow composition and derivation where appropriate

+ The meaning of the term should be recognizable independently of any specificcontext

Those advices from International Organization for Standardization (ISO 1988) (cited in Bac, N.T, 2003)

I.2 Translation theory

I.2.1 Definition of translation

Translation has been defined variously by different linguists through times.Followings are some typical definitions:

According to Marlone (1988), “Translation is the expression in another language(or target language) of what has been expressed in another, (source language) preservingsemantic and stylistic equivalences” Bell (1991) says that “Translation is basically achange of from In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form ofthe receptor (target) language”.While Carford (1965) defines translation as “Thereplacement of a text in one language (SL) by an equivalent text in another language (TL)”.Hatim & Mason (1990), however, claim “Translating consists of producing in the receptorlanguage the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first inmeaning and secondly in style” Newmark (1995) simply defines “Translation as the

rendering of a written text into another language in the way the author intended in thetext”.

Those five definitions, in spite of slight differences in the expressions, sharecommon features that they all emphasize the importance of finding the closest equivalence

in meaning by the choice of appropriate target language’s lexical and grammaticalstructures, communication situation and culture context

I.2.2 Translation equivalence

Equivalence can be considered a central concept in translation theory Therefore, it

is understandable that several linguists has made a great attempt in defining equivalence ortranslation in terms of equivalence as Pym (1992) who has pointed to its circularity:equivalence is supposed to define translation, in turn, defines equivalence The followingsare some elaborate approaches to translation equivalence:

Nida (1964) distinguishes formal equivalence and dynamic translation as basicorientations rather than as a binary choice:

- Formal equivalence is achieved when SL and TL words have he closest possible match of from and content

- Dynamic equivalence is achieved when the SL and TL words have the same effect

on their effective readers

Newmark (1995: 48) sates: “The overriding purpose of any translation should be toachieve “equivalence effect”, i.e to produce the same effect (or one as close as possible)

on the readership of translation as was obtained on the readership of the original”.According to him, equivalence effect is regarded as the desirable result rather than the aim

of any translation except for two cases: (a) If the purpose of the SL text is to affect and the

TL translation is to inform or vice versa; (b) If there is a pronounced cultural gap betweenthe SL and the TL text

Koller (1979) considers five types of equivalence:

 Denotative equivalence: the SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in thereal world

 Connotative equivalence: this type of equivalence provides additional valuesbesides denotative value and is achieved by the translator’s choice or synonymous words

or expressions

 Text-normative equivalence: The SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages

 Pragmatic equivalence: With readership orientation, the SL and the TL words have same effect on the respective readers.

 Formal equivalence: This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by their exploiting formal possibilities of TL, or creating new forms in TL

Kade (1968) and other writers on lexical equivalence, in particular in the area of terminology, categorize equivalence relationships as follows:

 One-to-one: There is single expression in the TL for a single expression in the

SL

 One-to-many: There is more than one expression in the TL for a single SL one

 Many-to-one: There is more than one expression in the SL, but there is only a single expression in the TL that is equivalent to them

 Many-to-many: There is more than one expression in the SL and they are equivalent to more than one in TL

 Whole-to-part/ Part-to-whole: A TL expression is only equivalent to part of theconcept designated by a single expression in the SL, or the equivalent in the TL has broadermeaning than the concept in the SL

 One-to-zero: There is no expression in the TL for a single expression in the SL The one-to-zero or nil equivalence problem has always been a big challenge to

even experienced translators in every field

I.2.3Translation strategies, procedures, methods

In this part, we will present only translation methods, procedures and strategies thatmatch the content of the study, or can serve the aim of the research

I.2.3.1 Literal translation

In order to have a deep understanding of what Literal translation is, it is useful tohave a look at what is word-for-word translation According to Newmark (1995: 69),

“word-for-word translation transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primarymeanings of all the SL words into the translation” This kind of translation is supposed to

be effective only for brief simple neutral sentence While literal translation ranges from oneword to one word (hall-salle) through group to group (a beautiful garden-un beau jardin),collocation to collocation (make a speech-fair un discour), clause to clause (when that wasdone-quand cela fut fair) to sentence to sentence (The man is in the street-L’home e’taitdans la rue)

I.2.3.2 Communicative translation

Communicative translation tries to render the exact contextual meaning of original

in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible tothe readership Newmark (1995: 42) says that in communicative translation, the translatorhas the right to correct or improve the logic; to replace clumsy with elegant, or at leastfunctional, syntactic structure; to remove obscurities; to eliminate repetition and tautology;

to exclude the less likely interpretation of an ambiguity; to modify and clarify jargon, and

to normalized bizarreries of idiolect, i.e wayward uses of language In addition, one hasthe right to correct mistakes of fact and slips, normally stating what one has done in afootnote

I.2.3.4 Shifts or transpositions

A “shift” (Catford’s term) or “transposition” (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a translationprocedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL Newmark (1995: 85)mention four sub-types of shifts: (1) the change from singular to plural or in position of theadjective; (2) the change when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL; (3) thechange where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with naturalusage in the TL; (4) the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure

I.2.4 Technical translation

Sofer (1991, cited in Bac,N.T.2003) approaches technical translation bydistinguishing it from literary translation “ The main division in the translation field isbetween literary and technical translation” and “the translation of a text may be calledtechnical when it requires specialized terms in a particular field” According to him, literaltranslation covers such areas as fiction, poetry, drama and humanities in general and isdone by writers of the same kind in the TL, or at least by translators with the requiredliterary aptitude Meanwhile, technical translation is done by a much greater number ofpractitioners and is an ever-growing and expanding field excellent opportunities

Newmark (1995: 151) differently distinguishes technical translation frominstitutional translation “Technical translation is one part of specialized translation;potentially non-cultural, therefore, universal” He suggests that technical translation ispotentially non-cultural and universal because the benefits of technology are not confined

to one speech community The term technical translation, therefore, should be translated Inthe contrary, institutional translation is cultural, so, in principle, the terms are transferredunless they are concerned with international organization Though having differentapproaches to technical translation, the two authors both view it as specialized translationwith its essential element “specialized terms”

I.3 Translation of terminology

I.3.1 Definition of neologisms

According to Newmark (1995:140) “Neologisms can be defined as newly coinedlexical units existing lexical units that acquire a new sense” Neologisms are perhaps thenon-literary and the professional translator’s biggest problem According to him, since theyusually arise first in response to a particular need, a majority of them have a singlemeaning and can therefore be translated out of context, but many of them soon acquire newmeanings in the TL Newmark (1995) also proposes twelve types of neologism ( Old wordswith new senses; New coinages; Derived words; Abbreviations; Collocations; Eponyms;Phrasal words; Transferred words; Acronyms; Pseudo-neologism; and The creation ofneologism) and the way to deal with each but only the ones relevant to the study arepresented below:

I.3.2 The translation of neologisms

I.3.2.1 Old words with new senses

These words, as claimed by Newmark (1995), do not normally refer to new objectsand processes, therefore, they are non-cultural and non-technical They are usuallytranslated either by that already exists in the TL, or by a brief functional or descriptiveterms, for example, “structural support - đỡ kết cấu” or “canopy – mái che cửa ra vào”

Existing collocations with new sense are a translator’s trap They may be cultural ornon-cultural; if the referent (concept or object) exists in the TL, there is usually arecognized translation or through translation If the concept does not exist or the TLspeakers are not aware of it, an economical descriptive equivalent has to be given

I.3.2.3 Acronyms

Newmark (1995:200) defines an acronym as “the initial letters of words that form agroup pf words used (vertiginously) for denoting and object, institution or procedure”.Sometimes, the acronym can be specially coined for the text and can be found there, so itwould be a waste of time if one tries to look for it in the numerous reference books.Besides, there are many cultural reasons why the acronym may or may not be worthtransferring (depending on the standard contextual factors as readership, translation,prospects…) In sciences, the letters are occasionally joined up and becomeinternationalisms, e.g, “laser”, “master” and analysis is required only for a less educated

TL readership In translation, the importance of the acronyms decides on the way they aretranslated It can be transferred if they stand for institutions or names of companies When

a political or social organization become important, it is common to transfer its acronymand translate its name The acronyms can be translated by a standard equivalent term, or adescriptive term if the standard does not yet exist

I.4 Chapter conclusion

We have finished reviewing the theoretical background on terminology, its generalfeatures and translation of terminology The translation theory, especially a variety ofrelevant translation strategies and procedures also has been reviewed so that it can show ushow architecture terms are currently translated

CHAPTER II: AN OVERVIEW OF ARCHITECTURE

Or the term “Hygrometer” (ẩm kế) refers to the only one concept that denotes Aninstrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere

Similarly, there are enless examples of single meaning terms such as

“Thermometer” (nhiệt kế); “sound pressure meter” (đồng hồ đo áp suất âm thanh)… thatrespectively refer to a single concept

II.1.2 Systematicism:

An architecture terms take on a different meaning in the field of architecture Thismeaning is decided by its relations with other terms in the same system or by its position inthe system

Example:

The term “section” means (mặt cắt) (not đoạn) when it is used in the field ofarchitecture terms; or the term “plan” means (mặt bằng) (not kế hoạch) in its relation withthe phrase “plan of stanchions” (mặt bằng cột)

Architecture kiến trúc architecte

Many architecture terms have become so popular that they are no longer regarded

as technical terms but ordinary words in daily life of the user

Example:

Floor (sàn)

Wall (tường)

II.2 Classification of architecture terms according to their structural patterns

Architecture terms are divided into two sub-groups according to their structuralfeatures: single terms and compound terms

II.2.1 Single term

II.2.1.1 Single term in form of a verb

Fix Fixation Sự cố định

Another important feature of these verbs is that each verb usually goes with (incollocation) one or two certain nouns The followings are examples of verbs and nouns that

go together:

Construct the concrete foundations Xây dựng móng bê tông

Fix the column base plates Cố định tấm đế chân cột

Erect the steel columns Lắp dựng các cột thép

II.2.1.2 Single term in form of a noun

The terms that are nouns (also including those deriving from verbs) can be dividedinto subgroup as follows:

Sub-architecture terms

Many architecture terms are ordinary words that lose their normal sense and take

on the specialist meaning, e.g the normal sense of “section” is “a part separated fromsomething; a division; a portion; a slice” (phần) While its specialist meaning is one of themost important designs in constructing a building or a house (mặt cắt).Below are otherexamples:

High-architecture terms

Obviously, every subject has its own set of highly technical terms, which is anintrinsic part of the learning of the discipline itself Without background knowledge of thefield, it would be difficult for the users to understand these terms For examples:

These highly architecture terms can be really problematic if the users are equippedwith little knowledge of both their subject discipline and of English

II.2.1.3 Single term in form of an adjective

Unlike technical terms in the form of a verb, almost all the terms in the form of anadjective do not have their nouns to be used as alternatives:

One important feature of these adjectives is that all of them usually collate with one

or two certain nouns to form collocations:

We have studied single architecture terms that account for significant proportion ofthe collected terms

II.2.2 Compound terms

These are terms which are composed of two words or more; these words, which are

of different part of speech, combine and create terms that have the form of nominal group(Haliday’s term)

II.2.2.1 The nominal group

Before examining the terms, which appear in the form of nominal groups, we

would like to go through a brief investigation of the experiential structure of the nominal

pantographsAll these items functioning as pre-modifier and post-modifier will be briefly

presented in the following table:

The Deictic element indicates whether or not (1) This, these, my …

Deictic some specific subset of the Thing is intended It (2) A, each, every …

is either (1) specific or (2) non-specific

The Numerative element indicates some (1) One, two…

Numerative numerical feature of the subset: either (1) (2) First, second, few,

quantity or (2) order, either exact or inexact little, many …This item, usually in the form of an adjective, (1) Old, short, heavy …indicates some quality of the subset This can be (2)Wonderful, splendid,

Epithet (1) an object property of the thing itself; or (2) it silly …

may be an expression of the speaker’s subjectiveattitude towards it

The Classifier indicates a particular subclass of (1) Structural support

Classifier the thing in the question It can be (1) an (2) Frame construction

adjective or (2) a noun

The Thing is the semantic core of the nominal

Thing group, which may be common noun, proper

18

characterized it It can be a relative clause or a areas which have

ground.

As far as Classifier concern, it needs more discussion, because apart from

adjectives and nouns which serve as classifier; verbs also enter into the nominal group,functioning as Epithet or Classifier in one of the two forms:

(1) present (active) participle, V-ing, e.g insulating, as in insulating roof

(2) past (passive, or intransitive active) participle, V-en, e.g rolled, as in rolled

metal sheet.

When functioning as Epithet, these forms usually have the sense of the finite tense

to which they are most closely related: the present participle means “which is (was/will be)

… ing”, the past participle means “which has (had/will have) been …ed”

Examples:

An insulating roof (a roof which is insulating)

Rolled metal sheet (a mental sheet which has been rolled)

When these form function as Classifier, they typically have the sense of a simplepresent, active or passive: present (active) “which…s”, past (passive) “which …ed”

Examples:

Tapering column (a column that tapers)

Covered porch (a porch that is covered)

Often the participle itself further modified, as in an architect-designed house, existing condition, a fast-moving train, a fund-raising activity

pre-Sometimes, the same word may function as either Epithet or Classifier, with

different meaning

Example:

Fast in fast trains: fast serves as Epithet in the sense that it means “trains that go

fast”, and functions as Classifier since it classifies as subtype of train, that is “expresses train”.

It is noted that usually several classifiers cluster around a thing to indicatesubclasses of more concreteness Nouns, adjectives, participles, positioned near the Thing,are most common classifier in English

Example:

Classifier (Cs) Cs thing

II.2.2.2 Architecture terms in the form of nominal group

A number of high-frequency nominal groups have been found among termscollected for this study

II.2.2.2.1 Term consisting of Classifier (noun) + Thing

These terms consist of two nouns with the first one functioning as Classifier Itdistinguishes the Thing (the second noun) form the other concept of the same group For

example, roof in “roof beam” (dầm mái) helps to distinguish this type of beam from other types such as “floor beam”(dầm sàn), “steel beam” (dầm thép), “concrete beam” (dầm bê tông) Other examples of this group are:

Plannar construction (Xây dựng tấm phẳng)

II.2.2.2.2 Terms consisting of Classifier (adjective) + Thing

A term of this group is formed by an adjective that serves as Classifier and theThing (the head noun)

Examples:

Uneven/ flat surface Bề mặt không phẳng/ phẳng

The Classifier as mentioned in (II.2.2.1), can be further modified by another classifier that takes on the form of a noun or an adjective:

sub-Rolled metal sheet Tấm kim loại cán

Mental roof decking Mái kim loại

External fire escapes Lối thoát hoả hoạn bên ngoài

And several classifiers cluster around a Thing to indicate subclasses of moreconcreteness like the followings:

II.2.2.2.3 Term consisting of Classifier/Epithet (present participle + thing)

In this group, some V-ing function as (1) Epithet and some as (2) Classifier:

(1) Vertical cladding panels are fixed (Cố định các tấm tường bao đứng) In this example, cladding panels means the panels which is cladding vertically.

(2) Load bearing corner unit (chit tiết góc chịu lực) = the corner unit which bears

load

However, there are some others can be either Classifier or Epithet when they areinterpreted in different situations:

II.2.2.2.4 Term consisting of Classifier/Epithet (past participle + thing)

Like V-ing participle, some V-ed function as either Classifier or Epithet, and when

it serves the role of Classifier or Epithet depends on different situations:

II.2.2.2.5 Term consisting of Thing + Qualifier

The Qualifier in this group is usually “of noun phrase”:

Long axis of the building Trục dài của toà nhà

II.3 Conclusion:

We have studied the structural patterns of the nominal group in English in generaland of architecture terms in the form of nominal group in particular We also have tried toclassify and dividing them into groups namely “single terms” and “compound terms”.Single terms are further grouped into sub-architecture terms and high-architecture terms,and there are also some subgroups of terms under the head “compound terms”

In the next part, we will study the translation strategies and procedures have beenused currently to translate architecture terms and then draw out the ones that may be bestapplicable

CHAPTER III: THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS

III.1 THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS OF EQUIVALENCE GROUP

III.1.2 An overview of equivalence relationship in the translation of architecture terms

From collected data we can group equivalence relationship into four categories, excluding the one-to-zero which will be studied in chapter III:

Master Plan Tổng Mặt bằng

General Plan

Capped Tile

Gross Floor area

Two- wings door

Many-to-many

Detailed Design Drawings Bản vẽ TK chi tiết

Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế cơ bản

Center-to center dimension Khoảng cách từ tim qua tim

In one-to-one equivalence relationship, what the translator has to do is to find termsreferring to the same concept that are lexicalized in Vietnamese for the terms in English Itseems to be an easy job, however, it should be noted that such an easy job may be a hardtask for those who do not have background knowledge of architecture in the two countries

or who have never met the term For example, "Elevation" in general English it is the act

of raising from a lower place, condition, or quality to a higher but in architecture filed itpossesses a completely different meaning Therefore, to have a good translated version abasic know ledge of the subject is necessary even with one-to-one equivalence

Another problem occurs when there exist two or more competing terms for thesame concept in the Vietnamese version The one-to-many equivalence relationship serves

as a vivid illustration The translator has to struggle for a wise choice among all the