Quantifying micronutrient (Zn and Fe) Content in super elite accession at varying level of polishing by using X-Ray fluorescence in rice grain grown under aerobic condition

Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for both plant productivity and nutritional quality. Although Fe is the most abundant transitional metal in the world, its chemical properties hinder its availability to plants. The research aimed to compare different genotypes of aerobic rice for their iron and zinc content and measures their comparative losses among different genotypes, from brown to white rice. Quantification of Fe and Zn was estimated by using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy in brown and white rice.

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.001

Quantifying Micronutrient (Zn and Fe) Content in Super Elite Accession at Varying Level of Polishing by Using X-Ray Fluorescence in Rice Grain

Grown under Aerobic Condition

Himanshu Pandey 1* , H.E Shashidhar 1 , Samriti 2 and Pramod Sharma 3

1

Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of agricultural science, GKVK Bangalore, India

2

Department of Biotechnology, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and

Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India

3

Department of Seed Science, Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,

Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India

*Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Introduction

Rice is a member of the Poaceae family

belonging to the genus Oryza This genus

includes twenty undomesticated and two

domesticated species (cultigens) Feral

species of rice are widely dispersed in the

humid tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia,

Central and South America, and Australia

(Chang, 1985) Among the two cultivated

species, African rice (O glaberrima Steud.) is

restrained to West Africa, whereas, Asian rice

(O sativa L.) is now commercially being

cultivated across 112 countries, covering all

continents (Bertin et al., 1971) The data are

evident to prove that rice is the basic food for most of the area around the world Rice is an important source of carbohydrate but it is lacking in fat, protein and micronutrient The content of carbohydrates is measured roughly

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 7 (2017) pp 1-7

Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for both plant productivity and nutritional quality Although Fe is the most abundant transitional metal in the world, its chemical properties hinder its availability to plants The research aimed to compare different genotypes of aerobic rice for their iron and zinc content and measures their comparative losses among different genotypes, from brown to white rice Quantification of Fe and Zn was estimated by using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy in brown and white rice A significant difference was observed in loss of both micronutrients from brown to white rice AM-72 had highest Fe and Zn content in brown rice and highest Fe content in polished rice whereas, IRJS-107 had highest Zn content in white rice Lowest count of Zn content in case of both brown and white rice was recorded in BJ-23 Sebati and ARB-6 had lowest Fe content in brown and white rice respectively Positive correlation was observed between Fe and Zn content White rice was deficient in both essential nutrients Fe and Zn The loss of micronutrients from brown rice to white rice was above 50% of Fe and approximately 30% to 50 % of Zn There was a greater quantitative and cumulative loss in

Fe content than Zn, suggesting that Fe is present comparatively more in the outer aleurone layer than Zn.

K e y w o r d s

Rice,

Iron,

Zinc,

Micronutrients

and X-ray

fluorescence

Accepted:

04 June 2017

Available Online:

10 July 2017

Article Info

around 80 g, fat with 0.66g and protein with

7.13g per 100g of rice The remaining

vitamins and minerals are found in traces

One of the important mineral nutrients is Fe

with approximately 0.80 mg per 100g of rice

which is not sufficient enough for proper

growth and development of human who

depend upon rice as their staple food (Ibrahim

et al., 2013) Iron plays a determining role for

proper functioning of various enzymes and

proteins by acting as a cofactor for such

proteins and enzymes like cytochrome b6f,

FAD, Fe-S complex in photosynthesis and

some components of blood So Iron

deficiency is the most common nutritional

deficiency in the world (Soetan et al., 2010)

Zinc is involved in synthesis of many

enzymes critical to cellular growth and

differentiation While mild to moderate Zinc

deficiency is common throughout the world,

one third of the population is at high risk in

low income countries according to the

international zinc nutrition consultative group

(http://www.izinc.org.in)

Zinc deficiency leads to impaired growth,

immune dysfunction, increased morbidity and

mortality, adverse pregnancy outcome and

abnormal neurobehavioral development

Zinc is directly related to the severity and

frequency of diarrhoeal episodes, a major

cause of child death

These bodies of evidences on zinc deficiency

have accumulated to the degree that zinc

fortification has been jointly recommended by

WHO and FAO Hence iron and zinc

supplements are used in food fortification

programs to combat IDA (iron deficiency

anaemia) Utilization of biofortification

techniques for creation of staple food crops

Materials and Methods

Zn and Fe content was estimated in the paddy collected from the ten genotypes (Table 1) grown in the field Grains of individual lines were harvested manually and hand threshed to avoid any contamination Unbroken, uniform grains were taken for consideration and de-husking and hydrochloric acid treatment was not followed in this particular method The Zn and Fe content in paddy was calculated from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at ICRISAT, Hyderabad Estimation is conducted in both Brown and polished rice

Results and Discussion

All selected genotypes restrain high Fe and

Zn in brown rice contrast to white rice Attempt was made to understand the reason of loss from brown to white rice and the possible reason found was that polishing of brown rice causes leaching of nutrient and leads to decrease in content of Fe and Zn The order of high Fe and Zn includes bran (embryo + aleurone layer) > hull > whole grain > brown rice > polished rice (endosperm) as per

studies conducted by Lu et al., (2013) and

similar result were obtained from this studies The content of iron and zinc for both brown and white rice are experimentally comparable

with the work done earlier by Jorhem et al.,

(2008) The Iron and Zinc in brown rice ranged from 6.7 to 11.10 mg kg-1 (Fe), 18.8 to 24.4 mg kg-1 (Zn) respectively on the other hand white rice ranges from 1.95 -3.65 mg kg-1, 17.30 -20.95 mg kg-1

Evaluation of mean for performance of iron and zinc suggest that AM-72 showed highest

Fe and Zn for brown rice but IRJS-107 exhibited maximum zinc content after polishing Sebati presented lowest Fe content

Iron and Zinc contents in brown and white

rice grain for selected genotypes were

estimated using XRF in ICRISAT at harvest

plus unit, Hyderabad The t test was

performed at (5% level of significance) to

check the significant loss of iron and zinc

content from brown rice to white rice in ten selected genotypes The p value for the loss of

Fe and Zn from brown rice to white rice was observed as 1.2516 X 10-7* and 1.9 X 10-6 * respectively

Fig.1 Fe content in brown and polished rice using XRF

Fig.2 Zinc content in brown and polished rice using XRF

Fig.3 Extent of loss in Fe content from brown to polished rice

Fig.4 Extent of loss in Zn from brown to polished rice

Fig.5 Correlation between iron and zinc content between brown and white rice

Table.1 List of super elite accessions used in experiment Different genotypes of rice Parentage

Table.2 Fe and Zn content in experiment rice varieties

VARIETIES

Brown Rice - Fe Content

(mg kg -1 )

White Rice - Fe Content

(mg kg -1 )

Brown rice –Zn content

(mg kg -1 )

White rice –Zn content

(mg kg -1 )

mean content

Standard Deviation

Standard Error

mean content

Standard Deviation

Standard Error

mean content

Standard Deviation

Standard Error

mean content

Standard Deviation

Standard Error

It clearly indicates that a considerable loss of Fe

and Zn occurred during the polishing process of

brown rice to white rice

The experimental findings indicate that white

rice is having less mineral content then brown

rice as shown in figures 3 and 4 This loss could

be because of the expression of transporter

responsible for moving nutrient inside the

endosperm is less as compared to aleuron layer

(Wirth et al., 2009) and basically studies say

that endosperm of rice is starchy so it has less

content of minerals like Iron and Zinc

(Johnoson et al., 2011) The correlation studies

were conducted to find the out the association

for iron and zinc content in brown and white

rice

The correlation was positive with a value of

0.80 which clearly indicated that iron and zinc

are having interrelationship that is the more the

iron the more the zinc content vice versa as

proved by earlier work done by White et al.,

(2005) The preliminary findings suggested that

AM-72 showed highest Fe and Zn for brown

rice but high Zn content was found in IRJS-107

for polished rice

BJ-23 showed lowest Zinc content in brown and

white rice Lowest Fe content for polished rice

was observed in genotype BI-33 as represented

in figure 5

References

Chang, T T (1985) Crop history and genetic

conservation: rice: a case study Iowa State

J Res., (USA)

Bertin, J (1971) Atlas of food crops (No 581.9

A8)

Ibrahim, N D., Bhadmus, Z., and Singh, A (2013) Hydro-priming and Re-drying effects on germination, emergence and

growth of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 21(2), 157-164

Soetan, K O., Olaiya, C O., and Oyewole, O E (2010) The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants-A

review Afr J Food Sci., 4(5), 200-222

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rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds and relocation

fluorescence imaging of Zn, Fe, K, Ca, and

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study J Food Composition Anal., 11(1),

32-46

Wirth, J., Poletti, S., Aeschlimann, B., Yakandawala, N., Drosse, B., Osorio, S and Sautter, C (2009) Rice endosperm iron biofortification by targeted and synergistic action of nicotianamine synthase and

ferritin Plant Biotechnol J., 7(7), 631-644

Johnson, A A., Kyriacou, B., Callahan, D L., Carruthers, L., Stangoulis, J., Lombi, E., and Tester, M (2011) Constitutive overexpression of the OsNAS gene family reveals single-gene strategies for effective iron-and zinc-biofortification of rice

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How to cite this article:

Himanshu Pandey, H.E Shashidhar, Samriti and Pramod Sharma 2017 Quantifying Micronutrient (Zn and Fe) Content in Super Elite Accession at Varying Level of Polishing by Using X-Ray Fluorescence in Rice Grain Grown under Aerobic Condition

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 6(7): 1-7 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.001