Six Sigma is one of the most important and popular developments in the quality field. It has saved huge amounts of money and improved the customer experience for a large number of organizations across the world, yet it is applied in an inconsistent and often reductive fashion in many companies.
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Chapter 10
Principles of
Six Sigma
Trang 2Introduction
Although we view quality improvement tools and techniques from the perspective of Six Sigma, it
is important to understand that they are simply a collection of methods that have been used
successfully in all types of quality management and improvement initiatives, from generic TQM efforts, to ISO 9000, and in Baldrige processes.
Trang 3 A simple quality metric
An overall strategy to quality improvement
Trang 4 Defect – any mistake or error that is passed on to a customer
Defects per unit (DPU) = number of defects discovered number of units produced
Defects per million opportunities
(dpmo) = DPU 1,000,000
opportunities for error
Trang 5 Ensuring that process variation is half the design tolerance (Cp = 2.0) while allowing the mean to shift as much as 1.5 standard deviations, resulting in at most 3.4 dpmo.
Trang 6kSigma Quality Levels
Trang 9(1 of 2) (Chapter 3)
Think in terms of key business processes ,
customer requirements, and overall strategic objectives.
Focus on corporate sponsors responsible for championing projects, support team activities, help to overcome resistance to change, and obtaining resources.
Emphasize such quantifiable measures as
can be applied to all parts of an organization
Trang 10(2 of 2) (Chapter 3)
Ensure that appropriate metrics are identified early and focus on business results, thereby providing incentives and accountability.
Provide extensive training followed by project team deployment
Create highly qualified process improvement
experts (“green belts,” “black belts,” and “master black belts”) who can apply improvement tools and lead teams.
Set stretch objectives for improvement.
Trang 11Although originally developed for manufacturing
in the context of tolerancebased specifications, the Six Sigma concept has been operationalized
to any process and has come to signify a generic quality level of at most 3.4 defects per million
opportunities.
Trang 12Processes
Projects temporary work structures that start up, produce products or
services, and then shut down.
Project management – all activities associated with planning, scheduling, and controlling projects
Trang 13 Champions – senior managers who promote Six Sigma
Master Black Belts – highly trained experts responsible for strategy, training, mentoring, deployment, and results.
Black Belts – Experts who perform technical analyses
Green Belts – functional employees trained
in introductory Six Sigma tools
Team Members – Employees who support specific projects
Trang 14Project Management
Successful project managers have four key skills: a bias toward task completion, technical and administrative credibility, interpersonal and political sensitivity,
and leadership ability.
Trang 15 Project Quality Assurance: Use
appropriate, qualified processes to meet
technical project design specifications.
Trang 16 Project Quality Control: Use appropriate
communication and management tools to ensure that managerial performance,
Trang 17Required performance
Due Date
Target Cumulative
Time
(“sc
hedu
le”)
Trang 20 One of the more difficult challenges in Six Sigma is the selection of the most appropriate problem to attack
Two ways to generate projects:
– Topdown
– Bottomup
Trang 21 Impacts on customers and organizational effectiveness
Probability of success
Impact on employees
Fit to strategy and competitive advantage
Trang 23Problem Solving
A structured problemsolving process provides all employees with a common language and a set of tools to communicate with each other, particularly as members of crossfunctional
teams.
Trang 25 Describe the problem in operational terms
Trang 26 Key data collection questions
– What questions are we trying to answer?– What type of data will we need to answer
Trang 27 Focus on why defects, errors, or excessive variation occur
Seek the root cause
5Why technique
Experimentation and verification
Trang 30Tools for SixSigma and Quality Improvement
Trang 31 Focus on optimizing product and process performance
Trang 32Six Sigma in Services and Small Organizations
Six Sigma is equally applicable to services. However, services have some unique characteristics
Trang 34Key Six Sigma Metrics in Services
Accuracy
Cycle time
Cost
Customer satisfaction
Trang 35Sigma
The 5S’s: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order),
Trang 36Traditional Economic Model of Quality of Conformance
Trang 37Quality of Conformance
Total cost Cost due to
nonconformance
Cost of quality assurance 100%