Total Quality Management (TQM) is a revolutionary concept in the management of quality. Foremost, it is a recognition that quality not only depends upon tangible investments in machines, processes or facilities, but also on intangibles such as the integration and management of these resources, the corporate and cultural environment, personnel motivation, etc.
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Chapter 2
Total Quality in
Organizations
Trang 2Growth of Modern Quality Management
Manufacturing quality
Improved product designs
Service quality
Performance excellence
Trang 3As consumer expectations have risen, a focus on quality has permeated other key sectors of the economy, most notably
health care, education, notforprofits,
and government
Trang 4 A system is a set of functions or activities within an organization that work together for the aim of the organization.
Subsystems of an organization are linked together as internal customers and
suppliers.
A systems perspective acknowledges the importance of the interactions of
subsystems, not the actions of them
individually.
Trang 5Successful management relies on a systems perspective, one of the most important elements of total quality
Trang 7Manufacturing Systems (2 of 2)
Industrial engineering and process design
Finished goods inspection and test
Packaging, shipping, and
warehousing
Installation and service
Trang 8Traditional quality assurance systems in manufacturing focus primarily on technical issues such as equipment reliability,
inspection, defect measurement, and
process control
Trang 9Relationships in a Typical Manufacturing System (Fig.2.1)
Trang 10Marketing and sales personnel are
responsible for determining the needs and expectations of consumers
Trang 11Design
Product design and engineering functions develop technical specifications for
products and production processes to
meet the requirements determined by the marketing function
Trang 12A purchasing agent should not simply be responsible for lowcost procurement, but should maintain a clear focus on the
quality of purchased goods and
materials
Trang 13Planning & Scheduling
Poor quality often results from time
pressures caused by insufficient planning and scheduling
Trang 14Design
Manufacturing processes must be
capable of producing output that meets specifications consistently
Trang 15and Assembly
Both technology and people are essential
to highquality manufacturing
Trang 16Inspection and Testing
The purposes of final product inspection are to judge the quality of manufacturing,
to discover and help to resolve production problems that may arise, and to ensure
that no defective items reach the
customer
Trang 17Service
Service after the sale is one of the most important factors in establishing customer perception of quality and customer
loyalty
Trang 18Quality in Business Support Functions for Manufacturing
Finance and accounting
Quality assurance
Legal services
Trang 19Every manager is responsible for
studying and improving the quality of the process for which he or she is
responsible; thus, every manager is a
quality manager
Trang 20Quality in Services
complementary activity that does not directly produce a physical product – that is, the nongoods part of the
transaction between buyer (customer) and seller (provider).”
Trang 21The American Management Association estimates that the average company
loses as many as 35 percent of its
customers each year, and that about twothirds of these are lost because of poor customer service
Trang 22Services
Studies show that companies can boost their profits by almost 100% by
Trang 23 Customer needs and performance
standards are more difficult to identify and measure
Trang 24 Services handle large numbers of
transactions
Trang 25These differences make it difficult for
many service organizations to apply total quality principles, and foster misguided perceptions that quality management
cannot be effectively accomplished in
services
Trang 26Understanding Services
Trang 27Components of Service System Quality
Employees
Information technology
Trang 28Researchers have repeatedly
demonstrated that when service employee job satisfaction is high, customer
satisfaction is high, and that when job
satisfaction is low, customer satisfaction is low
Trang 29Information technology is essential for
quality in modern service organizations
because of the high volumes of information they must process and because customers demand service at everincreasing speeds
Trang 32Although the national health care system
as a whole may need a sweeping
overhaul, many individual providers have turned toward quality as a means of
achieving better performance and
customer satisfaction
Trang 34Business plays an important role in
fostering quality improvement efforts in higher education by transferring
knowledge and expertise on quality
processes and implementation practices
Trang 35Academic Quality Improvement Project (AQIP)
AQIP criteria focuses on institutional practices for helping students learn, accomplishing other distinct objectives, understanding student and stakeholder needs, valuing people, leading
and communicating, supporting institutional
operations, measuring effectiveness, planning continuous improvement, and building
collaborative relationships—all of which are
key elements of TQ
Trang 36Quality in Small Business and NotforProfits
Trang 39Quality concepts and principles are
universal and can be applied in all
types of organizations. The difficulty, of course, is developing an infrastructure
to make it happen and the discipline to sustain efforts over time