Lecture Management information systems - Chater 4: Computer software

After you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to: Describe several important trends occurring in computer software, give examples of several major types of application and system software, explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing,...

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1 Describe several important trends

occurring in computer software

2 Give examples of several major types of

application and system software

3 Explain the purpose of several popular

software packages for end user

productivity and collaborative computing

Learning Objectives

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5 Describe the main uses of computer

programming software, tools, and languages

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What is Software?

Definition:

• Various kinds of programs used to

operate computers and related devices

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Case #1: Writing Software for Processes

Microsoft’s Business Solutions Division:

• Teams formed for different industries

• Injected industry-specific codes directly

into its core software platforms

• Hired business technology professionals

steeped in sector-specific knowledge

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Microsoft’s New Strategy:

• Creating accelerators aimed at business

processes common to companies in a given

industry

• Inserting industry-enabling layers to serve the needs of a broad base of companies in a

particular sector

• Seeking partnerships with vendors that have

deep industry roots

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1 A common phrase among IT

professionals is “The world views its

data through Windows” Why does

Microsoft dominate the desktop and

networked software market? Visit its

website at www.microsoft.com and

review its broad range of software

products and services to help with your answer

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2 How successful will Microsoft be in competing

with software vendors who specialize in

vertical market applications like health care,

retail, and specialty services? Why?

3 Do you agree with Microsoft’s strategy to

develop industry-specific partners to capitalize

on opportunities in both large and small

business sectors? Is there an advantage or a disadvantage to being one of Microsoft’s

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4 Does Microsoft’s entry into

industry-specific applications signal the end for

smaller industry-specific software

developers? What changes in strategy

by such developers are necessary to

compete with Microsoft?

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Types of Software

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Types of Software

• Application Software - performs

information processing tasks for end

users

• System Software – manages and

supports operations of computer systems and networks

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Application Software

• General-Purpose – programs that perform common information processing jobs for

end users

• Application-Specific – support specific

applications of end users in business and other fields

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How is Software Developed?

• Custom Software – software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization

• Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS)

Software – software that is developed by

a software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

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General-Purpose Application Software

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Software Suites

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Integrated Packages

Definition:

• Combine some of the functions of several

programs into one software package

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition:

• Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and

so on, which gives an application its look and feel

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Web Browser

Definition:

• Software interface used to point and click

through the hyperlinked resources of the Internet

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Web Browser

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Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging

• Electronic Mail – software used to send

and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the Internet, intranets or extranets

• Instant Messaging (IM) – software used to send and receive electronic messages

instantly to facilitate real time

communication and collaboration

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E-mail

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Word Processing & Desktop Publishing

• Word Processing – software that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing

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Word Processing

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Electronic Spreadsheets

Definition:

• Software that supports the development

of electronic worksheets consisting of

rows and columns used for business

analysis, planning and modeling

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Spreadsheets

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Presentation Graphics

Definition:

• Software that helps convert numeric data

into graphics displays and prepare

multimedia presentations including

graphics, photos, animation, and video

clips

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Presentation Software

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Graphics Software

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Video Software

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Personal Information Manager (PIM)

Definition:

• Software for end user productivity and

collaboration

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Groupware

Definition:

• Software that helps workgroups and

teams work together to accomplish group assignments

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Software Alternatives

• Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf

software

• Application Service Providers –

companies that own, operate, and

maintain application software and the

computer system resources required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet

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Software Licensing

• Purchasing the right to use specific

software under the terms of the software licensing agreement

• Protects the vendor’s intellectual property

right

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Case #2: New Face of Web Services

Web Services:

• Provide third-party programmers and

business partners with access to some

data and basic website functionality

• Independent developers can build

applications to satisfy market niches that customers want

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C Case #2: New Face of Web Services

eBay:

• 40% of items listed for sale on eBay come

through its API

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Case #2: New Face of Web Services

1 What are the purpose and business value of

Web services?

2 What are the benefits of Web services to

Amazon, eBay and their developer partners?

3 What are the business challenges of Web

services? Visit the Web services websites of IBM and Microsoft to help with your answer.

4 What can be done to improve the business

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programs and procedures and prepare user

programs for computer processing

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Operating System

Definition:

• An integrated system of programs that

manages the operations of the CPU,

controls the input/output and storage

resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support

services as the computer executes the

application programs of users

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Operating System Functions

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User Interface

Definition:

• The part of the operating system that

allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and

accomplish other tasks

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Resource Management

Definition:

• Programs to manage the hardware and

networking resources of a computer

system, including its CPU, memory,

secondary storage devices,

telecommunications processors, and

input/output peripherals

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File Management

Definition:

• Programs that control the creation,

deletion, and access of files of data and programs as well as keeping track of the physical location of files on magnetic

disks and other secondary storage

devices

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Task Management

Definition:

• Programs that control which task gets

access to the CPU and for how much time

• Multitasking – approach that allows for

several computing tasks to be performed

in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

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Other System Management Programs

• Performance Monitors – programs that

monitor and adjust the performance and

usage of one or more computer systems

to keep them running efficiently

• Security Monitors – programs that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and

record evidence of unauthorized use of

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Application Servers

Definition:

• Software which provides an interface

between an operating system and

application programs of users

• Middleware – software that helps diverse software applications and networked

computer systems exchange data and

work together more efficiently

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Programming Language

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Programming Languages

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Machine Languages

• All program instructions had to be written

using binary codes unique to each

computer

• Programmers had to have a detailed

knowledge of the internal operations of

the specific type of CPU

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Assembler Languages

• Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are

used to represent operation codes and

storage locations

• Language translator programs are

required to convert the instructions into

machine instructions

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High-Level Languages

• Instructions that use brief statements or

arithmetic expressions

• Each statement generates several

machine instructions when translated by compilers or interpreters

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Fourth-Generation Languages

• Nonprocedural – programmers specify

results while computer determines the

sequence of instructions that will

accomplish those results

• Natural Language – very close to human language

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Object-Oriented Languages

• Ties together data

element and the

procedures or actions

that will be performed

upon them

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Web Languages

• HTML – a page description language that

creates hypertext or hypermedia documents

• XML – describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents

• Java – an object-oriented programming

language that is simple, secure and platform

independent

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HTML

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• Software components that are based on a

framework of Web and object-oriented

standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications

of different user and different computing

platforms

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Web Services

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Language Translator Programs

• Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler

language into machine language instructions

• Compiler – translates high-level language

statements

• Interpreter – compiler that translates and

executes each statement in a program one at a time

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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business

Statistics:

• Linux runs almost 15% of all servers

• Growing at 23% per year

• Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux

• Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief

technologists were considering moving their

companies’ PCs to Linux

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How did Linux get into the mainstream?

• Low-cost alternative in sagging economy

• Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft

• IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible

• Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on

corporate customers

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1 Should businesses continue to switch to

the Linux operating system on servers

and mainframes? Why or why not?

2 Should business and consumer PC

users switch to Linux PC operating

systems like Lindows and software

suites like Sun’s Star Office? Why or

why not?

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3 Should the IT departments of companies

like Merrill Lynch contribute their

software improvements to the

open-source community for products like

Linux? Explain your reasoning

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Case #4: Using Java in Business

Benefits:

• Java can run on any hardware or

operating systems

• Easy to modify code as needs expand

• Networking capabilities reduce the need

for remote servers

• Easy to integrate with middleware and

databases

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Case #4: Using Java in Business

1 What are the benefits of Java as a

programming language for retail POS

applications compared to other programming languages?

2 What are the benefits of Java for the

development of e-commerce portals for

customers and suppliers like PartsEdge?

3 Why do companies like Mark’s Work

Wearhouse frequently team Java with the

Linux operating system?

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• Computer software consists of

applications software that directs the

performance of a particular use of

computers to meet the information

processing needs of users, and system

software that controls and supports the

operations of a computer system as it

performs various information processing tasks

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• Application-specific programs accomplish

information processing tasks that support

specific business functions.

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• System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system

development programs

• System management programs manage the

hardware, software, network, and data

resources of a computer system during its

execution of information processing jobs.

• System development programs help IS

specialists develop computer programs to

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Summary

• An operating system is an integrated

system of programs that supervises the

operation of the CPU, controls the

input/output and storage functions of the computer system, and provides various

support services

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• Programming languages require the use

of a variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer

programs, and language translator

programs to convert programming

language instructions into machine

language instruction codes

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