Tham khảo Đề cương ôn tập học kì 2 môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2018-2019 - Trường THCS&THPT Võ Nguyên Giáp để tổng hợp kiến thức môn học, nắm vững các phần bài học trọng tâm giúp ôn tập nhanh và dễ dàng hơn. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.
Trang 1PHONETICS Pronounced
I. Cách phát âm đuôi s ,es –
1.N u t k t thúc b ng s, ss, ch, sh, x,z (ze), o, ge, ce thì ta phát âm là /iz/ế ừ ế ằ
M o đ nh :ẹ ể ớ "s nsàngchungsh cxinzôgẵ ứ ópc m"vd: changes/ iz/ ; practices/ iz/ơ
2. N u t k t thúc b ng :/ð/,k,p t, f thì phát âm là /s/:ế ừ ế ằ cooks /s/ ; stops / s/
M oẹ đ nhể ớ : 'th i phong ki n phờ ế ương tây"
L u ý ư : ' laugh ' phiên âm là : [la: f ] nên khi chia : laughs đ c là /s/ ( t đ c bi t c n nh )ọ ừ ặ ệ ầ ớ
3.Nh ng t còn l i phát âm là /z/ : plays /z/, stands /z/…ữ ừ ạ
II. Cách phát âm đuôi ed:
1.Đ c là /t/ n u đ ng t k t thúc b ng : – ch,p, f,s,k, th,shọ ế ộ ừ ế ằ
M oẹ đ nh :ể ớ " chínhph phátsáchkhôngthèmủ share (chia s )"ẻ
vd : watched /t/
2. Đ c là /id/ n u đ ng t k t thúc là: – t ,dọ ế ộ ừ ế
vd: wanted /id/ ; decided /id/…
3. Nh ng t còn l i đ c là/d/ữ ừ ạ ọ
Stress
Nguyên t c đánh tr ng âm:ắ ọ
Nguyên t c 1ắ : Ph n l n đ ng t và gi i t có 2 âm ti t có tr ng âm r i vào âm ti t th hai.ầ ớ ộ ừ ớ ừ ế ọ ơ ế ứ
relax /r læks/, produce /pr ’du s/, include / n klu d/, among / m ŋ/, between /b twi n/, aside / sa d/, begin /bɪˈ ə ː ɪ ˈ ː əˈ ʌ ɪˈ ː əˈ ɪ ɪ n/, become /b k m/, forget /f r et/, enjoy / n d /, discover /d sk v r/
Nguyên t c 2: ắ H u h t danh t và tính t có 2 âm ti t đ u có tr ng âm r i vào âm ti t th nh t.ầ ế ừ ừ ế ề ọ ơ ế ứ ấ
(n) action / æk n/, paper / pe p r/ , teacher / ti t r/, (adj) happy / hæpi/, rainy / re ni/, active / ækt v/ˈ ʃ ˈ ɪ ə ˈ ː ʃə ˈ ˈ ɪ ˈ ɪ
Nguyên t c 3: ắ V i nh ng t có 3 âm ti t tr lên, tr ng âm thớ ữ ừ ế ở ọ ường r i vào âm ti t th 3 tính t cu i lên.ơ ế ứ ừ ố
economy / k n mi/, industry / nd stri/, intelligent / n tel d nt/, specialize / spe la z/, geography /d iɪˈ ɑː ə ˈɪ ə ɪ ˈ ɪ ʒə ˈ ʃə ɪ ʒ
r fi/
ˈɑːɡ ə
Nguyên t c 4: ắ Các t t n cùng b ng các đuôi – ic, – ish, – ical, – sion, – tion, – ance, – ence, – idle, – ious, – iar, ừ ậ ằ – ience, – id, – eous, – ian, – ity thì thì tr ng âm nh n vào âm ti t ngay trọ ấ ế ước nó :
economic / i k n m k/, foolish / fu l /, entrance / entr ns/, famous / fe m s, nation / ne n/, celebrity /sˌ ː əˈ ɑː ɪ ˈ ː ɪʃ ˈ ə ˈ ɪ ə ˈ ɪʃ ə lebr ti/, musician /mju z n/
Nguyên t c 5: ắ Các t có h u t : – ee, – eer, – ese, – ique, – esque , – ain thì tr ng âm r i vào chính âm ti t đóừ ậ ố ọ ơ ế agree /əˈɡ ːri /, volunteer / v l n t r/, Vietnamese / vjetn mi z/, retain /r te n/, maintain /me n te n/, unique /juˌ ɑː ə ˈ ɪ ˌ əˈ ː ɪˈ ɪ ɪ ˈ ɪ
ni k/
ˈ ː
Nguyên t c 6: ắ Các t có h u t : – ment, – ship, – ness, – er/ or, – hood, – ing, – en, – ful, – able, – ous, – less thìừ ậ ố
tr ng âm chính c a t không thay đ iọ ủ ừ ổ
agree /əˈɡ ːri /, agreement /əˈɡ ː əri m nt/, meaning / mi n ŋ/ meaningless / mi n ŋl s/, rely /r la / à reliable /rˈ ː ɪ ˈ ː ɪ ə ɪˈ ɪ ɪ
la bl/, poison / p zn/, poisonous
ˈ ɪə ˈ ɔɪ / p z n s/,happy / hæpi/ , happiness / hæpin s/, relation /r le n/ , ˈ ɔɪ ə ə ˈ ˈ ə ɪˈ ɪʃ
relationship /r le n p/ɪˈ ɪʃ ʃɪ
Nguyên t c 7: ắ Các t t n cùng – graphy, – ate, – gy, – cy, – ity, – phy, – al thì tr ng âm r i vào âm ti t th 3 t ừ ậ ọ ơ ế ứ ừ
dưới lên
economical / i k n m kl/, demoracy /d m kr si/, technology /tek n l d i/, geography /d iˌ ː əˈ ɑː ɪ ɪˈ ɑː ə ˈ ɑː ə ʒ ʒ ˈɑːɡ ər fi/,
photography /f təˈ ɑːɡ ər fi/, investigate / n vest e t/ɪ ˈ ɪɡ ɪ
Trang 2Nguyên t c 8: ắ Danh t ghép: Tr ng âm thừ ọ ường r i vào âm ti t th 1ơ ế ứ
birthday / b r de /, airport / erp rt/, gateway / e twe /, boyfriend / b frend/, greenhouse / ri nha s/, seafoodˈ ɜːθ ɪ ˈ ɔː ˈɡ ɪ ɪ ˈ ɔɪ ˈɡ ː ʊ / si fu d/ˈ ː ː
toothpaste / tu pe st/ˈ ːθ ɪ
Nguyên t c 9:ắ Tính t ghép (thừ ường có d u g ch ngang gi a): Tr ng âm r i vào t th haiấ ạ ở ữ ọ ơ ừ ứ
badTEMpered, oldFashioned, oneEYEd, wellDONE
Chú ý:
Tr ng âm c a t thọ ủ ừ ường thay đ i khi chuy n t danh t thành đ ng t , tính t hay tr ng t ổ ể ừ ừ ộ ừ ừ ạ ừ
Politics political – politician
Compete – competitive – competition
Economy – economical – economize
necessary – necessarily – necessity
Practice
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions
8. A. shoots B. grounds C. concentrates D. forests
10. A. resources B. stages C. preserves D. focuses
14. A. devoted B. suggested C. provided D. wished
15. A. matched B. crashed C. occupied D. coughed
17. A. measured B. pleased C. distinguished D. managed
19. A. imprisoned B. pointed C. shouted D. surrounded
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions
1. A. pollute B. contractual C. reject D. marvelous
2. A. mechanic B. military C. apologize D. miraculous
3. A. compulsory B. intensity C. kidding D. invaluable
5. A. curriculum B. kindergarten C. contaminate D. conventional
6. A. apology B. industrial C. industry D. disaster
7. A. interview B. certificate C. applicant D. primary
Trang 38. A. certificate B. apartment C. individual D. biology
9. A. scientific B. available C. suspicious D. supportive
10. A. especially B. comfortably C. carefully D. possibly
11. A. importance B. subtraction C. algebra D. example
13. A. terrific B. applicant C. banking D. ignorant
14. A. recognize B. challenge C. symbolize D. continue
16. A. appalling B. ashamed C. November D. architect
17. A. policeman B. cinema C. overcoat D. politics
18. A. competition B. intelligent C. automation D. information
19. A. accountant B. Arabic C. Germany D. chemistry
20. A. attention B. interesting C. Influence D. television
VOCABULARY
I. Mark the letter A,B,C or D on your sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions:
1. In Africa, many children die from not having enough food
A poverty B. starvation C. drought D. malnutrition
2. Jack still went ahead with his ambitious plan despite the fact that it was a risky investment
3. Birds are at their most vulnerable when they leave their nests and find food on their own
A. strong B. susceptible C. powerful D. invincible
4. The regional authorities failed to provide the poor with essential services such as accommodation, fresh
water and electricity
5. . The doctor decided to give her a thorough examination so that he could identify the causes of her illness
II. Mark the letter A, B, C,
1. After five days on trial, the court found him innocent of the crime and he was released
2. It was such a complicated task that I couldn’t do it myself
3. I’m in a good mood for being accepted to work for global enterprise
A. refused B. received C. recognized D. allowed
4. Anna volunteered to work for a charitable organization with a view to helping disabled children
5. At the end of the movie, the homeless family was reunited after the civil war
COMMUNICATION EXCHANGES Communication exchanges:
Invitations and suggestions
Trang 4+ Why don’t you + bare inf Ex: Let’ go to the cinema tonight
+ Shall we
+ Would you like
+ Are you free + toinf Ex: Would you like to play football?
+ Do you feel like + Ving Ex: How about going out now?
+ How about
WH questions and their answers Ex: How often do you go to the concert? Once a month
Mark the letter A,B,C or D to indicate the correct response to each of the following exchanges
1. “Here’s your electricity bill, sir.” “ ”
A. But I have no money, sorry B. Can you come again tomorrow?
C. It’s kind of you, thanks D. Would you take a check?
2. “Hello. Could I speak to the manager, please?” “ ”
A. No, you can’t B. Yes, speaking C. Hello. But could you? D. I’m answering you now.
3: “How did you get here?” “ ”
A. I came here by train B. I came here last night C. The train is so crowded D. Is it far from here?
4. “ ?” “No, that’s about it for now”
A. Anything else B. Nothing to declare C. What’s on your mind D. When can we stop
5. “Do you like reading detective story?” – “ ”
A. What for? B. Of course, I do C. Why should I? D. No, don’t ask me
6. “So long!” – “ ”
A. Hello! How are you? B. Cheer up, my dear! C. I’m please to meet you D. Goodbye, and take care!
7. “Could you do me a favor, please?” “ ”
A. What? I can help you? B. Yes. That’s very kind of you
C. Sure. What can I do for you? D. No, thanks. I;m right
8. “Do you like the advanced training course you’re taking, James?” “ ”
A. No, not everyone B. No, thanks C. Not me, I’m still waiting D. By and large, yes. 9: “Would you mind checking the report for me?” – “ ”
A. No, you please do it B. No, no, I don’t mind C. Yes. I would. Sorry D. Why do I have to do it? 10: “I’m sorry. I do apologize” – “ ”
A. It was a pleasure B. No, don’t say so C. That’s all right D. Yes, but why?
11: “Can I leave early today, Ms Luc?” – “ ”
A. It’s very kind of you B. Yes, but not before 3.30 C. Alright, not at all D. You’re welcome
12: “Many happy returns of the day” – “ ”
A. Thank you B. Good luck! C. Congratulation! D. The same to you
LEXICAL GRAMMAR I/ MODAL VERBS
Trang 51. COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT
Could/ may/ might (có th ): ch m t kh năngđi n t nh ng gì mà ng i nói c m th y ch a ch c ch n l m.ể ỉ ộ ả ễ ả ữ ườ ả ấ ư ắ ắ ắ
Maybe it will rain tomorrow
Possibly, maybe = perhaps: có l có kh năng (ch d đoán)ẽ ả ỉ ự
Ex: I don’t know where Lan is. Maybe she is in her room
I may go to the beach or stay at home in this summer holidays
2. SHOULD: Được dùng đ di n t :ể ễ ả
M t l i đ ngh , l i khuyên.ộ ờ ề ị ờ
3. MUST: Được dùng đ di n tể ễ ả
Trách nhi m ho c b n ph n. Must có nghĩa m nh h n should. V i should ta có m t s l a ch n làm ệ ặ ổ ậ ạ ơ ớ ộ ự ự ọ
ho c không làm nh ng v i musts không có s l a ch n.ặ ư ớ ẽ ự ự ọ
Ex: An automobile must have gasoline to run
+ mustn’t ch s ngăn c mỉ ự ấ
Ex: You mustn’t drive on the left
4. HAVE TO
Have to có nghĩa g n nh must, nh ng không mang tính b t bu c mà ch th y c n ph i làm.ầ ư ư ắ ộ ỉ ấ ầ ả
Ex: I need some meat. I have to go to the butcher’s
Does your father have to go at once?
5. COULD/ MAY/ MIGHT + HAVE + P.P
Hình th c này đứ ược dùng đ ch kh năng trong quá kh ể ỉ ả ứ
Ex: It may have rained last night, but I’m not sure
John might have gone to the movies yesterday
6. SHOULD + HAVE +P.P
Hình th c này đ ch m t b n ph n, trách nhi m đứ ể ỉ ộ ổ ậ ệ ược cho là x y ra quá kh , nh ng vì m t lý do nào ả ở ứ ư ộ
đó đã không x y ra.ả
Ex: John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office)
Maria shouldn’t have called John last night. (she did call him)
Trang 67. MUST + HAVE + P.P: ch m t s suy lu n h p lý trong quá kh ỉ ộ ự ậ ợ ứ
Jane did very well on the exam. She must have studied hard
Mary looks very tired. She must have stayed up late last night
B. MODALS IN PASSIVE
In the present: MODAL +BE + P.P
In the past: MODAL + HAVE + BEEN + P.P
II/ SO THEREFORE – BUT – HOWEVER:
1. SO : vì v y ( ch nguyên nhân, h u qu )ậ ỉ ậ ả
=> “So” không đ ng đ u câu (trong văn vi t), th ng đ ng gi a câu và tr c có d u ph y.ứ ầ ế ườ ứ ữ ướ ấ ẩ
Ex: The rain began to fall, so we went to home.
2. THEREFORE: vì th ế
=> “Therefore” đ ng đ u câu, sau đó có d u ph yứ ầ ấ ả
=> “Therefore” đ ng gi a câu, tr c có d u ch m ph y, sau có d u ph y ho c không có, ho c có d u ph y ứ ữ ướ ấ ấ ả ấ ả ặ ặ ấ ả
c trả ước và sau
Ex: He broke the rules of the school; therefore he had to punished.
* CHÚ Ý: “So” dùng thông d ng trong văn nói, ụ “therefore” trang tr ng h n, th ng dùng trong văn vi t.ọ ơ ườ ế
3. BUT: nh ng ( ch s t ng ph n hoàn toàn)ư ỉ ự ươ ả
=> “But” không đ ng đ u câu (trong văn vi t), th ng đ ng gi a câu và tr c có d u ph y.ứ ầ ế ườ ứ ữ ướ ấ ả
Ex: It was midnight, but the restaurant was still open.
4. HOWEVER: tuy nhiên (nó th hi n s nh ng b , cũng nói v s trái ng c nh ng không đ i ngh ch nhau ể ệ ự ượ ộ ề ự ượ ư ố ị hoàn toàn, và ý đ nh nh n m nh ph n sau h n ph n trị ậ ạ ầ ơ ầ ước)
=> “However” đ ng đ u câu, sau đó có d u ph yứ ầ ấ ả
=> “However” đ ng gi a câu, tr c có d u ch m ph y, sau có d u ph y ho c không cóứ ữ ướ ấ ấ ả ấ ả ặ
Ex: Lan is a very good student; however Hung is much better than her.
* CHÚ Ý: “But” dùng thông d ng trong văn nói, ụ “however” trang tr ng h n, th ng dùng trong văn vi t.ọ ơ ườ ế III/ TRANSITIVE AND IN TRANSITIVE VERBS : NGO I Đ NG T VÀ N I Đ NG TẠ Ộ Ừ Ộ Ộ Ừ
1. TRANSITIVE VERBS: NGO I Đ NG TẠ Ộ Ừ
=> Là nh ng đ ng t c n có đ i t ng ti p nh n hành đ ng(tân ng ) theo sau thì nghĩa c a câu m i đ y đ ữ ộ ừ ầ ố ượ ế ậ ộ ữ ủ ớ ầ ủ
Trang 7=> Ph n thông tin phía sau đ ng t tr l i cho câu h i:ầ ộ ừ ả ờ ỏ AI, CÁI GÌ
=> ride, find, finish, read, write, meet, kill, help, climb, clean, catch,teach, study, build, buy, sell, cook, paint, take, tell, watch………
Ex: He drove the boat very fast
Ex: I met Ba at the bus stop early in the morning
2 INTRANSITIVE VERBS N I Đ NG T Ộ Ộ Ừ
=> Là nh ng đ ng t không c n có đ i t ng ti p nh n hành đ ng(tân ng ) theo sau ,mà nghĩa c a câu v n ữ ộ ừ ầ ố ượ ế ậ ộ ữ ủ ẫ
đ y đ ầ ủ
=> Ph n thông tin phía sau đ ng t tr l i cho câu h i: ầ ộ ừ ả ờ ỏ Ở ĐÂU, KHI NÀO, NH TH NÀO.Ư Ế
=> walk, sleep, grow, arrive, lie, rain, exist, occur, breathe, run,cry, go, fall, happen, sit, stand, swim, …… Ex: We walked down town after work yesterday
Ex: The baby was crying in the room
IV/ Comparison
1 So sánh b ng ( positive form)ằ
Ex: * She is as tall as me
S be adj pr
* My hands were as cold as ice.
Ex: She sings as well as her sister
V adv N
Ex: This flat is not as/ so big as our old one
I couldn’t run as/ so fast as him. ( as he runs )
* Notes:
so sánh b ng nhau ho c nh nhau còn có th thay th b ng c u trúc ằ ặ ư ể ế ằ ấ the same as
S + BE + AS + Adj + AS + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause
S + V + AS + Adv + AS + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause
S + V (not)+ as/ so + adj/ adv + as + Noun/ Pronoun/ clause
Trang 8Ex: Tom is as old as Mary = Tom is the same age as Mary
Tom’s salary as much as Mary’s = Tom’s salary is the same as Mary’s
less ………… than = not …as/ so … as (kém h n, không b ng)ơ ằ
Ex: This dress is less expensive than that one = This dress isn’t as / so expensive as that one
Khi nói g p bao nhiêu l n ta dùng c u trúc: Twice as…. as; three times as…….as.ấ ầ ấ
Ex: Their house is about three times as big as ours
Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago
2 So sánh h n (comparative form)ơ
Tính t ,tr ng t ng n (short adj, adv): là nh ng tính t ,tr ng t có 1 âm ti t ho c nh ng tính t , ừ ạ ừ ắ ữ ừ ạ ừ ế ặ ữ ừ
tr ng t có 2 âm ti t mà k t thúc b ng er, ow, y, le.ạ ừ ế ế ằ
EX: She is taller than me
She runs faster than me
Tính t , tr ng t dài (long adj, adv): là nh ng tính t ho c tr ng t có t 2 âm ti t tr lênừ ạ ừ ữ ừ ặ ạ ừ ừ ế ở
Ex: Her watch is more expensive than mine
Jane speaks English more fluently than me
NOTES:
so sánh h n có th đơ ể ược nh n m nh b ng cách thêm much ho c far trấ ạ ằ ặ ước hình th c so sánh. Ngoài ra ứ
a lot, a bit, a little, rather cũng có th để ược dùng trong c p so sánh h n.ấ ơ
EX: Her watch is much/ far more expensive than mine
trong l i văn thân m t, tân ng c a đ i t nhân x ng (me, you, us, them, her, him, it) thố ậ ữ ủ ạ ừ ư ường được dùng sau as ho c than.ặ
Ex: He is older than me
S + V (not)+ the same + ( Noun ) as+ Noun/ Pronoun
S + V (not)+ short adj/adv + er + than + Noun/ Pronoun/ Clause
S + V (not)+ more + long adj/adv + than + Noun/ Pronoun/ Clause
Trang 9Trong l i văn trang tr ng, đ i t nhân x ng thố ọ ạ ừ ư ường được dùng (thường đi v i đ ng t ho c tr đ ng ớ ộ ừ ặ ợ ộ
t )ừ
Ex: They have more money than we have
Jane speaks English more fluently than I do
more và most được dùng đ thành l p hình th c so sánh c a các tr ng t b ng đuôi – ly (ngo i tr ể ậ ứ ủ ạ ừ ằ ạ ừ
trường h p early.)ợ
m t s tính t hai âm ti t có th có c 2 hình th c so sánh (er/more và – est/ most )ộ ố ừ ế ể ả ứ
EX: It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter/ more quiet?
3 So sánh nh t (superlative form)ấ
Ex: I’m the happiest man in the world
EX: Love is the most important thing
4. So sánh kép (double comparatives)
so sánh đ ng ti n (càng…… càng): di n đ t s cùng thay đ i (tăng thêm ho c gi m đi v s ồ ế ễ ạ ự ổ ặ ả ề ố
lượng ho c m c đ ) c a s vi c.ặ ứ ộ ủ ự ệ
=> THE + ADJ / ADV + ER + S +V, THE + ADJ / ADV + ER + S +V
Ex: The bigger the room is , the better I feel
=> THE MORE+ ADJ / ADV + S + V, THE MORE+ ADJ / ADV + S + V
Ex: The more polluted the water is , the more dangerous our lives become
=> THE MORE +N + S + V, THE MORE +N + S + V
Ex: The more money he gets , the more food he buys
=> THE MORE + S + V , THE MORE + S + V
Ex: The more I think , the more I worry
EX: The more dangerous it is, the more I like it
S + V (not) the + short adj/ adv + est + Noun
S + V (not) the +most + long adj/ adv + Noun
Trang 10 so sánh lũy ti n (càng ngày càng): di n đ t s tăng d n ho c gi m d n 1 cách liên t cế ễ ạ ự ầ ặ ả ầ ụ
…er and …er và more and more được dùng đ di n đ t s tăng d n.ể ễ ạ ự ầ
EX: Betty is younger and younge
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Đ nh nghĩaị
Ex: The rich man gave away most of his fortune
2. Cách dùng
c a đ ng t ủ ộ ừ
Ex: The magazine Time comes out once a week
Ex: Our car broke down and had to be towed to a garage
out…”
up, look out, show up, shut up, sit down, stand up, stay on, take off, turn up, watch out…
Ex: I took my shoes off./ I took off my shoes
Ex: He admitted he’d made up the whole thing./ He admitted he’d made the whole thing up
Ex: I took them off. (NOT I took off them)
Ex: He admitted he’d made it up. (NOT He admitted he’d made up it)
NGO I LÊ Ạ :
S + V + short adj/ adv + er + and + short adj/ adv + er…….