Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.14

landscape noun e VERB + LANDSLIDE barren, bleak, dramatic, rocky, rugged the dramatic landscape of the desert | beautiful | rural, urban an urban landscape of factories and sky- scraper

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LI

label noun

1 paper, etc attached to sth

e ADJ adhesive, sticky | designer clothes with a de-

signer label | address, luggage | price | warning

e VERB + LABEL bear, carry, have Jt doesn’t have a

price labelonit | attach, put on, stick on She stuck labels

on all the jars | remove, take off | read Always read the

label before taking any medicine

e PREP on a/the~ What does it say on the label? | ~on

the label on the bottle

2 description

e VERB + LABEL apply, attach, use One sometimes feels

that the label ‘classic’ is applied to any book that is dull

3 company that produces records

e ADJ record | major | independent

e VERB + LABEL Sign to/with The band are hoping to

sign with a major label by the end of the year

e PREP under a/the~ The record was produced under the

Virgin label

label verb

1 put a label on sth

e ADV correctly, properly | wrongly Some of the plants

were wrongly labelled | carefully, clearly, neatly a pile of

small plastic bags, each carefully labelled

e@ PREP with The samples were all labelled with a date

and place of origin

2 describe sb/sth as a particular thing

e ADV falsely, wrongly She was wrongly labelled a liar: |

automatically

e PREP as She had automatically labelled the boys as

troublemakers

laboratory noun

e ADJ up-to-date, well-equipped | commercial, indus-

trial | school, university | biology, chemistry, physics,

science | chemical, pharmaceutical | analytical, clin-

ical, development, experimental, forensic, medical, nu-

clear, pathology, photographic, public health, quality

control, research, testing

e VERB + LABORATORY build, establish, set up She

has donated money to establish a pharmaceutical labora-

tory | run He runs his own research laboratory | work in

They work in a laboratory studying growth patterns

e LABORATORY + NOUN assistant, chemist, manager,

scientist, technician, worker | apparatus, bench,

equipment, facilities | animal | analysis, experiment,

investigation, measurement, simulation, study, test,

testing, trial, work /aboratory tests on animals | science,

subject | practices, procedures | data, evidence,

findings, report, results | conditions, setting The ath-

letes’ reflexes were tested under laboratory conditions ©

simulated driving in a laboratory setting

e PREP in a/the~ The effects of weathering can be simu-

lated in the laboratory

labour noun

1 work

e ADJ manual, physical | forced, hard He was sen-

tenced to four years hard labour for his crime

e VERB + LABOUR withdraw The miners are threaten-

ing to withdraw their labour

e LABOUR + NOUN market an increasingly competitive

labour market

2 workers

e ADJ cheap | casual | skilled, unskilled | child, migrant, slave It is thought that Stonehenge was built using slave labour

e LABOUR + NOUN force the size of the labour force | cost/costs | relations

e LABOUR + NOUN room, ward | pains e@ PREP in~ She was in labour for ten hours

labourer noun

e ADJ casual, seasonal | migrant | manual | skilled,

unskilled | general | agricultural, farm, rural | build-

er’s He gota jobasa builder’s labourer

@ QUANT gang Gangs of labourers dug the canals

e ADJ delicate, fine

e VERB + LACE knit, make a machine for knitting lace

e PHRASES edged/trimmed with lace a silk dress trimmed with lace

lack noun

e ADJ profound, serious, severe | conspicuous, distinct, notable, obvious There was a distinct lack of urgen-

cy in his manner | complete, sheer, total a complete lack

of confidence | relative | abysmal an abysmal lack of knowledge

e@ PREP by~ of The situation was worsened by lack of communication for ~ of They lost the game, but not for lack of trying from ~ of She thought she would collapse From lack of sleep through ~ of [ve lost those skills through lack of practice | ~ of I couldn’t hide my lack of enthusiasm

e PHRASES no lack of sth There is certainly no lack of interest in the subject

lack verb

e ADV really | completely, entirely She completely lacks confidence | apparently He apparently lacked the desire

to learn | clearly, conspicuously, manifestly, obvious-

ly | simply Perhaps you simply lack the intelligence to realize just how serious this is? | otherwise Her high- heeled shoes gave her the height she otherwise lacked | somehow His claim somehow lacked conviction

e VERB + LACK appear to, seem to His life seemed to lack direction

lacking adj

e VERBS be, feel, seem Her life felt lacking in direction and purpose | find sth an area of policy where the government has been found seriously lacking

e ADV seriously | altogether, completely, entirely, quite, totally, wholly The book is altogether lacking in ori-

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ginality | a bit, a little, rather, somewhat | apparently |

clearly, conspicuously, distinctly, notably, noticeably,

obviously Tom was conspicuously lacking in enthusiasm

for the idea | singularly | curiously, strangely | sadly,

sorely, woefully

e PREP from the passion sadly lacking from his perform-

ance in Her remarks were curiously lacking in perception

lacquer noun

e ADJ protective | clear, matt

e VERB + LACQUER be coated with, be varnished with

| apply, put on, spray on Apply the lacquer evenly

e LACQUER + NOUN finish

lad noun

e ADJ little, young | big, strapping He’s a strapping

lad—already bigger than his father | handsome | de-

cent, fine, good, great, lovely, nice, smashing | bright,

sensible

e QUANT bunch, group They’re a nice bunch of lads

ladder noun

1 piece of equipment for climbing up sth

e ADJ rickety | wooden | loft, rope

e VERB + LADDER ascend, clamber up, climb (up),

mount, go up He went up the ladder onto the deck | come

down, descend, go down | put up We put up the ladder

and went to get the paint | fall off, step off

e PREP on/up a/the~ She was up a ladder mending the

roof down a/the ~ I was standing lower down the ladder |

~to the ladder to the gallery

e PHRASES the bottom/foot of a ladder, a rung/step of

a ladder Several of the ladder’s rungs were broken the top

of a ladder

2 levels ina system

e ADJ evolutionary, social the people at the top of the

social ladder | career, corporate, housing, promotion

e VERB + LADDER ascend, climb, move up She was

anxious to move up the promotion ladder | get onto

e PREP higher up the ~ creatures higher up the evolu-

tionary ladder lower down the ~ | ~ of the ladder of fame

~to helping her on the ladder to success

e PHRASES get/have one foot on the ladder He finally

managed to get one foot on the career ladder a rung/step

on the ladder the old problem of how to get onto the first

step on the ladder

laden adj

e@ VERBS be

e ADV heavily He took the heavily laden tray from her |

absolutely, fully The trees were absolutely laden with

apples >a fully laden basket

e@ PREP with They arrived laden with gifts

lady noun

e ADJ elderly, middle-aged, old, young A Jittle old lady

opened the door | attractive, beautiful, lovely, pretty |

charming, fine, lovely, nice | cleaning, dinner, tea The

school employs four dinner ladies

e LADY + NOUN friend We teased my uncle about his new

lady friend

e PHRASES a lady of leisure She’s a lady of leisure now

that she’s retired the lady of the house

=> Note at PEER

lag verb

e ADV badly, seriously | behind She did well in her first

year at school but then started to lag behind

Europe on this

e PHRASES lag far/way/well behind (sb/sth) The Tories are still lagging way behind in the opinion polls

lake noun

e ADJ big, great, huge, large | little, small | deep |

e LAKE + NOUN bed, water e@ PREP across a/the ~ A ferry takes people across the lake around/round a/the~ We walked around the lake at a/the~ We had a holiday at Lake Como in a/the~ Carp live

in the lake into a/the~ She fell into the lake on a/the~ We went boating on the lake © a cottage on the lake

e@ PHRASES the edge/middle/shores/side/surface of the lake There is a cafe on the other side of the lake

lamb noun

1 young sheep

e ADJ newborn | orphaned | sacrificial (often figurative) Iam not going to be a sacrificial lamb on the altar of political correctness

e VERB + LAMB fatten | kill, slaughter the traffic in illegally slaughtered lamb

e LAMB + VERB bleat | frolic, gambol

2 meat

e ADJ spring | curried, grilled, minced, roast

e LAMB + NOUN chop, cutlet | casserole, curry, stew

e PHRASES breast/leg/neck/rack/shoulder of lamb

= Special page at FOOD

lame adj

e VERBS be, look | go His horse had gone lame | leave

sb, make sb a7 accident which had left him lame

e ADV completely, quite | slightly

e LAMP + VERB burn, glow, shine Az oil lamp burned

in the darkness | flicker, go out land noun

1 surface of the earth

e ADJ dry It was good to be on dry land again after months at sea

e VERB + LAND reach The explorers reached land after

a long voyage | sight In the distance the crew sighted

land | reclaim The new project will reclaim the land from the sea

e LAND + NOUN mass chains of volcanoes running along the edge of continental land masses | animal, mam- mal | battle, war | forces With the land forces defeated, everything now rested on the navy

® PREP by~/Jt’s impossible to reach this beach by land be- cause of the high cliffs on~ Some animals can live both on land and in water

2 piece of ground

e ADJ good, prime prime building land | fertile, rich rich agricultural land © land that is rich in mineral de- posits | marginal, poor animals grazing on marginal land that was previously heath or moorland | arid, dry, hard, parched The land was very dry and hard after the long, hot summer | marshy | barren | derelict, waste (also wasteland) A new shopping centre will be built on the derelict land | contaminated | empty, unused, va-

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449 lane

cant | uncultivated, virgin, wild | agricultural, arable,

cultivated, farm (also farmland), farming | grazing | in-

dustrial | building, housing | green belt | rural, urban

| private | public | common This used to be common

land, where everyone had the right to graze animals |

open They finally got out of the town and reached open

land | flat, low-lying | hill, undulating | coastal, for-

est, meadow

e QUANT parcel, piece, plot, scrap, strip, tract Every

scrap of land is used for growing food > The college owns

vast tracts of land

e VERB + LAND have, hold, own The inhabitants of a

village held land in common | acquire, buy, purchase | -

sell | cultivate, farm, plough, work | irrigate | clear

The land has been cleared ready for building | develop

They were refused permission to develop the land | oc-

cupy During the war their lands were occupied by the

enemy | seize | allocate, distribute, redistribute |

grant sb He was granted land by the king

e LAND + VERB adjoin sth a piece of land adjoining a

disused railway line

e LAND + NOUN owner, ownership | acquisition, pur-

chase | reclamation | development | use | prices,

values | dispute

3 the land farming land

e VERB + LAND live off J¢t’s very fertile countryside

where you can just live off the land | farm, work (on) His

family had always worked the land | leave Many people

leave the land to find work in towns and cities | get/go

back to He’s tired of living in cities, and wants to get back

to the land

4country

e ADJ ancestral, native the tribe’s ancestral lands | dis-

tant He travelled to many distant lands | alien, foreign,

strange She was all alone in a strange land | promised

(often figurative) the promised land of progressive educa-

tion | cloud cuckoo, never-never (both figurative) Any-

one who thinks this legislation will be effective is living in

cloud cuckoo land

land verb

1 of an aircraft

e@ ADV safely The pilot managed to land the plane safely

e VERB + LAND be due to | come down to The plane

slowly came down to land | be forced to The plane was

forced to land ina nearby field | manage to

e PREP at Weare due to land at Heathrow at 12.15

2 fall to the ground

e ADV awkwardly, badly J landed awkwardly and twist-

ed my ankle | expertly, neatly He tensed himself for the

jump and landed expertly on the other side | heavily |

lightly

e@ PREP on She fell and landed heavily on her back

landing noun

1 of an aircraft

e ADJ abrupt, bumpy | crash, emergency, forced |

gentle, safe, smooth, soft

e VERB + LANDING make The pilot had to make an

emergency landing in a field

e LANDING + NOUN strip

2top of a staircase

e ADJ first-floor, second-floor, etc

e@ PREP off the~ The room opens off the landing on the~

There’s a phone on the landing outside your room

landlady, landlord noun

1sb who lets a house/room

e ADJ resident | absentee The house has an absentee

landlord, who visits the property once a year:

2sb who owns/runs a pub

e ADJ pub He left the army and became a pub landlord

e LANDLADY, LANDLORD + VERB serve sb The landlady came over to serve me

landmark noun

1 feature of the landscape

e ADJ distinctive, prominent | famous, well-known | familiar After twenty years, all the familiar landmarks

had disappeared | local | historic

e VERB + LANDMARK recognize

e PREP ~for The tower was once a landmark for ships

2 important stage in the development of sth

e ADJ great, important, major, significant

e VERB + LANDMARK be, represent The Russian Revo- lution represents a landmark in world history

e LANDMARK + NOUN decision, ruling a landmark decision on the legal status of a foetus | case

e@ PREP ~in The film is an important landmark in the history of the cinema

landscape noun

e VERB + LANDSLIDE barren, bleak, dramatic, rocky, rugged the dramatic landscape of the desert | beautiful | rural, urban an urban landscape of factories and sky- scrapers | industrial | winter | lunar | political, social (both figurative) The political landscape of the country has changed since unemployment rose

e VERB + LANDSCAPE conserve, preserve, protect the need to conserve the rural landscape | dominate The power station dominates the landscape

e LANDSCAPE + NOUN architect, gardener | design, gardening | painter, photographer | painting

landslide noun

1 fall of earth or rocks

e VERB + LANDSLIDE cause The floods caused a land-

ing is poor in the back lanes of the city

@ VERB + LANE turn down/into

e LANE + VERB go, lead, run the lane leading to the village © The lane runs past the the lake

e PREP along a/the~ We cycled for miles along winding country lanes down a/the~, in a/the~, up a/the~

2 part of a wide road for one line of traffic

e VERB + LANE change, get in J hate changing lanes on the motorway © Get in lane early when approaching a

junction | keep in, stay in

e LANE + NOUN closures, restrictions Lane closures are causing hold-ups on the M6 near junction 2

e PREP in (the)~ The bus was crawling along in the slow lane

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e ADJ bad, crude, foul, obscene, offensive, strong

excellent, fluent, good, perfect~

He speaks fluent Japanese

bad, broken, poor~

I got by with broken Chinese and sign language

colloquial, idiomatic, non-standard, pidgin, standard~

The inhabitants speak a kind of pidgin Spanish

spoken, written~

My spoken Polish is better than my written Polish

business ~ She is doing a course in business English

original~

The fable is translated from the original French

know, read, speak, understand, use~

Iam more comfortable using Spanish, if you don’t

be fluent in~

She was fluent in German, Urdu and Swahili

do, learn~

I did German at school but [ve forgotten most of it

Tue been learning Arabic for four years

He has translated her latest book into Korean

~class, course, lesson I'm late for my Russian class

~interpreter, speaker, a speaker of~

the need for Gujarati interpreters

a command/knowledge of ~

He has a poor command of English

in~

What is ‘apple’ in French?

He addressed me in his best Portuguese

=> See also the note at SUBJECT

language noun

4 system of communication

e ADJ first, native She grew up in Spain, so her first lan-

guage is Spanish | foreign, second How many foreign

languages does she speak? © the teaching of English as a

second language | original Most local cinemas show films

in the original language, with German subtitles |

source, target (both technical) | ancient, classical, dead

Latin isa dead language | modern | common, shared |

indigenous, local | official Belgium has two official lan-

guages | national Portuguese is the national language of

Brazil | international | minority Some minority lan-

guages are dying out | spoken, written She could speak

some Chinese, but never studied the written language |

colloquial, everyday, informal | formal | flowery, liter-

ary, poetic | racist, sexist | sign Not all deaf people use

sign language | body, non-verbal You could tell from his

body language that he was very embarrassed | legal,

technical, etc | computer, programming

e VERB + LANGUAGE speak | understand | use |

learn, study | master | be couched in, be expressed in

| enrich idiomatic expressions that enrich the language

e LANGUAGE + NOUN acquisition, learning new

methods of language learning | course, lesson

e PREP in ~ His letter was couched in very formal

language

e PHRASES command/knowledge/mastery of (a) lan-

guage Her command of language is very advanced for a

six-year-old use of language The writer’s use of lan-

guage reflects the personality of each character

e VERB + LANGUAGE use| mind, watch The referee warned the players to mind their language

lantern noun

@ VERB + LANTERN light, shine He shone his lantern

into the dark room | blow out, put out

e LANTERN + VERB glow, shine | hang The lantern hung from the roof

lap noun

e ADJ first, opening | final, last

e VERB + LAP complete, do, run

e LAP + NOUN record He set anew lap record

e PREP onthe ~ He tripped and fell on the final lap

@ PHRASES a lap of honour The silver medallist joined the winner in a lap of honour

lap verb

e ADV gently, softly

e PREP against The waves lapped gently against the side

of the ship around The water lapped around his ankles over The freezing water lapped over her boots

lapel noun

e ADJ narrow, wide a coat with wide lapels

e VERB + LAPEL be pinned to A silver brooch was pinned to her lapel

e LAPEL + NOUN badge, pin

e PREP in the/your~ He was wearing a carnation in his lapel on the/your~ a jacket with a badge on the lapel

e PHRASES grab sb by the lapels He grabbed her by the lapels and shook her violently

e ADJ brief, considerable | time

e PHRASES ~of after aconsiderable lapse of time oa time lapse of three months

larder noun

e ADJ full, well-stocked | bare, empty | walk-in

e VERB + LARDER fill, stock | empty, raid He comes home from school and raids the larder

e LARDER + NOUN door, shelf

e PREP inthe~ There wasn’t much food left in the larder

large adj

e VERBS be, feel, look, seem Some of the clothes looked very large | become, get, grow By this time his debt had got extremely large © The plant had grown quite large | remain

e ADV exceptionally, extremely, very | comparatively, fairly, moderately, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively

Isn’t that jumper rather large? | enough, sufficiently Are

you sure the hall will be large enough? | indefinitely, infinitely The universe is infinitely large | abnormally, dis-

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451 laughter

proportionately, surprisingly, unexpectedly, unusually

His eyes were abnormally large

laser noun

e ADJ powerful

e VERB + LASER use

e LASER + NOUN beam, light | printer | gun | surgery,

therapy, treatment

lash noun

e ADJ bottom, lower | long, thick

e VERB + LASH bat, flutter She batted her lashes

flirtatiously | lower She lowered her lashes in sudden

embarrassment

e LASH + VERB flicker, flutter Her lashes flickered and I

knew she was lying

last verb

e ADV long Your car will last longer if you look after it |

forever, indefinitely Nothing lasts forever © With care, the

vines will last indefinitely | never Happiness never lasts

e VERB + LAST can/cannot, could (not) The storm

could last quite a long time | will/won’t, would (not) The

kids are all very enthusiastic, but it won’t last—it never

does | be likely/unlikely to J always thought his popular-

ity was unlikely to last | be expected to | seem to The

journey seemed to last forever | be built to This house was

built to last

e PREP for The war lasted for three years into The cele-

brations lasted well into the next week until The trial is ex-

pected to last until the end of the week

@ PHRASES while sth lasts Make the most of this feeling

while it lasts

late adj

e VERBS be, feel, seem J don’t know what the time is, but

it feels quite late | make sb

e ADV extremely, really, very | a bit, fairly, a little,

quite, rather, relatively

e PREP for lm late for work in He took up music late in

life with He was now three weeks late with his rent

e PHRASES an hour, ten minutes, etc late The train

was 45 minutes late leave it a bit/rather/very late You’ve

left it a bit late to start your homework, haven’t you?

e ADJ high, low | northern, southern | polar, temper-

ate These birds only survive in temperate latitudes

e VERB + LATITUDE calculate, determine

e PHRASES aline of latitude

2 freedom

e ADJ considerable, great

e QUANT degree Some degree of latitude is required in

interpreting the law on this point

e VERB + LATITUDE allow(sb), give sb

e PREP ~for This method allows very little latitude for

error ~in Nowadays, newspapers are allowed consider-

able latitude in criticizing the government

laugh noun

1 sound/act of laughing

e ADJ loud | light, little, short, slight, small | low |

big, good, great The last joke got the biggest laugh |

belly, booming, hearty | barking, cackling, harsh,

husky, throaty | silvery, tinkling | amused, delighted |

embarrassed, nervous, shaky | polite | bitter, brittle, cynical, derisive, dry, forced, hollow, humourless, mirthless, mocking, rueful, scornful She forced a humourless laugh | infectious

e LAUGH + VERB escape sbA small laugh escaped her

e PREP for a~ She dyed her hair green just for a laugh with a~ He left the room with acynical laugh | ~about/at

We all had a great laugh about it afterwards

e PHRASES be good fora laugh Paul’s always good for a laugh (= always amusing) have the last laugh We'll have the last laugh if she finds out that you’re the one who played the trick a laugh at sb’s expense Oh yes, very funny—have your laugh at my expense! the laugh is on sb (= sb looks ridiculous after they have tried to make fun of

sb else)

2sb/sth that is amusing

e ADJ good, real e@ PHRASES a barrel of laughs, abit of a laugh, a laugh a minute (= very funny)

laugh verb

e ADV aloud, loudly, out loud Jt looked so funny that Ial- most laughed out loud | gently, lightly, quietly, softly, silently, under your breath | deeply, heartily, a lot, real-

ly, uproariously He laughed heartily at his own joke |

just, merely, simply J thought she would be angry but she

just laughed | almost | briefly, a little, shortly | sud-

denly | easily, freely She smiles and laughs easily |

openly, outright | helplessly, uncontrollably | cheer- fully, delightedly, excitedly, happily | hysterically, ner- vously | politely | incredulously, in disbelief | angrily, bitterly, cynically, derisively, grimly, harshly, hollowly, humourlessly, mirthlessly, ruefully, scornfully, sourly, wryly He realized how he had been fooled, and laughed bitterly | together talking and laughing together

e VERB + LAUGH have to, want to He looked so funny I just had to laugh | begin to, start to | try not to J was watching them and trying not to laugh | make sb He pulled a funny face to make us laugh | hear sb I heard him suddenly laugh aloud

e PREP about Tomorrow you'll be able to laugh about this at The audience laughed at her jokes with talking and laughing with the children © Trent almost laughed with relief

e PHRASES burst out laughing, can’t/couldn’t help/stop laughing She was telling us jokes and we couldr’t stop laughing fall about laughing Jt was so funny we just fell about laughing find yourself laughing

He laughed, and she found herself laughing with him stop laughing

laughter noun

e ADJ helpless, hysterical, loud, raucous, wild J heard sounds of raucous laughter upstairs | delighted, happy

| infectious Her infectious laughter had everyone smiling

| nervous | silent, suppressed She was bent over with suppressed laughter | derisive, mocking

® QUANT bellow, hoot, howl, roar, shriek, snort He gave

a sudden bellow of laughter | fit Everyone dissolved into fits of laughter when they saw my haircut | gale, peal, ripple His suggestion was greeted with peals of laughter ©

A ripple of laughter ran round the room

e VERB + LAUGHTER burst into, dissolve into/with, ex- plode with | bellow with, cackle with, hoot with, howl with, roar with, scream with, shriek with, snort with, whoop with, yell with | rock with, shake with

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launch

launch noun

e ADJ official, press, public She is signing copies of her

book at the official launch | successful | imminent |

book, campaign, product | balloon, rocket, satellite, shuttle

e VERB + LAUNCH get (sth) ready for, prepare (sth) for They are preparing for the launch of the new campaign next month | announce | mark a big Hollywood event to mark the launch of the movie | coincide with The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book on the sub- Ject | attend, go to, speak at | delay, postpone, put off

e LAUNCH + NOUN date | party (= for a product or book) | pad, site

e PREP after/following/since the ~ Jn the six months since its launch the car has sold extremely well at a/the~ I met her at the launch of her new book | ~ for a spring launch for the new TV system

laundry noun

e ADJ clean, dirty

@ QUANT bundle, pile There was a pile of clean laundry

e ADJ public | communal, shared | indoor, inside |

outside | flush, flushing

e VERB + LAVATORY go to, use | need | flush, flush sth down

e@ LAVATORY + NOUN basin,

chain | paper | brush

e PREP inthe~, on the~

bowl | seat | cistern |

law noun

1 official rule/rules

e ADJ administrative, case, civil, common, constitu- tional, contract, criminal, international, statute, etc (see also martial law)

e LAW + VERB allow sth, forbid sth, prohibit sth The law forbids gambling of any kind | permit sth | require sth The wearing of a crash helmet is required by law | govern sth the law governing school attendance

e LAW + NOUN court | enforcement

e PREP above the~ No one is above the law against the~

What you did was clearly against the law by~ By law, you are obliged to install smoke alarms in the factory within the ~ The company is operating entirely within the law |

~ against a local law against keeping horses ~ concerning the law concerning industrial action ballots ~on A law on hunting will cause a lot of disagreements ~relating to the law relating to the sale of goods

e PHRASES as the law stands As the law stands, you can get married while still too young to have a driving licence

law and order Martial law was imposed to prevent the breakdown of law and order the letter of the law Jn spite

of the difficulties it would cause her family, the judge stuck

to the letter of the law and jailed her take the law into your own hands When police failed to arrest the suspect, local people took the law into their own hands and beat him up

2 subject of study/profession

e VERB + LAW practise

e LAW + NOUN firm

— Note at SUBJECT (for more verbs and nouns)

lawful adj

e VERBS be | become | consider sth, deem sth

e ADV perfectly This is a perfectly lawful activity

lawn noun

e ADJ manicured, neat, tended a carefully tended lawn

| overgrown | back, front

e VERB + LAWN cut, mow, trim The lawn really needs mowing

e PHRASES a sweep of lawn The cottage sits on a hill above a sweep of lawn

lawsuit noun

e VERB + LAWSUIT bring, file, issue A lawsuit has been filed against the company | be involved in, pursue | drop They have agreed to drop their lawsuit against the Dutch company | be faced with, face The company now faces several lawsuits over its failure to protect its employees | defend She plans to defend the lawsuit vigorously | win | lose | settle The two companies have settled the lawsuit

e PREP ina/the~ They are seeking damages in a lawsuit

| ~against a lawsuit against her former husband ~ over a lawsuit over a disputed estate

= Note at PROFESSIONAL (for verbs)

e ADJ fine, thin Everything was covered with a fine layer

of dust | deep, generous, heavy, thick Mulch with a generous layer of peat or compost | bottom, inner, lower, middle, outer, surface, top, upper the upper layers of the earth’s atmosphere | double | protective a protective layer of black plastic | ozone holes in the ozone layer

e VERB + LAYER form Use enough gravel to forma layer about 50mm thick | be covered by/with The body had been covered with a thin layer of soil

e LAYER + NOUN cake

e PREP beneath/under a/the~ Beneath the surface layer

of the skin are several further layers in~s The building is constructed in layers | ~ of an extra layer of clothing o a layer of bureaucracy © multiple layers of meaning

e PHRASES layer after/on/upon layer The remains lay buried under layer upon layer of black earth

layout noun

e ADJ basic, general Before designing the house we planned the basic layout of the rooms | physical, spatial

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lazy and fat © We thought we were winning, so we got lazy

e ADV extremely, incredibly, really, very | downright |

almost His smile was slow, almost lazy | a bit, pretty,

rather

lead’ /li:d/ noun

1 example set by sb’s behaviour

e ADJ moral

e VERB + LEAD give, take The government should give

a lead in tackling racism | follow

e PREP ~in We should follow their lead in banning chem-

ical weapons

2 position ahead of other people

e ADJ big, clear, comfortable, commanding, good,

strong | narrow | overall | early

e VERB + LEAD bein, have She has a narrow lead over

the other runners | go into, move into, take They took an

early lead | build up, establish The team has now built

up a commanding lead | hold, maintain | lose | regain

They regained the lead with only afew minutes left to play

| put sb/sth (back) into | extend, increase Sheffield in-

creased their lead just before half time | give

e@ PREP in/into the ~ struggling to stay in the lead |

~over This win gives the team a two-point lead over their

closest rival

3 main part in a play, show, etc

e ADJ romantic | female, male

e VERB + LEAD play Her big break came when she was

chosen to play the lead ina Broadway musical

e LEAD + NOUN role | singer | guitar, guitarist

4clue

e ADJ good | new | possible The police are following

every possible lead

e VERB + LEAD have | follow, pursue | give

e@ PREP ~on leads on the murderer’s identity

lead? /li:d/ verb

1 show the way

e ADV back, on ‘Lead on!’ said Arnold

e VERB + LEAD help (to) Five people helping to lead a

convoy of aid are feared dead | allow sb to, let sb Let me

lead the way

e PREP along, down, into, out of, through, to, etc She

led them along a dark corridor to a small room

e PHRASES lead the way You lead the way and we'll

follow

2 go to a place

e ADV directly | back, down, up An old track led back

through the wood | nowhere, somewhere (often figura-

tive) Often there are discoveries which lead nowhere

e PREP from, onto The gardens lead directly onto a

beach to a path leading from the village to the old church

3 cause

e ADV normally, usually | inevitably, inexorably

Industrialization inevitably led to the expansion of the

urban working class | (almost) certainly, undoubtedly

| not necessarily The use of soft drugs does not necessar-

ily lead to a progression to hard drugs | automatically

Business success does not automatically lead to financial

success | naturally Discussion of a client’s tax affairs will

lead naturally into consideration of investment options |

directly | indirectly | eventually, ultimately

e VERB + LEAD can/could (easily/only), may/might

(well), must Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity

than some other foods © The carbon tax might well lead to

a doubling of prices for fossil fuels | appear to, seem to |

be expected to, be likely to, tend to Worrying about your weight is more likely to lead to comforting yourself with a piece of chocolate | be bound to

e PREP to the events that led eventually to war

lead? /led/ noun

e ADJ molten

e VERB + LEAD be made of

leader noun

1 person who is in charge of sth

e ADJ born, natural | charismatic, effective, good, great, inspiring, inspired, visionary | undisputed |

national | opposition, parliamentary, party | Conser- vative, Labour, etc | military, political, religious, spiritual | gang, guerrilla, nationalist, rebel | group, project, squadron, team Discuss any problems with your team leader | business, church, civic, community, council, government, strike, student, (trade) union, youth Busi- ness leaders have been in talks with the government | miners’, teachers’, etc

e VERB + LEADER be appointed, become, be elected | appoint (sb), appoint sb as, choose (sb as), elect (sb), elect sb as, nominate (sb), nominate sb as

e PHRASES aleader of the Opposition

2 person/team that is best or in first place

e ADJ undisputed | brand, market, world The company

is a world leader in electrical goods | championship, league, tournament

e VERB + LEADER overtake aiming to overtake the market leaders within two years

e PREP behind the ~ ten points behind league leaders Manchester United | ~in the undisputed leader in her field

leadership noun

e ADJ clear, effective, firm, outstanding, real, strong

He was praised for his firm leadership | poor, weak | charismatic, dynamic, visionary | hardline | tradition-

al | personal | deputy He is standing in the deputy leadership election | collective, joint | local, national, world

| Conservative, Labour, etc | cultural, industrial, intel- lectual, military, moral, political, spiritual Political leadership needs a particular combination of skills | church, government, parliamentary, party, union

e VERB + LEADERSHIP assume, take on/over When Smith died, Blair took over the leadership of the party

| assert her method of asserting personal leadership

| exercise, provide, show Jn the crisis he showed real leadership

e@ PREP under sb’s~ The school has flourished under the leadership of Mr Buxton | ~from What is really needed is clear leadership from the prime minister ~in Leadership

in science now went to the United States

e PHRASES a challenge to sb’s leadership She with- stood several challenges to her leadership a lack of leadership, sb’s style of leadership

leaf noun

e ADJ new, young | autumn, dead, dry, fallen, falling, rotting, rotten The ground was thick with dead leaves | broad (especially technical), heart-shaped, oval broad

leaf plants | green, yellow, etc | glossy, hairy, lea-

thery, mottled, shiny, spiky, variegated | bay, lettuce, oak, tea, etc Throw the tea leaves on the flower bed

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leaflet 454

e VERB + LEAF have This plant has beautifully varie-

gated leaves | break/burst/come into, grow, produce,

put out [t was spring and the trees were coming into leaf >

In the spring the plant began to put out new leaves | shed

Deciduous trees shed their leaves in autumn

e LEAF + VERB appear Spring arrived and the first

green leaves began to appear | turn, yellow The summer

was over and the leaves were beginning to turn | fall |

rustle The leaves rustled in the light breeze

e LEAF + NOUN litter, mould the leaf litter on the forest

floor

e PHRASES in full leaf The corn was already ripening

and the trees in full leaf

leaflet noun

e ADJ free a free leaflet explaining your tax return |

helpful, useful | explanatory, information, instruction |

promotional, publicity | campaign, election, party

e QUANT copy

e VERB + LEAFLET issue, produce, publish The

Health Council issued hundreds of leaflets | deliver, dis-

tribute, give out, hand out, send out Campaigners hand-

ed out leaflets to passers by | enclose I enclose a leaflet

about some of the other services we offer

e LEAFLET + VERB advertise sth, explain sth

e PREP in a/the~ More details are given in our promo-

tional leaflet

league noun

1 group of sports clubs that compete with each other

e ADJ cricket, football, etc They want to start a new

football league | European, northern, etc | local, na-

tional | Sunday He played Sunday League cricket for

years | premier | major, minor major league baseball |

super new proposals for a European super league

e VERB + LEAGUE Create, form, set up, start | join The

team joined the Northern League last year | win

e LEAGUE + NOUN champions, leaders | champion-

ship, cup, title | club, side | player | game, match |

table | cricket, football, etc

e PREP in a/the~ The team is now in the Premier League

e PHRASES at the bottom/top of the league, (come)

bottom/top of the league, a position in the league hop-

ing to improve their position in the league

2 level of quality, ability, etc

e ADJ big, super, top, world This move propelled him

into the political big league

e PHRASES inadifferent league Today’s technology is in

a different league (= very much better) in a league of

your own Asa painter he is in a league of his own (= much

better than others) not in the same league (as )(=not

nearly as good as), out of sb’s league A house like that is

way out of our league (= too expensive for us)

leak noun

1small hole/crack

e VERB + LEAK have The boat had a smail leak |

spring The pipe has sprung a leak | plug, stop I man-

aged to plug the leak

e PREP ~ina leak in the roof

2 when gas/liquid escapes

e ADJ major, serious | minor | slow | fuel, gas, oil,

radiation, radioactive

e VERB + LEAK cause The dismantling of a nuclear re-

processing plant caused a leak of radioactivity yesterday |

detect, discover, find, notice, spot Fortunately, we spot-

ted the leak in time | fix, repair, stop The plumber fixed

the leak | prevent taking steps to prevent gas leaks in the

future

e LEAK + VERB happen, occur

e@ PREP ~from Pollution inspectors were called to a leak

froma chemical factory ~ of a leak of dangerous chemicals

3 giving away information

~to a leak to the American authorities

e PHRASES the source of a leak The organization’s press secretary is thought to be the source of the leak

leak verb

1 allow sth to get out through a hole

e ADV badly The house was old and the roof leaked quite

e ADV heavily | lightly | slightly | casually, easily,

lazily, nonchalantly | eagerly | earnestly | confidential-

ly, confidingly, conspiratorially | weakly, wearily | drunkenly | precariously | close, near He leaned closer,

lowering his voice | across, forward, down, out, over She leant forward eagerly to listen to him | away, back, backwards He leaned back in his chair | sideways

e PREP across She was leaning confidentially across the

table against She leaned her head against his shoulder into He leaned into the open doorway on The old man was leaning heavily on a stick out of She leaned precariously out of the window over She leaned casually over the rail- ings through The taxi driver leaned through his window towards He leaned towards her

e ADJ big, giant, prodigious | little | flying, running

He made a flying leap at the bail

e VERB + LEAP make, take

@ PREP ~from, ~into a leap into the air ~to

2 great change/increase in sth

e ADJ big, enormous, giant, great, huge, quantum There has been a quantum leap in profits since 1995 | small | bold, dramatic, sudden a dramatic leap in the number of people out of work | imaginative, intuitive | technological

e@ VERB + LEAP make They’ve made a great leap forward with their road building in the last few years

e PREP ~froma leap from $632 to $735~in a leap in prices

e ADV almost, nearly He almost leaped down the stairs

when he heard who it was | immediately | suddenly |

clear, high She leaped clear of the water | about, around, back, down, forward, out, up (and down) children leaping about with excitement

e VERB + LEAP seem to (figurative) The photograph seemed to leap off the page at her | be about to, be ready

to Don’t be so nervous—anyone would think Iwas about to leap on you

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455 lecture

e PREP across leaping across the puddles from He

leaped down from the ladder and ran over towards her

into, off, on, onto He leaped onto his horse and rode off out

of He leaped out of bed when he heard the telephone over

leaping over high fences

e PHRASES leap to your feet Rosie immediately leaped to

her feet

learn verb

1 gain knowledge/skill

e ADV a lot J learned a lot from my father | quickly,

soon Children learn very quickly © They soon learn that

bad behaviour is a sure-fire way of getting attention

e VERB + LEARN needto | be eager to, want to He was

eager to learn all she could teach him | have a lot to [ve

got a lot to learn, haven’tI?

e PREP about learning about art from She learned from

watching others through Children learn through play

2 become aware

e VERB + LEARN be astonished to, be astounded to,

be intrigued to, be surprised to J was surprised to learn

that he was only 24 | be dismayed to, be saddened to

@ PREP of We/first learned of the problem from her school

learner noun

e ADJ quick, slow She was a quick learner, and her Ger-

man got better by the day | advanced, intermediate a

book for advanced learners of English | adult, older |

young The book has been written with the interests of

young learners in mind | language | foreign

e LEARNER + NOUN driver

learning noun

1 process of learning sth

e ADJ effective, successful a model for effective learn-

ing | rapid | independent | distance (= by correspond-

ence course) | early (= the education of very young chil-

dren, often through play) | higher institutions of higher

learning | active, passive | formal, informal | rote |

computer-assisted | language

e LEARNING + NOUN curve The whole team has been on

a steep learning curve since the project began | environ-

ment The centre aims to provide a supportive learning en-

vironment | experience, process | difficulty, disability

severe learning difficulties

e PHRASES aseatof learning

2 knowledge got from reading and studying

e ADJ great | book (old-fashioned)

e VERB + LEARNING acquire, gain

lease noun

e ADJ long, long-term | short, short-term | ten-year,

etc | business, commercial | building, mining

e VERB + LEASE have, hold They’ve got a lease with five

years to run | draw up | acquire, buy, enter into, get,

negotiate, obtain, sign, take (on/out/up) She has taken

out anew ten-year lease on theflat | grant (sb), sell (sb) A

freeholder may grant a lease of any duration | renew |

forfeit, surrender They moved out and the lease was sur-

rendered | cancel, terminate | take over | transfer

e LEASE + VERB run The lease runs from April 19 |

take effect | come up for renewal, expire, run out

e PREP ina/the~ anew clause in the lease on a~ The com-

pany holds the building on a long lease under a/the ~

Under the new lease, the rent would go up | ~ of He took a

lease of the premises ~on The club has a 20-year lease on

the property

e PHRASES a clause in a lease, a condition of a lease,

the length/period/term of a lease, a provision in a lease,

the terms of the lease

leather noun

genuine, real | imitation, synthetic | calf, chamois, etc

| morocco, patent | shoe

e VERB + LEATHER tan | treat The leather has been treated with wax | polish | be made from/in/(out) of a

coat made from buffalo leather | bind sth in Each volume

is bound in genuine leather

e LEATHER + VERB crackacracked leather belt

e PREP in~ (= made of leather) ’'m looking for a pair of

boots in dark brown leather in~s (= wearing leather) a biker in black leathers

leave noun

1 period of time when you do not go to work

e ADJ annual | paid, unpaid | extended, indefinite, weekend | compassionate, maternity, parental, pater- nity, sabbatical, sick, study | home, shore

e VERB + LEAVE beentitled to, get, have How much annual leave do you get? © Pve still got some leave left this year | go on, spend, take, use (up) She spent most of her leave with her family © Ive still got some leave to use up | save ’'m saving all my leave to have a long holiday later in the year | cancel When the war broke out all leave was cancelled | give sb, grant sb | be due for, be owed | apply for

e LEAVE + NOUN entitlement e@ PREP on~ She’son leave until the end of the month

2 official permission to do sth

e ADJ special

e VERB + LEAVE ask, request He asked leave to absent himself for four days | give sb, grant sb | obtain | refuse sb

e PREP by sh’s~ The appeal can only be brought by leave

of the trial judge with/without sb’s ~ No application may

be made without the leave of the court

e PHRASES absent without leave, leave of absence, without (so much as) a by your leave (= without asking permission)

leave verb

e VERB + LEAVE decide to | intend to, plan to, want to

| be ready to We were all packed and ready to leave | be about to, be going to Did you want something? I was just about to leave | threaten to My secretary has threatened

to leave | attempt to, try to They were caught trying to leave the country | refuse to | be compelled to, be forced to, be obliged to | ask sb to, order sb to They were being extremely rowdy and the manager had to ask them leave | allow sb to, let sb J wanted to leave but they

wouldn't let me | enable sb to

e PREP for They left for Scotland this morning

lecture noun

1 talk given to a group of people

the inaugural lecture in the new lecture theatre | key-

note, plenary | memorial

e QUANT course, programme, series

e VERB + LECTURE deliver, give, present | hold, put

on The society is putting on a series of lectures on the subject next term | attend, go to, hear (formal), listen to | miss, skip | prepare, write

e LECTURE + NOUN course, programme, series | hall, room, theatre | notes | tour | circuit a familiar figure

on the international lecture circuit

e PREP ata/the~ She wasn’t at the lecture during a/the~ The fire bell went during his lecture in a/the ~ She referred

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lecturer 456

to Professor Jones’s work in her lecture on Shakespeare’s imagery | ~ by a lecture by Professor Snow ~ about/on,

~to a lecture to the Darwin Society

e PHRASES a lecture entitled sth a lecture entitled ‘How

to Prevent Food Poisoning’ a lecture on the subject of sth

2 serious talk to sb about their behaviour

e ADJ little, long | severe, stern

e PREP ~about/on J don’t take lectures from anyone on how to behave ~from

lecturer noun

e ADJ principal, senior | assistant, junior | college,

university | guest, visiting | English, physics, etc

e PREP ~ina lecturer in German at Plymouth University

= Note at JOB

ledge noun

e ADJ high | narrow, wide | cliff, mountain, window

e VERB + LEDGE cling to The climbers were clinging to

a ledge hundreds of feet above the sea | be perched on

e LEDGE + VERB go,runAnarrow ledgeruns across the northern face of the cliff

e PREP along a/the~ [felt along the ledge at the top of the door on a/the~ The phone was perched precariously on the window ledge

e PHRASES from left to right; from right to left Arabic script reads from right to left

2 the left political groups

e ADJ extreme, far

e PREP of the~ /n recent years the country has been ruled only by governments of the left on the ~ They’re both on the extreme left of the party to the ~ The party has moved Surther to the left o He is somewhat to the left of the previ-

ous leader

leg noun

1 part of the body

broken, fractured | lame, withered He sat down with his lame leg outstretched | tired She crossed the finish line on tired legs | fresh They don’t train the day before a match

to ensure they have fresh legs | outstretched

e VERB + LEG bend | brace He put his back against the car, braced his legs and pushed | straighten | cross J moved the chair away from the table so I could cross my legs | splay, spread They made him put his hands on the police car and spread his legs | extend, stretch (out) She

stretched her legs under the table © (figurative) It was good to get out of the car and stretch our legs (= walk

about) | lift The dog lifted its leg against the lamp post |

draw up, tuck under She sat with her legs drawn up

underneath her | kick | swing She swung her legs over

the side of the bed and reached for her crutches | entwine, tangle They gazed at each other, their legs entwined under the table | break, injure | amputate She had her leg am- putated below the knee | shave

e LEG + VERB move They ran together, their legs mov- ing in unison | flail, kick He jumped to avoid the flailing leg of the defender: | pump She started running, fat legs pumping | bend | buckle, give way His legs buckled and

he collapsed on the floor | shake, tremble | dangle, hang, swing He sat with his legs dangling off the bridge | ache

e LEG + NOUN exercise | muscle | injury, pains,

trouble, ulcer, wound | room (also legroom) You don’t get much legroom on economy-class flights

e PREP between the/your~s The dog sloped off, its tail between its legs in the ~ He was shot in the leg by a sniper

on the/your ~ [ve got a big bruise on my leg on one ~ Many birds are able to stand on one leg for hours at a time

e PHRASES (have, etc.) your leg in plaster He was wheeled out of the hospital with his leg in plaster

@ PREP onthe ~ At last we were on the homeward leg

of our journey

legacy noun

1 money/property

e ADJ generous, large | small

e VERB + LEGACY bequeath (sb), leave (sb) | get, receive He received a large legacy from his uncle

e PREP in a/the ~ She left her the money in a legacy |

~from a legacy from my old teacher

e PHRASES heir to a legacy She is the heir to a legacy of

£1 million

2 result of previous events

e ADJ enduring | historical These problems have arisen

as aresult of historical legacies | bitter, grim

e VERB + LEGACY bequeath (sb), leave (sb), leave behind the enduring legacy bequeathed by the war years

e PREP ~from Such attitudes are a legacy from colonial times

e ADJ doubtful, dubious

e VERB + LEGALITY challenge, question Her lawyer is challenging the legality of the court order | assert, recognize, uphold The government does not recognize the legality of this court

@ PHRASES doubt/doubts about the legality of sth

legend noun

1 well-known story

e ADJ ancient | Greek, Roman, etc | local

e VERB + LEGEND become, pass into The story of how she was rescued has already passed into legend | tell (sb)

He told us the legend of the ghostly horseman

e LEGEND + VERB live on The legend of his supernat- ural origins lives on

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457 leniency

e PREP according to~ According to ancient legend, the

river is a goddess in (a/the)~ There have always been stor-

ies of human giants in Celtic legend and mythology |

~ about legends about the Vikings ~ of The story is part of

the ancient legend of King Arthur

e PHRASES legend has it that Legend has it that the

Bridge of Sighs got its name from the cries of prisoners

being led across it myths and legends the myths and le-

gends of Mexico the subject of legend The unusual shell

has long been the subject of legend

2 famous person/event

e ADJ living pop stars who become living legends | bas-

ketball, motoring, racing, sporting, etc

legible adj

e VERBS be

e ADV clearly, easily Her handwriting was clearly le-

gible | perfectly | barely, scarcely

e@ PREP to The price must be legible to a purchaser

legislation noun

e ADJ parliamentary | draft | fresh, further, new | ef-

fective, tough | complex | controversial | unworkable

The police think that such legislation would be unwork-

able | knee-jerk The terrorist attack prompted knee-jerk

legislation | anti-abortion, anti-discrimination, em-

ployment, environmental, financial, gun control, health,

housing, social, etc

e QUANT piece a major piece of legislation

e VERB + LEGISLATION need, require | call for, pro-

pose They are calling for tough legislation to tackle this

problem | draft, draw up | bring forward, initiate Any-

one has the right to initiate legislation in Parliament by

means of a private bill | approve, enact, introduce,

pass Congress approved legislation which outlawed the

sale of the drug | adopt Member states may not adopt le-

gislation contrary to EU law | block, delay The reform

will make it more difficult for MPs to block legislation |

amend | repeal | comply with Companies have until De-

cember 31 to comply with the new legislation

e LEGISLATION + VERB come into effect, come into

force New legislation on drink-driving comes into effect at

the end of the year

e PREP under~ This will be a criminal offence under the

new legislation | ~ against They are planning the intro-

duction of legislation against sex discrimination ~ on Le-

gislation on this issue is urgently needed

legislature noun

e ADJ highest, supreme | bicameral, unicameral |

109-member, etc | elected | standing | central, fed-

eral, national, provincial, state

e VERB + LEGISLATURE be elected to She is the young-

est woman to be elected to the national legislature

e LEGISLATURE + VERB comprise sth, consist of sth

The legislature comprises a 212-member Chamber of Dep-

uties elected for a four-year term | pass sth The legisla-

ture passed a law to prohibit the dumping of nuclear

waste | vote The legislature voted narrowly to table a mo-

tion of no-confidence in the government

legitimate adj

e VERBS be,seem | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth

as, see sthas

e ADV entirely, perfectly, quite | apparently

leisure noun

e VERB + LEISURE have We have more leisure than our

parents had

e LEISURE + NOUN hours, time | activities, interests,

pursuits | centre, complex | facilities | equipment,

goods | industry lemon noun

e ADJ fresh

e QUANT slice, wedge Garnish the fish with wedges of lemon

e VERB + LEMON squeeze Squeeze a quarter of a lemon

over the fish | slice | garnish sth with

e LEMON + NOUN tree | pip | peel, rind, zest | juice

> Special page at FRUIT

lend verb

e ADV kindly She very kindly lent me her bicycle

e VERB + LEND be prepared to, be willing to | refuse

to, be unwilling to The bank was unwilling to lend him the money | persuade sb to

e@ PREP tolve lent my car to George for the weekend

1 distance from one end to the other

e ADJ entire, full, maximum, whole There is a maximum length of 2500 words © The queue stretched the whole length of the High Street | great a ditch of great length and width | medium | overall, total

e VERB + LENGTH estimate, measure He measured the length and width of the table | have The vehicle has an overall length of 12 feet | grow to, reach These fish can reach a length of over two metres | double in, increase in

| cut sth to Measure the size of the window and cut the cloth to length | drive, run, swim, travel, walk, etc The fence runs the length of the footpath

e PREP along the~ of There were coloured lights along the whole length of the street in~ The pipe was two metres

in length

e PHRASES atarm’s length He has to hold newspapers at arm’s length to focus on the print double, twice, three times, half, etc the length of sth The queen bee is twice the length of a worker bee

2 amount of time that sth lasts

e ADJ considerable, great, inordinate | reasonable

e VERB + LENGTH cut, reduce, shorten | increase

e LENGTH + VERB increase | decrease e@ PREP at~ He told me at length about his new job in~ Each lesson was an hour in length

e PHRASES length of time They complained about the inordinate length of time they had to wait

3 length of a swimming pool

e VERB + LENGTH do, swim did 20 lengths today

lengthy adj

e VERBS be

e ADV extremely, very Agreement was finally reached after very lengthy discussions | fairly, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively, somewhat After a fairly lengthy delay, we were able to continue

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lenient

criminals in return for information ~towards Let’s hope

the judge shows leniency towards her

e PHRASES a plea for leniency Even the victim’s family

made a plea for leniency on behalf of the accused

lenient adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV extremely, very | quite, relatively | excessive-

ly, unduly The appeal judge agreed that the original sen-

tence was unduly lenient

female offenders

lens noun

e ADJ strong, thick She wears glasses with very thick

lenses | coloured, tinted | contact | optical, spectacle

| camera | fish-eye, long, long-focus, magnifying,

telephoto, telescopic, wide-angle, zoom a long-lens shot

lens

e LENS + NOUN cap I took the lens cap off my camera

and waited for a good shot

e PREP through a/the ~ Put your hand in front of your

right lens and just look through your left lens

leprosy noun

e VERB + LEPROSY have, suffer from | contract

e LEPROSY + NOUN bacillus | patient, sufferer, victim

= Special page at ILLNESS

lesbian noun

e ADJ butch | femme, lipstick

e VERB + LESBIAN come out as She came out as a les-

bian in her teens

e LESBIAN + NOUN icon The singer has become a les-

bian icon

lessen verb

e ADV considerably, greatly, significantly Eating a

good diet significantly lessens the risk of heart disease |

gradually Time had gradually lessened the pain of her

grief

e VERB + LESSEN begin to The noise began to lessen |

try to | tend to Too much background detail tends to less-

en the impact of the central image | help (to) Regular

exercise can help to lessen the pain

lesson noun

1 period of teaching or learning

e ADJ good, interesting | boring | individual | private

| driving, English, geography, maths, piano, swimming,

etc

e VERB + LESSON attend, go to, have, take IJ go to Ital-

lessons at the moment | give (sb), offer (sb), provide,

free lessons in computing o I had to take a biology lesson

doesn’t teach very many lessons these days | get Pupils

get lessons on how to organize their study time | prepare

The trouble is that teachers don’t prepare their lessons

carefully enough | skip He got into trouble for skipping

lessons

@ PREP during a/the~ No talking was allowed during the

lesson in a/the ~ You can’t expect to learn all there is to

know about the subject in a 45-minute lesson | ~about a

lesson about the Civil War ~in He took lessons in Thai

cookery ~on a lesson on the Roman Empire ~with They’ve

got a lesson with Mrs Evans at two o'clock

2 sth learnt through experience

e ADJ important, salutary, useful, valuable | bitter, hard, painful Jt’s a hard lesson to learn | clear

e VERB + LESSON draw, learn What lessons can we draw from this unfortunate experience? | teach sb It taught me some valuable lessons about working with other people

e PREP ~from There are important lessons to be learnt from this mistake ~in I learned a lesson in harsh econom- ics when I was made redundant

lethal adj

e VERBS be, prove

e ADV absolutely All these knives are absolutely lethal | pretty | potentially Jt was a potentially lethal mixture of drugs

e PREP to The pesticide is lethal to all insect life

lethargy noun

e VERB + LETHARGY be overcome by, feel, suffer from She was suddenly overcome by lethargy | sink into | drag/stir yourself out of, overcome, shake off He felt that he had to drag himself out of his lethargy and begin to write

e LETHARGY + VERB creep over/through sb, overtake

sb After the meal, I could feel lethargy overtaking me

@ PHRASES a feeling of lethargy

letter noun

1 written/printed message

e ADJ lengthy, long | brief, short | ten-page, etc |

onymous | formal, official | business | personal | con-

| critical | frank | poison pen He had been sending poison pen letters to his neighbours, hoping to make them move away

e VERB + LETTER draft, write drafting an angry letter

to thenewspaper | read | get, have, receive J haven’t had

my letter | address The letter was addressed tome | sign

| publish The newspaper refused to publish the letter

e LETTER + VERB arrive, come, reach sb / hope my last letter has reached you | be dated The letter is dated 7 July | cross Our letters crossed in the post | be lost, go astray | announce sth, ask (sb) sth, begin, start (off) The letter started off by thanking us for our offer | continue, go on His letter went on to give reasons for his re- fusal to take part | conclude, end The letter concluded with a threat of possible legal action | contain sth The letter contained information that only the killer could

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459 lever

know | enclose sth The charity received an anonymous

letter enclosing a large cheque | appear A letter headed

‘Advertising Mania’ appeared in the paper

e LETTER + NOUN writing | box The postman put a

bundle of letters through the letter box | bomb

e PREP by~ Please reply by letter: in a/the ~ In your letter

of 5 June | ~ about/concerning/regarding, ~ from,

~ of a letter of application/apology ~to a letter to the editor

2 sign that represents a sound in a language

e ADJ big, large | block, capital, upper-case Fill in the

form in block letters | lower-case, small | bold | initial

The company’s name is made from the initial letters of his

children’s names | double Words with double letters,

such as ‘accommodation’, are commonly misspelt | silent

words such as ‘debt’ and ‘half’, which contain silent letters

e PREP in ~s His name was written in large white let-

ters over the doorway

e PHRASES the letters of the alphabet

lettuce noun

e ADJ crisp, crunchy | limp | chopped, shredded |

cos, Iceberg, etc

e@ QUANT head You need one whole head of lettuce for this

salad

e VERB + LETTUCE eat, have All she had was a tomato

and some lettuce | wash

e LETTUCE + NOUN leaf

e PHRASES ona bed of lettuce

> Special page at FOOD

leukaemia noun

e ADJ childhood

e VERB + LEUKAEMIA have, suffer from | contract,

develop | diagnose | treat sb for

e LEUKAEMIA + NOUN case, patient, sufferer, victim |

research | cluster The newspapers are full of stories of

leukaemia clusters near nuclear establishments

= Special page at ILLNESS

level noun

1 amount/size/number

e ADJ high, record, significant, substantial Industrial

output has reached record levels | increasing, rising |

excessive Excessive levels of lead were found in the water

| low | decreasing, falling | varying keen amateurs who

work hard, with varying levels of success | generous a

generous level of financial support for the arts | permit-

ted, recommended, required permitted levels of chemical

pollutants | acceptable, adequate, necessary, normal,

realistic, reasonable, safe an acceptable level of risk o

Her blood pressure has returned to its normal level | dan-

gerous, unacceptable | worst the worst level of business

failure since 1997 | noise, pollution, radiation | crime |

blood-sugar, cholesterol, hormone, etc | stress

e VERB + LEVEL achieve, reach They have achieved

level ever | remain at She predicts that fuel prices will re-

main at current levels | improve, increase, raise |

maintain | bring down, control, decrease, keep down,

lower, reduce | change | set Emissions are well below

the levels set by the World Health Authority | exceed

There will be stiff penalties if companies exceed these levels

of pollution

e LEVEL + VERB go up, rise, soar | fall, go down,

plummet | change, vary

e PREP above a/the~ Mortgage rates were 10% above

their current level at a/the ~ Rents will be kept at this level

for another year below a/the ~ Radiation is well below the

permitted level

2 stage of progress/standard

e ADJ basic, elementary, low The teaching is at quite a

basic level | entry They have a good range of entry-level

computers for beginners | intermediate | advanced,

high Her illness has reached an advanced level | degree

| difficulty The difficulty level of the exercises in the book varies widely, | fitness a sport suitable for people of all fitness levels

e VERB + LEVEL attain, reach students who have reached the intermediate level | complete, do, take You need to do all three levels to qualify as a canteen supervisor:

@ PREP above a/the~ His English is way above the level

of the other students at a/the ~ students at intermediate level © She has played tennis at a high level below a/the ~ The book is not suitable for students below degree level

3 grade in an organization or structure

e VERB + LEVEL reach, rise to He rose to the level of general manager

e@ PREP at a/the~ At the local level there’s a lot to be said for the plan on a/lthe~ The thing has got to be organized 0n an international level

4way of considering sth

e ADJ conscious, unconscious At a conscious level, I was quite satisfied with my life | deep | superficial | detailed We probably need to look at this problem at a

more detailed level | general | practical | theoretical |

political

e PREP at a/the~, on a/the~ On a superficial level everything appears to be in order, but at a deeper level you an see that there’s a lot wrong

e PHRASES achange in/of level

6 floor in a building

e ADJ ground, lower | higher, top, upper

e PREP on a/the~ Are we on the right level for the res- taurant? to a/the~ Take the lift to Level Four:

level adj

1 with no part higher than any other

e ADV absolutely, completely The floor has got to be absolutely level | approximately, more or less

2 at the same height/position as sth

e VERBS be | come, draw As they reached the final bend, Graham drew level and threatened too overtake him

e ADV almost

e PREP with The top of the water came level with her chin

lever noun

1 handle for operating a machine

e ADJ brake, control, gear

e VERB + LEVER move, operate, position, press, pull, push, put, release, set, throw When the lever is operated, the machine sews backwards } To release the brake, pull the lever towards you © Push the gear lever into first

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leverage 460

lever and the engines roared to life

e PREP by (means of) a~ The machine is operated by

means of a lever

e PHRASES the position of the lever

2 means of achieving sth

e ADJ powerful, useful

e VERB + LEVER actas, be, give sb, provide (sb with),

serve as | use sth as

e PREP ~against Jf this allegation is true, it will giveusa

useful lever against him ~for This could serve as a power-

ful lever for peace

leverage noun

1 force

e ADJ enough, sufficient | extra | maximum

e VERB + LEVERAGE have He tried to push the door

open, but he didn’t have sufficient leverage | gain, get,

obtain | apply, exert Position the piece of wood so that

maximum leverage can be applied | provide | increase

2 influence

e ADJ economic, political

e VERB + LEVERAGE have | gain They are determined

to gain more political leverage | give sb

liability noun

1 responsibility

e ADJ full | legal

e VERB + LIABILITY have They have no legal liability

for damage to customers’ possessions | accept, acknow-

ledge, admit, assume | deny

e PREP ~for They have denied liability for the accident

2 liabilities money owed

e ADJ substantial | financial, tax an assessment of the

company’s financial liabilities

e VERB + LIABILITIES have | take on, take over He

wants to know the precise amount of the liabilities he is

taking over | cover, discharge, meet There is enough

money to cover existing liabilities | reduce

e PREP ~to Thecompany has liabilities to its employees

liable adj

e@ VERBS be | become | remain | make sb, render sb

Failure to provide insurance rendered him liable to pros-

ecution | find sb, hold sb They could be found liable for

the entire amount

e ADV strictly | fully | potentially | personally | joint-

ly, severally (Jaw) Partners are jointly and severally (= to-

gether and individually) liable for a partnership’s debts |

vicariously Under this rule, if Yis employed by X, X will be

vicariously liable for the actions of Y | criminally, finan-

cially, legally

e PREP for She’s fully liable for the company’s debts

liaise verb

e ADV closely, directly

e PREP between Her job is to liaise between the school

and the home with The tax office liaises closely with our

department on such matters

liaison noun

1 communication

e ADJ close, effective, good | poor | community, cus-

tomer | military

e VERB + LIAISON maintain We maintained a close li-

aison with the trade union | establish We are hoping to

establish better customer liaison | improve

e@ LIAISON + NOUN committee, group, unit | officer |

work

e PREP in~with J?’s important that we work in close li-

aison with other charities in this field | ~ between good liaison between management and staff ~ with She is re- sponsible for liaison with researchers at other universities

2 sexual relationship

e ADJ romantic, sexual | adulterous e@ VERB + LIAISON have She was having a romantic liaison with her husband’s best friend | form

e PREP ~with

liar noun

e ADJ accomplished, good She’s an accomplished

liar—they believed every word she said | bad, poor |

big, terrible She’s the biggest liar Ive ever known | com- pulsive, habitual, pathological

e VERB + LIAR call sb Areyou calling mea liar?

libel noun

e ADJ alleged | criminal, seditious

e VERB + LIBEL sue(sb) for | claim | deny

e LIBEL + NOUN action, case, proceedings, suit | writ

| law, lawyer | damages

@ PREP ~ against He has issued a writ for libel against the radio star Michael Clery

= Note at CRIME (for more verbs)

liberal noun

e LIBERAL + NOUN leader, party

e ADV comparatively, relatively comparatively liberal

in trade matters | broadly, essentially a broadly liberal policy programme

e VERB + LIBERATION achieve

e LIBERATION + NOUN movement e@ PREP ~ by the liberation of the capital by allied forces

~from the struggle for liberation from colonial rule

e PHRASES a feeling/sense of liberation Up in the mountains we had the most wonderful sense of liberation

a fight/struggle for liberation, a war of liberation

liberty noun

e ADJ great | complete | basic a citizens’ charter which gives people basic civil liberties | civil, individual, personal, political, religious

e VERB + LIBERTY enjoy, have | demand, fight for |

win The city won its liberty in the sixteenth century | lose

If found guilty, she is in danger of losing her liberty | de-

fend, protect, safeguard The law should protect the lib-

gay, national, personal, sexual,

Tiêu đề	Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English_ Chương 2.14
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