GRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unit

GRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unitGRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unit GRAMMAR AND EXERCISES GRADE 12 Tiếng Anh 12 theo từng unit

WORD FORM

1 Cách nhận biết từ loại:

a Cánh nhận biết danh từ: danh từ thường có các hậu tố sau:

-TION/ -ATION invention, information, education

-ER (chỉ người) teacher, worker, writer, singer

-OR (chỉ người) inventor, visitor, actor

-IST (chỉ người) physicist, biologist, chemist

-AR/-ANT/-EE (chỉ người) beggar, assistant, employee

-ISM (chủ nghĩa) pessimism, optimism

-(I)TY possibility, responsibility, reality, beauty

(verb)-AL refusal, arrival, survival

-TH warmth, strength, youth, truth, depth

b Cánh nhận biết tính từ: tính từ thường có các hậu tố sau:

-LESS (nghĩa phủ định) homeless, careless

(noun)-Y (có nhiều) rainy, snowy, windy

(noun)-LY (có vẻ, hàng ngày giờ.ngày ) friendly, yearly, daily

(noun)-AL (thuộc về) natural, cutural

c Cánh nhận biết động từ: động từ thường có tiền tố hoặc hậu tố sau:

Tiền tố EN- endanger, enlarge, enrich (làm giàu), encourage (động viên)

-FY classify, satisfy, beautify

-IZE, -ISE socialize, modernize, industrialize

-ATE considerate, translate

d Cánh nhận biết trạng từ: trạng từ thường có hậu tố -LY Ex: beautifully, carefully, suddenly, carelessly, recently Lưu ý: Một số trạng từ đặc biệt cần ghi nhớ:

- good (a) well (adv): giỏi, tốt

- late (a) late / lately (adv): trễ, chậm

- ill (a) ill (adv): xấu, tồi, kém

- fast (a) fast (adv): nhanh

- hard (a) hard (adv): tích cực, vất vả, chăm chỉ

hardly (adv): hầu như không

2 Chức năng của một số từ loại:

a Danh từ (Noun)

Sau tính từ (adj + N) They are interesting books.

- mạo từ: a /an / the

- từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those, every, each, …

- từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, little, several

- tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, our, their, its…

He is a student.

These flowers are beautiful.

She needs some water.

She meets a lot of people.

Sau giới từ (prep + N) He talked about the story yesterday.

He is interested in music.

Trước V chia thì (N làm chủ từ) The main has just arrived.

Sau enough (enough + N) I don’t have enough money to buy that house.

b Tính từ (Adj)

Trước N (Adj + N) This is an interesting books.

Sau: become, get, look, feel, taste, smell, seem … It becomes hot.

She feels sad.

Sau trạng từ (adv + adj): extremely (cực kỳ),

completely (hoàn toàn), really (thực sự), terribly, very,

quite, rather, …

It is extremely cold.

I’m terribly sorry.

She is very beautiful.

Sau too ( be + too + adj) That house is too small.

Trước enough (be + adj + enough) The house isn’t large enough

Trong cấu trúc: be + so + adj + that She was so angry that she can’t speak.

A, an, the, this, that, his, her, their, my, … + (Adj) +

How beautiful the girl is!

What an interesting film!

c Trạng từ (Adv)

Đầu câu hoặc trước dấu phẩy Unfortunately, I couldn’t come the party.

Sau too V + too + adv They walked too slowly to catch the bus.

Trong cấu trúc V + so + adv + that Jack drove so fast that he caused an accident.

Trước enough V + adv + enough You should write clearly enough for every body to read

1 How many took part in the 22nd SEA Games?

VẬN DỤNG

A competitors B competitive C competes D competitions

2 Boys often enjoy doing things in a way.

3 The problem of among young people is hard to solve.

4 The children high grade at school.

5 She was the first in her family to enjoy the privilege of a university .

6 Buckingham Palace is a major tourist in London.

7 Some species of rare animals are in of extinction.

8 Electronic music is a kind of music in which sounds are produced .

9 Are you sure that boys are more than girls?

10 These quick and easy can_be effective in the short term, but they have a cost.

11 Housework is shared between them.

12 Don't forget to say goodbye to the before leaving the office.

A interviewer B interviewing C interviewee D interview

13 Vietnamese athletes performed and won a lot of gold medals.

14 WHO's main activities are carrying out research on medical and improving internationnal healthy care.

15 The panda's habitat is the bamboo forest.

16 To Americans, it is impolite to ask someone about age, and salary.

17 Life here is very .

18 Farmers can enrich the soil by using

19 Nowadays, chemicals are into some fruits to reduce decay.

20 What's your ?_- I'm Vietnamese.

WORD FORM EXERCISE

1.We must limit population _because our resources are limited ( GROW )

2.Children get a great deal of when Tet comes ( EXCITE )

3.The English language training is a good for any career (PREPARE )

4.There is a _of food in flooded areas ( SHORT )

5.many people are not aware of population _( EXPLODE )

6.The United Nation ia an international _( ORGANISE )

7.The area that has the population growth rate is Latin America ( HIGH )

8.Mut , which is _fruit , is very popular ( CANDY )

9.Do you know how to cook _foods ? ( TRADITION )

10.We should carry out population programmes ( EDUCATE )

11.Some countries are poor because they have few _recourses ( NATURE )

12.People believe that having many children means ( HAPPY )

13.Taking part in this helped me more self-confident ( COMPETE )

14.Were women _allowed to participate in the Boston races in 1957 ? ( OFFICE )

15. _, nobody was injured in the accident last night ( LUCKY )

16.They emphasized the physical fitness and ( STRONG )

17.We don’t go to work on _Independence Day ( NATION)

18.Overpopulation causes many problems to the world , particularly _countries (DEVELOP )

19. on winning the tennis championship!( CONGRATULATE )

20.A music is an event whish is held every four years ( COMPETE )

UNIT 1 & UNIT 2 SOUNDS AND STRESS

1 SOUNDS

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM "S" CUỐI : trong trường hợp danh từ số nhiều nhiều hoặc động từ số ít.

- Có 3 cách phát âm –s hoặc –es tận cùng

* đọc thành âm /s/ với những từ có âm cuối là / p, f, k, t, θ /

* đọc thành âm /iz/ với những từ có âm cuối là / s, z, ∫, t∫, dƷ/

* đọc thành âm /z/ với những trường hợp còn lại

- Examples:

* /s/: maps, books, hats, coughs, laughs, photographs …

* /iz/: buses, watches, roses, washes, boxes…

* /z/: bells, eyes, plays …

Lưu ý:

- Khi *th phát âm là / θ / thì –s /–es mới phát âm là / s / như baths, …

- Khi *th phát âm là / ð / thì –s /–es phát âm là / z / như cloths, clothes, bathes,…

- Khi *gh phát âm là / f / thì –s phát âm là / s / như laughs, coughs, ….

- Khi *gh là âm câm thì –s phát âm là / z / như ploughs,

Ngọai lệ: bình thường chữ s phát âm /s/, nhưng có những ngoại lệ cần nhớ:

- Chữ s đọc /z /sau các từ :busy, please, easy, present, desire, music, pleasant, desert, choose, reason, preserve, poison

-Chữ s đọc /'∫/ sau các từ sugar,sure

Exercise:

Hãy chọn từ có phần được gạch dưới có cách phát âm khác với các từ còn lại:S/ES

2 A neighbors B friends C relatives D photographs

4 A develops B takes C laughs D volumes

6 A involves B believes C suggests D steals

18 A grasses B stretches C comprises D potatoes

20 A repeats B classmates C amuses D attacks

27 A biscuits B magazines C newspapers D vegetables

CÁCH PHÁT ÂM “ –ED” CUỐI : Đây là hình thức Past tensen và Past participle:

1 “-ed ” pronounced as / id /: sau / t, d / : Thường sau chữ t, d : Ex: wanted; decided

2 “-ed ” pronounced as / t /: sau / k, f, p, s, ∫, t∫, h ,θ / hoặc chữ p, k, f, th, s, sh, ch :

Ex: asked; stopped; laughed

3 “-ed ” pronounced as / d / : Trừ 2 trường hợp trên : Ex: moved; played; raised.

Ngọai lệ: Đuôi -ed trong các tính từ sau được phát âm /id/: aged, learned, beloved, blessed, naked.

Exercise:

Hãy chọn từ có phần được gạch dưới có cách phát âm khác với các từ còn lại:ED

2 A invited B attended C celebrated D displayed

10 A walked B entertained C reached D looked

20 A clapped B attracted C lifted D needed

BÀI TẬP VỀ CÁC NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ CÁC PHỤ ÂM KHÁC:

2 A breakfast B teacher C east D please

6 A Germany B garden C gate D gas

7 A scholarship B Christ C school D chicken

9 A hundred B exhausted C however D heat

11 A choir B cheap C child D chair

14 A motion B question C mention D fiction

2 STRESS - Một số quy tắc cơ bản để nhận biết trọng âm:

1/ Trọng âm thường ít rơi vào các tiền tố (prefix) và hậu tố (suffix):

 ví dụ: dislike, unhappy, uncertain, disappointed, unashamed, forefather

* Ngoại lệ: 'foresight , 'forecast , 'unkeep , 'upland , 'surname , 'subway

Dưới đây là vài hậu tố không thay đổi dấu nhấn của từ gốc

V + ment: ag'ree (thoả thuận) =>ag'reement

V + ance: re'sist (chống cự) =>re'sistance (sự

chống cự)

V + er: em'ploy (thuê làm) => em'ployer (chủ

lao động)

V + or: in'vent (phát minh) => in'ventor

V + ar: beg (van xin) => 'beggar (người ăn xin)

V + al: ap'prove (chấp thuận) => ap'proval

V + y: de'liver (giao hàng)=> de'livery (sự giao hàng).

V + age: pack (đóng gói) => 'package (bưu kiện)

V + ing: under'stand (hiểu) => under'standing adj + ness: 'bitter (đắng) => 'bitterness (nỗi cay đắng)

2/ Nói chung, trọng âm thường rơi vào nguyên âm kép hoặc dài, ít rơi vào nguyên âm ngắn như /∂/ hay /i/

* EX:a'bandon , 'pleasure , a'ttract , co'rrect , per'fect , in'side , 'sorry , 'rather , pro'duct , for'get , de'sign ,

en'joy.

3/ Một từ hai vần vừa là động từ vừa là danh từ thì:

Động từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2

Danh từ : trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ 1.

EX: 'rebell(n), re'bell(v), export, import, increase, object, perfect, permit, present, produce, record, refuse

* Ngoại lệ : 'promise (n), (v)

4/ Trọng âm thường rơi vào trước các hậu tố (suffixes ) sau đây một vần : -ION, -IC, -IAL , -ICAL, -UAL,

-ITY, -IA, -LOGY, -IAN, -IOUS, -EOUS , -IENCE, -IENT, -GRAPHY , -NOMY , -METRY.

EX: 'vision, uni'versity, phy'sician, li'brarian, Ca'nadian, Au'stralian, ex'perience, im'patience, edu'cation, a'bility, elec'tricity, bi'ology, psy'chology, Au'stralia, 'Austria, 'Asia, ge'ography, pho'tography, e'ssential, ha'bitual, me'chanical, mathe'matical, po'litical, de'licious, pho'netics, scien'tific, ge'ometry,

a'stronomy

Ngoại Trừ (exceptions): 'lunatic, a'rithmetic, 'politics, 'Arabic, 'television

5) Trọng âm rơi vào các vần cuối sau đây: -ADE, -OO, -OON, -EE, -EEN, -EER, -ESE, -AIRE, -SELF,

-ETTE, -ESQUE Ex: bamboo, millionaire, engineer, themselves, saloon, balloon, thirteen, Vietnamese,

employee, agree, picturesque, Cartoon, guarantee, kangaroo, typhoon

*Ngoại lệ : 'centigrade , 'coffee , co'mmittee , 'cukoo , 'teaspoon…

Exercise:

5 A curriculum B kindergarten C contaminate D conventional

9 A scientific B availlable C suspicious D supportive

10 A especially B comfortably C carefully D possibly

18 A competition B intelligent C automation D information

20 A Attention B interesting C Influence D Television

- thói quen ở hiện tại

- sự thật, chân lí - always, usually, often,

sometimes, seldom, once / twice a week,

- I often go to school bybike

- The earth moves aroundthe sun

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

(HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN)

+: S + am/is/are+ V-ing

-: S +am/ ia/ are+ not+ V-ing

?: Am/is /are + S+

V-ing hành động đang diễn ravào lúc nói

- dự định sẽ thực hiệntrong tương lai gần

- hành động có tính chấttạm thời

- hai hành động xảy rasong song kéo dài ở hiệntại

- at the moment, at present, now, Look!, Listen!, Be quiet!, Keep silent!

Note: VERB CHỈ CẢM

GIÁC không dùng với

thì tiếp diễn: like,

dislike, hate, love, want, prefer, admire, believe, understand, remember, forget, know, belong, have (có), taste, smell

- We are learning English

- She is leaving for Huenext week

- I am watching TV when

my sister is cooking now

- HĐ xảy ra,chấm dứttrong QK ko rõ time

- HĐ vừa mới xảy ra

recently, lately, so far,until now, up to now, up to the present already, ever, never, just, yet, for, since, how long , this is the first time/second time, many times / several times

- I have worked here for

-: S + has / have + been +not+ V-ing

?: Have/has+ S+ been+ V-ing ?

- nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của một hành động

bắt đầu trong quá khứ,kéo dài đến hiện tại và

có thể tiếp tục ở TL

- for + khoảng th/g + now

- for, since, … (ALL…)

- I have been working here for ten years now

- kể lại một chuỗi hànhđộng xảy ra liên tụctrong quá khứ

- thói quen trong QK

- yesterday, last week, last month, …ago, in

When we were students,

we often went on a picnic

every weekend

PAST PROGRESSIVE

(QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN)

+: S + was / were + V-ing

-: S + was / were + not + V-ing

?: Was / Were + S + V-ing…?

- đang xảy ra tại mộtthời điểm xác định QK

- hai HĐ cùng xảy rađồng thời trong QK

- at that time, at (9 o’clock) last night, at this time (last week), in the summer, during the summer, all day, all week, all month, …

- He was doing at 8

o’clock last night

- The children were playing football while their mother was cooking

- lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trước một HĐ hoặc một thời điểm trong QK

- already, ever, never, before, by, by the time, after, until, when, ….

- When I arrived at the

party, they had already left.

- I had completed the

English course by 1998

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

(QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP

DIỄN) +: S + had + been + V-ing

-: S + hadn’t + been + V-ing

?: Had + S + been + V-ing …?

- nhấn mạnh tính liên tụccủa một hành động chođến khi một hành độngkhác trong quá khứ xảy

- một quyết định đượcđưa ra vào lúc nói

- He will come back

tomorrow

- The phone is ringing I

will answer it.

- I promise I won’t tell

-: S + will / shall + not + V1

(won’t / shan’t + V1)

?: Will / Shall + S + V1 …?

hứa

- một lời đe dọa

anyone about plan

- I will tell your mother if

you do that again

Lưu ý cách dùng của Be going to + V1

- diễn tả một dự định đã được sắp đặt trước

Ex: She is going to buy a new computer (She has saved for a year)

- diễn tả một dự đoán có căn cứ

Ex: The sky is absolutely dark It is going to rain.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

(TƯƠNG LAI TIẾP DIỄN)

+: S + will / shall + be + V-ing

-: S + will / shall + be + V-ing

?: Will / Shall + S + be + V-ing…?

- sẽ đang xảy ra tại mộtthời điểm trong TL

- hai hành động sẽ xảy rađồng thời trong TL

- nhấn mạnh tính liên tụccủa HĐ sẽ bắt đầu và kếtthúc trong một khoảngthời gian nhất định ở TL

- at 9 o’clock tonight,

at this time tomorrow, all this afternoon, evening, morning, …

be cleaning the floor

- They will be working

all this afternoon

FUTURE PERFECT

(TƯƠNG LAI HOÀN THÀNH)

+: S + will /shall + have + P.P

-: S + won’t / shan’t + have + P.P

?: Will / Shall + S + have + P.P ….?

- hành động sẽ hoànthành trước một thờiđiểm trong tương lai

- HĐ sẽ hoàn thànhtrước một hành động, sựviệc khác trong TL

- when, before, by, by the time, …

- I will have finished my

homework for 2 hours tomorrow

- I will have finished my

homework before I go to bed

Một số cách hòa hợp thì giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề thời gian:

Main clause (Mệnh đề chính)

Adverbial clause of time (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

Present tenses Present tenses

Future tensesresent tenses

0.TLĐ + until / when / as soon as + HTĐ I will wait here until she comes back.

1 TLĐ + after + HTHT He will go home after he has finished his work.

2 while / when / as + QKTD, QKĐ While I was going to school, I met my friend.

3 QKĐ + while / when / as + QKTD It (start) -to rain while the boys (play) - football.

4.QKTD + while + QKTD Iwas doing my homework while my sister was playing games yesterday

3 HTHT + since + QKĐ I (work) - here since I (graduate) -.

4 TLHT + before / by the time + HTĐ He will have left by the time you arrive.

5 QKHT + by the time / before + QKĐ He (leave) - by the time I came.

6 After + QKHT, QKĐ After I had finished my homework, I (go) - to bed.

7 QKĐ + after + QKHT I (go) - to bed after I (finish) - my work.

8 Before + QKĐ + QKHT Before she (have) - dinner, she (write) - letter.

12 QKHT + before + QKĐ She (write) - a letter before she (have) - dinner.

13 QKĐ + since then + HTHT I (graduate) - - in 2002 since then I (work) - here.

* Đổi thì quá khứ đơn sang hiện tại hoàn thành

1 S + last + V quá khứ đơn + thời gian + ago.

 S + V hiện tại hoàn thành (phủ định) + for + thời gian

 It’s + thời gian + since + S + last + V quá khứ đơn.

 The last time + S + V quá khứ đơn + was + thời gian + ago.

2 This is the first time + S + HTHT khẳng định

 S + HTHT never + before

3 S + began / started + V-ing +

 S + have / has + V3/-ed + for / since

-Ex: We last went to London two years ago = We

= It’s

= The last time

This is the first time I have visited Hanoi - I

I began learning English five years ago - I have

-Exercise 1:

1 I ……… (study) French when I was a child.

2 When you ……… (arrive) tonight, we will go out for dinner.

3 I think it……… (rain) tomorrow.

4 She ……….(just leave) when he arrived.

5 I……… (see) that film several times.

6 The phone rang while she ………(cook) dinner.

7 Jane and John ………(be) friends a long time ago.

8 He never goes home before he ……… (finish) his work.

9 When my father was young, he ……….(use)to get up early to do the gardening.

10 When I came to see her yesterday, she ……….(read) a book.

11 After she ……… (return) home, she cooked herself a good dinner.

12 The Second War ……… (start) in 1939.

13 The house caught fire when they ……… (sleep).

14 I am sure Mary ……….(get) the job She has a lot of experience.

15 So far we ……….(learn) all tenses in English.

16 By the time we get there, the train……… (leave).

17 Dan ………(be) sick for three days.

18 We……… (play) the piano since we … ………(be) eight years old.

19 Lan ……….….(use) this car since she…… ………… (buy) it five years ago.

20 She ……… (talk) to the police officer last week.

21 I ……….….… (do) my homework tomorrow.

22 My sister ……… ……… (take) me to the church every Sunday.

23 Yesterday I ……… ………(stand) at the bus stop when I……… (meet) Dave.

24 While my father ……… … (read) books, my mother ……….(cook) the meal in the kitchen.

Exercise 2:

1 The woman ………(already sleep) when her husband came in.

2 Deborah ……….(not watch) a baseball game yesterday.

3 He ………(live) on Hill Street since 1997.

4 I……… (study) English for five years.

5 It……… (be) cloudy tomorrow.

6 What time ………Tim usually ………(leave) for school?

7 Grace ……… (live) in Sydney for nearly three years now.

8 ……….You ……… (finish) your homework yet?

9 By the time he ……… (stop), he had driven six hundreds miles.

10 He ……… (not finish) it yet He only ……… (start) it one hour ago.

11 ……….Hai ………… …….(work) in the garden at the moment?

12 She ……….(play) tennis since she was eight.

13 Charlie ………(drive) when the accident happened.

14 I ………(talk) about him when he suddenly came in.

15 By December last year, he ……… (work) in the bank for five years.

16 By next Christmas, I ……… (live) in London for two years.

17 Tim ……….(not, take) many photos yet.

18 Janet ……….(work) for Smith and Brothers before she came to work for us.

19 When you come back, he ……… (already buy) the house.

20 By the time you get there, they……… (go) home.

21 They ……… (not do) anything important at the moment.

22 I went to bed after I ………(turn) off the television.

23 She ……… (not/understand) the question yesterday.

24 We ……… (clean) the house when she ……….(come) yesterday.

25 She ……….(visit) Paris by the end of next year

26 After John ………(wash) his clothes, he began to study.

27 The Jacksons ……… (live) in the same house since 1964.

28 At this time tomorrow I ……… ………….(work) in this room.

29 By the time the police arrived, the house ……… (be) burned down.

30 She came into the room while they ……… (watch) television.

31 As soon as we find another apartment, we……… (move).

32 My mother ……….(teach) in this school for thirty years.

33 My brother and sister ……… (play) tennis at 11am yesterday.

34 As he arrives soon, we ……… ( go) to the party.

35 Peter ……… (open) a new store recently.

36 Tom ………(not, speak) to me since he……… (arrive).

37 They ……… (begin) to study at this school 7 years ago.

38 Last night before he ……….(watch) TV, he……… (do) the exercise.

21 My father hasn’t smoked cigarettes for a month.

A It’s a month since my father last smoked cigarettes B It’s a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes

C It’s a month that my father hasn’t smoked cigarettes D It’s a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago

22 Mr Brown bought this car five years ago.

A Mr Brown started to buy this car five years ago B It has been five years when Mr Brown bought this car

C Mr Brown has had this car for five years D It is five years ago since Mr Brown bought this car

23 John used to write home once a week when he was abroad.

A John doesn’t now write home once a week any longer

B John enjoyed writing home every week when he was abroad

C John never forgot to write a weekly letter home when he was abroad

D When he was abroad he remembered to write home every week

24 We started working here three years ago.

A We worked here for three years B We have no longer worked here for three years

C We have worked here for three years D We will work here in three years

Exercise 4: Make the best choice:

1. He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery

A He received a six months in prison for his part in the robbery

B He received a six-month sentence for his part in the robbery

C For his participation in the robbery, he had been in prison for six months

D For his participation in the robbery, a prison had been given to him for six months

2. Madeleine wears high heels to look taller.

A In order to look taller, Madeleine wears high heels

B So that to look taller, Madeleine wears high heels

C Madeleine wants high heels to make her taller

D Madeleine buys high heels to look taller

3. He started learning French six years ago.

A He has learned French for six years

B It was six years ago did he start learning French

C He hasn’t learnt French for six years

D It is six years since he has learnt French

4. His eel soup is better than any other soups I have ever eaten.

A Of all the soups I have ever eaten, his eel soup is the best

B I have ever eaten many soups that are better than his eel soup

C His eel soup is the worst of all soups I have eaten

D His eel soup is good but I have ever eaten many others better

5. The last time I went to the museum was a year ago

A I have not been to the museum for a year

B A year ago, I often went to the museum

C My going to the museum lasted a year

D At last I went to the museum after a year

6. They are not allowed to go out in the evening by their parents

A Their parents do not want them to go out in the evening.

B Their parents never let them to go out in the evening

C Going out in the evening is permitted by their parents

D Although their parents do not allow, they still go out in the evening

7. This is the first time I attend such an enjoyable wedding party

A The first wedding party I attended was enjoyable

B I had the first enjoyable wedding party

C My attendance at the first wedding party was enjoyable

D I have never attended such an enjoyable wedding party before

8. I have not met her for three years

A The last time I met her was three years ago

B It is three years when I will meet her

C I did not meet her three years ago

D During three years, I met her once

………

I Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)

1 Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào CHỦ NGỮ ( người nói)thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba

I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her

We → They us → them our → their

Ex: He said: “I learned English.” => He said that HE had learned English.

Ex: She said to me, “My mum gives me a gift.” She told me that her mum gave her a gift.

2 Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)

- thường đổi dựa vào TÂN NGỮ (người nghe)

Ex: “I will meet you”, he said to me => He told me that he would meet me

3 Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): GIỮ NGUYÊN, không đổi

II Thay đổi về thì trong câu:

HTĐ –V1 /Vs(es)

–Don’t/doesn’t + V1

QKĐ – V2 / V-ed –Didn’t + V1 HTTD – am / is / are + V-ing QKTD– was / were + V-ing

HTHTTD – have / has been +V-ing QKHTTD- had been + V-ing

QKĐ – V2 / -ed

–Didn’t + V1

QKHT– had + V3/ed

– Hadn’t +V3/ed QKTD – was / were + V-ing QKHTTD- had been + V-ing

TLD – will /can + V1 TL 0 QK – would/ could + V1

ThenThereThatThoseThat dayThe day before / the previous dayThe year before / the previous yearThat night

The following day / the next day

Next monthAgo

The following month / the next monthBefore

CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

1 COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)

- Khẳng định:

Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to + V1 + ….

Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.” → He told her

“Wash your hands Lan.” The mother said → The mother told Lan

- Phủ định:

Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to+ V1 ….

Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” he said.→ He reminded me

The teacher said to Sts: “Don’t talk in the class.”→ The teacher

Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, …

Ex: The doctor said to his patient: “Do exercise regularly.” → The doctor

-2 STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)

Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”

Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause

Note: said to → told

Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”→ Tom said

She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.” → She told me (that)

-3 QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)

a. Yes – No question

Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux V + S + V1 + O….?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + O ….

Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?” → He asked Mary

“Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked → I asked Tan

-b Wh – question

Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux V + S + V1 + O ?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + O.

Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.→ He asked me

“Where did you go last night, Tom?” the mother asked.→ The mother asked Tom

-4 V-ING TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên

a Reporting Verb + V-ing + ….

Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate (đánh giá cao)

Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.” → Peter denied stealing the painting.

“Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy.→ The boy suggested going out for a walk.

b. Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + ….

- thank S.O for (cám ơn ai về ….)

- accuse S.O of (buộc tội ai về …)

- congratulate S.O on (chúc mừng ai về ….)

- warn S.O against (cảnh báo ai về ….)

- dream of (mơ về …)

- object to (chống đối về ….)

- apologize S.O for (xin lỗi ai về …)

- insist on (khăng khăng dòi …)

- complain about (phàn nàn về ….)

Ex: “I’m happy to know that you win the game Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary

→ Jim

-Note:

1 Why don’t you / Why not / How about → suggested + (someone) + V-ing …

Ex: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said

→ He suggested me sending her some flowers.

2 Let’s → suggested + V-ing …

Let’s not → suggested + not + V-ing …

Ex: “Let’s meet outside the cinema,” he said

→ He suggested meeting outside the cinema.

She said: “Let’s not talk about that problem again.”

→ She suggested not talking about that problem again.

3 Shall we / It’s a good idea → suggested + V-ing …

Ex: “It’s a good idea to go for a picnic this weekend,” she said

→ She suggested going for a picnic that weekend.

5 ĐỘNG TỪ NGUYÊN MẪU (TO-INFINITIVE) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

a Reporting Verb + To-inf …

- threaten (đe dọa) volunteer offer (đưa ra đề nghị)

Ex: “I will give you my book if you need it,” said my friend

→ My friend offered to give me her book if I needed it.

b Reporting Verb + Object + To-inf …

- order (ra lệnh) persuade (thuyết phục) recommend (khuyên)

- remind (nhắc nhở) encourage (cổ vũ) tell

Ex: “Don’t forget to lock the door,” I said to my sister

→ I reminded my sister to lock the door.

Ann said: “Come to my place whenever you are free.”

→ Ann invited me to come to her place whenever I was free.

Note:

1 Lời đề nghị: Would you / could you / Will you / Can you → asked + someone + to-V1

Would you mind / Do you mind + V-ing → asked + someone + to-V1

Ex: “Can you read the instructions again?” she said

→ She asked me to read the instructions again.

He said: “Would you mind opening the door, please?”

→ He asked me to open the door

2 Lời mời: Would you like / Will you → invited someone + to-V1

Ex: “Will you have lunch with me?” he said

→ He invited me to have lunch with him.

3 Lời khuyên: Had better / If I were you / Why don’t you → advised someone + to-V1

Ex: “If I were you, I would phone her,” he said

→ He advised me to phone her.

4 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

Nếu trong lời nói trực tiếp có câu điều kiện thì chỉ có câu điều kiện loại 1 là thay đổi về thì, câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 vẫngiữ nguyên hình thức động từ của chúng

Ex: “If I have time, I will visit her,” he said

→ He said that if he had time he would visit her.

She said: “If I had enough money, I would buy a car.”

→ She said that if she had enough money she would buy a car.

He said to me : “If I had met you, I would have told you the truth.”

→ He told me that if he had met me he would have told me the truth.

II PHẦN THỰC HÀNH

Change these sentences into Reported Speech:

1 Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock”

Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech

1 “How much does this dress cost?” Lan asked Lien