Ngữ điệu tiếng anh đối với người việt nói tiếng anh 5 04 08

Pham vi nghien ciiu: Chiing toi chii yeu chi nghien ciiu cac nghTa pho quat theo quan diem tmh ma ngu dieu the hien, khong nghien ciiu nghia ngu dung hoc vl tfnh dong khong xac dinh c

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I TRIT6NG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

TS HOANG CAO CUONG

OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI ri^UNG lAM THONG TIN THU VIEN

HA NOI - 2004

LCII CAM DOAN

Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien cun khoa hoc do chinh toi thirc hien Moi so lieu, tir lieu, cac van de trinh bay va ket qua nghien ciJu neu trong luan an nay la trung thuc va chua

duac cong bo trong bat cu cong trinh nao truoc do

Ha Noi, ngay 26 thang 12 nam 2004

Tac gia luan an

NGUYEN HUY KY

TRANG GHI ON

Tdc gid luan an xin bay to long biet an sdu sac den cck' GS, TS va cdc tlidy

CO gido trong khoa Ngon ngit hoc, tritcyng DHKHXH & NV, DHQGHN vi nhitng sit gilip dd nhiet tinh, chdn thanh, hieu qua trong sitot qua trinh tdc gid liidn an theo hoc chitcrng trinh NCS vd Idm luan dn tcii ddy Dqc biet, tdc gid luan an trdn trong cam an sit Intang dan khoa Iwc ddy hieu qua, trdch nhiem cao ciia

GS - TS Dodn Thien Thudt vd TS Hodng Cao Citcmg

Trong snot qiid trinh hoc tap, nghien citit vd viei luan dn, toi dd nhcin ditac rat nhieii sit dong vien, giiip dd ve moi mat ciia cdc cap Idnh dqo trit(yng CDSP

Ha Ngi, ciia cdc dong nghiep ted khoa Ngocii ngil - nai toi dang trite tiep gidng day tieng Anh - ciia cdc SV chuyen vd khong chiiyen Anh triti/ng CDSP Hd Noi Nhdn ddy, cho phep toi chtgc cam an tat cd

Tdc gid luan dn chdn tlidnh cam an cdc TLV, TNV a trong vd ngodi Hd Ngi dd ddnh thai gian vd tarn hityet giitp tdc gid liodn thdnh cong viec khdo sdt sit pham vd dieu tra dien dd

Xin cam an cdc GV, SV dd trite tiep giitp tdc gid phdn thu bang tieng, ghi

dm, thitc hien cong viec thong ke kit qua khdo sin vd Iwdn thien viec ddnh mdy luan dn nay

Ciidi Cling, toi khong the khong nhcic tdi sit d()ng vien, chdm lo, chia se ciia gia dinh toi

Mot Ian nita, cho phep tdc gid ditgc noi Idi cdm an tat cd bdi neu khong cd nhitng sit giitp da tan tdm ay, hum dn kho c6 the hodn thdnh

Hd Ngi, ngdy 26 thdng 12 nam 2004

Tdc gid luan dn

NGUYfiN HUY KY

MTJC LUC M6DAU

Trans

a

1 Lf do ebon de tai 1

2 Muc tieu nghien cuu 1

3 Doi tuong va khach the nghien cuu 2

4 Pham vi nghien ciru 2

5 Phuong phap nghien cuu 2

6 Y nghia ciia luan an 2

7 Mot so dong gop ciia luan an ^ 3

8 Bo cue ciia luan an 4

CHUONG 1 : CO SO LI LUAN 1.1 D§n nhap 5 1.2 Ngu dieu va nhirng khai niem c6 lien quan 6

1.2.1 Noi dung thuat ngu ngu dieu 6

1.2.2 Ngu dieu tieng Anh 7

1.2.3 Dae trung dieu tinh ciia ngiJ dieu tieng Anh 7

1.2.4 Mot so khai niem c6 lien quan den ngu dieu tieng Anh 8

- Chuyen dich cao do

1.3 Cac each mieu ta ngiJ dieu khac nhau 24

1.3.1 Mieu ta theo ducmg net 24

1.3.2 Mieu ta theo do cao 25

L3.3 Mieu ta theo ducmg net va do cao 25

1.4 Mot so chiic nang ca ban ciia ngu dieu 25

1.4.1 Chiic nang ngQ phap 26

1.4.2 Chiic nang bieu thai 28

1.4.3 Chiic nang nhan am 29

1.4.4 Chiic nang diln ngon 30

1.4.5 Chiic nang khu biet 30

1.4.6 Chiic nang dung hoc 31

1.5 NgiJ dieu va thanh dieu 31

1.6 Tieu ket 33

CHUONG 2 : NGLT DIEU TIENG ANH 2.1 DSn nhap 34 2.2 Cac quan niem khac nhau ve ngiJ dieu tieng Anh 34

2.2.1 Quan niem ciia Halliday 36

2.2.2 Quan niem ciia O'Connor 40

2.2.3 Quan niem ciia Cruttenden 44

2.2.4 Mot so tieu chi chinh dijng de lua ebon cac MHND tieng 46

Anh ca ban

2.2.5 Cac MHND ca ban trong tieng Anh 47

- MHND cao - xuong thap

- MHND thap viia-xuong thap

- MHND thap / TB - len cao

- MHND thap - len cao TB

- MHNDTB-ngang

- MHND len - xuong

- MHND xuong - len

2.3 Quan he giua ngiJ dieu va cac phuong tien khac 69

2.3.1 Quan he giua ngu dieu va nhip dieu trong tieng Anh 69

- Moi quan he ve hinh thiic

- Moi quan he ve noi dung

2.3.2 Quan he giQa ngu dieu va phep cham cau 72

2.3.3 Quan he giiia ngQ dieu va dieu bo 75

2.4 Tieu ket 76 CHUONG 3 : N G I T D I E U TIENG ANH 6 NG\S6l VIET

3.1 DSn nhap 77 3.2 Nhutig khao sat ve su the hien ngiJ dieu tieng Anh ciia nguai 77

Viet

3.2.1 Phuong huong chi dao ^77

3.2.2.T6 chiic khao sat 77

3.2.3 Ket qua khao sat ve sir the hien ngu dieu tieng Anh ciia ngudi 79

Viet

3.3 Khao sat su cam nhan ngu dieu tieng Anh ciia ngudi Viet 96

3.3.1 Doi tuong khao sat 96

3.3.2 Cach tien hanh 96

3.3.3 Ket qua khao sat ve su cam nhan 97

3.4 Cac MHND tieng Anh d nguoi Viet 98

3.4.1 MHND xuong 99

3.4.2 MHND len 104 3.4.3 MHND TB - ngang 108

3.5.3 Nhan xet 118

3.5.4 Ket qua cam nhan va the hien ngtr dieu tieng Anh a nguoi 119

Viet

3.6 Mot so kho khan va nguyen nhan gay l6i ngu dieu 125

3.6.1 Mot so kho kban 125

- Kho khan ve chii quan

- Kho khan ve khach quan

3.6.2 Nguyen nhan gay l6i ngu dieu 129

- Xet ve loai hinh hoc

- Xet theo trong am

- Xet theo ngiJ dieu

+ Van de ngu dieu trong tieng Viet

+ Ngu dieu tieng Anh

3.7 Mot so bien phap khdc phuc cac kho khan va l6i ngu dieu 139

3.7.1 Bien phap khdc phuc nbiing kho khan ve chii quan 139

3.7.2 Bien phap kh^c phuc nbiing kho khan ve khach quan 151

3.7.3 Mot so bien phap kbilc phuc I6i ngO dieu 158

- Bien phap kh^c phuc l6i the hien cao do va duong net ngu

dieu

- Bien phap kh^c phuc l6i the hien trong am

- Bien phap kh^c phuc l6i the hien ngung nghi

3.8 Danh gia ket qua thii nghiem cac bien phap kh^c phuc nbiing 162

kho khan va l6i ve ngu dieu tieng Anh 6 nguoi Viet

3.8.1 Cac bien phap khdc phuc nhCmg kho khan 162

- Ve chii quan

- Ve khach quan

3.8.2 Cac bien phap kh^c phuc l6i ngu dieu tieng Anh 163

3.8.3 Ket qua thii nghiem cac bien phap tren 164

- Miic do cam nhan

- Miic do the hien

- Nhan xet

3.9 Tieu ket 166 KET LUAN 167 CAC CONG TRINH NGHIEN CUU CUA TAC GIA DA CONG ^^^

BO LIEN QUAN DEN LUAN AN

170 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

PHU LUC I Danh sach cac tu lieu vien 181

II Cac ngon ban duoc su dung de khao sat 183

III Phieu khao sat miic do cam nhan y nghIa cac MHND 186

tieng Anh 6 ngu6i Viet

IV Phieu khao sat miic do the hien ngii dieu tieng Anh 187

V Phieu khao sat tinh hinh day va hoc tieng Anh (lien 189

quan den ngu dieu)

VI Mot so each luyen ngu dieu tieng Anh cho ngu6i Viet 191

VII Mot so dang bai tap co ban vi ngu dieu tieng Anh 192

VIII Ket qua nghien ciiu thuc nghiem b^ng may tinh 194

IX Truy cap ttr Internet 198

X Cac MHND tieng Anh 199

BANG VIET TAT

: Giao vien :Kha : Khoa hoc : Ki thuat : Kiem tra danh gia : Loai doi tuong : Mau hinh ngu dieu : Ngon ban hoi thoai : Ngon ban tin : Oxford University Press : Phi chuan

: Phat ngon : Sinh vien : Trung binh : Tu lieu vien : Thir nghiem vien : Van ban

: Xep loai : Yeu

Chiang toi nghien cuu Ngit dieu tieng Anh doi voi ngit&i Viet noi tieng

Anh bdi le cho den nay vin chua c6 tac gia nao nghien cuu mot each chuyen sau, day dii, he thong dudi dang mot luan an tien si chuyen nganh If luan ngon ngO Dieu nay da phan nao lam cho chung toi cam thay kho khan ban trong viec

tra cuu, tham khao nhung van At c6 lien quan Nhung mat khac, chinh nhung

kho khan nay da buoc chiing toi phai n6 luc nhieu hon, hoc hoi nhieu hon, trao doi nhieu ban vdi nhiing giao su, tien sT, nhu'ng dong nghiep quan tam den pham

vi nghien cuu nay

Chiing toi nghi rSng thuc hien tot luan an nay cung phan nao giiip cho viec day - hoc tieng Anh ciia chiing ta noi chung, ngu dieu ciia ngon ngu ay noi rieng, dac biet la ki nang nghe - noi, ngay cang tot hon

2 Muc tieu nghien ciiu:

- Nghien ciiu nhung noi dung co ban c6 tfnh If luan lien quan den ngQ dieu

va ngu dieu tieng Anh Noi dung nay se dugc tac gia luan an trinh bay chi tiet a

chuong 1 va chuong 2

- Nghien ciiu su the hien va cdm nhan ngu' dieu tieng Anh a nguai Viet Theo do, chiing toi nghien cuu mot so I6i vi ngu dieu tieng Anh doi vai ngudi Viet noi tieng Anh va cac van di co lien quan

- Khong nbin nhan Idi de phe phan, che bai, ma chiing toi xem xet, xac

dinh, nghien ciJu l6i de co bien phap khdc phuc tfch cue nham giiip nguai Viet noi tieng Anh ngay cang tot ban, qua trlnb day - hoc tieng Anh ciia chiing ta

ngay cang hieu qua ban

3 Doi tuong va khach the nghien ciiu:

- Doi titgng nghien citii: Nghien ciiu ngu dieu tieng Anh doi vai nguai Viet

noi tieng Anh va nhiJng van de ca ban co lien quan

- Khdch the nghien citii: Do la cac TLV, TNV nguai Viet, nguai nude ngoai

gom cac nganh nghe, lua tudi, trinh do hoc van, khu vuc dia If, giai tfnh de dam

bao do tin cay, tfnh gia tri khach quan va da duac ma so boa

4 Pham vi nghien ciiu:

Chiing toi chii yeu chi nghien ciiu cac nghTa pho quat theo quan diem tmh

ma ngu dieu the hien, khong nghien ciiu nghia ngu dung hoc vl tfnh dong khong

xac dinh ciia no

Trong chiing muc nhat dinh, co dieu tra, khao sat ve loi ciia nguai Viet trong viec the hien ngu dieu tieng Anh Chiing toi khong dat van de doi chieu so sanh ngu dieu tieng Anh vai ngu dieu tieng Viet trong luan an

5 Phuong phap nghien ciiu:

Trong qua trinh nghien cii'u, tac gia luan an sii dung mot so phuong phap nghien ciiu chfnh sau day:

- Phuong phap mieu ta, phan tich, long hop

- Phuong phap dieu tra didn da va khao sat su pham

- Nghien ciiu thuc nghiem vai tu each la phuong tien can thiet, khong phai la muc dich chinh yeu

6 Y nghla cua luan an:

- Su thanh cong ciia luan an giup chiing ta co the kiem tra va khdng dinh

mot so thanh tuu vi ngu dieu truac day da dua ra trong sach va

- Luan an gop phan tao each nhln phii hap ban vl viec the hien ngiJ dieu

tieng Anh a nguai Viet Nen chang co the coi do nhu la mot bien the ciia ngu

dieu Anh chuan

6.2. Y nghia thuc tiin:

- Giiip ngu6i Viet hoc tieng Anh hieu biet them ve bien tuang ngon dieu, dac biet la ngiJ dieu tieng Anh

- Giiip cho viec sua l6i ngu dieu tieng Anh a ngudi Viet- cu the la SV

trudng CDSPHN- hieu qua ban de' nghe - noi - doc tieng Anh ngay cang tot ban

7 Mot so dong gop cua luan an:

Ngoai viec long hap, kh^ng dinh mot so thanh tuu ve mat li thuyet thuc te

va phuong phap nghien cuu ngu dieu tieng Anh, chiing toi co duac mot so dong gop sau:

- Giai thieu va tiep can mot each he thdng nhu'ng noi dung co tfnh chat If thuyet nh^m gop phan xay dung co so li thuyet cho viec nghien cuu ngu dieu tieng Anh doi vai nguai Viet noi lie'ng Anh

- Qua nhutig nghien ciiu ve If thuyet va thuc te sii dung tieng Anh a Viet

Nam (lien quan den ngu" dieu), tac gia luan an da khdng dinh xuat phat diem ciia

viec nghien cuu ngiJ dieu tieng Anh k\ trong dm tit va DVND trong do co

MHND

- Lan dau tien, luan an di cap den ngu dieu tieng Anh a Viet Nam, nhu mot

bieh the CU3 ngu dieu tieng Anh chuan (goi t^t la ngil dieu Anh Viet) vd\ nhiJng MPiND ciia no, v\x-d phu hap voi thuc te Viet Nam, vua dam bao giao tiep trong

cong dong nguai Viet Nam, va hon the nua, khong liim anh huong den he thong ngu dieu tieng Anh ma chiing toi da trinh bay

- Luan an de cap den iSi vi each the hien va su dung ngu dieu tieng Anh a

nguai Viet, nhung tac gia luan an nhln nhan l6i khong theo huong phe phan ma theo hudng If luan ngon ngu va thuc tc sii dung ngon ngu Do do, tac gia luan an

CO quan niem rieng ciia mlnh ve l6i noi chung va loi ngit dieu noi rieng

- Luan an da g\6\ thieu cac miic sau trong viec the bien ngQ* dieu tieng Anh cua nguai Viet: NgiJ dieu diing v6i tieng Anh chuan: do la muc li tudng (ngit

dieu Anh Anh)y miic do thap ban la ngil dieu tieng Anh c6 the chap nhan dugc: coi nhu muc chuan thuc te (ngit dieu Anh Viet) va phi chuan (loi)

- Qua thuc te diln da, khao sat su pham va nghien cuu loi ngu dieu theo cac

chuan da xac dinh, tac gia luan an da dua ra mot so bien phdp kbdc phuc l6i

nham giiip viec giang day ngu' dieu tieng Anh cho nguai Viet dugc tot ban

8 Bo cue ciia luan an:

MdDAU

CHUONG 1: Co so If luan

CHUONG 2: Ngu dieu tieng Anh

CHUONG 3: Ngu dieu tieng Anh a nguai Viet

KET LUAN

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

PHU LUC

CHUONG I

CO S 6 Li LUAN

1.1 D^n nhap:

Trong khi diln dat, khong chi co nhu'ng tu ket hop vai nhau theo quy luat

ngiJ phap Trong hoc ngoai ngCr, khong phai chi tap the hien lung am vi, tuc la

phat am diing tij la dii ma con co sir lien ket cac tu theo nhip nhanh, cham, nhan

am lam noi bat thong tin len xuong giong de dien dat y nghia cua PN Tat ca

nbiing yeu to nay thuang dugc ggi la cac su kien ngon dieu, hay thuoc vi ngu dieu

vao A.T /twen- / ciia lix ""twenty va xuong giong lu vi trf do (Xem ngir dieu diln

dat 2 PN hoi - tra lai a (1) va (2).)

Viec chii the PN thay d6i ngO* dieu xuong trong (3) va len trong (4) da lam cho

PN tran thuat (3) tra thanh PN nghi van (4)

1.2 Ngu dieu va nhung khai niem co lien quan:

1.2.1 Noi dung thuat ngit Ngit dieu:

Thuat ngu ""ngit dieii' dugc nhilu nha ngon ngu hoc tren the giai va Viet Nam hieu va sir dung tuang duang v6\ thuat ngu '"intonation\ Theo "The Linguistics Encylopedia, 2002, Roulledge, London and New York" do Kirsten

Malmkjaer bien soan thl thuat ngu' tren dugc hieu va giai thich nhu sau:

- NgiJ dieu la thuat ngu thuang hay dugc su dung de diln dat su bien doi cao do ciia giong noi diln ra trong mot chu6i am thanh lan ban A.T hoac dan vi tij Hay noi each khac, ngu dieu thuoc PN

- Thong qua su the hien bien doi cao do giong noi, cung vai cuang dp, trucmg do, su ngung nghi , chil the PN muon dien dat mot y nghTa nao do trong tinh huong giao tiep nhat dinh nhung khong can phai sii dung den phuong tien tu

vimg hoac cac phuong tien ngu phap ma nguoi tiep thu PN vin co the hieu dugc Y)6 chfnh la su hanh chiic ciia ngCr dieu

- Co the ngu dieu trong moi ngon ngu co nhung net dac trung nhung giSa

chiing vh\ co nhung net tuong dong nhat dinh nhu cao do, truong do, su ngung

nghi va dugc xay dung tren co so tiding DVND theo quy luat, dac trung ciia tiing ngon ngu'

- Cung la su bien doi cao do ciia giong noi do tan so dao dong ciia day thanh tao nen, nhung cao do ciia giong noi the hien trong ngu dieu tren ca mot ngil doan hoac PN Con cao do ciia giong noi the hien trong thanh dieu chi xuat

hien tren mot A.T Theo do, chung ta co the thay r^ng thanh dieu thiupc A.T; trgng dm thuoc tit; ngit dieu thuoc PN

Vay, theo chiing toi thl ngit dieu Id mot trong cdc hien titang ngon dieu ci) tinh tiiyen dieu, ditgc the hien bang cdc thuoc tinh vdt li ca ban nhit cao do, citdng do, vd tritdng do trong sit hod ket de the hien chieu hitang len xuong ciia gigng noi theo chii y ciia chit the phdt ngon, ket lu/p vcri nhip dieu vd ngitng nghi,

hap quy luat ciia titng ngon ngit Ngit dieu cd cdc cliitc nang nhdm giiip cho viec diin dat ngit nghTa thong qua cdch diing ciia no trong titng tinh huong cu the

L2.2 Ngit dieu tieng Anh cung thuoc he thong ngiJ dieu noi chung nhung

CO nbiing ca so va dac trung ciia ngon ngu Anh, de lii do chiing ta co thl phan biet dugc ngu dieu Anh v6i ngu dieu ciia cac ngon ngu khac

1.2.3 Dqc trung dieu tinh ciia ngit dieu tieng Anh:

Nhu moi nguai diu biet, ngoai viec diln dat thong tin trong giao tiep bang nghia ciia dan vi tit de tra Icfi cau hoi noi ecu gi chiing ta co the diln dat thong tin khong bang nghia ciia dcm vi tit de tra lai cau hoi twi cdi gi nhit the' nao,

Trong luan an nay, chiing toi quan tam den diln dat cai gl nhu the nao la chfnh

Co nhilu yeu to anh huong tac dong den nc5i nhu the nao trong giao tiep nhu ngi7 dieu, nhip dieu, trgng dm , nhung trong tilu muc nay, chiing toi chi mieu ta mot

so dac trung dieu tfnh co ban ciia ngiJ dieu tieng Anh:

- Cao do:

Day la mot trong nhung dac trung dieu tfnh quan trgng nhat lien quan den cao do giong noi qua viec the hien tirng A.T hoac nhilu A.T trong mot dan vi tu, ngu hoac PN D6ng thai cao do cung la mot trong nhOng dac trung dieu tfnh co ban nhat trong viec the hien ngu dieu Cac cao do khac nhau trong PN da gop phan tao ra duong net ngir dieu de ciing v6i ngCr dieu hal nhan (chiing toi se trinh

bay chi tiet a chuong 2) bieu dat mot y nghia nao do, vf du:

He's ready (Anh ay s5n sang)

/hiz/ (ciia tir "He V ) a cao do hoi thap, sau do nhan trgng am vao A.T /re-/ (ciia

ivi ""ready') a cao do tren TB, roi xuong gigng va ket thiic duong net ngu dieu a

A.T khong trgng am /-di/ (ciia lu "ready'') a cao do tuong doi thap PN v6i ngO*

dieu xuong nhu trong (1) da thl hien y nghia hgan thanh, xac dinh va do do la

PN tran thuat Cac A.T khong trgng am, co trgng am trong (2) cung tuang tu nhu trong (1), nhung voi ngu* dieu len, bat dau tu A.T co trgng am /re-/ (ciia tu

"ready") a cao do tren TB va ket thiic a A.T khong trgng am /-di/ (ciia tu

"ready") 6 cao do tuang doi cao PN vai ngu dieu len nhu trong (2) da thl hien y nghi van, can tra Idi c6/kh6ng va dugc ggi la PN nghi van

- Citdng do:

Cuong do duoc the hien tuong doi da dang bang luc hoi tho do chu the PN the hien trong mot am thanh hoac chu6i am thanh Neu xet vl blnh dien ngon ngu hgc co lien quan den cucng do, thl do la trgng am

- Tritcmg do:

Dac trung dieu tfnh nay lien quan den khoang thoi gian chii the PN the hien trong timg A.T hoac nhilu A.T ciia mot don vi tu, ngu hoac PN Truong do ciia am thanh do thai gian rung dong lau hay chong quyet dinh [29],[56],[86]

- Tdc dc):

Toe do ciia loi noi cung quan trgng nhung ft tao gia tri thong bao boi le

nhilu khi do thoi quen, co nguoi noi nhanh, c6 nguai noi cham, nhung cung co ngudi noi nhanh, noi cham do chii y, chkng han lite vui, phdn khich : hay noi nhanh, lite biidn : hay noi cham Theo khao sat ciia chung toi, toe do noi tieng

Anh TB eiia ngudi Viet la khoang 6-7 A.T/l" Neu can cii vao ket qua khao sat thong qua cac NBT thl TLV nguai Anh dgc va noi nhanh ban mot chiit (khoang

5 - 6 AT/1")

L2.4 Mot so khai niem co lien quan den ngit dieu tieng Anh:

1.2.4.1 Chuyen dich cao do:

Theo O' Grady, Dobrovolsky, Katamba [123:46] thl " Chuyen dich cao do

trong phdt ngon khong lien quan den cdc sit khdc biet ve nghia ciia tit thi ditac ggi Id ngit dieii\ Lay tiJ teacher (giao vien) lam vi du: Cho du tu nay dugc phat

am vdi gigng len hay xuong thl vSn khong gay nen su khac biet vl nghia ciia no Tuy nhien, ngu dieu len hay ngu dieu xuong trong truang hgp nay da lan lugt lam cho PN tra nen chua hoan thanh hay hoan thanh, noi each khac, lam cho PN tra thanh nghi van hay trSn thuat Do vay, nguoi su dung ngu dieu tieng Anh tot

la nguai phai bieu va co kha nang van dung cac mSu hinh ngu dieu tot trong tirng tinh huong cu the

1.2.4.2 Trgng dm tit:

Chiing toi quan niem trgng am tij* la xuat phat diem ciia viec nghien cuu

ngu dieu tieng Anh bai le trong tieng Anh c6 nhilu tu da tiet, moi lix co mot A.T

mang trgng am Neu khong xac dinh dugc A.T nao co trgng am thl chii the PN khong the noi diing va truyin dat thong tin cho nguoi tiep thu PN hieu Mat

khac, trgng am lix lien quan mat thiet vai ngQ* dieu Vl vay, khi nghien cuu ngU dieu tieng Anh, chiing toi bat dau iix trgng am tii' cua ngon ngu ay

- Trgng dm tit la mot trong cac hien tugng dieu tfnh, xay ra khi mot A.T

nao do dugc nhan manh ban, cao ban, dai ban so voi cac A.T khong co trgng am khac vl muc dfch nhan manh thong tin

- Trgng dm tit gom co trgng am chfnh (O) ( ' ) va trgng am phu (,) Trgng

am tijf ciia tieng Anh la loai trgng am bat bien, co nghia la khi trgng am da rai

vao tiT nao do thl chi rai vao A.T nhat dinh cua tfr ay Vf du, trong tu important (quan trgng), bao gia trgng am cung rai vao A.T thu hai ciia tu ay: important (o

O o) Trong qua trinh thl hien ngu dieu b^ng do blnh, trgng am phu khong dugc

chiing toi tfnh den Nhu vay, chiing toi chi ghi tron to (O) va tron nho (o) tuang duong vcfi trgng am chfnh va khong trgng am

- Chiing toi dl cap den trgng am iix vl trong ngu dieu tieng Anh nguai ta se

nhan vao ch6 nay hay ch6 khac ciia PN Nhung trong mgi truong hgp, trgng am

cau cung triing vd'\ trgng am tir

- Cung iix A.T co trgng am ciia (dan vi) ttr nao do trong PN, nguai ta thay

CO hien tugng ducfng net di len hoac di xuong, hoac co sir ket hgp ciia ca hai de hgp thanh duong net di len - duong net di xuong, duong net di xuong - duong net

di len Trong ngon ngCr hgc, hoac cu the han trong dieu vi hgc (Prosody), nguoi

ta ggi duong net di len la ngit dieu len (rising intonation, hoac rising tone, hoac rising tune, hoac rise), dudng net di xuong la ngit dieu xiidng (falling intonation,

hoac falling tone, hoac falling tune, hoac fall) Do vay, su ket hgp cua dudng net

di len - duong net di xuong, duong net di xuong - duong net di len dugc ggi la

ngit dieu len -xuong, ngit dieu xuong - len Quan trgng ban la m6i khi co ngu

dieu nhu the hanh chiic, no da thl hien mot nghia nao do (nhu hoi, khimg dinh,

hoan thanh ) thong qua each dimg trong tinh huong cu thl M6i don vi co ngu

dieu len, hoac xuong, hoac len - xuong, hoac xuong - len nhu vay dugc ggi la

dan vi ngit dieu (DVND) tieng Anh M5i DVND nhu the dIu xuat phat va dua vao mot A.T co trgng am cua mot tii nhat dinh nao do Vi du: ^^He is a student.^'

(Anh ta la sinh vien.) co thl dugc diln dat bring ngu" dieu theo 2 each sau:

He is a student

< ^

o o o

(1) (ngu dieu xuong

He is a student? (Anh ta la sinh vien a?)

(2) (ngOdieu len)

O "

o o o

Ngu dieu theo each (1) bat dau tu A.T co trgng am /stju:-/ ciia ti^r student a cao

do tuang doi cao, sau do di xuong va ket thuc o A.T khong c6 trgng am /-dBnt/ (A.T thii 2 ciia student) Diing loai ngu dieu nay, chii the PN muon khdng dinh, xac nhan r^ng ""Anh ta Id sinh vien.'''

Con ngiJ dieu theo each (2) bat dau len tu A.T co trgng am /stju :-/ ciia tu student

o cao do TB, sau do tiep tuc len va ket thiic a A.T khong co trgng am /-d9nt/

Diing loai ngiJ dieu nay, chii the PN muon hoi rang ""Anh ta cd phdi Id sinh vien khong.''

TLT (1) va (2), chiing ta thay ring A.T co trgng am /stju:-/ luon la xuai phat diem cho ngu dieu xuong hoac len

• Cdc cdch the hien trgng dm [29],[86],[94],[121]:

- Bang siic manh ciia luong hoi tho do A.T co trgng am dugc phat ra manh

ban cac A.T khong trgng am khac Truong hgp nay ta co trgng dm lite (hay con ggi la trgng dm citimg dc))

- Bang trudng do do A.T dugc phat ra dai han so vdi cac A.T khong co trgng am khac Truang hgp nay ta co trgng dm litgng

- Bang cao do do A.T dugc phat ra cao hcfn hoac thap hon so voi cac A.T khong trgng am khac Truong hgp nay ta co trgng dm nhcic tinh

Tuy tiing truang hgp hoac tuy lung ngon ngCr ma 3 each thl hien trgng am tren co thl cung phoi hgp hoac each nay the hien irgi hon so voi each kia Neu

CO sir phoi hgp dong thai cila 3 each ay tren cung mot A.T nao do thl trgng am

dugc the hien dong thai manh ban, dai hon va cao ban so vai cac A.T khong trgng am khac

• Cdc quy tdc xdc dinh trgng dm tit trong tieng Anh nhit sau:

- Neu dong tu co hai A.T thl trgng am thuang rai vao A.T thu hai, vf du: to en'joy (o 0) (thuang thiic, dugc huong), to report (o 0) (bao ciio)

- Neu danh tu co hai A.T thl trgng am thuang roi vao A.T dau, vi du:

'Monday (0 o) (thu hai), 'beauty (0 o) (ve dep, sde dep), 'sentence (0 o) (cau)

- Neu danh tu co am cuo'i la /-Jn/ (the hien bang "-tion'\ ''-ssiofi\ ^^-cian " .) thl trgng am bao gid cung rai vao A.T ngay truac no, vf du: reprchliiction (ooOo) (tai san xuat, phien ban), dic'tation (o 0 o) (bai chfnh ta)

- Neu danh lix c6 am cuo'i la /-ti/ ma ngay truac no la /-[-/ hoac /-9V (thl hien bang "-ity") thl trgng am bao gia cQng roi vao A.T ngay truac /-iti/ hoac

/-8ti/, vf du: ability (o 0 o o) (kha nang), capacity (o 0 o o) (sue ehiia, cong

suat)

- Trong cac danh iix ghep (compound nouns), thong thuang trgng am roi vao bg phan tbii nhat ciia danh iix ay, vf du: \school-boy (hgc sinh nam), factory-

canteen (cang tin nha may)

- Neu tfnh tii' co am cuo'i la /-kl/ ma ngay trirac no la /-i-/ (thl hien bang

*7ca/"), hoac /-Jl/ (the hien bang ''-cicd ") thl trgng am cung roi vao A.T ngay trucfc no, vi du : historical (o 0 o o) (thuoc vl lich su), 'critical (0 o o) (phe blnh, phe phan), artificial (o o 0 o) (gia, nhan tao) [ficial (0 o) (thuoc vl mat)

• Trong dm tit, xitcit phdt diem cua vice nghien citit ngit dieu tieng Anh:

Li do:

- Tieng Anh la mot trong nhung ngon ngu co nhilu tu da A.T VI vay co hien tugng trong mot tu da A.T A.T nao mang trgng am cung phai dugc phiit am cao hon, manh ban va dai ban so vai A.T khong mang trgng am Ngay trong ban than tir da A.T da the hien cac cao do khac nhau trong khi hanh chiic Neu noi

cac cao do do lai voi nhau, chiing ta co duong net ngu dieu

- Qua nghien ciiu If thuyet va thuc te sii' dung ngon ngQ, chiing toi nhan

thay rang, ngu dieu tieng Anh dugc hinh thanh bai cac don vj dieu tinh nho ban

CO kha nang bieu dat thong tin theo kilu phi ngon ngO Moi don vi ay dugc ggi la mot DVND Cung co khi ngiJ dieu trong mot PN nao day triing vai mot DVND

Do do, khi nghien ciiu ngu dieu tieng Anh, chiing toi dua vao DVND ciia no lam

CO sa Ngi dung chi tiet lien quan den van dl tren se dugc trlnb bay 6 chuong 2 ciia luan an nay

- Trong m6i DVND, bao gia cung co ngiJ dieu hat nhan luon bat dau va dua vao trgng am cua mot tii nhat dinh nao do Do vay, phai xac dinh dugc trgng am ciia tii thi chii the PN mai co the thl hien ngO dieu len, ngtr dieu xuong de diln dat thong tin nhu mong muon, vf du:

You are a ' student, (1) (Ban la sinh vien.)

You are a student? (2) (Ban la sinh vien a?)

Trong vf du (1) va (2), chiing ta thay khong co gl thay doi ngoai sir thay doi vl ngii dieu Chfnh su thay doi duy nhat nay da khien PN (1) tra thanh PN tran thuat, khang dinh; con PN (2) tro thanh PN nghi van, can co su tra lai Ngu dieu xuong hoac ngu dieu len trong (1) va (2) dIu phai bat dau va dua vao trgng am tii

cua student, do la /stju:-/

Mieu td vd binh litem:

Mgi mieu ta, phan tfch va din vf du minh hga ve ngu dieu tieng Anh noi chung, DVND ciia no noi rieng nhln chung dugc hilu dual dang ngit dieu tinh

(static intonation) Day cung la chii y ciia tac gia luan an boi vl chiing toi phai bat dau nghien ciiu ngO dieu tieng Anh tu co ban, cot 16i c6 tfnh If thuyet cua van dl Dilu nay hoan toan phii hgp voi quan diem khoa hgc cila O'Connor [121],[122]; Cruttenden [86]; va Mark Tatham, Katherine Morton, Eric Lewis [127] Theo cac tac gia nay thl li thuyet ve ngu' dieu (intonation theory) chii yeu

tap trung nghien ciiu ngu dieu tinh va do do each the hien ngii dieu bang do hinh

CO gia tri nghien cuu la chfnh, tfnh tuong doi la ca ban, miln sao hilu ro dugc

ban chat ciia van dl

Ngii dieu dong (dynamic intonation) khong dugc dl cap trong luan an nay

ma chi la huong nghien ciiu tiep theo ciia tac gia luan an khi dilu kien cho phep

Xuat phat tii trgng am tu, chiing ta co the hinh dung dugc cao do ciia cac A.T CO trgng am so voi cao do ciia cac A.T khong co trgng am trong PN nhu the nao Hieu mot each thong thuang thl A.T co trgng am dau tien trong PN

thuang a cao do cao nhat, con (nhung) A.T khong co trgng am liln sau do mac

du vSn a cixng cao do nhung dugc phat am khong manh va lau bang A.T co trgng

am a tru6c A.T tiep theo c6 trgng am co the dugc the hien a cao do thap han

mot chiit so v6i A.T dau tien co trgng am Cii thii tu nhu vay cho den het DVND

NgiJ dieu hat nhan thuang the hien a A.T co trgng am cuo'i ciing trong m6i DVND Co dilu can luu y la: bat cii A.T nao khong co trgng am a dau mot DVND deu phai the hien a cao do tuong doi thap (so vai gigng ciia tiing ngudi),

thl chiing la mai co 24 each sii dung ngu dieu thong qua bon MHND co ban ma O'Connor ggi la ngii dieu xuong (the falling tune - the glide down) (co 6 each ddng), ngit dieu len thit nhiit (the first rising tune - the glide up) (co 6 each diing), ngit dieu len thit hai (the second rising tune - the take off) (co 6 each dung), ngit dieu xuong -len (the falling - rising tune - the dive) (co 6 each dung)

Day la nhu'ng hilu biet co ban, thong dung vl cac MHND va each dung eua chiing ma O'Connor da cong bo Nhung theo tac gia luan an nay thl viec tiep thu

ket qua nghien ciiu ciia O'Connor da giiip chiing toi tiep can v&\ quan niem, ket

qua nghien ciiu ciia Cruttenden vl 7 MHND hat nhan trong tieng Anh (7 English nuclear tones) va cac each dung ca ban ciia chiing Thong qua cac vf du minh hga ciia Cruttenden, nghien ciiu them cac each diing ngiJ dieu ciia O'Connor, Halliday [101], John va Liz Soars [108] , David Brazil [72],[73], chiing toi da co dugc 34 each sii dung ngtr dieu tieng Anh vdi cac vf du va phan tfch cu the

7 MHND hat nhan trong tieng Anh va 34 each su dung ngu dieu ciia chiing se dugc trlnb bay cu the trong chuong 2 ciia luan lin nay

1.2.4.3 Dan vi ngit dieu:

- DVND la mot khiic doan eiia loi noi va bao gid cung phai co y nghia thong bao nhat dinh

""He's working' dugc thl hien bang ngii dieu xuong trong (3) la I DVND Tru6c

va sau hat nhan co the co A.T mang hoac khong mang trgng am Trong (3), truac

va sau hat nhan dIu co I A.T khong mang trgng am Truang hgp dac biet, ta co DVND toi gian - la DVND chi co duy nhat hat nhan, vf du:

Yes. (Vang)

^ (DVND toi gian)

Tu day tra di, de cho tien va don gian, chiing toi chi diing kf hieu

1 DVND Neu trucfng hgp co tir 2 DVND tra len, chung toi dung kf bieu

hoac

de chi

Vf du: / 'saw 'John yesterday and he was ^itst off'to 'London (4)

(Toi gap John ngay bom qua va anh ay viia di Luan don roi.)

O O ^ o (5) ^ ^ (6)

o o o \ o o O o

Vf du (4) CO 2 DVND (vl co su dich chuyin cao do, duong net ngO dieu va su ngung nghi) dugc mieu ta nhu trong (5) va (6)

+ Y nghia thong bcio:

Da la DVND - dii la DVND toi gian - thl cung phai mang y nghia thong bao nhat dinh, du la y nghia thong bao toi thieu nhu "Yes" (vang)

- Mot si) dgc diem co' ban ciia DVND:

+ Phai CO A.T dugc phat am noi bat nhat ma a do the hien su thay doi vl cao do va huong de tao nen duong net ngu dieu len hoac xuong, vf du:

John isn V going (John du dinh se khong di.)

+ Su noi trgi am luon luon dugc the hien bang cao do, cuang do va truang

do cua gigng noi

+ M6i DVND phai dugc noi/dge tuong doi lien mach mot each tu nhien, khong CO su ngung nghi tuy tien, voi mot toe do nhat dinh, khong tuy tien

nhanh- cham trong do Chang han, toe do noi / dgc mot DVND nhu Are you

going away? (Anh di u?) mat khoang 1 - 2 giay (da khao sat)

+ Trung blnh m6i DVND co khoang 5 - 6 don vi tii

+ M6i DVND la mot don vi co nghia, gop phan mang lai gia tri thong bao cua ngii dieu

- Tieu chi xdc dinh DVND:

Theo Cruttenden [86], viec xem xet m6i DVND thudng dua vao 2 tieu chi

CO ban sau:

+ Tieu chi ngoai ten': la tieu chf diing dl xac dinh cac dm hieu td co tfnh ngu am (phonetic cues) a ngdy duang ranh gi6i thuc tai giua m6i DVND, chang

ban su ngung nghi

-h Tieu chi ngi ten: la tieu chf xac dinh nhung yeu to ngay trong ban than

m6i DVND, vf du: dau la hat nhan dl tu do len - xuong gigng, giai ban vl do dai, CO lien ket vl cii phap theo quy tac ngu' phap tieng Anh de tao thanh mot chinh the chat che vl cau triic, co gia tri vl mat ngii nghia vl m6i DVND phai co kha nang dugc sii dung nhu mot dan vi thong bao hoac mot nhom ngii nghia

Nhung trong thuc te nhung am hieu to co tfnh ngu' am hien co 6 ranh giai thuc tai giiia cac DVND doi khi hoac la map ma, hoac la khong co Do vay, lien

quan den van dl nay, tieu chf ngi tai dong vai tro nhat dinh Dc cho chfnh xac,

chiing ta can phai su dung cac tieu chf ngCr phap va ngu nghia ciing vai 2 tieu chf tren trong viec phan tich, xac dinh m6i DVND

1.2.4.4 Nhip cheu:

Trong ngon ngii Anh, nhip dieu dugc tao bai nhiing don vi nho ban di liln nhau theo mot khoang thcfi gian tuong doi dIu nhau giiia nbiing don vi nho ban

ay Trung tam ciia m6i don vi nhu vay la mot A.T co trgng am Moi don vi nhu

the dugc ggi la mot dan vi nhip dieu (DVNhD) {Rhythm unit, iheo each ggi ciia O' Connor [121]; hoac Rliythm grentp, theo each ggi cua Cruttenden [86]; hoac Foot, theo each ggi eiia Halliday [101]) Vfdu:

/ 'm 'interested in ' books (Toi quan tam den sach va.)

DVNhD 1 - DVNhD 2

Nhip dieu tieng Anh co thl bao gom nhilu DVNhD, hoac, trong truang hgp toi gian, chi co mot DVNhD (nhu DVNhD 2) Trong m6i PN, neu co bao nhieu trgng am tir thl co bay nhieu DVNhD tuong ling Do do, muon nghien ciiu nhip dieu tieng Anh noi rieng, chiing ta phai bat dau tii trgng am tii

Cho den nay, da co nhieu nha ngii am hgc de cap den van dl nhip dieu tieng Anh VI co ban, huong nghien ciiu ciia bg khong khac nhau cho dii phuong

OAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI TRUNG TAM THONG TIN THU VigN

phap va ket qua nghien ciiu eiia bg khong giong nhau

Theo chiing toi, viec phai xac dinh DVNhD d l hieu ro ban, co he thong ban nhip dieu tieng Anh la rat quan trgng va can thiet Chi co dilu, trong qua trinh nghien ciiu, nhilu tac gia thien vl cau true blnh thiic ciia DVNhD hon la cau triic ngii nghia ciia no Hg cho rang m6i DVNhD co the bao gom mot hoac nhilu A.T trong do bao gia A.T dau cila DVNhD cung dugc nhan am hoac lam noi bat, vfdu:

Each foot in turn consists of a number of syllables and the first syllable in tlurfoot ixalways salient (1)

(M5i DVNhD lan lugt bao gom mot so A.T va A.T dau trong DVNhD ay luon luon dugc nhan manh hoac lam noi bat.)

Diln hinh cho truong phai nay la Halliday [101] Nhung neu vay thl nhip dieu trong PN lai rai giong nhip phach, khuc thu'e trong am nhac vi ban than am nhae (xet nhac khong Idi) dugc coi la hay hoac do phan Ion phu thuoc vao giai dieu (melody) va tiet dieu (beat) Con loi noi trong giao tiep phai dua vao ngi dung thong bao la co ban; do vay, nhan am nao, tu nao, ngimg nghi ra sao, len xuong gigng nhu the nao (thuoc ve cac hien tugng ngon dieu) dIu the hien mot

y nghia nhat dinh, cho dii tu ay, trat tu ay trong PN khong thay doi Hon the nua,

CO tii trong vf du (1) lai bi chia thanh hai bg phan, m6i bg phan thuoc vl mot

DVNhD khac nhau (nhu tu con /sists chang ban) Dilu nay chua thoa man tieu chf ngir nghia bai vl du la DVNhD toi gian di chang nua, no cung phai co mot chiit ngii nghia lam ca so cho su llnh hoi giao tiep Xet vl dilm nay thl

O'Connor [122] co If han khi ong quan niem rang neu A.T khong co trgng am la mot bg phan ciia tii co trgng am thl no thuoc vl ciing mot DVNhD voi tii co

trgng am ay Vf du trong "\ cem /sists of '\ le ra ca ''con- *' va ''of " dIu thuoc

vl cung mot DVNhD co "-sists" (mang trgng am) la trung tam ciia DVNhD ay

de tao nen mot DVNhD " /consists of/ " Dilu nay thoa man ca cau triic tii

(thuoc ngu phap) va ngu nghia (thuoc tii vung) trong khi hanh chiic nham dam

bao giao tiep binh thuang Dilu nay cung co nghia la ca "con- " va "of " dIu co

xu hu6ng gan ket chat che han vao trung tam cua DVNhD ma chiing la nhCrng

don vi thanh vien

• Mot so dgc diem ca ban ciia nhip dieu tieng Anh:

a) Nhip dieu tieng Anh co dac diem ciia loai nhip dieu dua tren co so

trgng am {stress - based), khong phai eiia loai nhip dieu dua tren co so A.T

{syllable - baseel) nhu tieng Phap, tieng Tay Ban Nha hay tieng Hindi (mot trong nhiing ngon ngir chfnh thiic ciia An Do dugc noi chii yeu o miln Bac An Do) Chfnh vl vay, nhung nguai noi cac thii tieng nay thay nhip dieu tieng Anh hoi phiie tap va co phan kho van dung trong giao tiep

b) M6i DVNhD dIu co MOT trgng am (rai vao mot A.T co trgng am ciia mot tii nao do trong DVNhD ay) va co thl co nhilu A.T khong co trgng am diing tru6c hoac sau trung tam ciia DVNhD la A.T mang trgng am Trong truang hgp toi gian, chi co duy nhai mot A.T (trung vai dc:n vi tu) mang trgng

am (eon truoc va sau trung tam DVNhD ay khong co mot don vi tu vung nao

khac) thl chiing toi ggi la dcrn vi nhip dieu tin gidn De dl nhan dang, chiing toi

xin khai quat boa cau triic ciia DVNhD bang bang sau:

Am tiet co trgng dm

Sau

(Nhitng) dm tiet khong CO trgng dm (unstressed

triic ciia DVNhD vira neu tren

c) Khoang thai gian ciia m6i DVNhD (mac du co so lugng A.T khong bang nhau) tao nen nhip dieu tieng Anh dugc the hien tuong doi dIu nhau chii khong phai dugc the hien chinh xac nhu nhau

Vl du: / am 'interested in ' hooks (2) (Toi quan tam den sach va.)

DVNhD 1 ^ DVNhD 2 Trong VI du minh hga (2), mac dii DVNhD 1 co so lugng A.T la 06 va DVNhD 2

CO so lugng A.T la 01, nhimg khoang thai gian giua 02 DVNhD nay van dugc the hien tuang doi dIu nhau

d) Nhip dieu ciia PN nhanh hay cham la tuy thuoc vao so lugng DVNhD nhilu hay it PN co bao nhieu trgng am thl co bay nhieu DVNhD tuong ling

e) M6i DVNhD tao nen nhip dieu tieng Anh la mot dan vi co nghia boi no

cung gop phan tao nen thong bao khi hanh chuc Mot trong nhiing dac diem ca

ban ciia DVNhD tieng Anh la co su ket hgp hai boa giiia blnh thiic (thuoc vl cau triic) va ngi dung (thuoc vl ngii nghia)

f) Nhip dieu tieng Anh co tfnh he thong boi tirng DVNhD dIu co tinh he thong DVNhD la he thong nho tao nen nhip dieu tieng Anh la he thong lan Do

do, chiing ta cung co the noi rang day la he thong nho nam trong he thong Ion theo thii tu tang bac trong ngon ngii

g) Co su hai hoa nhip dieu (eurhythmy) va hien tugng tam thai dich chuyen trgng am khi trong PN co 2 trgng am ciia 2 tii diing sal nhau

• Cdch xdc dinh mot DVNhD tieng Anh:

Theo cac dac diem co ban ciia nhip dieu tieng Anh da dugc trlnb bay o tren thl ta

CO the xac dinh dugc nhip dieu tieng Anh (trong tiing PN) duoi dang sau:

Nhip dieu PN> 01 DVNhD Vay lam the nao de xac dinh dugc mot DVNhD tieng Anh? Nhiing quy tdc sau day ma chiing toi da long hgp, chinh siia va bo sung co thl giiip nguai sii dung tieng Anh xac dinh dugc dieu do:

a) Bat cii nhiing A.T khong co trgng am nao a dau mot nhom tu cung

phai di ciing voi mot A.T co trgng am ciia nhom trgng am ngay sau do dl tao nen mot DVNhD, vi du:

He is 'going '^home {1) (Ong ta dang vl nha.)

'going ,'\ Tuong tu nhu vay la nhimg A.T khong co trgng am trong / hi w9z in/

phai di ciing voi nhom trgng am / 'paeris/ de tao nen mot DVNhD "^He was in

Paris''. Truang hgp (2) la dac biet vl DVNhD lai trung va bang nhip dieu ciia PN

ay

Trong tilu muc (a) co mot khai niem nhom trgng am (stress group) ma chiing toi can lam rc5, do la: Mot A.T co trgng am citing vai nhu'ng A.T khong co trgng am co the theo sau no de tao nen mot nhom trgng am

b) Vay / 'paeris/ (trong (2)) la mot nhom trgng am va / 'baum/ (trong (1)) cung la mot nhom trgng am Neu co A.T khong trgng am nao la mot trong cac

bg phan ciia tii co A.T mang trgng am thl, dii dung truoc hay sau A.T mang trgng am, chung van thuoc vl ciing mot DVNhD ay, vf du:

^his an im'portant ^book. (3) (Do la mot quyen sach quan trgng.)

DVNhDl ^ DVNhD 2

Theo (b), ta thay /im-/ va /-tBnt/ trong (3) la cac A.T khong co trgng am

nhung la nhung bg phan thuoc vl tii ""importanf" nen ciing vd'x /it iz 9n/, chiing di

ciing v6i7-p3:-/ (la A.T co trgng am) de tao thanh mot DVNhD ""It is an importeint '\

c) Neu bat kl mot A.T khong trgng am co quan he vl mat ngu' phap va

ngu nghia v6i mot ttr co trgng am thl dii khong phai la bg phan ciia ttr ay, chiing van thuoc vl cung mot dan vi DVNhD vdi tii co trgng am ay, vi du:

'Give it to ^Peter (4) (Dua cai do cho Peter.)

DVNhDl ^ DVNhD 2

Theo (c), mac du /it/ va /t9/ trong (4) dIu la cac A.T khong trgng am nhung /it/ phai thuoc vl DVNhD co / 'giv/ mang trgng am, va tuong tu nhu vay, /t9/ thuoc vl / pi: t3/ Nhu vay, chiing ta co 2 DVNhD nhu trong vf du (4)

d) Bai kl khi nao ta cam thay ban khoan khong biet nen dua (nhiing) A.T khong CO trgng am vao DVNhD nao, hay dl chiing/no vao DVNhD co A.T mang trgng am di liln truoc, nhung van phai luu y den ngii phap va ngu nghia cila DVNhD ay de vSn dam bao do la don vi nho nhat co nghia khi hanh chiic, vf du:

'Black is 'taller than John (5) (Black cao ban John.)

DVNhDl ^ DVNhD2 ^ DVNhD3

Trong PN(5), neu ta ban khoan khong biei dua "' than" vao DVNhD nao, thl hay

de no vao DVNhD co A.T mang trgng am di liln truoc la ^^'taller' nham tao thanh mot DVNhD ^'is taller than\

Tom lai, trgng am tii trong tieng Anh la mot trong nhiing hien tue;ng ngon dieu rai quan trgng, dugc coi la xuai phat dilm ciia viec nghien ciiu nhip dieu tieng Anh, va rgng ban niia, la xuai phat diem ciia viec nghien ciiu ngii dieu tieng Anh

1.2.4.5 Cho ngitng nghi:

Co hai loai ngung nghi: ngitng nghi thiidn tuy (yen lang) (unfilled pause)

va ngitng nghi khong thiidn tuy (co chem xen cac kieu am nhu /m, 9/ ) (filled

pause) Ngung nghi co anh huong den truyin dat thong tin Ch6 ngung nghi nhln chung thucmg xuai hien a 3 vi trf trong PN:

a) Giira cac menh dl hoac giiia chii ngii - vi ngu (truang hgp nay chu ngii thudng la mot ngu) Ranh gidi ngung nghi nay dugc ki hieu la / , vf du:

The Prince of Wcdes I is visiting A. (Hoang tii xu Wales du dinh se den tham A.) b) Trude nhiing tii cd y nghia tii vung cao hoac d nhung vi trf ft cd kha nang chuyen doi (nhu trong mot danh ngu', dong ngii, trang ngu ), vf du:

He talked about the work. (Ong ta ndi chuyen ve cong viec ay.)

c) Sau tii dau tien trong 1 DVND Day la vi trf diln hinh doi vdi cac Idi sai vl sii dung ngon ti^r, hoac lap tii', lap y , do dd chii thl PN thudng phai ngirng nghi de chinh siia PN cho diing y ciia mlnh, vf du:

It's It's dark. (1) ( Trdi Trdi toi.)

Ngung nghi loai (b) va (c) thudng bieu hien su ludng lu (hesitation) Ngung nghi loai (b) la su ludng lu tlm ti^r va dugc kf hieu bdi dau 3 cham ( )

Ranh gidi giiia ngung nghi loai (c) cung dugc ki hieu bdi dau 3 chain ( ), nhung dau ( ) bao gid cung dung ngay sau tu thii nhat ciia DVND ay (xem vf du (I))

Ngung nghi loai (b), (c) thudng hay thay trong cac bai ndi khong chuan bi trudc ban la cac bai dgc/ndi da dugc chuan bi

Neu so sanh ehd ngung nghi trong 3 loai (a), (b), (c) vl trudng do thl hau hei cac nha ngon ngii hgc dIu cho rang cho ngung nghi loai (a) (cho ngung nghi nai ranh gidi) thudng cd trudng do dai ban so vdi cho ngung nghi ludng lu loai (b), (c)

Tdm lai, ngoai viec boa nhap ciing ngii dieu hanh chiic, cho ngung nghi

cung cd the dugc su dung nhu mot tieu chi xdc dinh ranh gic'/i DVND neu nhu

dugc xem xet ciing vdi cac tieu chf ngi tai va ngoai tai da neu

\.2A.6.Tdcdg:

Tdc do ciia Idi ndi cung quan trgng trong ngtr dieu nhung ft tao ra gia tri

thong bao bdi le nhilu khi ehinh toe do da bi nhod hoac Idn vdi cac dac trung

ngon dieu khac Nhilu khi, do thdi quen, cung cd ngudi ndi nhanh, ngudi ndi

cham Nhung cung cd ngudi ndi nhanh do chii y muon diln dat su phan khfch hoac thieu kien nhSn (dac trung nay thudng hay cd trong blnh luan bdng da, dua ngua ), hoac ndi cham do chii y diln dat ndi budn (dac trung nay hay cd trong liic dgc tin budn )

Cd the con mot so co sd va dac trung nao dd niia cd lien quan, song theo quan niem va quan diem khoa hgc ciia chiing toi thl ngi dung trong cac tieu muc tii 1.2.4.1 -> 1.2.4.6 la rai quan trgng, can yeu lien quan true tiep den ngii dieu tieng Anh Nhung bilu hien khac nhu chai lugng thanh tfnh ciia gigng ndi (voice quality), do trdi chay trong khi ndi chi la nhung dilu kien ben ngoai dl tren dd xuai hien ngii dieu

1.3 Cac each mieu ta ngu dieu khac nhau:

Xet mot each loan dien, cho den nay cac nha ngon ngCr hgc da nghien ciiu ngii dieu bang mot sd each sau:

1.3.1 Mieu td theo duang net (contour):

Nhln chung, cac nha ngon ngCr hgc theo trudng phai Anh phan tfch ngii dieu theo dudng net (intonation contour analysis) Phan tfch ngu dieu theo duong net da dugc O' Grady, Dobrovolsky, Katamba [123: 63] khai quat boa nhu sau:

Dudng net

yj Len gigng (Rising)

\J Xud'ng gigng (Falling) -^ Cao-Lengigng (High rising)

J Thap - Len gigng (Low rising) / \ | Len gigng - Xud'ng gigng (Rising - Falling)

^ Len gigng (ndi chung)

^ Xud'ng gigng (ndi chung) Len gigng, xuong gigng (ngii dieu dan gian); len gigng - xud'ng gigng, xud'ng gigng - len gigng (ngii dieu phiic hgp) deu bat dau va dua vao trgng am tii

trong mdi DVND Khai niem dem gidn (simple) - phitc hgp (complex) phai dugc hieu la dan thudn (chi len gigng hoac xuong gigng), edn phitc herp la kei hgp len

gigng - xud'ng gigng hoac xud'ng gigng - len gigng

1.3.2 Mieu td theo do cao (level):

Cac nha ngdn ngii' hgc theo trudng phai MI thudng phan tfch ngii dieu theo do cao (intonation level analysis) Van theo cac tac gia tren [123: 63], do cao dugc khai quat boa nhu sau:

Do cao p_

Cue cao (Extra high)

\- Cao (High)

\- Trung blnh (Mid) L_ Thap (Low) - -

|_ Cue tha'p (Extra low)

I Xud'ng thap (Dovvnstep)

I Len cao (Upstep)

1.3.3 Mieu td theo dudng net va do cao:

Vdi quan niem cho rang mgi kien thiic chi trd nen hun dung neu dilu dd

CO the day dugc, hgc dugc, sii dung dugc, nen chung toi da tien hanh chgn Igc va van dung ca 2 quan niem tren trong qua trinh nghien ciiu ngu dieu tieng Anh Chiing toi se trd lai van dl nay trong chuong 2 cila luan an

1.4 Mot so chiic nang ca ban cua ngu dieu:

Cho den nay, da so cac nha ngdn ngii hgc tren the gidi deu cho rang ngii dieu tieng Anh cd mot so chiic nang co ban sau:

- Chiic nang ngu phap ( Grammatical function)

- Chiic nang bieu thai ( Attitudinal function)

- Chiic nang nhan am ( Accentual function)

- Chiic nang diln ngdn ( Discourse function),

- Chiic nang khu biet (Distinctive function)

- Chiic nang dung hgc ( Pragmatic function)

1.4.1 Chiic nang ngir phdp:

Nhd cd chiic nang nay, chiing ta cd thl phan biet dugc dau la PN tran thuat, PN nghi van, PN cam than, PN chem xen, PN menh lenh/dl nghi

- Chang ban, neu chii thl PN sii dung ngu dieu xud'ng (hoac ha thap dan cao do) d phan cudi cua PN thl ngudi tiep thu thdng tin biei rang dd la PN tran thuat Dilu nay thudng thay d hau hei cac loai hinh ngdn ngu' nhu tieng Anh, tieng Phap, tieng Nga, tieng Viet Tuy nhien, viec thl hien ngu dieu xud'ng nhu the nao cho diing va tu nhien thi d mdi ngdn ngii dIu cd nhung dilm tuong dong va mot vai di biet tao nen dac trung ngdn dieu cua ngdn ngCr ay

- Neu chii the PN su dung ngu dieu len ( hoac len gigng) d phan cudi ciia

PN thl ngudi tiep thu thdng tin cd the hieu rang - cho dii dd la PN chua day du

di chang nira - dd la PN nghi van, va PN nay can phai tra Idi cd/khdng

- Ve CO ban, ngii dieu trong PN cam than khong khac nhilu so vdi ngii dieu trong PN tran thuat Tuy nhien, de thl hien y ciia chu the PN, each thdng thudng dugc sii dung la nhan am lam ndi bat tu dd len Dilu chung ta can luu y la each nhan am Bdi vl mdi ngdn ngu dIu cd thl sii dung mot hoac nhilu each khac nhau de lam noi bat mot tii nao dd trong PN nhu trgng am, trudng do, tdc do, su ngung nghi

- Trong qua trlnb giao tiep, cd khi PN bi cat ngang do ngudi tham thoai ndi xen vao hoac do mot su kien nao dd dot ngdt xay ra giua chiing Day la trudng hgp binh thudng ngoai y muon chii quan ciia chii the PN va ngu dieu dugc sii dung d day tuang tu nhu trong PN tran thuat, chi cd dilu khong xud'ng gigng vl

bi ngiing dot ngdt Trong trudng hgp nay, ngudi ta ggi dd la PN liing, vf du:

/ think that yem (Toi nghi rang anh ) (I)

Cao nhai

CaoTB

You anh Thap nhai

Ngu dieu khong len ma cung khong xud'ng d tii cd gach chan trong vf du (1)

- Tuang tu nhu vay la ngii dieu diing trong PN treo { la PN trong dd chii

the PN chii dong ngiing boat dong ndi giua chiing vl khong mud'n ndi tiep hoac chua tlm dugc tii, y )

- Chiic nang cii doan tfnh cung thuoc vl chiic nang ngu phap Mdi cii doan

la mot dan vi thdng tin Thdng tin mdi bao gid cung dugc nhan manh ban d l dl llnh hoi trong giao tiep Do vay, chii the PN thudng sii dung trgng am cau hoac cudng do, trudng do hoac cac hien tugng ngdn dieu phii hgp nhu ngii dieu de bieu dat mot don vi thdng tin cd trong mdi cii doan ban la mot dan vi cii phap Chfnh vl the rai khd xac dinh chd nhan manh la d dau Van dl nay lien quan nhilu den llnh vuc ngu dung hgc

Ndi tdm lai, vl ngii phap, cau cd the dugc phan chia thanh cac kieu theo muc dfch PN Mat khac, cau cung cd thl dugc phan chia thanh cac loai theo cau triic Tuong ling vdi mdi kilu cau la mdi MHND rieng Ndi khac di, ngii dieu cung tham gia vao bilu hien y nghia ngu phap ciia cau

1.4.1.1 Ngit dieu bieu hien y nghia ngit phdp cita cdc kieu cdu phdn theo mitc dich PN:

(boc Id cdm xiic ciia

minh tritdc mot sit tinh,

thitc te' cho ngitdi doi

thoai ciing biet }

Ngii dieu (theo tfnh pho quat va trung tfnh)

Ngit dieu xiidng V

Ngit dieu len^

hoclc Ngit dieu xuong \

Ngit dieu len ^ hoac

Ngit dieu xuong \

Ngit dieu len ^ hoac

Ngit dieu xiteing \

Ghi chii

Cd PN khdng dinh vd pint dinh

Tuy loai FN nghi vein:

PN nghi vein cdlkhong (Ngit dieu ^) hoclc PN nghi van cd tit de hoi (Ngi?dieu ^ )

7i/v thuoc vao thdi do

ciia chii the PN

Tuy thuoc vdo sac thdi tinh cdm cita chit the

PN

1.4.1.2 Ngit dieu bieu hien y nghia ngit phdp cita cdc loai cdu phdn theo edit triic:

T.T Theo cau triic NgO" dieu (theo tfnh pho quat va

trung tfnh)

Ghi chu

Cdu dan Ngii dieu xuong \

hoclc

Ngii dieu len ^

Tuy thuoc dd Id cdu trdn thuat hoclc ditgc diing nhit cdu hoi Cdu phitc (co 2

^ 'i' cd ngitng nghi

\A.2 Chiic nang hieu thdi:

Day la chiic nang cd lien quan den tam If, cd tfnh chai chii quan ciia chii the PN Chiic nang bieu thai la chiic nang khdng phai cho ngudi doi thoai, ma la chiic nang bgc Id tinh cam ciia chii the PN (nhu vui, budn, cau kinb, tiic gian ) Chiic nang bieu thai khdng thl khac biet vdi chiic nang ngu phap da trlnb bay d tren, ma chi tang cudng vl lugng cho chiic nang ngii phap Nhd cd chiic nang nay ma mdi PN cd the dugc diln dat vdi mdi sac thai tinh cam khac nhau, tuy theo trang thai tinh cam eiia chu the PN trong tiing tinh huong

Trong giao tiep, ngudi tham thoai cd khi dung yeu td tu vung de the hien

nghia tinh thai (kieu n\iit: a, it, nhi, nhe ) va cung cd khi khdng dung nhiing yeu

td ay Liic nay, chiic nang bilu thai ciia ngu dieu hanh chiic, tao cho ngudi tiep thu PN cam giac vui, budn, ngac nhien, che bai Chiing ta hay xem xet cac vf du sau day:

Toi bdn mitcri tuoi {1)

Trong tinh hud'ng cu the, PN (1) cd thl dugc the hien bang cac ngCr dieu khac nhau hoac bang cac bieu hien ngu dieu dac trung ciia tiing ngdn ngii, chang han:

- Toi bdn mitai tuoi (Ngung nghi sau 'Tdi'' va xud'ng gigng d cudi PN,

ngu y: Tdi ma bdn muai tuoi a?, nghi ngd, khong diing.)

- Toi bdn mitoi tudi? (Hoi len gigng d cudi PN, PN nghi vim, ngu y mudn

hoi lai.)

Hoac PN:

She is pretty. (2) (Cd ay xinh.)

Tuong tu nhu vay, PN (2) cd thl dugc thl hien bang cac ngu dieu khac nhau Do

dd, nd cd nhiing each hilu khac nhau Chang ban:

- She is pretty dugc thl hien bang ngii dieu xud'ng, PN trdn thuat, ngu y

khang dinh la cd ay xinh

- She is pretty ? duac the hien bang ngu dieu len, PN nghi van, ngu y mudn

hoi xem cd diing la cd ay xinh hay khdng

Tdm lai, ngii dieu trong mdi ngdn ngu dIu cd each thl hien khac nhau nham thuc hien cac chiic nang ciia nd Chfnh vl vay ma ban than ngu dieu cung gdp phan lam cho ngdn ngii nay khac vdi ngdn ngii kia, tham chf ngay ca trong trudng hgp chua nghe rd tirng tu Va cung chfnh vl the ma cd ngudi ndi dua rang ban nay ndi tieng Phap bang ngii dieu tieng Anh, ndi tieng Anh bang ngii dieu Nga, ndi tieng Viet bang ngu dieu Anh !

L4.3 Chitc nang nhdn dm:

Chiic nang nhan am ciia ngii dieu giiip chii the PN cd the tao ra hieu qua lam ndi bat am thanh tren bat cii A.T cd trgng am hay khdng cd trgng am nao trong PN Nhan am trong trudng hgp nhu vay thuc chai la do cudng do - mot

trong nhiing thuoc tfnh vat If quan trgng gdp phan cung cao do, trudng do - tao

ra, thdng qua viec sii dung trgng am trong Idi ndi Nhung, neu ndi mot each long quat ban trong mot mdi quan he hiru co hon thl nhan am(hoac lam noi bat am)

cd dugc la do A.T dugc nhan manh ban, cao ban, dai hon so vdi bai kl A.T nao khac trong mdi DVND Nhd cd chiic nang nhan am eiia ngii dieu ma chii thl PN

cd thl the hien dugc ngi dung thdng bao can thiei hoac quan trgng nhai trong mdi DVND, gdp phan lam cho qua trinh thdng bao - llnh hoi thdng bao diln ra nhu mong mud'n

1.4.4 Chirc nang dien ngon:

Neu nhln nhan boat dong Idi ndi mot each khai quat ban, day dii ban thl chiing ta cd thl thay rang chiic nang diln ngdn ciia ngii dieu cd thl giiip cho chii the PN thl hien va ngudi tiep thu PN llnh bdi dugc cai dugc coi la thdng tin MOi (chua biei), cai dugc coi la thdng tin CU (da biei) trong mdi DVND Dilu nay dugc coi la quan trgng va can thiei bdi le ban chai ciia thdng bao la thdng tin nhiing ndi dung mdi can truyin dat, vf du:

A Did you have a good day? (Ban da cd mot ngay tot dep chu?)

B No J had a HORRible day {1) (Khdng Tdi da cd mot ngay KHUNG KHIEP.) Nhln vao vf du(l) chiing ta cd thl thay ti^r 'V/a_v", va kl ca cac tu "7, had, ci^ la nhung tu chiia dung thdng tin cii vl ngudi bdi da biei Chi cd tii " HORRible'^

(KHUNG KHIEP) duge nhan manh vl dd la thdng tin mdi (chua biei) ma ngudi bdi can/mudn biei

1.4.5 Chiic nang khu biet:

Khac vdi chiic nang ngii phap, chiic nang khu biet cd thl lam mot PN trd nen cd nhilu y nghia, khac nhau, tuy theo chii thl PN thl hien trong tiing tinh hud'ng cu the

Day la mot trong nhiing chiic nang quan trgng ciia ngu dieu VI thuc te ai cung biei rang nhilu khi trong giao tiep, mot PN du cd cung kei cau cii phap nhung lai dugc diln dat- hieu thdng tin diln dat khdng gidng nhau Li do la vl ngii dieu hoac each bieu hien ngii dieu dugc su dung trong tCmg ngdn canh