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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES ---TRAN DIEU THUY EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DE

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-TRAN DIEU THUY

EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS

FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

IN QUANG TRI PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Hanoi, 2014

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-TRAN DIEU THUY

EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS

FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

IN QUANG TRI PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Code: 60220113 Supervisor: PhD Tran Thanh Ha

Hanoi, 2014

Contents

List of Photos v

List of Tables v

1.Rationale of the study 1

2.Literature review 4

3.Object, scope and aims of the study 6

4.Sources of information and methods of the study 6

5.Contributions of the study 8

6.Outline of the study 9

Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in service of sustainable development 10

1.1 Tourism and sustainable tourism development 10

1.1.1 Tourism 10

1.1.2 Sustainable tourism development 16

1.1.3 Principle of sustainable tourism development 19

1.2 Cultural historical relic 25

1.2.1 Definition 25

1.2.2 Classification of historic and cultural relics 26

1.2.3 The role of historic and cultural relics in tourism activities 27

Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province and the current situation of site exploitation for tourism 30

2.1.An overview of Quang Tri and its cultural and historic site system 30

2.2 Typical cultural and historical relics and sites in Quang Tri Province 37 2.2.1 The cultural historical on the list of special rankings 37

2.2.2 The cultural historical relics on the list of National ranking 43

2.2.3 The cultural historical relics on the list of provincial ranking 49

2.3 The status of tourism development and exploitation of cultural historical relics to serve tourism development in Quang Tri Province 49

2.3.1 The number of tourists and the revenue 49

2.3.2 The conservations and renovations of historical relics to serve tourism development 52

2.3.3 The organization and management to exploit relics for tourism development 55

2.3.4 The contributions of local people 57

2.4 General assessment of the extraction activities of cultural historical relics in Quang Tri Province for the tourism development 59

2.4.1 Some achieved results 59

2.4.2 Some shortages 60

Chapter 3: The appropriate exploitation and utilization of cultural historical monuments for the tourism development in Quang Tri Province 63

3.1 Assessment of cultural historical relics for the purpose of sustainable tourism development 63

3.1.1 The evaluation steps 63

3.1.2 Criteria of evaluation 64

3.1.3 Common evaluation of criteria (weight specification) 68

3.1.4 Aggregate evaluation 69

3.2.Orientations of exploiting cultural historical relics in Quang Tri Province in tourism development 82

3.3 Challenges for sustainable tourism development of Quang Tri Province 86

3.4.Solutions to raise sustainability in using historical relic for tourism in Quang Tri Province 88

CONCLUSION 96

REFERENCE 98

List of Photos

Photo 2.1: Diagram of historical cultural monuments in Quang Trị Province 36

Photo 2.2: Lighting the candle to show gratefulness to partiotic martyr 38

Photo 2.3: Hien Luong River was rebuilt in 2014 40

Photo 2.4: Tourists visit and incense at Quang Tri Ancient Citadel 40

Photo 2.5: Long Hung Church at website: langvang.com.vn 43

Photo 2.6: The gate of Vinh Moc Tunnel 46

Photo 2.7: The American plane is put in Ta Con airport 48

Photo 2.8: The number of tourist arrivals and tourism revenue of Quang Tri Province from 2007 - 2013 50

Photo 2.9: The number of tourist and revenue of Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue from 2007 to 2013 51

Photo 2.10: The stores serviced tourist in front of Quang Tri Ancident Citadel 58

Photo 3.1: Diagram of evaluation of historic cultural relics for sustainable tourism development 82

Photo 3.2: Diagram of orientations of destinations in Quang Tri Province3.3 86

List of Tables Table 3.1: Evaluation score of criteria 67

Table 3.2: Weight of criteria 68

Table 3.3: General assessment of cultural historical relics 70

Table 3.4 : Advantage levels classification of relics for tourism development 80

Introduction

1 Rationale of the study

With the society’s development, people tend to search for historical values It is said that history is our future Historical values not only reveal the past but also orient the development in the present and future Remained historical vestiges, despite being the smallest, illustrate the strong cultural vitality and touch the bottom of heart Acknowledging this point, Communist Party of Vietnam and the State of Vietnam focused on the purpose:” preserve, prove values of revolutionary traditional inheritances” when stating cultural development’s tasks in the 11th national congress It can be said that it is an important advance in the progress of establishing and developing Vietnamese culture in the current period It is also a message recommending and encouraging the whole society to pay attention to revolutionary traditional inheritances during the nation’s development and integration

Cultural and historical monuments’ preservation and services’ development are difficult problems How to develop without changing or spoiling monuments, how to prove cultural and historical values and make the economic development become an investment into preserving and advertising are proposed questions, which need answers In the other word, this is a sustainable approach to tourism development based on inheritances’ values The research on cultural and historical monuments for the purpose of developing tourism can be seen as an effective task which “partly preserves and proves cultural values” and establishes the premise for sustainable tourism development and great economic values At the present, tourism is known as a smokeless industry bringing several economic profits to countries

in the world Tourism is defined as the leading economic branch in Vietnam,

a developing country However, tourism has reciprocal relationships with

other branches; therefore, tourism development needs suitable and specific development policies and projects so that the development has no negative effects on the nature, culture, society and so on In terms of cultural and historical monuments, they possess great values of the age However, they are easily affected and damaged if they are accessed in an inappropriate way How to make tourism become a tool for information exchanges and culture access so that people can study and explore the world and how to preserve and develop cultural and historical monuments with their own positions are really difficult and challenging to the current tourism in particular and the whole society in general

Besides plentiful natural resources such as Cua Tung, Cua Viet seaside, the tourist attraction of DaKrong, the green tourism area of Tra Loc and so on, Quang Tri has cultural and historical depth It is known as “War Museum of Vietnam” [52] Experiencing two resistance wars against French colonialism and American empire, Quang Tri has a large – scaled and statured system of revolutionary monuments They can be named the ancient rampart of Quang Tri, the tunnels of Vinh Moc, banks of Hien Luong, Ta Con airport, Lao Bao prison and so on Additionally, the archaeological evidence reveals that Mon Kho Me tribes on the West – East of Truong Son and Ma Lai – Da Dao ones

on the coastal plains settled early in this place During its historical process, Quang Tri witnessed a long period of nearly one thousand years belonging to

the Kingdom of Champa before joining in Dai Viet Champa residents’

establishment and struggles for existence in Quang Tri can be said to create the premise for Quang Tri’s development and also leave vestiges of a plentiful and typical culture They now exist under many different forms such as temples – towers, ramparts, water exploitation systems and graves It can be stated that thanks to its typical historical process and geographical location,

Quang Tri is a place where different cultures met, received and combined On the background culture consisting of Son Vi, Hoa Binh and Dong Son’s cultural vestiges, there was an approach to the culture of Han,Champa from the West of Dai Viet and the following West[50] Currently, Quang Tri is a place where many ethnic minority people such as Van Kieu, Pako lives and develops Their residence areas were closely connected to historical monuments in the revolutions against French colonialism and American Empire All creates the historical sediment associated with Quang Tri’s cultural flow and makes them become more plentiful and attractive from their deep cultural sources

Up to June, February 2014, there were 516 approved cultural and historical monuments and tourist attractions in Quang Tri province Among them, there were 474 provincial leveled, 33 national leveled and specially national leveled ones (including 42 revolutionary historical monuments) There were 415 historical monuments, mainly revolutionary historical ones (making up 87%) [24] Quang Tri not only has the exceeding number of tourist spots but also is located on many important arterial roads It is the point of junction among three big tourism lines, including Trans – Vietnam route, East - West economic corridor and the central inheritance way It can

be said that they are advantages for Quang Tri’s tourism development However, it can be seen from the fact that the current tourism development in Quang Tri is inadequate to its real potential Due to specific characteristics of revolutionary historical monuments, natural conditions’ strong effects and appropriate authorities’ undisciplined management, the majority of Quang Tri’s monuments are damaged, degraded and even some are abandoned Additionally, the research and utilization of monuments’ values are still unilateral, mainly emphasize their material values and ignore the immaterial

ones Residents’ unawareness of their responsibilities also leads to many difficulties in cultural and historical monuments’ preservation and sustainable development

The preservation and development of historical monuments’ values is not only to preserve and respect ancestors’ intellectual contributions through historical generations but also current generations’ sacred responsibilities and duties to be grateful to our benefactors From the above fact and gathered knowledge during the Master course of Vietnamese studies, the author chose the topic:” Assessment on cultural and historical monuments for sustainable tourism development in Quang Tri province”

2 Literature review

In the world, tourism is considered as one of the biggest economic branches with great potential[25] Thus, tourism has been paid attention and studied by several specialists, scientists and managers However, the concept

of sustainable tourism was mentioned for the first time in the 1990s when tourism explosion from 1960’s negative impacts on the environment became more and more obvious Studies on sustainable tourism reveal that the tourism development not only protects the environment and preserves the ecological system but also pays attention to the possibilities of maintaining long – term economic profits and social justice Academic research works deal with the concept of sustainable tourism such as “Tourism impacts, planning and management” by Peter Mason [47], “Global Tourism” by William F Theoblad [49] and “Sustainable Tourism: Global Perspective” by Tony Griffin and Peter Williams Rob Harris[48] Recently they have been quoted many times in the announcement related sustainable tourism

Studies on Vietnamese tourism were mentioned in the 1990s when tourism became increasingly developing with the opened economy and the

market – oriented development Some papers are concerned with different aspects of tourism such as “Organizing Vietnam tourism territory”, “Tourism and tourism business” and “Capacity building for developing tourism in Vietnam” The concept of sustainable tourism is no longer new in Vietnam There are many research works, reference books and research articles about the aspect of sustainable tourism such as “Resources and Vietnam tourism environment” and “Status and issues for sustainable tourism development” by Pham Trung Luong [30] [5] , “Sustainable tourism development” by Nguyen Dinh Hoe and Vu Van Hieu [29] and “Environment of social humanities and issue for sustainable tourism development” by Trinh Duc Anh [22] A study

by Pham Le Thao, namely “Natural environment and development issues of sustainable tourism in Vietnam”[7] deals with the issue of natural environment at the microscopic aspect

About the conservation of historic and cultural monuments, there are many authors concerned such as: "Conversation of historical cultural monuments"[26], "Heritage management Vietnam"[15] Besides, there are many studies about conservation of relics associated with sustainable development as: "Preservation of Hue ancient capital for sustainable development"[16], "Conversation of monuments, an important factor of sustainable development"[19],"Preservation of historical cultural relics in Hai Phong in the context of industrialization, modernization and integration"[18]

In terms of scope of the study, the most considerable is the paper

“Investigation and evaluation of potential territory for planning and development ecotourism in Quang Tri Province” by Prof Truong Quang Hai[41] Its approach is to generally assess resources but mainly focus on natural tourism ones Besides, there is one more study by Bui Thi Thu, namely “Basic science construction serves the identification of tour in Quang

Tri Province”[23] On this topic, the writers emphasize the assessment of tourism resources for the purposes of developing tours around Quang Tri province In addition, some authors mention the issue of Quang Tri’s tourism development but they only assert the great potential of developing tourism in Quang Tri

3 Object, scope and aims of the study

3.1 Object and scope of the study

Thesis research object is the value of tourism ( the ability to exploit tourism) of the historical cultural monuments of Quang Tri in general, a

typical number of monuments in particular Furthermore, the author also illustrates some factors affecting the formation and development of cultural and historical monuments in Quang Tri province

The paper covers the analysis of cultural and historical value, the current exploitation, the utilization and assessment of cultural and historical monuments based on criteria for the sustainable tourism development

3.2 Aims of the study

The paper aims at stablishing scientific basis for the sustainable exploitation of historical cultural monuments for tourism development

4 Sources of information and methods of the study

(2) Documents collected during the periods of field research and specialized interview

(3) Published studies related to the content of the research Among the papers researched by the author, the most important ones belong to Truong Quang Hai and Bui Thi Thu Additionally, the book “Historic cultural monuments and landscape in Quang Tri Province” by Le Duc Tho is also significant

4.2 Methods of the study

Based on the target object and aims of the study, the researcher applied interdisciplinary opinions and approaches I used methods and the research process of many specialties such as history, geography, culture and so on to acknowledge, assess and explain things and phenomena based on historical depth Among them, there are four main methods, including document summarizing and analyzing, countryside - specialized, professional and geographical information system

- Document summarizing and analyzing methods: After collecting the papers related to the content of the study, pieces of information and documents about historical monuments, the current tourism development in Quang Tri, the researcher used the method of summarizing sources of information to analyze and clarify the actual exploitation and utilization of cultural and historical monuments for the purposes of developing tourism In addition, the criteria of assessment were laid down and better solutions were given

- Countryside specialized method: with the purposes of surveying the state of cultural and historical monuments, the preservation and potential exploitation for tourism development, the author carried out a field trip in Quang Tri province, interviewed some managers and residents who are well –

informed about the local history and culture Skills of the countryside and specialized methods were applied to save time, money and improve the reliability of collected information

- Professional method: To assess the cultural and historical monuments, the researcher used the professional method to lay down the frame of assessment criteria for cultural and historical monuments’ general evaluation Then they can be used for the sustainable tourism development and the solution proposal Experts are those who teach, do research and manage in tourism

- Geographical information system method: this method was used to evaluate generally monuments according to the criteria based on the advantageous degrees for tourism development Maps are useful tools to illustrate historical monuments’ spatial characteristics and their relationships with natural and social factors Furthermore, GIS’s spatial analyzing function (space, weight number and so on) was needed for the orientation of historical monuments’ exploitation Based on formed core subject maps, the managers are able to give solutions to the suitable preservation and exploitation Additionally, the basis geography backgrounds used were administration and terrain maps which are digitalized with the scale 1/ 100.000

5 Contributions of the study

- Partly improve the theoretical system of sustainable tourism development, assess resources for sustainable tourism development and especially for a specific place based on interdisciplinary and regional approaches

- Assess the current state and exploitation of cultural and historical monuments in Quang Tri province for tourism development

- Provide solutions to the appropriate exploitation and utilization of Quang Tri’s cultural and historical monuments for tourism development

6 Outline of the study

Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the study consists of three chapters as following:

Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in service of sustainable development

Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province and the current situation of site exploitation for tourism

Chapter 3: The appropriate exploitation and utilization of cultural historical monuments for the tourism development in Quang Tri Province

Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in service

of sustainable development 1.1 Tourism and sustainable tourism development

1.1.1 Tourism

a Definition

Tourism appeared a long time ago in the human history Starting from the trips enclosed with missionary activities, trading or exploration in new land region[29], tourist activity developed quickly and became one of the important economic sectors, brought much employment for the laborers[30] Nowadays, together with technical scientific achievements, strong development of information technology, and increased living standards, tourism became an indispensable demand in cultural - social life of human Tourism became the biggest economic sector in the world, overcame the automobile production, steel, electronics and agriculture sectors (According to WTTC _ World Travel and Tourism Council) However, up to now, the concept on tourism still has not had agreement, and according to the word of Prof Dr Berneker “For tourism, how many research authors there are, there will be the same number of definitions”[35]

The first concept of “tourism” was known in UK in 1811, thereby

“Tourism is well-balanced coordination between theory and practice of the trips with entertainment purpose”

Being known with the role of people laying the foundation for general theory on tourism, two Swiss professors namely Hunziker and Krapf, put forth a relatively general definition: “Tourism is the collection of relationships and phenomena originating from the travel and temporary residence of human, the place where they remained was not regular residence place or workplace for earning the living”

Like this, it is possible to see that tourism was attached to the place movement of human, attached to the demand on rest, entertainment to improve the health and labor ability of human It is possible to say that tourism is natural demand in the development of mankind

Later, economic factor was considered as one of the indispensable factors as defining about tourism Thereby, under the eyes of the economists, tourism was not a simple social phenomenon; it was also attached to economic activity However, each scholar had different judgment surrounding this issue

The economist Kalfiotis believed that: “Tourism is temporary movement of individual or community from a place to another place to satisfy the spiritual and ethical demand; therefore, it creates economic activities”

Michael M.Coltman believed that: “Tourism is mutual relationship due

to the interaction created by four groups: tourist, tourism supply agency, government and inhabitant at the tourist place”

The tourist economists under Praha Economics University in which the representative was Mariot considered that all activities, organizations, techniques and economies in service of the trips and stay of human outside the residence place with many purposes of searching for employment and visiting the relatives were tourism

Not only the economists, the experts researching about tourism under different fields such as geography also knew clearly that economic factor was indispensable in tourism concept According to the geologist Michaud:

“Tourism is the collection of production and consumption activities in service

of travel and sleeping at least a night outside the daily residence place with the reason of entertainment, business, health, meeting, sports or religion”

In 1925, the coming out into society of IUOTO (International Union of Travel Organization) in Netherlands marks a new development step of tourism sector IUOTO put forth the definition about tourism as follows:

“Tourism is understood as the activity of traveling to another place different from their residence location not for the purpose of working; that means not

to do a career or earn money for living”

In 1963, at the United Nation Conference on Tourism in Roma, with the purpose of internationalization, the experts put forth the definition as follows about tourism: Tourism is the collection of relationships, phenomena and economic activities originating from the itineraries and stay of individuals

or communities outside their regular residence place or outside their country with the purpose of peace The place where they go to stay is not their workplace

Pirogionic put forth a relatively general definition about tourism:

“Tourism is a type of activity of inhabitants in the free time relating to the movement and temporary stay outside the regular residence place to rest, treat diseases, develop the material and spiritual strength, improve the awareness - culture or sports knowledge in attachment to the consumption of natural, economic and cultural values” (1985)

Up to now, although the definition about tourism has not been agreed yet, it has been completed gradually It is possible to see that tourism is a type

of specific activity including the participation of many components, creating a very complex generality Tourism activity is both natural activity and activity having common feature of other economic, cultural and social sectors Together with the development of society, tourism incessantly moves and develops

In Vietnam, there are quite many definitions about tourism In the textbook of Tourist Statistics, Nguyen Cao Thuong and To Dang Hai believed that tourism is a socio-economic, service sector having duty of serving the demand on sightseeing, entertainment, rest with or without the combination of tourist activity for medical treatment, sports, scientific research and other demands

Law of tourism affirmed: Tourism is the activity of human outside their

regular residence place to satisfy the demands on sightseeing, entertainment, rest in a certain period of time [51]

Different from the viewpoint above, the scholars compiling Vietnam encyclopedia separated two basic contents of tourism into two separate parts According to these experts, the first meaning of this word is a type of convalescence, active sightseeing of human outside the residence place with the purpose of rest, entertainment, viewing beauty spots, historic relics, cultural, art Works,… According to the second meaning, tourism is considered as a general business sector having high efficiency on national culture, thereby contributing to increasing the love for country; for foreigners,

it is the friendship with their nation; in economic term, tourism is the business field brining very big efficiency; it is possible to be the form of goods export and tourism at site [25] [35]

b Tourism feature

Firstly, tourism is the sector depending on tourist resource “A requirement having popularity for any tourist, no matter what the motive and form of tourism are, they must have opportunity to do sightseeing, have a good time, entertain, study, enjoy the values about nature, history, culture, society… of the land region where they go to” [31] According to the Law on Tourism of Vietnam, tourist resource is defined as natural landscape, natural

factor, historic - cultural relics, creative labor work of human and other human culture values which can be used to meet the tourist demand; it is basic factor for forming tourist areas, tourist points, tourist routes and tourist cities Like this, it is possible to temporarily divide tourist resource into two main types: the first one is natural resource created by the nature; and the second one is the resource gained from historic development process of human through many generations (Law on Tourism of Vietnam, Clause 4, Article 4)

Secondly, tourism is general business sector serving the diversified consumption demand of tourists, includes the demands on rest, travel, food and drink, sightseeing, entertainment, goods purchase and other increasingly diversified services, for example it is possible to combine or not combine with the activities of medical treatment, sports, scientific research,…

Besides, the business of tourist service also has to ensure the demand

on security, politics and social safety order for the tourists, locality and countries receiving the tourists

In conclusion, “tourism is a special sector with many mixed features and natures to form a very complex generality The operation of tourist sector both has feature of an economic sector and has feature of a cultural - social sector.”[31]

c Tourism development conditions

The conditions for tourism development include: Socio-economic, political development situation and economic relationships; Condition on tourist resource; Condition on technical infrastructure and social infrastructure; Role of State management on tourism

On socio-economic, political development situation and economic relationships

It is possible to say that socio-economic development strategy is important orientation for the development policies of the country, it accompanies with forecasts, objectives, strategic viewpoints for the development of tourist sector and it is not exclusive in such common development strategies Being a sector with general nature and having close relationship with other sectors, the developed economic, cultural, social, political factors will facilitate for the development of tourism Besides, tourism cannot develop as the national income of inhabitants is low, living standards and living conditions are difficult In other words, to develop tourism, in addition to the development guideline and policy, the people must

be ready for tourism, i.e they use a part of income for tourism Furthermore,

if there is no sustainable political condition, ensured social safety, peace, international relation, door opening, and amicableness, tourist sector cannot

On technical infrastructure and social infrastructure conditions

Tourism is considered as a general economic - service sector; therefore, factors on technical infrastructure and social infrastructure plays a big role in

the development Technical infrastructure in service of tourist development such as transport system, post, telecommunication, power and water supply systems, means of transport In addition, there are material facilities for tourist sector such as system of hotel, restaurant, tourist route and point… Social infrastructure can be mentioned about national education, health and health care, culture and festival management system, cultural, religious foundations… Nowadays, factor on social infrastructure is increasingly factor contributing to attracting tourism strongly

On role of State management on tourism

It is possible to say that the role of State management on tourism is key factor in tourist development It includes: Tourist development strategy in attachment to development strategy of the locality; Formation of legal framework for tourist development through systems of legal normative documents; Organization of directing, managing, checking and controlling the

activity of tourist sector [31]

1.1.2 Sustainable tourism development

It has been a long time since development concept was considered as the topic of many ebullient debates This term is used in many daily circumstances, for example the development for an individual, an organization, a location or society as a whole The simplest definition is that development means change However, it is not actually clear Frangsmyr

pointed out that: development means many different things, but in general, it

often combines with active social changes, it means to advance forwards and

be better than present [44]

Nowadays, the development activity for improving material and spiritual life for inhabitant community has been exhausting the natural resources, causing the impacts of ecological environment recession It is clear

that natural resources are limited while libertine, uncontrolled exploitation will increasingly exhaust the natural resources and cause serious consequence

on environment, cause direct effect to the development process of mankind society in the future This awareness caused the appearance of a new concept and this development tendency is being interested in by all countries in the world: that is “Sustainable development” [25]

This concept was popularized widely in 1987 thanks to Brundtland Report (or called as Our Common Future Report) of World Committee of Environment and Development - WCED (now known as Brundtland Committee) This report stated clearly: Sustainable development is

“development which can meet the current requirements which do not affect, damage to the abilities to meet the demand of future generations ”[53] [44] [28] In other words, sustainable development must assure efficient economic development, equal society and protected, preserved environment To achieve this thing, all socio-economic components, authorities, social organizations… must join hands together to implement the purpose of harmonizing 3 main fields: economic - social - environmental fields

Concept on sustainable tourism development is not located outside the general concept on socio-economic sustainable development in general That

thing means that sustainable development “is the development which meets

the current demands without affecting the ability to meet the demand on tourism of future generation”, therefore, during the development, it is

necessary to assure the sustainability on economy, tourist environment resource and social culture

Sustainability on economy in this case means “long-term sustainability development” of tourism, creates considerable income source, contributes actively in economic growth of society, and brings interest to the community,

especially local inhabitants If they do not care about the interest of local community, there will be no reason for them to protect what the tourists want

to enjoy from tourism If the living standard of local people is improved due

to tourism, they will have every reason for protecting this income source by protecting the resources and environment, protecting traditional culture values

so that the tourists will further come there Sharing interest from tourism is also active way in the task of hunger elimination and poverty reduction, brings the opportunity to improve the living standard for local people, and contributes to economic growth in difficult regions

Sustainable development on resources and environment is shown through “use of resources not exceeding its recovery ability in order to meet the current development demand; however, it does not weaken the regeneration ability in the future to meet the demand of the next generation”

At present, environment resource in general and tourist environment resource in particular in many countries in the world, in which there is Vietnam, is withstanding the negative impact of socio-economic development and it is in the process of exhaustion and recession This is the danger affecting to sustainability in socio-economic development, especially tourism because tourism is the sector having clear resource orientation and having close relationship with the environment If natural resources become exhausted and do not have ability to recover, cultural values are spoiled, the environment is degraded, it is sure that tourism will no longer exist

On culture, the sustainability is shown through “exploiting, meeting the current tourist demands without affecting, degrading the traditional cultural values left for the next generations”

According to the investigation data of the World Tourism Organization,

at present, over 80% of tourists going for tourism with the purpose of

enjoying the cultural values which are unique and different from the culture of their nations They are attracted by tourist points with supplementation between natural landscape and traditional culture causing strong and unique impression The tourists want to view and enjoy real, lively cultural values in the daily life of inhabitants This thing is much more attractive than what is regenerated in a museum, an exhibition or performance Therefore, if cultural values are spoiled, changed, only exist under the form of reproduction, they will not have ability to attract the tourists and thus tourism sector will not develop

1.1.3 Principle of sustainable tourism development

Sustainable tourism development must base on specific principles; this

is also relatively important basis in exploiting the tourist resources in general and revolutionary cultural, historic relics in particular for sustainable tourism development

Principle 1: Exploiting, using resources reasonably

Every activity of tourism development relates to the use of natural and human culture resources In which, there are resources which cannot be regenerated, replaced or to regenerate them, it is necessary to experience a long period of time Therefore, in tourism, the exploitation, use of resources is the leading important principle If the resources are exploited reasonably, preserved and used stably, ensured for the process of maintaining or supplementing under natural or more favorable rules because the impact of human through the investment and embellishment, the existence of such resources will be long, meet the development demand of tourism over many generations This thing will make the tourism business developed in long term In this thesis, the mentioned tourism resource is system of revolutionary historic relics of Quang Tri province

- Principle 2: Limiting excessive use of resources and mitigating waste

The excessive exploitation and use of tourism resources and no control

of waste from tourism activity will contribute to the environment recession in which its consequence is unsustainable development of tourism in particular and social economy in general Mitigation of the consumption of water and energy resources in addition to the mitigation of discharge to the environment will avoid the costly expenses for recovering the environmental damages On this viewpoint, the student also considers the aspect of environmental actual state in the area of revolutionary cultural and historic relics of Quang Tri province and awareness of inhabitants, managing cadres and especially tourists for waste discharge at the relics exploited for tourism development

- Principle 3: Development in attachment to preservation of diversity

Natural, cultural and social diversity is especially important factor creating the attractiveness of tourism, satisfying the diversified demand of tourism, strengthening the abundance on tourist products The place which has high diversity on nature, culture and society will have high competitiveness on tourism and big attractiveness, ensure the development Therefore, maintaining and strengthening the diversity of nature, culture and society are very important in long-term sustainable development of tourism and it is also existence support of the tourist sector The system of revolutionary historic relics of Quang Tri province is evaluated to be bulky, have very great historic value Quang Tri is compared as a hug “war museum”[52], in addition, this relics system is attached to the area having high diversity on nature and located on many important transport routes In addition to the diversity which needs preserving, characteristic is also very big advantage for tourist sector of Quang Tri

- Principle 4: Development must be suitable for general

socio-economic planning

Tourism is general economic sector having high interdisciplinary and interregional nature; therefore, every option on exploiting resources for developing tourism must be suitable for planning in particular and general socio-economic planning in general in national and local spheres In addition, for each development option, it is necessary to carry out the environmental impact assessment to limit negative impact on resources and environment Tourism development needs to calculate the demand in short term of both local people and tourists; in the planning, it is necessary to integrate all socio-economic, environmental aspects; respect the policies of locality, region and nation; consider the replacing strategies to develop and build other land use options with consideration of environmental factors; mitigate the environmental, social and cultural damages for the community by implementing the environmental impact assessment comprehensively with the participation of local people and all related sectors, government levels; build the option on improving the environmental impact assessment in tourism; develop tourism in conformity with local circumstance, build sound plans and execute, supervise the investment projects bringing long-term interest On the basis of this principle, the student referred as well as analyzed the tourist development planning of the locality through this report to see the role of revolutionary cultural and historic system for tourism culture sector in particular and social economy in general of the locality Socio-economic development forecasts in which there are tourist development targets and preservation of historic cultural values are bases for analyzing, evaluating the historic relics for tourism development in Quang Tri

- Principle 5: Sharing interest with local community

Development of tourist sector and support of economic activities of the locality and with consideration to environmental value and cost will protect the local economy to develop and avoid the environmental damages To do this thing, tourist development must direct towards the support for creating the income for the locality and small enterprises; ensure the suitable types and scales for the condition of locality; prevent the excessive tourist exploitation; support the localities having sightseeing points by maximizing the income retention from tourism for economy of the locality; invest into environmental protection technology and recover environmental losses relating to tourist sector; be backbone for economic diversity by developing tourist infrastructure; execute fully and in strict accordance with principle of checking tourism for every tourist project; the tourism activity must be in the permissible limit of capacity and local infrastructure

- Principle 6: Encouraging the participation of local community

The participation of local community to the tourist activity not only helps them increase the income, improve the life but also make them have more responsibility to the tourist resources, environment, contribute an important part to sustainable tourism development On the one hand, it is necessary to respect the demand and aspiration of local people; support the community viewpoint of locality deciding their development; encouraging the inhabitant community to participate actively in projects, tourist development activities On the other hand, it is necessary to support the enterprises, co-operatives and local people in supplying services and goods to tourists, being owners of shops, restaurants, tourist guides; encourage the development of material facilities in service of tourism based on family; prevent the division and local emigration Implementing concurrently both these directions will contribute to encouraging the participation of inhabitants to tourist

development the most efficiently Through the survey at the locality, the application of this principle is rather flexible because the distribution feature

of Quang Tri historic relics has close relation with inhabitant distribution feature The participation of community is shown the most clearly in supplying the services at places where relics are exploited to develop the tourism In some places, it is spontaneous and it sometimes damages the relics

- Principle 7: Regularly exchanging, referring the idea with local

community and related objects

The exchange and discussion between tourist sector and local community, different related organizations and agencies are very necessary to together solve the implicit contradictions about interest It is possible to use some approaches such as: introducing briefly about planning preparation to encourage the participation in idea contribution of local people; referring the ideas and notifying the local people about implicit changes due to quick change of tourist sector; holding the Workshop, meetings, exchanges and forms of public activity so that inhabitants will contribute the ideas efficiently; referring the ideas with social organizations, non-government organizations to integrate the interests of the inhabitant community in the process of forming the tourist development project In the framework of the thesis, the author also carried out preliminary survey about the application of this principle and saw that the role of community has not been heightened appropriately; the surveys of public opinion were executed little in the projects for preservation, restoration in attachment to tourist development in the province

- Principle 8: Attaching special importance to improving the

awareness on environmental resource

Human factor always plays a decisive role in any development Labor force which was trained professional knowledge will not only bring economic interest for the tourist sector but also contribute to improving the quality of tourist product The sustainable development requires the implementation people having not only professional knowledge but also sound awareness on necessity of resource and environment protection To improve the awareness

on tourist resource for this part, it is necessary to introduce the environmental, cultural and social issues into the training program; attach special importance

to training work; improve the position and use local cadres at levels; heighten the pride awareness of tourist sector; discover positive and negative impacts

of tourism towards the local community in training; train cadres, staff and laborers to understand the complex nature of modern tourism; encourage multi-culture training and introduce into the training the cultural exchange programs; allocate profit in tourism into cultural exchange programs; allocate profit in tourism into education programs in order to encourage the knowledge about heritage and environment

- Principle 9: Strengthening the tourism marketing responsibly

Marketing is always an important activity for tourist development, ensures the attraction of customers, and strengthens the competition ability of tourist products The marketing, supply to tourists with sufficient and responsible information will improve the respect of tourists to natural, cultural and social environment at the sightseeing place, and increase the satisfaction

of tourists However, in the marketing work, it is necessary to pay attention to the following points: (i) Ensuring that “green” marketing reflects policies and activities profitable for the environment, it is not trick of trading; (ii) educating and guiding the tourists about the things they “should do” and the things they “should not do” in term of environment; resolutely repealing

racial discrimination, depraved culture and religion in tourism; (iv) using the marketing strategy respecting the nations, communities and environment of localities; improving the awareness of tourists about implicit impact and their responsibility to the locality; (v) supplying sufficiently the information relating to the holiday as selecting the tourist point; (vi) supplying the information about respecting cultural and natural heritage of the locality to the tourists; (vii) marketing must be honest, corresponding to the product and quality of the offered tourist product In this case, responsible marketing is understood as sound popularization of revolutionary cultural, historic values

of Quang Tri province on the basis of analyzing the demand on studying history and culture of the tourists

- Principle 10: Regularly carrying out research work

Research work is especially important factor for the development of any economic sector, especially the sectors having many complex relationships and depending much on natural condition, cultural and social environment as tourist sector Further researching and supervising the tourist activities through the use and efficient analysis of data are very necessary to help solving the outstanding issues and bring the interest to sightseeing viewpoints, tourist sector and customer [25] The implementation of master thesis subject of the student also assures this principle Research results are important bases for executing other principles in fact at the locality as well as reference basis for managers to promulgate the policies for sustainable tourism development

1.2 Cultural historical relic

1.2.1 Definition

According to Vonido constitution of Italy in 1964:

Historic include cultural private construction, the ruins of urban or rural, is evidence of a particular civilization, a significant evolution or a historical event"

According to statutory legacy was published June 29, 2001, historical cultural relics must be one of the following criteria:

- Construction sites associated with typical historical events during construction and protection of water

- Construction sites linked to the body and the cause of national heroes, celebrities of country

- Construction sites linked to typical historical events of the revolutionary war period

- Locations with typical values of archaeology

- A group of buildings or single buildings have typical values about architecture, art of one or more historic period

1.2.2 Classification of historic and cultural relics

- Archaeological, historic and cultural relics: are the places which cover

a part of cultural values belonging to a period of human society without writing and some period of time in history

- Historic and cultural relics: are the places with architectural works of remarkable values on ethnology, victories against invasion and oppression, historic people, national hero, cultural and scientific great name, glorious labor, crimes of imperialism and feudalism

- Artistic historic and cultural relics: are the relics with architectural works of social and spiritual values such as Literature Temple, stoned church Phat Diem,…

- Revolutionary relics: are the record of the important events of the local history of revolution which had great impacts on the development of the local, regional, national revolutionary movements

- Places of scenic beauty: arranged by nature and touched by human creation, and consist of many types of historic and cultural relics

1.2.3 The role of historic and cultural relics in tourism activities

Historical and cultural relics are humanity tourist resources; the assets

of the people bestowed by nature, at the same time the products of creation, the outcomes of labor, construction, maintenance and protection of many Vietnamese generations through historical periods It reflects and bears the stamp of history, and is the expression of the culture the civilization of the nation, the result of the movement and development process The relics are the places preserving and showcasing the image of the country and its people They are also the convergence of historical-cultural-scientific-technological values… the basis, the foundation for research to learn about the nature, country and people These relics are "living museum", "site museum" where systems of artifacts and antiques are located within the habitat and environment of their existence In the tourism development of the country, historical cultural relics become "key points" to develop cultural tourism routes, extend special cultural tours to rural areas of the country, broaden the knowledge of people around the country, and exploit different regions in the overall socio-economic development of the country[6]

Historical and cultural relics are the basis to create different types of cultural tourism Cultural tourism is the type of tourism operating in humanity environment containing cultural tourism resources including a very important factor, historical relics The type of cultural tourism such as festival tourism,

religious tourism, tourism to visit relics are all exploited based on historical relics [17]

Historical relic is the basis to create tourism products, is the expression and presentation of culture and civilization of a nation Tourism product primarily is a cultural product Tourism product often possesses high cultural characteristics, satisfying the needs of tourists It can be a travel program with different time and locations, products of this program is to exploit the local intangible and tangible cultural values to include them in specific tourism activities such as the historical cultural relics, artifacts, types of arts, the festival activities in the relics, to serve tourists Historical and cultural relic

is the point helping travel companies to develop "history tourism" programs, and at the same time helping international tourists to understand the traditions, history of unyielding, heroic revolutionary struggle of the local people as well

as the entire nation

Historical relics play an important and decisive role in the development

of a country, a local; these relics are the place attracting domestic and international tourists The more compelling and attractive the relics are, the higher the number of domestic and international tourists visit

Historic and cultural relics are considered to be especially attractive tourist resource Natural tourist resource attracts tourists with its unique and rare unspoiled sites while cultural tourist resource, especially historic and cultural relics, attracts tourists with the special values of architecture, sculpture, religion and the diversity, tradition and locality Historic relics are the important element of the cultural tourism

Archaeological relics have an great impact on and are the motivation of tourist activities Nowadays, tourists come to archaeological sites to explore and improve their knowledge and they also want to purchase the artifacts relating to the site as souvenir [6]

*

According to above theory and practical base, the author in this essay has researched about outstanding Quang Tri’s cultural and historic vestiges, and then, provincial current tourism development, and suggests methods to promote tourism in a sustainable way With huge loss over wars with France and the US, Quang Tri owns many historic things called historic vestiges In addition, each province is trying hard to promote its own strengths in developing economy In which, tourism is always seemed to create much benefit for both provinces and nation However, Quang Tri, a poor province

in Central of Vietnam, has not taken advantage of strengths such as good geography or historic resources to develop tourism In order to create a tourism attraction with specific traits for Quang Tri, there should be better policies and projects for vestiges development and preservation Although the province has carried out many policies for promotion and preservation; there still are many limits Thus, in this chapter, the author analyzes and shows these limits

Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province

and the current situation of site exploitation for tourism

2.1 An overview of Quang Tri and its cultural and historic site system

Quang Tri is a province of North Central Coast, which was called as Bo Viet Thuong in the age of Hung Vuong; as Nhat Nam in the age of Chinese governance (179-1992 BC), and then was indepently formed as Lam Ap, Cham Pa Till 1306 it completely belonged to Dai Viet, including districts of Lam Binh, Minh Linh, Thuan Chau, Hoa Chau, Cuu Dinh (15580 – 1801 ), Quang Trị residence (1802 – 1862), Quang Tri town (1827 – 1831) etc and till 1832 Quang Tri town was renamed as Quang Trị province After repeatedly divided and re-established in many periods, on July 1, 19989, Quang Tri became the provincial administrative unit of the Central and had current boundaries [39]

According to the Statistics Yearbook 2012, the area of Quang Tri is 4,747 km2 inhabited by 608,100 people Quang Tri is the province featuring diversified terrain, including mountainous areas, plains, coastal dunes and islands with a 75 km seaside The province has 10 administrative units namely Dong Ha City, Quang Tri Town and 08 districts: Vinh Linh, Gio Linh, Trieu Phong, Cam Lo, Hai Dang, Dakrong, Huong Hoa and Con Co island district Among these, Dong Ha City is the economic, political and cultural centre of the whole province Quang Tri is also the place with a series of important traffic routes; for example, Quang Tri Province locates at the crossroad of the North – South Route that is connected by National Road 1A,

Ho Chi Minh Highway, North – South railway) and the East – West route axis through National Road 9 and Lao Bao international border way Especially, National Road 9 is located in the East – West Economic Corridor (EWEC), which is the longest and most convenient Trans-Asia route, connecting

Vietnam with Indochina countries and ASEAN through Lao Bao international border way These conditions are favourable for Quang Tri Province to extend its exchange in cooperation, development of economics, trade, service and attraction of many local and foreign tourists to this province

Advantages in geographical and economic location indicate the role and important position of Quang Tri tourism in the general tourism development policy of the whole Central region Currently, Quang Tri has been an important gateway that attracts tourists from the Mekong Delta sub-region to the Central region, and the connection point of 3 unique tourism products: the East – West Economic Corridor, the Heritage Route, the Legendary Route

Quang Tri is located in the area of humid tropical monsoon where takes the effects of dried and hot southwest wind and is also the place featuring the particular climate characteristics of our country’s Central region Climate of Quang Tri is relatively harsh, this land, however, with sunlight and hot wind has made countless number of miracles and generated lots of magnificent events during the sacred resistance of Vietnamese people People here have never accepted difficulties caused by the nature but maintain their tenacity to overcome all these ones to fight for and build their heroic Quang Tri homeland

The Mother Nature grants Quang Tri with a lot of attractive scenic sites including Cua Tung Beach, Cua Viet Beach, Dakrong Waterfall Scenic Area, Tram Tra Loc, Ru Linh Primeval Forest, etc Quang Tri is a place of food culture Visiting Quang Tri, people have the chance to have the meals that significantly reflect the flavour of the sunny and hot Central country, including shrimps, crabs, fish, and squids,…, veal, chicken, buffalo, Lao Bao mountain goats, Kim Long wine, lemongrass porridge, glutinous rice cake

pinnate leaf… All combine to portray the unique and attractive characteristics

of Quang Tri Province

Regarding Quang Tri is to think about the heroic history of people during the time of fighting back foreigners from evading our country This resilient and brave land witnessed the harsh fight against the United States and the courageous sacrifice of Vietnamese soldiers and people for the peace and independence of the country It is few to nowhere every name of village, mountain, or river has become the symbol for the tenacious fighting spirit of the whole nation: Ben Hai River – Hien Luong Bridge, Quang Tri Ancient Citadel, Vinh Moc Tunnel, Doc Mieu Base, Mc Namara Electric Fence, Highway 9 – Khe Sanh, Vay Village, the heroic Con Co Island, the legendary

Ho Chi Minh Trial, Truong Son National Cemetary, Road 9 National Cemetary… have burned into everybody’s mind The value that tourists feel clearly when they come to Quang Tri is the memories of a majestic wartime, the higher understanding of the sacred but tragic resistance of the nation, the feeling of the magnificence of the scenic nature and local people

Cultural and historic sites are valuable assets of a local and a nation It

is the crystallization of the community of many generations with a variety of people’s skills, techniques, awareness, and spirituality accumulated through times Historic and cultural sites are also the hallmarks of specific archaeological culture; places and scenarios where either burned into them the signs of ethnography or organized important political events that promoted the country and the local history development; where remained the signs of the victory against the invaders, oppression, revolution and resistance victories, and the glory of labour; where stored the valuable art works; the memorial places of historic characters, national heroes, cultural and scientific notables… That can be said that historic and cultural sites are the multicolour

picture of the whole nation and some kinds of adhesive binding with the future generations Historic and cultural sites connect the evolution landmarks

of the society and promote the society development

Being the land with a long history of culture, through many ages, Quang Tri has been the place of many valuable traditional cultural heritages

of the nation More than that, the potential of cultural and historic sites of Quang Tri is considered abundant in categories, diversified in types, rich in content; each site has specific cultural and historic nature

From the early dates, Quang Tri has been the cross-meeting place of different cultures of prehistoric people Finding ancient and middle stone items associating with Son Vu culture in Cua, Carol, Con Co; Hoa Binh, Bac Son culture in Lao Bao, Khe Sanh… and the 4th discovery of Hang Doi in Tan Lam from 1993 to 1994 by the Vietnam Culture Center and Quang Tri Museum are evidence of the existence of ancient people in Quang Tri Besides, from the initial years of the 20th century tii now, French and Vietnamese archaeologists have found many stone axes and four angle axes scattering in Quang Tri Especially, in Binh Tra sites, a lot of stone axes, black raw pottery (mixed with sand and plant bagasse), and dotted pattern on the mouth of some vases or pots is associated with the characteristics of Phung Nguyen – Sa Huynh – Kalanay culture which are the vestiges of pre-metal age of Sa Huynh occurred early before the BC chronology (the 1st millennium before BC) As similar as in Quang Binh, Thu Thien Hue or other places in the Southern Central region, Quang Tri discovered many types of bronze drums Bronze items were classified into 3 categories, detailing one of them has characteristics of Dong Son culture; another has characteristics of Sa Huynh culture; while the other reflects the “characteristics of the bronze item culture at the Eastern North of the Central region in Thailand” This indicates

that Quang Tri is one of the places where various cultures encounter, interfere, and influence on each other from the early date

The traces of the ancient Vietnamese people are kept at this land Quang Tri people, with the residence of Viet – Muong (Kinh), Mon – Khmer (Bru – Van Kieu, Ta Oi) communities, have expressed their solidarity during their innovation process to build up unique cultural heritages that content of a series of diversified relic and site categories that contribute to enrich the nation’s cultural value The cultural characteristics of ancient Vietnamese people integrated with and received other cultures’ characteristics during their immigration towards the South and constituted into a unique feature of Quang Tri people, distinguishing themselves from people from other locations

Currently, Quang Tri is also the place reserving the relics reflecting the symbolic characteristics of Vietnamese people community These include long houses – cultural products integrated through joint residence of many families

of cognition that gather under the same roof and perform their daily and cultural activities together Furthermore, there are ghost forests, temples of forest god, tree, stones that have primitive worship elements of Paco people in

Ta Rut Village or other places alongside the Truong Son Mountains From such primitive worship and activities, the cultural value of art has been cloned and reflected through customs, festivals, moral characteristics and human conception…

Quang Tri is the land with many traces of Champa civilization This civilization exists present almost everywhere in all forms of relics and sites; however, it generally focus on notable ones including towers, temples, citadels, water sites The Champa cultural relic system not only built up the picture of Quang Tri relic but contributed to create the diversity in this land’s culture also