The dissertation studies the scientific basis (both theoretical and practical) to propose solutions for trade-oriented sustainable development in Vietnam in the context of international integration by 2025 and the following years.
Trang 1Code: 934.04.10
Dessertation summary
Hanoi, 2020
Trang 3in globalization and international integration brings many benefits such as developing import and export, expanding markets, contributing to boosting production forces However, its negative impacts on almost aspects of the socioeconomic life of nations are significant, especially for developing and underdeveloped countries International integration plays an important role in promoting the export, especially raw materials and semiprocessed goods export, which may lead to the exhaustion of natural resources and serious environmental damage. Warnings about an unsustainable development are issuing a challenge to countries which participate in international integration
Sustainable development is a stable economic development associated with ensuring social security and protecting the ecological environment, or sustainable development is the developing process of today's generation without harming to future generations In the process of international integration, opening markets and strengthening integration with the goal of ensuring tradeoriented sustainable development is an urgent issue which is attracting the attention of the State, organizations and all members of society. It is necessary for countries to develop a tradeoriented sustainable development strategy consistent with their own strengths and advantages. A truly sustainable trade policy will also avoid excessive reliance on natural resources, commitment to high environmental standards in trade agreements, and the reduction on air and water pollution
Relating to Vietnam, globalization and international integration have brought significant strides to Vietnam's economy. From a poor and foodpoor country after the war in 1975, Vietnam has become one of the world's leading exporters such as rice and coffee. In general, total export turnover of Vietnam in recent years was higher than the previous years; in 2019 it increased 8.1% compared to 2018, reaching 263.45 billion USD and was the fourth consecutive year of trade surplus. However, the impacts of international integration and trade liberalization have had a significant impact on economic sustainability, social equality, and a rapid increase in the gap between the rich and the poor, ecological environment, and environmental pollution. The marine ecosystem is seriously affected, the mineral resources are in danger of being exhausted, and the area ofnatural forests is being degraded and lost at an unstable pace In the process of international economic integration, trade has become a pioneer, with trade relations paving the way for official diplomatic relations between nations. Trade development is the way to exploit the potentials and strengths of the country, attract foreign investment, accelerate the industrialization and modernization of the country, aiming at the goal of sustainable development. . Therefore, in order to develop Vietnam's economy and society sustainably in the period of international integration, it is necessary to formulate strategies and solutions for tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration in Vietnam nowadays
In terms of theory, there have been studies on tradeoriented sustainable development in general and for regions in particular. However, there has been no research developing a complete
Trang 4theoretical framework, especially considering the impact of international integration, multidimensional impacts on trade in general, and the impact of unsustainability such as economic vulnerability, financial crisis, unemployment, widening the gap between the rich and the poor, environmental pollution Indepth study of tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration is essential, which may contribute to develop theoretical and practical management situations.
Therefore, the topic "Tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration in Vietnam" is selected for the research; it has both theoretical and
2.1.2 Trade and tradeoriented sustainable development
The related studies include: Author John AsafuAdjaye in 2004 with the work
"International trade and sustainable development in SubSaharan Africa"; UNEP report
"Sustainable Trade and Poverty Reduction: New Approaches to Intergrated Policy Making at the National Level" in 2006; Research by Chen Jiyong, Liu Wei and Hu Yi in 2006 on "Foreign trade, environmental protection and sustainable economic growth in China”; the research done
by Moustapha Kamal Gueye, Malena Sell, Janet Strachan 2009 on "Trade, climate change and sustainable development: key issues for small states, least development countries and vulnerable economic"; and Author Paul Hawken (2013) in the book "The Ecology of Commerce".
Trang 5Global Poverty"; Zoltan Ban’s research in 2012 on "Sustainable Trade: Changing the Environment the Market Operates in Through Standardized Global Trade Tariffs paperback"; and Paul Ekins’s study on "Trade, Globalization and Sustainability Impact Assessment: A Critical Look at Methods and Outcomes" in 2012.
A number of studies of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministrylevel scientific
research projects such as "Main solutions to develop trade following the approach of sustainable development in the context of Vietnam's international economic integration" by Ha Van Su in 2004; PhD thesis in economics on "Solutions to enhance state management of environmental protection in order to develop Vietnam's trade in the context of international economic integration" by Doan Thi Thanh Huong in 2008, Commercial Research Institute; Economic doctoral thesis on "Sustainable export in Vietnam in the process of international economic integration" (2009) by Ho Trung Thanh, University of Economics, Vietnam National University, Hanoi; Ha Thi Thanh Binh’s research in 2012 on "Protection of trade in the context of international economic integration and the adjustment effect of Vietnamese law".
b Evaluation criteria on Trade-oriented sustainable development
The following studies and materials are related to the abovesaid topics: Thomas M. Parris and Robert W Kates (2003); United Nations (1996); 1995 United Nations Committee for Sustainable Development (CSD); CGSDI Sustainable Development Goals (1999) Book (OECD, 2011b); World Bank (WB, 2012); R. Prescott Allen (2001), The World Conservation Union has published the Well Being index (WI)
In addition, Mathis Wackernagel (2003) has developed Ecological footprint; Environmental sustainability index of the World Economic Forum (2002); Decision No. 432 / QDTTg dated 12 April 2012 promulgating the monitoring and evaluation indicators for Vietnam's sustainable development period 20112020; UNCTAD (2016) developed a set of trade indicators to assess Efficient commercial price of the nation; The Economist Intelligence Unit (2016) developed the Asia Sustainable Trade Index
2.1.4 Elements affecting Tradeoriented sustainable development in globalization contextThe studies of Kris MYLaw (2010), Liu Ligang (2001), Liu Bangcheng and Jiang Taiping (2000), Wu Yingyu (2003), Vittorio, Raffaella & Giuliano (1999), Yang Mei (2016), Research of Jianteng Xu, Yuyu Chen and Qingguo Bai (2016), Ho Trung Thanh (2009), Duong Thi Tinh (2015, Nguyen Thanh Hoai (2012)
In the content of this review, besides pointing out the scientific values (theoretical and practical) inherited, the PhD student also identified the research gap of the thesis topic
3. Aims of the research
The dissertation studies the scientific basis (both theoretical and practical) to propose solutions for tradeoriented sustainable development in Vietnam in the context of international integration by 2025 and the following years
4. Objectives of the research
Trang 6Firstly, systematize and build the basic principles of tradeoriented sustainable
development of countries such as: the essence and role of tradeoriented sustainable development; Contents and criteria for evaluating tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration
Secondly, analyze and assess the current situation of tradeoriented sustainable
development in the context of international integration in Vietnam, linking the relationship between trade and environmental protection and trade with social issues
Sixthly, give some appropriate perspectives, directions and solutions for the reality of the
research situation in the period of 19952019, with orientation to 2025 and the following years for tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration in Vietnam and in accordance with the orientation of the State
Trade, in the broad sense of the WTO, includes both goods trading and services trading. However, services trading is a very broad sector (there are 12 sectors and 155 subsectors). Moreover, the dissertation is specialized in economic management, the trade approach is usually goods trading (including domestic trade and importexport trade), and related to the mode of wholesale and retail, franchises and agents. This will be consistent with Vietnam, with trade management of goods managed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Therefore, the scope of the dissertation is Vietnam's goods trading, and it focuses on domestic trade and importexport trade
Trang 7In terms of space: The dissertation mainly focuses on trade development in the context of international integration, domestic and importexport goods trading, and focuses only on development issues associated with demand for sustainable development.
In terms of time: The dissertation studies the current situation of Vietnam's tradeoriented sustainable development from 1995 to 2019 and proposes views and solutions by 2025 and following years
6. Research methodology
a. Methods of analyzing and summarizing theory: This method is used to serve the study of
document overview, to build a theoretical basis for the dissertation topic. By linking the aspects, parts, information relationships from the collected theories into a whole, it creates a complete and deep theoretical system of tradeoriented sustainable development
b Method of classifying and systematizing theory: This method is used in the study
overview, systematizing theory to build concept, content, evaluation criteria, views and policies
of the State on tradeoriented sustainable development
c. Methods of collecting and processing data
Qualitative research: This method is used in researching the comprehension of tradeoriented sustainable development, policy evaluation, and tradeoriented sustainable development orientation of Vietnam. Secondary data is collected from statistical inventory, reports of state management agencies, organizations, enterprises, inheriting previous studies related to the topic
Quantitative research: This method is used in collecting, statistically describing data, testing models, estimating variables and assessing the impact of factors affecting tradeoriented sustainable development in Vietnam in the context of international integration under the ARDL model, on the basis of secondary data sources of the General Statistics Office, WB, Tradingeconomics,
d. Method of totaling up and comparing: This method is used to summarize documents, collate
between stages, different areas; Using the system of tables and figures to show the scale and quality of tradeoriented sustainable development in Vietnam in the context of international integration
7. Scientific and practical significance of the research topic
7.1. Theoretically
The research contributes to systematize and develop the theory of tradeoriented sustainable development; clarify the content and nature and the relationship between trade development, environmental protection and social issues
The research analyzes the impacts of globalization and international integration on tradeoriented sustainable development; conditions to ensure tradeoriented sustainable development in international integration
The research analyzes case studies of tradeoriented sustainable development from a number of countries around the world; tradeoriented sustainable development indicators system
Trang 8The research builds appropriate models which can apply to assess the impact of factors affecting tradeoriented sustainable development in Vietnam in the context of international integration.
The research forecast tradeoriented sustainable development trends of Vietnam and its impacts on environment and society in the upcoming time
The research proposes orienting solutions to Vietnam’s tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration by 2025 and the following years
Trang 9INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION1.1 THE NATURE AND THE NECESSITY OF TRADEORIENTED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION OF COUNTRIES NOWADAYS
1.1.1. Basic issues about development and sustainable development
Growth and development are two sides of social development and are closely related. If economic growth only focuses on bringing economic benefits to a population group or an area but does not bring economic benefits to the society, economic growth will increase the social inequality Such growth methods are shortterm, do not promote development and will be eliminated
The most widely used and accepted definition of sustainable development is WCED’s
(1987), sustainable development is the development that meets current needs, but does not hinder the ability to meet the needs of future generations. The goal of sustainable development is
to achieve material adequacy, spiritual and cultural wealth, civic equality and social consensus, harmony between human and nature.
The three intersecting circle model is most commonly used to describe sustainable development (Barkemeyer, 2014). Sustainable development is the intersection of the middle where three areas are unified. Although there is a lot of debate about the sustainable development model, the three intersecting circle model is still accepted worldwide, it helps to conceptualize the concept of sustainable development (Peeters, 2012). The circles represent the difference between sustainable development with specific policies and political issues, proposing a holistic and complementary concept for sustainable development
Trang 10b. The concept of tradeoriented sustainable development
From the perspective of approaching trade development towards sustainable development goals, the concept of tradeoriented sustainable development in this thesis is given as follow:
Tradeoriented sustainable development is the development that the results of trade development meet the requirements of sustainable development, which is manifested by the rapid and stable development of scale, reasonable structure and quality assurance for growth and poverty reduction and environmental protection.
Continuous trade growth, containing many risks when fluctuations appear due to unreasonable structure, causing macroeconomic instability; or export growth but mainly based
on natural resources, which leads to the exhaustion of natural resources, environmental pollution;
or export only benefits the group, causes social inequality it is not a tradeoriented sustainable development. tradeoriented sustainable development must be export development whose results meet the requirements of sustainability macroeconomic stability, job creation, poverty reduction and environmental improvement.
Thirdly, ensuring the quality of tradeoriented sustainable development Increasing the
added value of trade, increasing the proportion of hightech goods, reducing the proportion of raw products; strengthening capacity and efficiency to participate in global value chains. The results of tradeoriented sustainable development contribute positively to the sustainable development of the economy, macroeconomic stability
1.1.3. The need for tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration of countries today
Integration has become a major trend of the modern world, strongly affected international
relations and the life of each nation International integration is the process of linking and cementing countries / territories together based on the sharing of interests, goals, values, resources, power and compliance with common rules within international institutions or organizations to create collective power to resolve common issues of common interest.
Economic integration is a very important foundation for the sustainable existence of integration
Trang 11a The necessity of tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration
Firstly, the process of trade development has made a big difference in the level of
economic, cultural and income development across regions, which results from the differences in infrastructure and communication systems, information, transportation, investment capital, labor qualifications, leading to differences in market access capacity. Since then, the gap between the rich and the poor among social classes, between regions and each other become bigger
Secondly, in the context of international integration and globalization, the country wants to
take advantage of international investment flows, advanced technology flows, modern science and technology to develop the economy must actively and proactively open the economy, liberalize trade
Thirdly, the import of old and outdated equipment causes pollution of the ecological
environment Therefore, it is very necessary for countries to develop a tradeoriented sustainable development strategy in accordance with their strength and its national advantages in the context of international integration
b Issues raised for tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration of countries today
They must have full understanding of international integration and trade liberalization
There must be a development strategy and appropriate steps in each period of international integration
There must be a strong and effective State apparatus to stabilize the political situation and manage the economy to maintain the direction on the basis of ensuring the independence, autonomy and sovereignty of the nation, focus on the right role functions, create common conditions, leverage and motivation
The goal of successful international integration and ensuring the sustainable development
of the country must be based on the domestic strength as the main force, internalize the external forces and enhance the national position
1.2. CONTENTS AND AFFECTING FACTORS TO TRADEORIENTED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRIES IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
1.2.1 Content and criteria reflecting the tradeoriented sustainable development of countries in the context of international integration
1.2.1.1. Basic content of tradeoriented sustainable development of countries in the context of international integration
a. Developing trade scale towards sustainability
It is essential to expand the domestic market, strongly develop domestic trade, develop goods with competitive advantages, and build domestic goods brands; ensure the quantity and
Trang 12It is essential to develop export and import activities, enhance the added value from trade and export goods capacity into the global value chain; diversify import and export markets, diversify relationships, expand trade relations with countries around the world
b. Developing trade structure towards sustainability
Shifting actively the exportoriented trade structure, this can contribute to create an economy with a reasonable economic structure, promoting the country’s comparative advantage, fitting with markets and international labor division
Shifting trade growth mainly from width to depth, using effectively scientific and technological achievements to improve labor productivity, improve the competitiveness of commodity products and improve the efficient use of investment capital
Developing longterm strategy on structure of exporting products
Changing goods circulation model towards cleaner and more environmental friendly basing on the economical use of nonrenewable resources, minimize toxic waste and difficult to decompose waste
c. Ensuring the quality of tradeoriented sustainable development
Increasing the added value of trade, increasing the proportion of hightech goods, reducing the proportion of raw products; strengthening capacity and efficiency to participate in global value chains. The results of tradeoriented sustainable development contribute positively to the sustainable development of the economy, macroeconomic stability, associated with the rational use of natural resources, biodiversity conservation, and is linked to the goal of poverty reduction and social justice through jobs for workers and creation of high valueadded jobs
1.2.1.2 Criteria reflects tradeoriented sustainable development in the context of international integration
This index maintains a stable growth rate of total circulating goods in the research period
to ensure the sustainable development
Growth rate of goods exportimport turnover
During the transition period, the current trade deficit must ensure a future surplus; goods export and import turnover tend to grow rapidly, continuously, stably and in combination with reasonable trade structure, showing a tradeoriented sustainable development
b. Tradeoriented sustainable development structure
Export (Import)
Trang 13 Developing trade in association with social goals
Number of commercial workers in the country's total labor force
Proportion of commercial
labor in total labor =
Number of commercial workers x 100
(2.8) Total national labor
Commercial labor income over the average labor income of the whole country
The average income of a worker in the trade is the total amount of money and items value
of labor earned in the trade, averaged over a given period, reflecting the living standard of the employee, the real business status of enterprises, is the basis for making trade policies
Trade development is associated with environmental protection
Criteria for assessing the tradeoriented sustainable development in terms of environment are the level of nonrenewable resources exploitation and use, expressed through the ratio of nonrenewable resources export to GDP (Antoni). 2005)
Ratio of Export
1.2.2. Factors affecting tradeoriented sustainable development
1.2.2.1 Group of factors relating to the economic development model
The economic growth model has a guiding role for economic development strategies in general and trade development in particular at different stages. Commercial laws, policies and institutions directly affect tradeoriented sustainable development, which requires each country
to develop a reasonable trade development strategy and suitable plan to the economy in the context of trade liberalization and international integration
Trang 14Urs Zollinger et al (2007) believed that globalization positively affects tradeoriented sustainable development
a. Labor: UNCED (1992) stated that man is the center of all development; all development is directed to the man In the context of globalization and international integration, fierce competition, the victory will belong to countries with highquality labor, a favorable legal environment for investment, and a stable politicalsocial environment.
b Science and technology Sharon Beder (1994) argued that science and technology help continuous economic growth in a finite world through finding new sources or providing alternatives, reusing resources effectively most
c. Competitiveness of the business. Liu Ligang (2001) argued that competitiveness is one of the factors affecting tradeoriented sustainable development. According to United Nations (2015), competition helps businesses improve efficiency, promote innovation, and improve products quality.
1.3 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR VIETNAM ON TRADEORIENTED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
From the experiences of other countries on combining trade and environmental policies, some lessons for Vietnam can be drawn as follows:
Firstly, it is to preserve an open market economy model and regional and international
economic integration based on export growth of processed food and manufacturing industries on the basis of promoting positive comparative advantages of the country
Secondly, it is to adjust the structure of the economic sector in the direction of
"shortening", moving from the structure of development of laborintensive industries to those with high capital and advanced technology, which are capable of coping with the process of regional and international economic integration
Thirdly, it is to identify obviously the important position of the agricultural sector, and then
taking agriculture as a starting point to develop the entire national economy
Fourthly, it is to proactively implement international commitments on tariffs, reduce
technical barriers, restrictions, bans and licensing on imported goods to implement a trade liberalization policy in combination with reasonable protection
Fifthly, it is necessary to plan policies of the national economic sector in the direction of
effective internal and external resources exploitation, which is suitable to the integration process and the regional and global economic transformation.
Sixthly, it is to implement macroeconomic stability, provide good infrastructure, and create
a clear, consistent and equal legal environment for all economic sectors in business activities