Một số vấn đề về lí luận giao tiếp không chính thức của sinh viên trong tâm lí học xã hội và tâm lí học phát triển : Đề tài NCKH. CB.03.06

Khai niem giao tiep khong chfnh thuc cua sinh vien 21 IIL1.2.LKhai niem giao tiep 21 in.L2.2.Khai niem giao tie'p chfnh thuc va giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc 22 IIL1.2.3.Khai niem giao tiep

/ s ^

Ten de tai:

MOT SO VAN DE VE LI LUAN GIAO TIEP KHONG CHINH THlTC CUA SINH VIEN

TRONG TAM LI HOC XA HOI

VA TAM LI HOC PHAT TRIEN

Ten de tai:

/v^

MOT SO VAN DE VE LI LUAN GIAO TIEP KHONG CHINH THUC CUA SINH VIEN TRONG

TAM LI HOC XA HOI

vA TAM LI HOC PHAT TRIEN

Ma so: CB.03.06

Ho va ten chu tri de tai: Nguyen Van Dong,

Ha Noi, thang 07 nam 2004

Chucfng I Tong quan ve If luan giao tiep 5

LL Suphat trien cua If luan giao liep trong tam If hoc Macxft 5

LLL Sir hinh thanh khai niem giao tiep trong quan diem Macxft 5

1.1.2 Suhinh thanh khai niem giao tiep trong tam If hoc Lien Xo (cu) 5

1.1.3 Giai doan phat trien khai niem giao tiep nhu mot dang cua hoat dong 6

1.1.4 Giai doan phat tri^n khai niem giao tiep nhu mot pham tru dong dang

voi pham tru hoat dong va cd tfnh doc lap tuofng ddi vdi pham tru nay 7

1.1.5 Nhung phucmg huctng nghien cuu trong ITnh vuc giao tiep a Lien Xd

(cu) ' 9

1.2 Nghien cuu giao tiep dcac nudc Au My 10

1.3 Cac cong trinh nghien cuu d Viet Nam 10

1.4 Nhirng mat da duoc tong ket thanh If thuyet va nhiing van de cdn tdn tai 11

1.4.1 Nhfrng mat da duoc long ket thanh If thuyet 11

1.4.1.1 Cac hinh thuc giao tiep va lich suphat trien 11

1.4.1.2 Chuc nang cua giao tiep 12

L4.L3 Dieu kien de xuat hien nhu cau giao tiep 13

1.4.1.4 Mot sddac diem chung nhat cua giao tiep 13

L4.1.5 Cac pha C(T ban cua qua trinh giao tiep 14

1.4.2 Nhiing van de cdn ton tai 14

Chuctng IL Thu thap sd lieu thuc nghiem 16

ILL Thiet ke phieu va dieu tra 16

II.2 Ket qua xu If phieu dieu tra 16

Chuofng IIL Giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc cua sinh vien 19

III.LMot sdkhai niem caban sir dung trong de tai 19

IILl.l Khai niem sinh vien dudi gdc do nhdm xa hoi 19

IILLLl.Khai niem nhdm trong tam If hoc xa hoi 19

III.LL2.Dinh nghia nhdm sinh vien dudi gdc do nhdm xa hoi 20

IIL 1.2 Khai niem giao tiep khong chfnh thuc cua sinh vien 21

IIL1.2.LKhai niem giao tiep 21

in.L2.2.Khai niem giao tie'p chfnh thuc va giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc 22

IIL1.2.3.Khai niem giao tiep khdng chfnh thufc ciia nhdm sinh vien 23

IIL2.Nhiing dac trung chung ciia giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc cua sinh vien 23

III.2.L Nhan dinh chung ve nhdm sinh vien 23

nL2.LLM6t so bien dong trong moi trudng song va hoc tap cua sinh vien

khi duoc tiep nhan vao dai hoc 24

HL2.L2.Do tu{)i trung binh ciia sinh vien 24

nL2 LB.Nganh hoc va dinh hudng cua nhan each 25

HL2.L4.Su hinh thanh nhung nhdm nhd khdng chfnh thu'c 25

IIL2.L5.Net tfnh each chung cua sinh vien 25

in.2.2 Sir biing n6 ciia nhu cau giao tiep khdng chfnh thurc d sinh vien 26

III.2.3 Ddi tuong giao tiep chfnh, thucmg xuyen 29

IIL2.3.LGiao tiep vcTith^ycd giao 29

nL2.3.2.Giao tiep vdi ngudi than 30

HL2.3.3.Giao tiep vdi ban 31

nL3.Dong ca, nhu cau va su thoa man nhu cfiu giao tiep ciia sinh vien 32

IIL3.1 Dong CO giao tiep ciia sinh vien 32

IIJ.3.2 Nhu cSu giao tie'p va sir thoa man nhu cau nay 35

III.4.Vai trd ciia cac phucmg tien thdng tin dai chiing 36

HL5.Chu de giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc cua sinh vien 36

111.6 Van hoa giao tiep ciia sinh vien 39

III.d.l.LChuan muc ciia sinh vien ve phong each giao tiep 39

III.6.L2.MUC do phat trie'n ciia kT nang giao tiep 42

111.6.1.3.Suphat trien ciia kT nang giao tiep sau khi vao dai hoc 49

HI.7.Giao tiep theo mau vai gioi cua sinh vien 51

III.8.Tac dc)ng ciia van hoa truyen thong ddi ven giao tiep ciia sinh vien 52

1IJ.9.Nhdng yeu td tac dong iai noi dung thdng tin ma sinh vien thu nhan duac

tu giao tiep khcmg chfnh thuc 55

IIL9.L Mdi trudng sdng 55

HL9.2 Mure sinh hoat 57

m.9.3 Bo gid hoc 57

HI 10 Vai trd cua giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc ddi vdi viec hoan thien nhan

each ciia sinh vien 58

Ket luan 60 Tai lieu tham khao 62

Phu luc 66

I Phieu trung cau y kien 66

H Cac bang so lieu chi tie't 71

hoc Trong tSm If hoc Xd viet, V M Becherev la mot trong nhiing ngudi dau tien dat nen mong cho giao tie'p trong thuyet phan xa hoc tap the Van de giao tiep duac nghien cufu manh me vao nhung thap ki 20 va 30 cua the' ki XX bdi cac nha tam ll hoc Xd viet cd ten tu6i nhu L X Vugdtxki, X L Rubinxtein, A N

Leonchev, L M Xechencw Sau 66, sir quan tam de'n giao tie'p bi giam siit

Cuoi thap kl 70 cua the' ki XX cac nha tam If hoc Xd vie't lai bat dau chu y den va'n de giao tie'p Trc}ng tam nghien cuu ciia cac nha tam If hoc thudc cong d6ng cac nudc SNG hien nay la giao tiep trong cac quan he lien nhan each

Nghien curu tam If hoc giao tiep a cac qu(>c gia Au, My phuc vu cho cac linh

vuc giao due, quan If, marketing thuang mai, thie't ke cac chuang trinh thdi sir, thdng tin, quang cao va giai trf tren cac phucmg tien truyen thdng dai chiing

Phan \6n cac cdng trinh nghien curu ve giao tiep d nuc'yc ngoai xoay quanh giao

tiep chfnh thuc trong ccmg scV, doanh nghiep, giao tiep trong giao dich thuang mai, giao liep khdng chinh thufc trong quan he gidi, giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc trong quan he lien nhan each

va'n de giao tie'p d Viet Nam chua 6uac nghien cuu nhieu Cac cdng trinh da

duc;c cdng bd cd chii de giao tiep chinh thiic trong ITnh vuc nghe nghiep Vf du: giao liep su pham ciia giao sinh hoac giao vien vdi hc>c sinh, giao tiep giua hieu truong lieu hc)c va giao vien, giao tiep cua can bo chfnh sach lao ddng - thuang binh - xa hc)i hoac can bo phu nu a xa Mang giao tiep khdng chinh thiic (giao tiep ben ngoai nhung quan he chfnh ihuc trong hc)c tap, cdng tac ) ctia ting ldp sinh vien chua duac nghidn cuu cu the

Mac dii giao tiep la ITnh vuc thuoc chuyen nganh tam If hoc xa hpi nhung cac nganh tam If hoc khac nhu tam If hoc phat tridn, tam If hoc lao dong, tam If hoc kl su, tam If hc)c tri lieu, tam if hoc su pham, tam If hc)c td chiic, tam If hex: quan If, tam If hoc phap If, tam If hoc ngon ngu cijng danh cho giao tie'p mot vai ird quan trong va nghien cuu giao liep dudi gdc do cua nganh Tuy nhien, nhiJng

tu lieu duac tfch luy trcmg cac nghien cuu chuyen nganh nay khdng the bao phu he't cac van de thuoc ve giao tiep VSn cin cd nhung nghidn cuu thuoc chuyen nganh tam If hpc xa hpi de tao nen mpt tam nhin tong quat va dac thu dd'i vdi ITnh vuc giao tie'p

Giao tiep khdng chfnh thuc la mot chu de dang duac cac nha tam If hpc hien dai quan tam nghien curu do xu hudng phat tri^n cua xa hpi trong the' ki XXI chu trpng de'n tfnh nhan van Mdi mot quoc gia, mot dan tdc cd mpt n6n van hoa giao

Phan ldn thanh nien khi dutrc nhap hpc dai hpc phai thay ddi phong each

sdng va phai tu thfch nghi \ai mdi trudng sdng mdi Cac em ddng thdi phai ddi

mat vdi nhihig thach thiic cua chuong trinh dao tao va thach thiic cua mdi trucmg thanh phd xa la, nhieu cam dd ma khc^ng cd su tn; giiip kip thdi v6 tinh cam va nhan thiic cua bd me Trong nhirng nam la sinh vien, cac em tiep tuc phat trie'n,

hoan thien va cung cd nhan each, xay dung phong each sdng hoan toan mdi 66 cd

ihi thfch nghi vdi vi the' xa hpi tuang lai ma tam bang cu nhan mang lai Thdng

qua giao tiep, cac em thu nhan nhiing thdng tin can thie't (c6 the mang tfnh tfch cue nhung cung cd ihi mang tfnh tidu cue) 66 dieu chinh va phat tridn tfnh each

Viec nghien curu giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic ciia sinh vien se ddng gdp cho If luan giao tie'p trong tam If hpc xa hpi, bd sung cho phan giao tiep cua thanh nien trong giao trinh tam If hoc phat trien ciia tac gia va cung cap cho cac nha quan If mpt

so thdng tin c5n thiet de cd thd phan nao kidm soat nhimg yeu tc) tieu cue va cd

nhiing tac ddng mang tfnh tfch cue 66'\ vai qua trinh hokn thien nhan each ciia

sinh vien - d()i ngu trf thiic tucmg lai cua dat nudc Vi nhiing If do neu tren tac gia

da chpn de tai nghien ciiu la: '^Mpt so van de ve li luan giao tiep khong chinh

thUc cua sinh vien trong tdm li hpc xd hpi vd tdm li hpc phdt trien."

3 Muc dich va nhiem vu nghien curu

• Nghien curu mdl sd va'n de If luan ca ban cua giao tie'p khdng chfnh thiic ciia

sinh vien (nhu c^u, ddng co, chii de giao tiep, ddi tucmg giao tiep, chu^n muc van hoa trong giao tiep, cac yeu td anh huang, tac dc)ng va vai trd cua loai hinh giao tiep nay)

• Tren CO sd ket qua nghien cuu rut ra mot so' ket luan ve nhiJng yeu td tac

dpng tfch cue cung nhu tieu cue 66 cac nha quan If sinh vien tham khao

4 Doi tuong, khach the va pham vi nghien curu

• E>di tuong nghien ciiu: giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic ciia sinh vidn trudng Dai hpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi

• Khach thd nghidn ciiu: sinh vien tir nam thii nha't den nam thii tu cda DHQG

HN

• Pham vi nghien ciiu: sinh vien trudng DHQGHN

5 Phirong phap luan va phuong phap nghien ciiu khoa hpc

Phucmg phap luan nghien ciiu cua de tai la phuong phap duy vat bien chiing

Phucmg phap nghien cuu khoa hpc bao gdm:

IIL2, Nhuug dac trung chung ciia giao tie'p khdng chfnh ihiic cua sinh vien IIL3 Dpng CO, nhu cdu va sir thoa man nhu cdu giao liep ciia sinh vien IIL4 Vai trd ciia cac phuong tien ihdng tin dai chiing

1IL5 Chu dd trong giao tie'p khdng chinh thiic cua sinh vien,

IIL6 Van hoa giao tie'p ciia sinh vien

III.7 Giao tie'p theo mdu vai gidfi ciia sinh vien,

in.8 Tac ddng cua van hoa truydn thdng d6i \6\ giao tiep cua sinh vien

III.9 Nhiing y^u td tac ddng tdi ndi dung thcmg tin ma sinh vien thu nhan duoc tir giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic

lU.lO Vai trd cua giao tiep khdng chfnh thirc ddi vdi viec hoan thien nhan each ciia sinh vidn

C K^t luan

1) Ket luan

2) Ap dung ke't qua nghien ciru dd 66 ra mpt sd khuyen nghi ddi vcii cdng

lac quan If sinh vien

D T^i lieu tham khao

E Phu luc

I Riieu trung cdu y kien

II Cac bang sd lieu chi tie't

• Didu tra bang hdi

• Phong v^n sau

• Tham khao chuyen gia

• Xir If sd lieu bang cac phuang phap ihdng ke tam If - xa hdi trdn may vi tfnh

6 Gia thuyet khoa hoc

Trong giai doan sinh vien nhu cdu giao tie'p cua thanh nien rdt ldn E>di tuong giao tiep duoc chpn tren co sd ddng cam la chinh va trong rdt nhieu trudng hop la ban ciing liia, ciing nofi trp Phong each giao tie'p ciia sinh vien duc;c hoan thien trong giai doan nay dudi tac ddng ldm lao cua ban be va didn ra tren ndn cua giao due gia dinh

7 ^ nghla khoa hoc va thirc tien cua dd tai

• Y nghTa khoa hpc: gdp phdn xay dung If thuyet giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic

trong giai doan phat tridn ngudi trudng thanh' cua tdng \cfp iri thiic

• Y nghia thuc tidn: ke't qua nghien ciiu cd thd goi y cho nha quan If nhimg bidn phap tang cucmg hieu qua cdng tac quan If sinh vien

8 Ket cau cua de tai

A Phan mo dau

1) Lich Slf van 66

2) Li do chpn dd tai

3) Myc dfch va nhidm vu nghidn cim

4) Ddi tuong, khach thd va pham vi nghien ciiu

5) Phuang phap nghien cuu

6) Gia thuyet khoa hpc

7) Y nghTa khoa hpc va thuc tidn ciia dd tai

B Noi dung chinh

Chuong L Tdng quan vd If luan giao tiep

LL Suphat men cua If luan giao tie'p trong tam U hpc Macxft

1.2 Nghien cuu giao tie'p d cac nudc Au My

L3 Cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu vd giao tiep d Viet Nam

1.4 Nhihig mat da duoc tdng ket thanh If thuyet va nhung van de cdn tdn lai Chucmg II Thu thap sd' lieu thuc nghiem

* Ngirdi tnrdng thanh la mot trong nhirng giai doan phat lri& ciia Tam If hoc phat triCn

111.2 Nhiing dac trung chung cua giao tie'p khdng chfnh thirc cua sinh vien 111.3 Dpng CO, nhu cdu va su thoa man nhu cdu giao tie'p cua sinh vien IIL4 Vai Ird cua cac phucmg tien ihdng tin dai chiing-

IIL5 Chu 66 trong giao tie'p khdng chfnh thurc cua sinh vien,

IIL6 Van hoa giao tie'p ciia sinh vien

IIL7 Giao tie'p theo mdu vai gicyi ciia sinh vien,

in.8 Tac ddng cua van hoa truydn thdng 66i vdi giao tiep cua sinh vien

III.9 Nhimg y^u td tac ddng tdi ndi dung thcmg tin ma sinh vidn thu nhan dupe tir giao tiep khdng chfnh ihirc

lU.lO, Vai trd cua giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic ddi vdi viec hoan thien nhan each ciia sinh vien

C Kdt luan

1) ke't luan

2) Ap dung ke't qua nghien cuu 66 de ra mpl sd khuyen nghi ddi vcii cc^ng

tac quan If sinh vien

D T^i lieu tham khao

E Phu luc

I Riie'u trung cdu y kien

II Cac bang sd lieu chi tiet

LL SVPHAT T R I £ N CUA LI LUAN GIAO Tifip TRONG TAM LI HOC MACXIT

LLL Sgr hinh thanh khai niem giao tiep trong quan di^ra Macxit

Mac va Ang ghen ldn ddu tien dua ra khai niem giao lidp irong cac ban Ihao kinh le vd trie't hpc cua Mac vao nam 1844 va trong tac phdm Tinh hinh giai cdp cdng nhan d Anh

Dudi day la mot sd luan didm cua C Mac va Ph Ang ghen

• Giao lie'p duoc hidu nhu la "mdt qua trinh thdng nhdt, hop tac, tac ddng qua lai giiia ngudi va ngucyi" '

• "Hoat dcmg trong tiep xuc true tiep vcii ngudi khac - trd thanh td chiic thd hien cudc sdng cua tf)i va la mdt trong nhirng phuang thiic ITnh hc)i cuc)c scmg loai ngudi ".^

• "Viec tao ra cac tu tucmg, cac bieu tuong, y thuc ldn ddu tien, true tie'p, gdn vao trong hoal dc>ng vat chdt va giao tiep vat chat cua con ngUcti, vao trong ngdn ngu ciia cudc sdng thuc le Su hinh thanh nhung bidu tucmg, tu duy, giao tiep tinh thdn cua con ngudi, cdn la ket qua true tie'p cua quan

he vat cha't ciia con ngudi" \

LL2 Su h'mh thanh khai niem giao tiep trong tAm li hoc Lien Xo (cu)

• Ngudi dat nen mdng ddu lien cho pham trii giao tiep la V M Becherev trong thuyet phan xa hpc tap thd Becherev la ngudi da cd nhung nd luc nghiem tiic ddu tien trong vide nghien cuu thuc nghiem cd he thdng cac qud trinh tam If trong cac didu kien giao tie'p

• L X Vugdtxki^ cho rang giao tie'p cd vai tro to ldn trong su hinh thanh

va phat tridn cac chirc nang tam li cap cao, Theo dng: " khdng thd cd giao ti^p true tiep giira tam hon vdi tam hdn, chiing ta dimg ngdn ngir,

dung cac ddu hieu tuong iing 66 giao luu vcii nhau." Giao tie'p la su

thdng bao hoac quan he qua lai mdt cdch thudn tuy giira ngudi vcii ngudi nhu la su trao ddi quan didm va cam xiic

'Theo I1L17, tap37, tr 136]

' T h e o [ T L 1 7 , t a p 4 2 t r l 2 1 ]

^Theo (TL17,tap3tr.24]

*Theo[TL24tr.58]

tridn tiep theo cua khai niem giao tiep la quan didm cua Rubinstein Ong da neu duoc tfnh tri giac cua giao tiep: giao tie'p la sir tri giac, hidu biet ldn nhau giira cac

ca nhan

LL3 Giai doan phat trien khai niem giao tiep nhu mot dang cua hoat dong

Khai niem giao tiep da duoc phat tridn va md rdng trong khoang thcM gian tir thap ki 20 den thap ki 70 cua the ki XX

• A N Leonchev la ngudi khdi xudng khai niem giao tiep la mpt dang ciia hoat dpng Ong coi giao tiep la mc>t loai hinh ciia hoat dpng

• Sau A N Leonchev va trucic B Ph Lomov, giao tiep duoc giai thich nhu

la mc>t dang ciia hoat ddng hoac nhu la didu kien hoac khfa canh ciia hoat dpng

• B G Ananhev nhan manh rdng con ngucri la chii thd ciia lao d()ng, nhan thirc va giao tiep Giao tiep la didu kien quan trpng nhat va la nhan tc) phat tridn tam If trong suc)'l cudc ddi mdl ca nhan

• K K Platcmov va G G Golubev ciing xem giao tiep nhu la mdt trong nhimg loai hinh hoat ddng va cho rdng giao tiep la su trao ddi thdng tin giira con ngudi vcii nhau

• B D Parugin phat hien ra giao tiep khcmg phai la tac ddng ciia chii thd len khach the ma la quan he chu thd - chu the Mdi ngudi tham gia giao tiep khdng chi giac ngd vi trf ciia minh va vai trd trong qua trinh dd ma cdn gap d day dang tucmg iing hanh vi cua ngudi thii hai

• A A Leonchev dinh nghTa giao tiep la mpt he thdng nhung qua trinh cd muc dfch va cd dpng co dam bao su tucmg tac giira ngudi nay vdi ngudi khac trong hoat dpng tap thd, thuc hien cac quan he xa hdi va nhan each, cac hoat dc)ng tam If va sir dung nhung phuong tien dac thii, trude het la ngdn ngir "Giao tie'p la su tiep xuc tam If giiia con ngucyi vdi con ngucM, trong dd con nguoi trao ddi thdng tin vdi nhau, trao ddi cam xiic, tri giac ldn nhau, dua den anh hudng tac dpng qua lai ldn nhau" Theo dng, ddi tupng giao tiep khdng phai la mot con ngudi hay mot sd ngudi cu thd ma

la mpt tuong tac cdn chu thd ciia giao tiep la cdng ddng

Khi nghien cuu ve pham tru giao tiep, B G Ananhev coi giao tiep la mot trong ba loai hinh hoal ddng co ban cua con ngucyi (giao tiep, nhan thirc va lao dpng) A N Leonchep lai coi giao tiep va lao ddng la hai dang co ban ciia hc^at

tridn lie'p theo cua khai niem giao tiep la quan diem ciia Rubinstein Ong da neu duoc tfnh tri giac cua giao tiep: giao tie'p la su tri giac, hidu biet ldn nhau giira cac

ca nhan

L1.3 Giai doan phat trien khai niem giao tiep nhu mot dang cua hoat dpng

Khai niem giao tiep da duoc phat tridn va md rdng trong khoang thcM gian tir thap ki 20 den thap ki 70 cua the ki XX

• A N Leonchev la ngudi khdi xudng khai niem giao tiep la mc)t dang ciia hoal ddng Ong coi giao liep la mdt loai hinh ciia hoat ddng

• Sau A N Leonchev va trucic B Ph Lc:)mov, giao tie'p duc;c giai thfch nhu

la mc)t dang ciia hoat ddng hoac nhu la didu kien hoac khfa canh ciia hoat ddng

• B G Ananhev nhan manh rdng con ngucri la chu thd ciia lao ddng, nhan thiic va giao tiep Giao liep la dieu kien quan trpng nhat va la nhan td phat tridn tam If trong suc)t cupc ddi mdt ca nhan

• K K Platc:)nov va G G Golubev cung xem giao ticp nhu la mc)t trong nhiing loai hinh hoat ddng va cho rdng giao tiep la su trao ddi thdng tin

giira con ngudi \ai nhau

• B D Parugin phat hien ra giao tiep khcmg phai la tac dpng cua chu thd len khach the ma la quan he chu the - chii the Mdi ngudi tham gia giao tie'p khdng chi giac ngd vi trf ciia minh va vai trd trong qua trinh dd ma cdn gap d day dang tuong iing hanh vi cua ngudi thii hai

• A A Leonchev dinh nghTa giao tiep la mpt he thdng nhimg qua trinh cd muc dfch va cd dpng co dam bao su tuong tac giiia ngudi nay vdi ngudi khac trong hoat dpng tap the, thuc hien cac quan he xa hpi va nhan each, cac hoat ddng tam If va sir dung nhiing phuang tien dac thii, trude het la ngdn ngu "Giao tiep la su tiep xuc tam li giira con ngudi vdi con ngucM, trcmg dd con ngudi trao ddi thdng tin vdi nhau, trao ddi cam xiic, tri giac ldn nhau, dua den anh hudng tac ddng qua lai ldn nhau" Theo dng, ddi tuong giao tiep khdng phai la mdt con ngudi hay mot sd ngudi cu thd ma

la mpt tuong tac cdn chu thd cua giao tiep la cdng ddng

Khi nghien cuu ve pham trii giao tiep, B G Ananhev coi giao tiep la mpt trong ba loai hinh hoal ddng co ban ciia ccm ngum (giao tiep, nhan thirc va lao ddng) A N Leonchep lai coi giao liep va lao dpng la hai dang co ban ciia hoat

cac hoat dpng khdng phai giao tiep, chiing ta ludn cd thd xac dinh rd rang va nhat quan chii the va khach thd Nhung theo quan didm hoat ddng, ciing mdt dd'i tuong trong giao tiep - cu thd la con ngudi - vira la chu thd vira la khach thd Dieu nay ddn de'n mdt khd khan la khach thd giii mot vi trf ngang hang vcii chii thd va

khdng thd phan biet duoc khach thd va chii thd trong giao tiep Thir hai, giao tiep

khdng cd mdl vai trd nhdt quan trcmg quan didm hoat ddng Giao tiep liic thi dcing vai mdt loai hinh hoal ddng, liic lai chi giir vai trd ciia mc)t hanh dc)ng If Ihuyet trong hoat ddng khdng giao tiep hoac didu kien hay khfa canh ciia hoat

dc)ng Thir ba, khdng thd xac dinh ddng co cua hoat ddng giao tiep "Mdi ca

nhan tham gia giao tiep deu cd dpng co giao tiep cua minh Thcmg thucmg, ddng cof ciia cac thanh vidn tham gia giao tiep khdng gidng nhau, ciing nhu muc dich ciia hp cung cd thd khcmg gicing nhau Ddng ccr cua ai se duoc tiep nhan vdi tu

each la dpng cof ciia giao tiep?"' Thir tu, theo A N Lecmchev, ket qua cua hoat

ddng la 66i tucmg dutK: cai tao Nhung trcmg giao tiep, khdng phai chi ddi tupng

ducyc cai tao (phat tridn nhan thiic cua ccm ngudi - khach thd) ma ca quan he giira khach thd va chu thd duoc cai tao

LL4 Giai doan phat trien khai niem giao tiep nhu mot pham trii dong dang vdi pham trii hoat dong va cd tinh doc lap tuong ddi vdi pham trii nay

B Ph Lomov la ngudi cd cdng trong viec phat tridn tiep khai niem giao tie'p Trong cud'n sach Nhiing van de If luan va phuong phap luan tam If hc}c^ (1984) dng da chi ra rdng viec xem xet giao tiep theo cac tieu chf cua hoat dpng (chil thd - khach the, chu thd - ddi tuong, loai hinh, ddng co, hanh ddng cau thanh, don vi co ban, kel qua) la khdng thoa dang va lam lu md nhieu dac tfnh co ban ciia giao tiep Nhirng net chfnh trong quan didm cua B Ph Lomov duoc trinh bay dudi day ^

• "Mdi trudng, phuong thiic va dpng thai ciia giao tie'p duoc xac dinh boi nhflng chirc nang xa hpi ma con ngudi dang d trong dd, bdi vi tri ciia hp trong he thd'ng cac quan he xa hpi (ma tnrdc het la quan he san xudt), thuc)c vd ccmg ddng nay hay cdng ddng khac " (tr 370)

'Theo[TL15, tr.374J

^ Xu^t ban bAng tieiig Nga nam 1984, dich ra lieng Vict nam 2000 [TL 15

^ Theo [TL 15 tr 363, 369, 370, 378, 381, 382, 383J

"Giao tid^p la mot pham tru co sd trong tam li hpc" (tr, 363) va cd "tfnh ddc lap tuong ddi" (tr 382) "Pham tru giao tiep theo pham vi bao quat cdc hien tuong nghien cuu trong tam If hpc khdng bdng pham trii hoat ddng" (tr 382) Giao tie'p va hoat ddng tuy "khac nhau vd chdt" nhung

"gdn bd mat thiet vdi nhau" (tr 378) Chung chuydn tie'p va chuydn hod tir mat nay vao mat kia (tr 382) "Giao tie'p cd thd ddng vai trd la lien dd, didu kien, la yeu td ben ngoai va ben trong cua hoat ddng va nguoc lai" (tr 383)

"trong mpt vai dang hoat ddng vdi tu each la cac phuong tien va cac phuong thiic cua hoat ddng, cac phuong tien va cac phuong thiic cua giao

tiep da 6uac su dung, ma chinh hoat ddng dupe xay dung theo cac qui

luat cua giao tiep (vf du, hoat ddng ciia nha su pham, giang vien) Trong

nhung trudng hop khac (trong sd 66 cd cac hoat dpng thuc tidn cd cac ddi

tucmg) duac sii dung vcii tu each la cac phuong tien va cac phuong thiifc cua giao tiep va d day giao ti^p duoc xay dung theo cac qui luat ciia hoal dpng (chang han hanh ddng bidu tinh, tudn hanh, bidu didn tren san khdu) Trong ho^t dpng (hoat dong nghd nghiep, hoai dpng theo sd thfch

va cac hoat dpng khac) "Icip" thcii gian dai diing 66 chudn bi tam If cho

hoat ddng tao ra giao tie'p, giao lidp nay khdng phai Id hoat ddng theo nghia nghiem ngat ciia tir, ma CIJ thd la giao tiep, bdng each nay hay each khac gdn Iidn vdi cdc quan he san xudt (va cac quan he khac) trong mdi lien he vcri chiing." (tr 383)

Giao tiep la "hinh thirc dac trung cua su tac ddng qua lai giiia ngudi nay vdi ngudi khac" "Trong qua trinh giao tie'p da didn ra sir trao ddi qua lai cac hoat ddng, cac phuong phap va ket qua, giua cac bidu tuong, cac

tu tuong, tam the', cac hiing thu, cac cam xuc, v.v Giao tiep " khdng

phai la su tie'p xiic tinh thdn true ti^p cua y thirc Do la qua trinh sdng da

dien, cd thuc cua tac ddng tuong hd giiia con ngudi, nhuug chu thd vat chdt ciia cupc sdng xa hdi" (tr 369)

"Giao tiep la hinh thiic dpc lap va dac thu cua tinh tfch cue cua chu thd

Ke't qua ciia nd khdng phai la doi tuong 6uqc cai tao (vat chdt hoac tinh

thdn) ma la cac quan he vdi ngudi khac, vdi nhirng ngudi khac Mdi

trudng, phuong thiic va dpng thai ciia giao tiep 6uoc xdc dinh bdi nhiing

chiic nSng xa hdi ma con ngudi dang d trong dd, boi vj tri cua hp trong cac quan he xa hdi (ma trude hdt la quan he san xudt), thudc vd cdng ddng nay hay cdng dong khac, chung duoc didu khien bcM cac yeu td gdn Iidn vdi san xudt, trao ddi va tieu dung, vdi cac quan he, vdi quydn sd hiiu duoc hinh thanh trong xa hdi bdi nhung qui lie bat budc va nhihig qui tdc

chdl lupng" (tr.378)

• "Co sd di phan biet pham trii giao tiip va hoat ddng trong tam If hpc la sir

khac biet cua cac quan he bdc Id trcmg giao tie'p va hoat dpng chii khdng phai d miic do triing hc:fp cua giao tidp vdi hoat ddng".(tr 381) Hoat ddng

va giao tiep khac nhau vd y nghia xa hdi ciia chiing Bdt ki mOt hoat dc>ng nao cung hudng den cai tao khach thd- Cdn giao tidp bao dam td chiic mpi ngudi cho hoat ddng chung, bao dam su lien he qua lai ciia mpi ngucfi Qua trinh giao ti^p la qud trinh trao ddi cac tu tudng, cac y dd, cac hinh tuong Chinh trong giao tiep cac chu thd gidi thieu cho nhau cac ket qua ciia phan anh tam If

• "Giao tidp la mdt trong nhiing mat cua Id'i song con ngudi, khdng kdm phdn quan trpng so vcii hoat dc)ng." (tr 381)

• "Ddi khi tham chi chi mdt thcri gian giao tiep ngdn ngui vdi ngudi nay hoac ngudi khac (hoac nhdm ngudi) cd anh hirdng de'n sir phat tridn tam li

ca nhdn (chdng han anh huong den dpng co) nhidu hon rdt nhidu so vcri su thuc hien lau dai mdt hoat ddng cd ddi tuong nao dd ciia ngucri dci" (tr 382)

LLS Nhijfng phuang hu6ng nghien curu trong finh vuc giao tiep a Lien Xo

(cu)J

• Co che' tam ll cua sir chuyen tai thdng tin trong cac qua trinh truydn va nhan thdng tin

• Cac quan didm cua tam Ii hex; vd giao tiep gian tie'p bdng ki thuat

• Trang thai tinh cam ciia nhdm trong giao tie'p

• Chiic nang giao tie'p trong phat tridn nhan thiic cua con ngudi

• Tac ddng trirc tiep cua giao tie'p ien 66 chinh xac va sir chi ti^t hoa cua tri

giac

• Vai tro cua giao tie'p trong cac qua trinh tn nhci

• Tac ddng cua giao tiefp ddi vdi qua trinh tu duy

*Thco[TL15, tr402]

L2 NGHlfiN CUtJ GIAO Tlfip 6 CAC NV6c AU MY

Trong 66 tai nay chiing tdi se khdng trinh bay tdng quan vd ldm If hpc giao

tie'p ciia cac nudc Au My ma chi neu khai quat vd cac xu hudmg nghien cuu Xu hudng nghien cuu tam If hpc giao tie'p hien dai d cac nudc Au My la xu hudng thuc nghiem Cac nhd tam li khdng chi nghien ciiu li thuyet giao tidp mdt each chung chung ma hp da di sau nghien cuu giao tiep trong cdc ITnh vuc cu thd:

• giao tie'p trong kinh doanh

• giao tie'p trong cdng sd

• giao tie'p trong day va hc>c

• giao tie'p trong hdn nhan va gia dinh

• giao tie'p gidi va giao liep trong tinh yeu

• giao tiep tren cac phucmg lien iruydn thdng dai chiing'

U.CAC CONG TRINH NGHlfeN COU 0 V I £ T NAM

Vdn dd giao tiep duoc gidi khoa hpc Viet Nam quan tam den vao ddu thap

ki 80 Cd nhieu sach va cac bai bao vd giao tie'p duoc cac nha tam ii hex; Viet Nam, cu thd la Pham Minh Hac, Pham Hoang Gia, Dang Xuan Hoai, Trdn Trpng Thuy, Bui Van Hue viet va xudt ban

Tuy nhien, cd rdt it cac cdng trinh nghien cuu vd giao tiep Phdn Icin cac cdng trinh nay tap trung vao nghien ciiu nhiimg mang cu thd ciia giao tie'p nghd nghiep, Ducti day la danh sach mdt sd cdng trinh nghidn cihi ve giao tiep ciia cac trudng dai hpc va vien nghien cuu ddng trdn dia ban Ha Ndi

1 Tim hieu kl ndng giao tiep ciia sinh vien Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi 1

Ludn dn tien si Hoang Anh, nam 1992

2 Mot so t r o ngai trong tam h^ giao tiep ciia sinh vien vdi hoc sinh khi

thuc tap tot nghiep Ludn dn tien sL Nguyen Thanh Binh, nam 1996

3 Mdt so dac diem giao tiep ciia tre mSu giao trong nhom choi khdng

cimg do tuoi Luan dn tien si, Le Xuan Hong, nam 1996

4 Mpt so dac diem giao tiep ciia hieu truong trudng tieu hoc Ludn dn

tien sL Nguydn Lien Chau, nam 2(XX)

5 Mot so dac didm giao tiep ciia can bp phu nCr xa Ludn dn tien si, Trdn

Thj Thanh Hd (Chua bao ve)

6 Budc ddu tim hidu mot so ddc diem giao tiep cua smh vien Dai hpc Su

pham Vinh Ludn vdn thae si Nguydn Minh I>ic, nam 1983

7 Loai hinh giao tiep Ludn vdn thqc si Biii Doan Cx)ng, nam 1984

' Tham khao TL 27, TL 28, TL 29, TL 30, TL 31, TL 32

8 Tim hieu mot sd dac diem giao tiep cua sinh vien trucmg Dai hpc Su

pham Viet Bac Ludn van thqc sL Quan Thi Ly, nam 1996

9 Ki nang giao tiep su pham cua sinh vien cao dang su pham Luan vdn

thqc si Trinh Thi Thin, nam 1996

10 Dac diem giao tiep cua sinh vien trudng Van hoa Ludn van thqc si

Pham Thi Dung nam 1997

11 Nghien ciru kha nang trao doi thong tin trong giao tiep cua sinh vien

khoa bao chi Ludn vdn thqc sL Pham Thi Biii, nam 1998

12 Nghien ciru ki nang giao tiep su pham ciia sinh vien Cao ddng Su

pham Ninh Binh Ludn vdn thqc su Le Thi Thuy, nam 1998

13 Nghien ciifu mot sd dac diem giao tiep cua sinh vien trudmg Cao ddng

Su pham Lam Dong Ludn van thqc su Vuong Dang Didn, nam 1998

14 Nghien cuu ki nang giao tiep cua sinh vien Cao ddng Su pham Lang

Son Ludn vdn thqc su Le Thi Na, nam 1999

15 Nghien ciru dac diem giao tiep cua sinh vien co kieu nhan each cd

kieu hudng noi va hudng ngoai Ludn vdn thqc su Tran Thi Kim Thoa,

nam 1999

16 Dac diem giao tiep cua sinh vien trudng Cao ddng Su pham An

Giang Ludn vdn thqc su Dd Van Thdng, nam 1999

17 Dac diem giao tiep cua nha bao Ludn vdn thqc si Nguydn Ccmg Vinh,

nam 1999

1.4 NHUNG MAT DA DUOC TONG K^T THANH LI THUYET VA NHUlSG VAN DE CON TON TAI

1.4.1 Nhumg mat da dupe tong ket thanh li thuyet

L4.LL Cdc hinh thijtc giao tiep vd lich su phdt trien

Giao tiep co the dupe phan loai theo nhieu tieu chi

• Theo each thiic tie'n hanh: giao tiep true tie'p va giao tie'p gian tie'p Giao tiep true tiep la giao tiep trong dd cac thanh vien tham gia giao tiep ddi mat true dien, true tiep phat va nhan thdng tin Giao tiep gian tie'p xay ra khi cac thanh vien tham gia giao tiep khdng ddi mat true dien vdi nhau

Hp trao ddi thdng tin qua cac phuang tien trung gian

• Theo phuong tien tien hanh: giao tiep ngdn ngir va phi ngdn ngii Giao tiep ngdn ngir gdm giao tiep ngdn ngir ndi va ngcm ngir viet Giao liep phi ngdn ngii la giao tiep thdng qua cac cam nhan giac quan nhu thi giac, thfnh giac, xiic giac, khuu giac, vi giac, cam xiic, net mat, tu the, cir chi, qudn ao, khoang each khdng gian

» Theo muc dich hoat ddng cua nhdm xa hdi: giao tie'p chinh thiic va khdng chinh thiic',

» Theo nganh nghd Vi dii giao tiep su pham, giao tiep bao chi

• Theo dinh hudmg tam li - xa hdi: giao tie'p dinh hudng ~ xa hdi, giao tiep dinh hudng - nh<5m va giao liep dinh hudng - ca nhan

Giao tiep phat trien theo tien trmh sau:

• Giao tie'p true liep la hinh thirc phat sinh ban ddu va ddy du nhdt Giao

tidp true tie'p hien dai bao gdm giao tiep phi ngc'^n ngir va giao tidp ngdn ngii,

» Trong giai doan ban ddu, khi ngdn ngiT chua hinh thanh, giao tiep true tiep chi gdm giao tiep phi ngdn ngir

» Giai doan tiep sau, khi ngdn ngu bat ddu hinh thanh, giao tiep true tiep duoc bd sung them giao lidp ngdn ngir Sau khi xudt hien, giao tiep ngdn ngir chie'm vai trd chii dao va giao tiep phi ngdn ngii thucmg duac diing dd

hd tn; cho giao liep ngdn ngir Tuy nhien, do su phat trien ciia xa hdi va

cua tam li ngudi, trong mdt sd trucmg hop, nc)i dung thdng tin chuydn tai bang giao liep ngdn ngir va giao tiep phi ngdn ngir cd the mau thudn vcii nhau

> Giao tiep gian tiep xudt hien trcmg tien trinh phat tridn ciia loai ngum Chir viet (thu tir, sach, bao) la hinh thiic giao tiep gian tiep ddu tien Giao tie'p gian tiep dudi hinh thiic chir viet da gat bd ndi dung giao tiep phi ngdn ngir trong ban than nd

» Sau dd xudt hien cac phuong tien truydn thdng dai chiing (truyen thanh, phim anh, truydn hinh) la phuang tien giao tie'p gian tiep thdng qua cac phuong tien kl thuat va cd dp trd trong thdi gian Cac phuang tien truydn thdng dai chiing la cac phucmg tien giao tiep mc)t chidu, thdng tin phan hdi khdng duoc tiep nhan ngay trong qua trinh giao tiep Mot phdn cua giao tie'p phi ngdn ngu duoc khdi phuc trong the loai giao tiep nay

Budc tien tiep theo cua giao tiep la su giao tiep vucTt khdng gian: dien thoai va internet Ciing vdi su phat tridn ciia cdng nghe (nhu dien thoai truydn hinh kem miii vi trong tuong lai, webcam ,), giao tiep phi ngdn ngii trong thd loai giao tiep nay khdng bi loai bd ma chi bi han che' phdn nao

L4J.2 Chac ndng cua giao tiep,

Chirc nang thdng tin

xem dinh nghla cu tht? a III.L2.2 trang 22

• Chiic ndng nhan thiic

• Chiic nang dinh hudng hoat ddng

• Chirc nang didu chinh hanh vi cua ban than va cua ngudi khac

• Chuc nang cam xiic

• Chiic nang id chiic hoal ddng phd'i hpp

• Chirc nang tri giac ngudi khac

• Chiic nang hinh thanh va phat trien cac quan he lien nhan each

L4.L3 Dieu kien dexudt hien nhu cdu giao tiep

• Didu kien khach quan 66 xudt hien nhu cdu giao tiep khdng chi la sir

gic5ng nhau nhdt dinh ciia nhung ngucri tham gia giao tiep ma cdn la su khac nhau nhdt dinh cua hp Ne'u hp gidng nhau hoan loan thi khong cdn den giao tie'p cdn neu hp hoan tc^an khac nhau thi giao tiep cung khcmg thd xay ra

• Didu kien chii quan de xuat hicn nhu cdu giao tiep la ca nhan cd mot hoac

td hcrp mdt sd hoac loan be) cae nhu cdu sau: vat chat, tinh cam, nhan thire, phcn hop hanh ddng, xay dung va phat tridn quan he Hen nhan each

L4J.4 Mat so ddc diem chung nhdt cua giao tiep

• Nhu cdu giao tiep cd lien quan den nhiing nhu cdu cahdn cua con ngudi

Hdu nhu trong bat ki nhu cau nao cung cd thd tim thdy thanh phdn giao tiep

• Giao tiep duac qui dinh ddng th&i bdi nhieu nhu cdu

• Giao tiep dnh hitcmg ddng ke den su phdt trien cdc nhu cdu khde cua con

ngudi,

• Qud trinh giao tiep khong phdi la hinh dnh phdn chieu vdo nhau cua hai

chu the Qud trinh giao tiep ve nguyen tdc la bdt ddi xung trong nhidu

binh dien: thdng lin, ddng co, muc dfch Cu thd tren binh dien thong tin, chu the A linh hdi thdng tin ma chii thd B trao cho va bie'n ddi thdng tin

nay tren ca sd quan didm, thai dd, tam the va kinh nghiem ca nhan Cd

thd sir bie'n ddi nay se md rdng thdng tin ma chu thd B truyen di va phu hop hem vcii kinh nghiem cua chii the A Nhu vay, trong thdng tin ma chu the A ITnh hdi cd thd cd mpt sd yeu td ngoai lai so vdi thdng tin ciia chu thd B truyen di Tren binh dien ddng co, cd thd thdy dpng co cua cac thanh vien tham gia vao giao tiep khdng gicmg nhau Muc dfch giao tiep ciia hp cung cd thd khac nhau Tfnh bdt ddi xung la ngudn gdc cua cae mau thudn va la ddng lire phat tridn giao tiep

• Giao tiep la mat qud trinh co tinh linh hoat cao vd rdt mem deo Mdi

thanh vien tham gia giao tiep ddu cd thd cd mdt dinh hudng giao tiep nao

dd nhung qua trinh giao tiep trong thuc te thudng khac vdi du kidn Trong qua trinh giao tie'p, xdy ra su didu khien ldn nhau, kidm tra va didu chinh tie'n trinh giao tie'p Dudi tac ddng cua giao tiep, dinh hucing giao tiep ciia

ca nhdn bien ddi

L4J.5, Cdc pha caban cua qud trinh giao tiep

Theo B Ph Lomov, cd thd thdy mdt sd pha co ban trong qua trinh giao tie'p

Pha ddu tien la pha hinh thanh mdt sd "toa dd chung" D6 hinh thdnh "tpa

dp chung", thanh vien giao tie'p phai tim hidu mdt sd hinh tucmg khai quat va mdt

sd dac didm chung ciia dc)'i tucmg giao tiep Dua vao cac "toa dp" nay ma cac thanh vien iham gia giao tiep hoach dinh hanh vi trcmg tuong lai ciia minh Trcmg pha nay didn ra su "san phdng thcmg tin", tire la tao ra sir tucmg ddng, sir gicmg

nhau d mc>t mirc dd nao 66 giira cac thanh vidn tham gia giao tiep Dp dai ciia pha

nay phu thudc vao nhieu yeu td: tucmg quan giiia cae chii^c nang xa hdi eiia thanh vidn tham gia vao giao tiep, cae dac tfnh ca nhan, tri thiic, kl nang, ki xao giao tie'p ciia mdi ca the

Pha thd hai la hinh thanh chucmg trinh chung ciia qua trinh giao tiep Pha

nay bao ham su phan bc) chirc nang giira nhirng thanh vien tham gia giao tie'p va lien kdt chiing Cdn ndi rd rdng day khdng phai la chucmg trinh nghiem ngat, quyet dinh mot chidu hanh vi cua nhumg thanh vien tham gia giao tiep ma nd chi

la chien luoc chung cho hanh vi ciia hp,

Pha thd: ba la pha cua su hoa hop cac dac tinh thdi gian eua giao tiep va

cac trang thai tam li ciia cac thanh vien Trong pha nay didn ra qua trinh dieu khidn ldn nhau, thcmg bdo va nhan thdng tin phan hdi, kidm tra va didu chinh tie'n trinh giao tie'p Ket qua ciia pha thir ba la vach ra cac lap trudng chung ciia cac thanh vien tham gia giao tiep va tao ra tfnh cdng ddng nao day, hoac nguoc Iai, lim ra cac mau thudn va tfnh khdng tuong hpp cua mdt sd thupc tfnh nao dd, tham chf cd thd tao ra xung dot

Quan he ciia cac pha nay phu thupc vao chu dd giao tiep va dac diem tam If cua nhirng thanh vien tham gia giao tiep Trong qua trinh giao tie'p thuc te, cac pha nay cd thd giao nhau

L4.2 Nhirng van de con ton tai

Nhu vay, tam li hpc hien dai da nghien curu giao tie'p dudi gdc do ea nhan, gdc dp quan he lien nhan each va gcic dp thanh vien ciia mot sd nhdm xa hoi Mc)t sd nha nghien ciru d cac nudc Au My di sau vao viec phat trien cac kT nang

thanh nhan each

CHUONG n THU THAP SO UEU THl/C NGHIEM

ILL THI^T KFI PHIEU VA Difiu TRA

Mdu phie'u didu tra dupe dua ra d phdn phu luc Phieu gdm 10 muc hdi ve cac npi dung: tinh each ca nhan ciia sinh vien tham gia didu tra, miic dp giao tiep, chil dd giao tiep duoc sinh vien quan tam, phong each giao tie'p va sir phat trien ciia kT nang giao tie'p Trcmg cac cau hcM lucm cd phdn md dd sinh vien tu dien vao nhirng y kien rieng ciia ban than nhdm thu thap cae thdng tin khac vdi quan didm cua tac gia va thdng qua dd xay dung thai dp cdi md ciia hp trcmg khi dien phie'u

Phie'u dieu tra dupe rai d cae nam thir 2 va 3 ciia eae khoa Ccmg nghe (3), Dia chat (2), Kinh te (2 va 3), Quan If (3), Van hc)c (2) va Bao chf (2 va 3) Rieng dd'i vcii khoa Bao chf, cimg mot mdu phieu didu tra duoc rai lien tiep trcmg hai nam Iidn (2003 va 2004) eua mdt khoa dd theo ddi sir phat trien ciia kT nang giao tiep

II.2 KftT QUA Xir Li PHIEU DIEU TRA

Chiing tc')i phat 400 phieu va tnmg tdng so phieu thu ve cd 345 phieu dupe dien Trcmg 345 phieu nay ed mot sd phieu khdng tra IcTi ddy dii tat ca eae cau hdi Vi If do neu tren chiing tcM thcmg ke cu thd sd cau tra ldi eua sinh vien eho tirng cau hdi ben canh sc) phucmg an duc;e dien dd cd thd theo ddi sd lieu ehfnh xac hem Sc'i lieu ehi tiet dupe dua ra ci phdn phu lue trcmg muc Cac bang sd lieu chi tie't Cac bang nay trinh bay sd lieu thdng ke trong nhumg van de sau:

• Co cau sinh vidn tham gia dieu tra theo khoa, dp tudi, thanh phdn gia dinh, noi trp tai Ha Npi

• Quan didm cua sinh vidn vd mpt sd net tfnh each eiia ban than

• Miic dc) giao tiep va If do giao tiep hang ngay cua sinh vien

• Chu dd giao tiep

• Den tucmg chia se tam sir va If do tam sir

• KT nang giao tiep ngdn ngii va phi ngcm ngir

• Sir phat tridn kT nang giao tiep tir khi hex: dai hpc

• Sir tiep nh^n van hoa giao tiep va giao due gia dinh

• Quan didm vd phong each giao tie'p ciia thanh nien sinh vien

• Bidu hien vai gicii trcmg giao tiep

Dua tren sd lieu thcmg ke, chiing tc)i cd thd dua ra mdt sd dac trung chung cua sinh vidn tham gia didu tra (gc}i tdt la sinh vien) dudi day

Trong tdng sd 345 sinh vien cd 271 sinh vidn nif, chiem 78,5% Sd sinh vien 6 Ha Ndi la ddng nhdt (66), sau dd la sinh vidn Ha Tay (33), Thai Binh (24), Hai Duong (24), Nam Dinh (20), Hai Phdng (19), Phii Thp (18), Thanh Hod (18) Sdcdn lai (123) la sinh vien thudc cac tinh khac cua midn bdc

Dia cMl 2 Kmh i& 2 Van hoc 2 Mo chi 2 C6r\g ngliC 3 Kinh \^ 3 Bdo chi 3 QuAn \i 3

Bidu dd ILl Co cdu sinh vidn tham gia didu tra theo khoa (sd luong tuyet ddi)

B6o chi 2 Kmh te 2 Dia chAt 2 Van hoc 2 Cdng nghe 3 Kinh le 3 Bao chi 3 Quan H 3

Bieu dd II-3 Tudi ddi trung binh cua sinh vien

" J '

^JJAJL

Theo thd'ng ke' co th^ thay ta't ca cac sinh vian khoa COng nghe nam thii 3 (CO tu^i doi trung binh la 21) (16 dai hoc ngay trong lan thi dau tien PhSn IOT (tren 50%) sinh vien cac khoa khac d6 dai hpc trong l^n thi thur hai Tham chf

sinh vien nam thur hai khoa van chi 66 dai hoc sau hai hoac ba Un thi (co tu6i doi

trung bmh la 21,3) Co the' noi cac sinh vien d6 trong ldn thi thii hai gia dan hon

so voi cac sinh vien d6 trong lan thi d^u tien khi bdt d^u v^o nam thii nha't dai

hoc do nhieu tu6i hon va co thi da phai sO'ng tir lap mot nam de on thi tai cac

thanh phO'

Noi 6 cua sinh vien dupe th6'ng ke trong Bang II-3 phan phu luc 03 19% sinh vien la nguoi Ha Npi Cac sinh vien nay van s6'ng cung gia dinh va khong co sir thay d6i nao trong moi trircmg s6ng cua hp Ngoai ra con co 12% sinh vien la ngirdi ngoai tinh song cung hp hang Moi truang song cua hp tuy co thay d6i nhung hp van co the trong mong vao sir ho trp ciia hp hang khi gap kho khan hoac tinh huong bat thudng 69% sinh vien con lai that sir phai song tu lap 24%

sinh vien dupe song trong ki tuc xa cua truong; a day co moi trirong xa hpi tot, dieu kien song tuang doi dupe dam bao 45% sinh vien phai song d cac nha trp tu

nhan vdi mdi trucmg xa hpi phuc tap va dieu kien sdng khdng bao dam (ndng buc, chat choi, thieu nuc'yc, dien yeu)

Bidu dd 11-4 Cc^ cau sinh vien tham gia dieu tra theo noi d (%)

Xem Ban^ IM trang 72 phto Phu luc

CHUONG ni GIAO TIEP K H O N G CHINH THlTC CUA SINH

VI£N.'

n i l l K h a i niem sinh vien dudi goc do nhom xa hoi,

IILIJ.L Khdi niem nhom trong tdm li hpc xd hpi

Theo Vu Dung\ nhdm la mot cong ddng cd hai hoac nhidu ngirdi, giiia cac

thanh vien cd cdng chung lai ich va muc dfch, cc5 sir tirc:mg lac va anh hircmg ldn

nhau,

Co nhieu each phan loai nhc)m\ Trong dd tai nay chiing toi su dung each phan loai nhdm phd bien nhdt la dua vao cac dac diem co ban cua nhc)m Cu thd la: *

• Theo qui mc) va mcM lien he ciia cac thanh vien: nh6m IcVn, nh6m nhd va

nh6m rdt nhd (2 hay 3 ngufcri)

• Theo qui che xa hc)i: nhom chinh thuc va nhom kh6ng chinh thuc

• Theo trinh do phat tridn: nhc)m phat tridn cao va nhom phat tridn thap

• Tlieo mdi lien he rang bu6c thanh vien ven nhdm: nhom hoi vien va

nhdm thanh vien

• Theo thdi gian tdn tai: nhom tdn tai lau dai, nhc)m tdn tai tam thcti va nhdm tdn tai theo chu ki

Nhdm chinh thdc la nhirng nhdm diic;c thanh lap nhdm thirc hien cac muc

tieu cu the, rc> rang va cac nhiem vu cu the cd lien quan den hoat dc>ng cua td churc hay xa hoi Nhom chfnh thurc cd dac diem la vi the cua cac thanh vien dircjfc xac dinh ro rang va duoc qui dinh bdi chuan muc cua nhdm Trong nhdm chfnh thurc cd su phan vai chat che, cc) he thdng lanh dao che dinh vai trd va vi the cua mdi thanh vien

Nhdm khong chinh thdc duoc hinh thanh mot each tu phat, tren co sd cac

quan he kh6ng chfnh thiic (cac quan he tinh cam - tam IQ nhdm thoa man cac nhu cdu nao dd cua cac thanh vien Nhdm khong chfnh thiic luon luon hien dien

va tdn tai vl nd phan anh ban chdt ciia con ngudi, phan anh tam sinh If, phan anh c5ng viec, thcri gian bidu ciia con ngudi Trong nhdm khong chfnh thiic vai trd va

vi thd ciia cdc thanh vien khong duoc xac dinh chat che nhu d nhdm chfnh thiic

' Trong chucyng nay chung toi co sir dung ke't qua nghien curu cua de tai khoa hoc cap iriimg

Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van nam 1999 cua tac gia [TL 8]

^TheofTL?, tr.'l24]

^Theo[TL12, tr 68]

Cdu true cua nhdm do nhdm tu quyet dinh Nhdm khong chfnh thiic cd the hinh thanh mot each dc)c lap

Nhdm khong chfnh thiic tc)n tai dudi ba hinh thiic co ban la: nhdm khc)ng chfnh thiic theo quan he ngang, nhdm khong chfnh thiic theo quan he dc}c va nhom khong chfnh thiic hdn hctp Nhdm khong chfnh thiic theo quan he ngang la nhdm ciia nhung ngudi ciing tdng ldp, cung vi the xa hoi, co chung quyen lai va

cd quan he chat che vc^i nhau Nhom khc)ng chfnh thiic theo quan he dc)c la nhom cua nhirng nguoi khac nhau ve vi the trong mot td chiic nhung co ciing nhu cdu,

sd thfch va quan he chat che wai nhau Nhc)m khong chfnh thiic hdn hcyp gc)m

nhung thanh vien khac nhau vd dia vi xa hoi, cap bac, co quan, vi trf dia If nhung

cd cijng sd thfch, nhu cau

Nhdm thdnh vien la nhc)m ma ca nhan la thanh vien chfnh thiic va phai

tuan theo nhirng chuan muc ciia nc) mot each bdt buc)c

Nhdm hpi vien la nhom ma ca nhan khong diing trong nhcm (khc")ng la

thanh vien chfnh thiic cua nc)) nhung lai hucrng tcri nc') va tuan thu cac chuan muc Clia nc)

IILLL2 Dinh nghia nhdm sinh vien dudi gdc do nhdm xd hpi

Khai niem ''sinh vien" trong de tai nay duc;c dijng de chi nhiing sinh vicn dang theo hc)c chfnh khoa tap trung tai cac trucyng dai hoc va cao ddng Nhu vay

'\sinh vien" a day ducyc diing nhu khai niem nhom kyn Ddng ihrt, '\sinh vien"

cung ducyc diing de chi mc)t tap hcyp cac sinh vien thuoc mot hyp cu the, mot khoa CIJ the ciia mc)t khoa cu the - nc5i each khac, tir ''sinh vien" cung ducyc dung de chi mc)t nhdm nhd Nhc^m sinh vien la mc)t nhom chinh thiic theo quan he ngang, phat tridn cao va tdn tai lau dai

Sinh vien la mc)t nhom xa hoi dac biet Nhom xa hoi sinh vien c6 nhiJng

dac diem sau:

• Thu nhat: sinh vien cd tudi dcri tucyng dc5i ddng deu, gicyi han tir 19 den

25 tudi

• Thu hai: dc) tudi sinh vien cd tiem nang phat tridn tam If va tri tue cao nhat trong cuc)c ddi

• Thii ba: sinh vien cd miic do phat trien nhan thiic, kha nang tri tue va tu

duy cao han miic trung binh ciia dan cu Tri thuc cua sinh vien tuong ddi

ddng ddu va cao hcyn miic trung binh

• Thii tu: sir tU(tng ddng trong quan didm, thai do ddi vai nhiJng van de thucK ITnh vuc kien thiic va nhan sinh quan, the gicyi quan cua nhom

sinh vien Xan han rat nhidu so vc'yi nhiJng nhdm xa hoi khac

• Thii nam: nhdm sinh vien dang d trong giai doan nhan each duoe phat tridn va hoan thien mot each vu bao

• Thii sau: sinh vien cd tam the thuan loi 66i voi viec tiep thu nhiing quan

didm, nhan thiic, thdi quen va phong each sdng ciia moi trudng mdi mac dii chung cd thd rdt khac biet vdi quan diem, nhan thiic, thoi quen va phong each sdng cua ban than khi cdn la hoc sinh phd thong

• Thu bay: nhdm sinh vien co muc dfch va hoat dong chung chiem phdn ldm phan bd thdi gian cua ho Do la hoat dong hoc tap, hoat dc)ng nghien curu khoa hoc nhdm chuan bi cho hoat dc)ng nghd nghiep trong tucyng lai Tuy nhien, sinh vien ccm cd the tham gia cac nhc)m khac nhu nhc)m khc')ng chfnh thiic, nhc)m hc)i vien

i n l l K h a i niem giao tiep khong chinh thurc cua sinh vien

IILL2.L Khdi niem giao tiep

Khai niem giao tiep dang trc:)ng giai doan phat tridn nen chua eo mot sir thcmg nhdt chung trong dinh nghia Trong de tai nay, chiing tcM theo quan didm Clia B Ph Lomov, coi giao tiep la mot pham trii ddng ddng va doc lap tucyng ddi vc'yi hoat dc)ng Chiing tc')i dinh nghia khai niem giao tiep trong pham vi de tai nhu sau:

Giao tiep Id mot phqm trd tdm li ddng ddng vd doc lap tuang ddi ddi vdi phqm tril hoqt dpng Giao tiep Id hinh thdc tiep xdc tdm li duac qui dinh bdi vdn hod vd xd hpi giiia nguai vdi ngudi Thong qua giao tiep, con ngu&i thoa mdn nhu cdu vdt chdt, trao doi thong tin, cdm xuc, dinh hudng vd dieu chinh nhdn thirc, hdnh vi cua bdn thdn vd cua nhau, tri gidc ldn nhau, tqo dung quan he v&i nhau vd tdc dong qua lai ldn nhau

Khai niem giao tiep neu tren bao gdm nhung nc)i dung sau:

• Dac trung tam If, dac trung van hod va dac trung xa hoi ciia giao tiep

• Cac chiic nang co ban ciia giao tiep

• Tfnh da chieu cua giao tiep Nhirng ca nhan tham gia giao tiep la ddng chu thd ciia giao tiep, mc')i quan he giira ho la quan he chii the - ehu the,

ho tac dong ldn nhau va chiu tac dong ciia nhau

a) Dac trung tdm li, vdn hod, xd hpi cua giao tiep

Noi ham ciia dac trung van hoa duoc qui dinh bdi he gia trj truydn thdng, phong tuc tap quan va ngcm ngir ma trong dd giao tiep duoc didn ra NhiJng nhdm nhan chung trong ciing mot xa hoi cd van hoa (phong tuc, tap quan, ngon ngu)

khac nhau do 66 cung cd phong each giao tiep dac trung va cam ki trong giao

tiep khac nhau

Noi ham cua dac trung xa hc)i ciia giao tiep co hen quan den vai trd ma ca nhan ddng trong xa hoi Mc)t ca nhan cd thd thuoc ve nhidu nhdm xa hc)i khae nhau va do dd cd thd cd nhidu vai trd NhiJng vai nay 1^)[^4P b'?^ ^^^^ ^^^ nhung

nhdm khac biet Vj the ciia ca nhan trong nhom cd anh huong quan trong ddi vcyi giao tiep, Tfnh chdt cua giao tiep phij thuoc vao vi the tuong ddi cua ca nhan trong rihdm Ca nhan co xu hudng giao tiep khong chfnh thurc vcyi ngudi cd vi the biiih dang vdi minh va luon ludn tim kie'm giao tiep (chfnh thiic va khdng chfnh thiJc) vdi nhOng ngudi cd vi the' cao hon Trong giao tie'p, ca nhan thudng cd xu hudfng mudn tac dong ien hanh vi, dinh hucyng va nhan thurc ciia ngudi cd vi the bmh dang vdi minh va cd xu hudng tranh ddi ddu vdi nhiing ngudi cd vi thd cao hon, cd le do nhung ngudi nay cd quydn luc ldn hcyn (ft nhdt la tren If thuyet)

Mac du noi ham van hoa va xa hcM la nhiJng yeu td quan trpng nhung chiing khOng quyet dinh phong each giao tiep cua tiJng ca nhan cu thd Phong each giao tiep do dac trung tam If va ndn giao due ma ca nhan ducyc hucyng quyet dinh Ca nhan bao gid cung la cd the duy nhat va khc)ng lap lai Tfnh duy nhat nay se duoc thd hien thdng qua giao tiep Ca nhan khdng phdi la nd ie cua van hoa va xa hdi Ho cd thd chap nhan vai khfa canh van hoa va xa hdi nao dd (nhu cac cdm ki ngc'^n ngii, hanh vi) nhung khdng thay ddi nhirng net phong each giao tie'p ma hc} cho la hcyp If chi dd phong cdch ciia hc) triing hop vc'ri nhiJng khudn mdu duoc coi la phd bien trong xa hdi Nhung dac trung ca nhan - vf du quyet doan hay dd bdo, cumg nhdc hay mdm deo, nhay cam hay vd cam - anh huc'yng tcii lien trijih giao tidp, cd thd ngan trd viec dat muc dfch giao tiep

b) Nh&ng chute ndng caban cua giao tiep

Truac he't, giao tiep giiip con ngudi thoa man nhu cdu vat cha't Sau dd giao

tiep thuc hien cac chuc nang trao ddi thdng tin, trao ddi cam xiic, tinh cam, Chiic nang cao hon ciia giao tie'p la dinh huc'yng va didu chinh nhan thiic, hanh vi ciia ban than va cua nhau (bao gdm ca chiic nang phdi hop hanh ddng vcyi nhau) Chiic nang tam li d muc cao hcyn nira ciia giao tiep la tri giac ldn nhau, tao dung

quan he \di nhau va tac dong qua lai ldn nhau

c) Giao tiep Id mot qua trinh da chieu, co ddng chu thevd bdt ddi xvtng

Giao liep la mdl qua trinh da chidu vi cac thanh vien tham gia giao tiep la ddng chu thd trong qua trinh giao tiep Mdi ca nhan vira cd kha nang tac ddng len ngudi dc^i thoai vUa chiu tdc ddng ciia hc) Do cac thanh vien tham gia giao tiep cd the cd nhiing muc dfch, ddng co giao tiep rdt khac biet nhau nen nd la qua trinh bdt ddi xiing Tfnh bdt ddi xiing ciia giao tiep cdn thd hien d ket qua ciia nd (sir didu chinh hanh vi va nhdn thiic, tri giac va tao dung quan he, d cac thanh vien sau giao ti^'p cung khac nhau)

111,12.2 Khdi niim giao tiep chinh thdc vd giao tiep khdng chinh thdc

Theo muc dfch, giao tiep cd the phan thanh giao tiep ehfnh thuc va giao tiep khcing chfnh thirc

Giao tiep chinh thUc Id hinh thirc giao tiep diin ra chinh thiic theo mdt

li nghi nhdt dinh nham gidi quyit mdt vdn de cu the Giao tiep chinh thdc Id hinh thitc giao tiip giOa cdc nhom chinh thUc (bao gom cd giao tiep giua mot nhdm vd mot cd nhdn dai dien cho nhom kia) hoac giiia cdc cd nhdn thuoc mot nhom chinh thUc nhdm thuc thi nhiem vu cua nhom,

Loai hinh giao tiep nay thudng cd qui djnh nhat djnh vd trang phuc, dja didm, nghi thuc tien hanh, ndi dung

Giao tap khong chinh thUc Id giao tiep ngoai phqm vi giao tiip chinh thiifc No khong co qui dinh ve li nghi, khong ddt ra yeu cdu ve trang phuc, dia diem vd cd nhdn chi dqi diin cho bdn thdn md khong dqi diin cho ngudi hoac nhdm ngudi khde

Hinh thiic giao tiep nay ihudng nhdm thoa man nhu cdu lie'p xiic ca nhan Bdu khdng khf irong khi giao tiep thudng mang tfnh chdt than thien, gdn gui, hidu bi^t ldn nhau

Mdt sd ngudi nghien cuu cho rdng giao liep khdng chfnh thiic chi xay ra trong nhc)m khcmg chfnh thurc Nhung theo chiing tdi, giao tiep khdng ehfnh thiie

cd Ihd xay ra trong nhdm khdng chfnh thuc va nhdm chi'nh thue Giao tidp mang tfnh khc'^ng chfnh thiie trong nhcSm chfnh thiie khi ndi dung trao ddi khc')ng mang tfnh cdng viec, sir vu ma cd tfnh rieng tu

ULI,2.3 Khdi niim giao tiep khong chinh thdc cua nhdm sinh viin

Khai niem giao tie'p khdng chfnh thiic cua sinh vien trong de tai duae tae gid xem xet dudi gdc dd nhdm xa hpi Trong dd tai nay tac gia nghien curu giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic ciia sinh vien vcyi nhiJng dd'i tuong la ban ciing trucyng,

cung ncyi trp, ngudi than vd nhirng van 66 rieng tu, ngoai pham vi hpc tap Tac gia

se khdo sat miic dp giao tiep, chu dd giao tiep ua thfch, sir phat trien cua ki nang giao tie'p, phong each giao tidp, tac ddng ciia van hod truydn thdng ien su hinh thanh phong each giao liep cua sinh vien

m.2 NHUNG fiAC TRUNG CHUNG CUA GIAO TifiP KHONG CHINH THlJ^C CUA SINH VlftN

in.2.1 Nhan dinh chung ve nhom sinh vien

Trong chuang II chiing tdi da neu nhimg sd lieu thd'ng ke ciia nhimg sinh vien tham gia didu tra Dua tren nhimg sd lieu nay, chiing tdi riit ra mdt sd net chung cua sinh vien Viet Nam

UL2,l,l,M6t so biin ddng trong moi tru&ng sdng vd hpc tap cua sinh viin khi duoc tiip nhdn vdo dqi hpc

Khi duoc tie'p nhan vao trudng dai hpc, xuat hien mc)t sd bien ddng trong mdi trucyng sdng va hpc tap cua thanh nien sinh vien Ddi vdi nhiJng sinh vien xuat than tir cac thanh phd ldn, bie'n dpng khdng dang kd Mdi trudng scmg ciia

hp hdu nhu khdng thay ddi; chi cd mdi trudng hpc tap duoc thay ddi (chuydn tir phd thdng trung hpc sang dai hpc)

Ddi vdi nhimg sinh vien cdn lai (cd xudt than tir nhirng thj trdn, thj xa nhd

hoac ndng thdn), thi su thay ddi khdng chi didn ra ddi vdi mdi trudng hex: tap ma cdn vcVi cd mdi trudng sd'ng Khi ra thanh phd 66 hpc dai hpc, hp phai ddi mat vdi

nhiing thay ddi dot ngdi vd ldi sdng, phdi Iam quen vc'yi cupc sdng tu lap, mdt minh va xa gia dinh Mdi trudng dai hpc cho sinh vien nhimg co hdi phdt tridn,

chudn bj cho hp thay ddi vi the xa hdi, do dd hp phdi tiep thu mdt \6i sdng mcyi,

mdt van hod irng xii mc^i va mdt he thd'ng chudn muc mc'ri Viec nay ddi hdi ho phai thay ddi hdu nhu gdn he't cac chuan muc sdng, sira ddi mot sd thcii quen da duoc dinh hinh mc)i each kha bdn viing

111,2.1,2 Dp tuoi trung binh cua sinh viin

Theo sd lieu thcmg ke cua dd lai, ludi trung bmh eiia sinh vien nam thir ba khoa Ccmg nghe la 21 Didu nay cd nghla la loan bc) sinh vien nganh hoe nay dd dai hpc ngay trong ldn thi ddu lien Trong khi dd, ludi ddi trung binh eiia sinh vien cac nganh hex: khac Ic'yn hon mot each tuong iing tir 0,5 den 1,3 tudi Cd the thdy nhimg nganh hpc cd dp chenh tudi la 0,5 cd khoang mot nira sinh vien chi

dd dai hpc trong ldn thi ihii hai Nhiing nganh hpc cd dp chenh tudi la 1,3 cd hau he't sinh vien chi dd dai hpc sau hai hoac ba ldn thi

Dua tren sd lieu nay cd the ket luan la dp tudi cua sinh vien phu thupc vao

nganh nghd ddo tao Sinh viin d nhirng ngdnh nghe md xd hpi co nhu cdu cao

vd CO khd ndng co thu nhdp cao thi co dp tuoi trung binh thdp han sinh vien a

nhOng ngdnh ddo tqo khde Day la qui luat trong cac trudng dai hpc Viet Nam

Qui luat nay cd nguyen do la nhiJng nganh nghd cho phep cd lhu nhap cac) thi cd nhidu thf sinh du thi va do dd chi nhimg thi sinh that su gidi mc'yi cd thd trung luydn Nhirng thf sinh khcmg triing tuyen nam ddu se du thi vao nhirng nganh nghd ft hdp ddn hon va do dd iT phai canh tranh hon trong thi cir Dieu nay lam tang tudi ddi trung binh cua sinh vien d nhimg nganh nghd nay

Mdt van dd nira cdn quan tdm la nhirng sinh vien dd dai hpc trong ldn thi thir hai ihudng cd mdt nam luyen thi dai hpc Nam nay dem lai nhidu kinh nghiem sdng cho hp hon nhirng nam hpe trong trudng phd thdng Ddi vc'yi thanh nien ndng thdn dd ihudng la thcM gian luyen thi d cac thanh phd km, scing mpi minh, xa gia dinh va tu lap Ddi vdi thanh nien thanh phd thi dd la thdi gian liep

xuc vc'ti cac ban cung ldp luyen thi den tir nhidu dja phuang khac nhau, la co hc)i

md rdng hidu biet va kinh nghiem giao tiep, iing xir

^ Nhiing ban luan lren cho phep suy ra hai he qua Thir nhdt: sir phat tridn tri tue cua sinh vien ddng deu theo nganh hpc nhung cd sir khac biet theo kidu bac thang giira mdt sd cdc nganh hpc Thur hai: su phat tridn nhan each va kT nang

giao tie'p ciia sinh vien cung tuong 66i ddng ddu theo nganh hcK va khae biet rd

ret giua mdt so nganh hcx\

IIL2.1.3, Ngdnh hpc vd dinh hu&ng cua nhdn cdch

Mac du da sd sinh vien chpn nganh nghe theo kha nang thi dd dai hc)c, chi

cd mdt sd ft chpn nganh nghe theo y thfch nhung nganh nghe vdn phan anh djnh huc'mg cua nhan each d mc)t mirc dc) nao dd That vay, djnh huc'yng nhan each ciia

ca nhan la mpt trong nhimg yeu td tao dieu kien thuan lai cho ca nhan hc)c tfn bd mdn nay hon bd mdn kia trong trucyng phd thdng va do dd tac dc)ng len viec chpn khc')'i thi va chpn nganh hoc Nhu vay, viee tuyen sinh dai hoe eung gc')p phdn phan hoa sinh vien theo dinh huc'yng nhan each Day ciing la mc)t trong nhu'ng nguyen nhan lam eho sinh vien hc)e ciing mdt nganh cd sir ddng ddu trong phat trien nhan each

IIL2.L4 Su hinh thdnh nhiing nhdm nhd khong chinh thdc

Nhdm nhd khdng chfnh thirc ludn lucm hinh thanh mdt each tu phat trong mpi nhcim xa hdi va cd the bao gdm ca nhirng thanh vien khc")ng thuc)c nhdm chfnh thiie Nhdm nhd khcmg chfnh thiic cua sinh vien ehu yeu la nhiing nhdm nhd khcmg chi'nh thiic (nhdm ban choi) trong nhdm chfnh ihiie (Icyp, khoa va trudng), nhung nhc'ym nhd khcmg chi'nh thire theo que quan (dcmg hucyng) va nhimg nhc)m nhd khcmg chfnh thire theo dia diem trp Mdl didm can chii y la quan he giira cac thanh vien trong nhirng nhdm hinh thanh tai nha trp tu nhan than thiet hon miic binh thucmg do nhiing cd nhan cam thay hc;yp nhau ihudng rii nhau trp chung hc^ac tim chd trp gdn nhau

UL2.1.5 Net tinh cdch chung cua sinh viin

Sinh vien la nhiing hcK sinh kha gidi d trudng phd thdng Vj the nay da giijp hp tao dung quan he tc)'t vcTi cac ban cilng hpc Thanh tfch hpc tap va quan he tc)t lao trang thai tam If vui ve, giiip hp hinh thanh hinh anh cai tdi hoa ddng va sau mpl thc)i gian nhiing trang thai tam If dn dinh nay trd thanh net tfnh each ca nhan Net tfnh each dd hoa ddng, vui ve vi vay cd thd coi la phd bien trong sinh vien Mat khac, chi cd nhirng hc)c sinh phd thdng hpc tap cham chi, nghiem uic

mdi c6 kha nang dd dai hpe Vi vay, nghiem uic eung la net linh each tucmg den

phd bien trong sinh vien

Theo sd lieu thdng ke\ hon mdl nira sinh vien tu nhan minh tfnh tinh vui ve (55,1%), dd hoa ddng (53,7%); chi cd 11% thdy minh khd hoa ddng, 10% ua cd ddc Khodng 40% sinh vien thfch diia, 6% khdng thfch diia, 31% sinh vien thdy minh la ngudi nghiem Uic

n V u i ve

D D^ hoa dong

D Thich diia DHai hucic

0 Nghiem tuc

n D^ chiu DNhc nhang

D Kho hoa dong

• LTa CO dpc

O Khong thich dua

Bidu dd lll-l Quan didm vd net tfnh each ciia ban than (%)

in.2.2 Sir bimg no cua nhu cau giao tiep khong chinh thirc d sinh vien

Cd thd chia sinh vien lam ba loai: scmg xa gia dinh, scmg vc'yi hp hang va sdng cimg gia dinh Dd'i vdi ca ba loai sinh vien deu xudt hien nhu cdu giao tiep khdng chi'nh thiie nhung d nhiing miie dp khae nhau, trong nhiing binh dien khae nhau va nhdm thoa man nhiing nhu cdu khac nhau

Dd'i vdi sinh vien scmg xa gia dinh, nhu cdu giao tiep khfmg ehfnh thuc xuat hien tren co sd ba nhu edu sau day Trude het, sir thieu vdng ngudi than trong cupc sdng tao ra mdt chd trdng tinh cam cdn duoc bii ddp bdng nhimg mdi than giao mdi vdi ban be Sau niJa, cudc sd'ng tu lap ludn dat sinh vien trude

nhiing linh hudng cdn cd giai phap Uic thai Su xa each vd khdng gian vai ngudi

than ciing cd nghia la su tro giiip ciia hp khdng cd tfnh Uie thdi, cdn cd mdt vai ngudi ban d ngay ben canh, gdn giii de cd the gdp y, giiip dd luc khd khan Cudi cung, khi bat ddu cudc sd'ng mdi, dd'i vdi phdn Ic^ sinh vien xuat than tir ndng thdn, cd sir djch chuyen ien tdng ldp mdi trong xa hpi De cd the gia nhap vao tdng ldp xa hdi mdi vdi nhimg ddi hdi hoan loan mdi d mdt mdi trudng xa la, sinh vien cdn rdt nhidu thdng tin dd thfch nghi, xay dung phong each sd'ng mdi va hoa nhap Vi vay, d nhiing sinh vien nay bimg nd nhu cdu giao tiep khdng chi'nh thurc

Ddi vdi sinh vien sdng cimg hp hang, tuy vdn cd thd trdng cay vao su giiip

dd cua nhiJng ngudi nay nhung d sinh vien vdn nay sinh nhu cdu tao dung quan

' Xem Bang II-4 trang 73 phan Phu luc

he, nhu cdu tinh cam va nhu cdu thdng tin dd thfch nghi nen vdn cd sir bimg nd nhu cdu giao tiep khdng chinh thiic

Ddi vdi sinh vien sdng ciing gia dinh, tuy khdng cd su thay ddi trong didu kien sdng va mdi trudng sdng nhung hp cung phai tiep nhan mot so thay ddi dang

kd trong quan he \a\ nhutig ngudi xung quanh Trude hdt, vi the xa hdi cua hp

thay ddi, mang lai nhidu tu do hon, nhung cung ddi hdi d hp sir ddc lap hon trcmg

tu duy va gidi quye't vdn dd Phdi tim ra nhihig iing xir mai phii hap vai khung

cdnh mdi nhung kinh nghiem sdng va kie'n thirc da cd lai chua dap litig duoc nhu cdu nay Ddng thdi, quan he vdi mdt sd ban cu khdng duoc duy tri do khdng that than thiet, khdng cd nhSng hoat ddng chung va khdng cd thdi gian Can phai lao dung quan he vdi nhutig ban mdi cung hpc de thay the nhiing quan he ban be cu

da bi mdt di Vi vay d nhiing sinh vien ndy cung bimg nd nhu cdu giao tiep khdng chinh thurc de lim kie'm thdng tin va tao dung quan he

Su bimg nd nhu cdu giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic nay duoc thd hien d viec sinh vien td chirc va tham du sinh nhat, id chiic tham quan da ngoai, giao luu vc'yi sinh vien cung khoa va khac khoa cung nhu miie dp ndi chuyen vcii ngucyi khae khi d nha va ngodi gid hoc

Cd the dua ra vi du' ve tham du sinh nhat Khi duoc hdi vd viec cd ihudng xuyen duoc mcyi du sinh nhat khdng thi 65,5% tra ldi la cd Phdn km sinh vien coi ngay sinh nhat la ngay hpp mat ban be, hoac la mc)t djp md rdng va ciing cd quan he Trong phuong an tra ldi md cac sinh vien ddu nhdn manh den tfnh giao luu ciia budi gap gd Gdn 90% sinh vien mong mudn di du sinh nhai

Khi duoc hdi vd muc dfch td chiic tham quan, da ngoai, 89% sinh vien da nhdn manh ddn viec nhiing dip tham quan, da ngoai va Id hdi dem lai cho hp khdng nhung hidu biet ma cdn la nhimg co hdi giao tiep, thdng qua dd sinh vien

md rdng quan he, ket ban, cung cd tinh ban da cd va tim hidu them nhimg net dep

vd nhan each cua ban than, Khi duoc hdi rdng didu gi ldi cud'n sinh vien trong cac cudc di xa nay thi 56-58% trd ldi la giao luu ban be va cung cd tinh ban lam hp thfch lhu

Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua dd tai\ cd 54,3% sinh vien phat bidu rdng minh giao tie'p Ihudng xuyen va 20,6% thdy rdng hp thinh thoang mdi giao tie'p Miic

dp giao tie'p phu thudc rdt yeu vao nganh nghd ma sinh vien dang theo hpc Dp lech lieu chudn (standard deviation) giiia cac nganh hpc cua miJc dp giao tidp ddi vdi nur sinh vien la s = 7,4; ddi vdi nam sinh vien la s = 24,9 Cd thd ndi miic dp giao lie'p ciia nam sinh vien phu thudc vao nganh hpc nhidu hon so vdi niJ sinh vien Mirc dp giao tie'p ciing phu thudc rdt ydu vao dc5i tuong giao tie'p la ngucyi

Nhung s6' lieu dua ra a phdn dudi duac trfch dan tir TL 8

CO the tham khao chi tiei trong Bang 11-5 trang 73

than hay ban cimg noi d Cu the la d kf tiic xa cd 51,8% sinh vien thucmg xuyen

giao ti^p, d nha trp cd 53,2% va d cimg gia dinh cd 58,5% Dp lech lieu chudn

gifia noi d cua muc dp giao tidp la s = 3,5

Bidu dd III-2 Mufc dp giao tiep hang ngay cua sinh vien theo khc^a va gicii tfnh

D B « o c h i 2

a Rinh If 2 DDbichat 2

Bidu 66 III-3 Humg thii giao tie'p ciia sinh vien theo khoa va gicii tfnh

Trcmg toan bd sd sinh vien tham gia didu tra chi cd hai sinh vien thay minh

bj bat budc phai giao tidp Ca hai ciing hpc Van hpc 2, mdt d kf liic xa, mdl d nha

trp tu nhan Lf do neu trong phdn tra ldi md la khdng thfch xen vao chuyen ngudi

khac va ddng thdi khdng thfch ngudi khac xen vao chuyen cua minh

Cd 36,9% sinh vien thay hiing thii khi giao tiep Sir hiing thii trcmg giao

tiep cung phu thuc)c yeu vao dd'i tuong giao liep la ngucyi than hay ban ciing noi

d: sd sinh vien d kf uic xa thdy hiJng thii la 34,9%, sinh vien d nha trp la 38,3 %

va sinh vien d cung gia dinh, hp hang la 40,5%

Didu ndi bat la mirc do va hung thii giao tidp phu thudc vao gidi tfnh Cd

55,7% nir sinh vien cho rdng minh Ihudng xuyen giao tiep trong khi a m sd luc^g

ling d nam sinh vien la 49,3%; 40,6% nir sinh vien cd hirng lhu giao tiep, con sd

tucmg img d nam sinh vien la 28,7% Mirc dp va hiing thii giao tie'p ciia nii sinh

vien kha la cao va kha ddng ddu theo khoa trcmg khi mirc dp vd hiing lhu giao

liep a nam sinh vien lai rdt khac biet theo nganh hex

in.2,3* Doi tuong giao tiep chinh, thudng xuyen

Khi thanh nien sinh vien nhap hpc, thucmg xay ra viec chuydn ddi dd'i tuong giao tie'p Sinh vien ngoai tinh vdn giir quan he vdi ngudi than trong gia

dinh thdng qua dien thoai, lhu tir Nhung dd'i vdi ban ciing trudng phd thdng,

ciing que thi hp giam giao tiep Sir giam giao tiep nay thd hien d viec thu hep sd ludng ddi tuong giao liep, giam sd ldn gap gd cung nhu giam trao ddi thdng tin vdi ban thdn Ngay ca nhiing thanh nien sinh vien duoc hpc gdn nha cung gidm giao tie'p vdi hdu het cac ban cimg trucmg phd thdng do khdng cdn nhimg hoat ddng chung va khdng dii thai gian cung nhu hiing thii dd duy tri quan he Dcmg thdi, sinh vien mdrdng va tim kidm nhutig quan he giao tiep mcii

Ddi tuong giao tie'p trong giai doan ndy ciia sinh vien chii yeu la ban cimg hex;, ban cilng nOi d trp, ban ddng huong, thdy cd giao Nhirng quan he quen biet tlnh cd chie'm mdt ti trpng khc^ng dang kd do phdn Ic'm thcri gian sinh vien danh cho viec hc>c tap, thcyi gian danh cho sinh hoat thucmg ngay cting bi han che

IIL2.3.1, Giao tiip v&i thdy cd gido

Gap gd vcri thdy cd giao la viec thucmg xuyen nhat va ed ti trcmg Urn nhat

vd thcVi gian do sinh vien phai hc)c tap hang ngay Tuy nhien, giao tiep khdng chfnh thiic vdi thdy cd cd li trpng va vai trd khdng dang ke

Bao cao khoa hoc cua sinh vien^ cho th^'y 34% sinh vien nam thur nhat va nam thur hai cho rtog minh giao tie'p vdi giang vien mot I^n irong mot tuan, 22% cho r^ng ch^ng co vice gi de' gap giang vien Thdi luong cho m6i lan g^p go thuc:mg la 10 phiJt vao gicy nghi giai lao giiia cac tiet hoc Noi dung giao tiep la hoc lap (56%) va nghe nghiep sau nay (20%')- Nhirng trao d6i ve quan niem sdng chie'm 5%, thdi sir xa hoi 6%, sinh hoat doi thirctng 2%, van hoa the ihao 1% va khc')ng trao d6i v^ nhumg t^m tu, tmh cam tham kin

Tinh hinh ddi vdi sinh vien nhirng nam tren cung khdng sang sua hon mac

du ca hpi giao tie'p cua hp nhidu hcyn do sinh vien lam bao cao khoa hpc va khoa

luan Khi lam bao cao khoa hpc vd khoa luan, sinh vien trao ddi vcii thdy hucing

ddn khoang 2 ldn trong mdl tudn vai thdi lucmg tir 10 de'n 45 phiit Npi dung chii

yeu ciia giao lidp giira thdy va trd lien quan den de tai nghien cuu^ lire la giao tiep cua sinh vien vcii thdy cd mang tfnh chinh thirc Il khi sinh vien tam sir vcii thdy cd hucmg ddn nhirng vdn dd rieng tu

Cd thd thdy giao tie'p khcmg chinh thue vdi thdy cd hdu nhu khdng lac dpng de'n sir phdt tridn ki nang giao liep ciing nhu su phdt tridn va hoan thien nhan each

' trich sd heu cua TL 33, TL 34

' trich sd lieu ciia TL 9

111.2,3,2, Giao tiip v&i ngu&i thdn

Giao tie'p vdi ngudi than trong gia dinh ed vai trd quan trpng ddi vcii phan Icin sinh vien Trcmg dd tai nay chiing tdi xem xet quan he giao tiep cua sinh vien

vcA nhung ngudi than gdm bd, me, anh chj em ruc)t, cd, di, chii, bac, anh chj em

hp, cmg ba npi ngoai

Giao tiep vdi ngudi than trcmg gia dinh ddi vc'yi sinh vien hpc xa nha didn ra khc'ing thudng xuyen Cd le nc)i dung giao tiep chii yeu la tam su va ft khi tam sir nay lai cd tfnh thcyi sir Ngucyi than la dd'i tucmg chia se tam sir vui budn dcM vc'yi mc)l sd sinh vien nhung cung ed nhirng sinh vien khcmg mudn tam sir ciing ngucri than Viec chpn ngUcri than dd tam sir khdng phu thude vao thanh phdn gia dinh Gicii tfnh ciia sinh vien tac ddng rdt yeu len viec lua chpn nay Sinh vien ca nam ldn nii ihudng uu lien chcm me la dd'i tucmg tam sir, dng ba la ddi tucmg thii hai sau me

Bidu dd III-4 Ddi tUOng chia se tam sir vui budn trong gia dinh (%)

Theo npi dung nhirng cau tra ldi md do sinh vien tu didn If do de sinh vien chpn ngucri than la ddi tuong chia se vui budn cd the phan thanh nhung loai ehfnh sau day

• Tin tucmg vao ngucri than (tin tudng vi lucm giiip dd, cd nhieu kinh

nghiem scmg hon, cho ldi khuyen bd fch, giiip nhin nhan van 66 diing

ddn, chan thanh, quan lam de'n minh, la chd dua vimg chdc)

• Ngudi than hidu duoc minh (hieu, ldng nghe, chia se, hop, thdng cam)

• Mucin xay dung quan he linh cam (mudn ngudi than biet hp quan trcmg ddi vdd minh, cam thay duoc chia se, tao quan he tin tudng, gdn gui va than thie't, thd hien mdi quan he hai hod trong gia dinh)

• Tu khang djnh minh (cam thdy minh cd fch)

• Giai toa tam sir (cam thdy thanh than hon, hanh phiic hon)

• Bdc Id cam xiic ( dd bde Id cam xiic, ndi khdng cdn ddn do)

• Tri giac ngudi than (mudn biet nhan sinh quan cua ngudi than va nang lire tuduy cua hp)

Cung theo nhiing cau tra ldi md tu didn, If do dd sinh vien khdng chpn ngucri than dd tam su nhu sau:

• Bd me khdng cd thdi gian hoac cd qua fl co hdi gdn gui ngudi than

• Bd me khdng cd thdi quen tam sir hoac khdng biet each tam sir vc'ri con

• Ngudi trcmg gia dinh hay bat ddng y kien va dp dat quan didm, giai phap

• Gia dinh khdng hidu minh, each nghi khac minh, ed the hieu Idm, lam nay sinh rdc rdi, anh hudng tcii ban than khi tam sir vc'ri bd me

• Gia dinh khdng biel each va khdng giir duoc bf mat

• Khdng mucm lam ngudi trong gia dinh lo ldng

111.2.3.3, Giao tiip v&i bqn

Giao lie'p vcii ban chiem vai trd chii dao trcmg giao tiep thucmg nhat eua

sinh vien Khai niem ban trong 66 lai nay bao gdm ban hpc ciing phd thdng va

dai hc)c, ngucri d ciing kf tiic xa, eiing nha trp hoac ban ddng hucmg

%

mh

80 60-

Ban Ngi/m than

Bidu 66 111-5 So sanh li trpng chia se tam sir vcii ban va vc'ri ngucri than theo ncri d

Bidu dd 111-5 cho thay sinh vien thfch tam sir vcii ban hon vcii ngucri than Ngay cd nhirng sinh vien d cimg gia dinh cung thfch chpn ban de tam sir hon Theo cau tra ldi md do sinh vien tu didn, hien tucmg nay cd nguyen nhan la:

• Ban cimg tudi, ciing tam sinh If, cung mdi trudng sdng, chung sd thfch, each sfmg nen dd ddng cam, dd ndi chuyen, hidu minh hon bd me

• Cam thdy gdn gui, thoai mai vcii ban, khdng bj rdy la nhu vcii bd me

• Tin tucmg ban

• Ban ludn ldng nghe, chia se va giiip dd

• Ban scmg gdn minh

• Ban tcm trpng minh

• Ban biet giu bf mat

• Ldi khuyen ciia ban bd fch, phii hcyp va khdng bdt buc)e phai nghe theo

Cd thd thdy ti trpng sinh vien d nha trp thfch tam su vdi ban hcri eao hem ti trpng nrong umg ddi vdi sinh vien d ciing gia dinh va ciing kf uic xa Didu nay cd

le do ban cimg trp tuong hprp hon vd mat tam If (hop nhau nen rii nhau ciing chung budng trp) va cung d nen khi burc xiic cd thd tam su ngay

in.3 fiONG CO, NHU CAU VA SU THOA MAN NHU CAU GIAO TIEP CUA SINH VlftN

III.3,L Dong CO giao tiep cua sinh vien

Ddng CO giao tiep cua sinh vien rat da dang Trong phieu dieu tra, tac gia dua ra bcm phucmg an chc.m cho ddng ccy giao tiep la:

• Thfch ndi chuyen vcii ngudi khae

• Thfch nghe ngucri khac nc'ri

• Thfch bc)c Id ban than

• Thfch tham khao hoac hdi y kien ngucri khae trcmg mot sd van de

Ngoai ra cdn cd hai phuang an chpn dci'i vc'ri ddng cof ft giao ticp la:

• Khdng thfch bdc Id ban than

• Khdng thfch ngucri khac xen vao chuyen rieng eiia minh

Ducri nhirng phucmg an chcm tae gia danh chd eho phucmg an trd Icri md Ket qua didu tra ducyc trinh bay cy cae Bidu dd II1-6,

Bidu dd III-7 va Bidu do III-8

Nur Dia chat 2 NiJrKJnh te 2 Nuf Kinh te 3 Niif Q u a a li 3 '•'"*"^Srn^'Na Van hoc 2

NCf Bao chi 2 NiJf Bao chi 3

Thich n6i ThJch tham khao Thich n^he Thich boc 16

Bidu do III-6 Phan bo tan so dgng co giao tiep cila nil sinh vien theo khoa Nhin tren bieu do co the' tha'y nfr sinh vien thfch noi, thfch tham khao hem nam Con nam sinh vien thfch nghe hern nfl Dua tren bidu do co the thay sir phan

bo tan s6' cac dgng ca cV nu sinh vien co qui luat chung Tfnh qui luat nay thd hien

khong ro rang a nam sinh vien

T T

Thich noi Thich tham khao Thich nghe

Nam Cong nghe 3 Nam Dia c h i t 2

"'^^'f^^'Nam Kinh td 2 Nam Bao chi 2

Bidu do 1II-8 Phan bd tdn so ddng co giao tiep eiia sinh vien theo noi d

Dp lech lieu chuan (standard deviation) ciia eae ddng co nay kha km theo

khoa va theo gidfi tfnh nhung khcmg rd ret theo noi a Vi vay ed the ket luan rdng

nhu cdu ndi, nghe, bdc Id ban than, tham khao y kien ngudi khac la nhu cdudac trung cua sinh vien, khdng phu ihudc vao ddi tuong giao lie'p

Bang lll-l Dp lech lieu chudn ciia cac ddng co

Do lech tieu chua'n

Theo khoa doi vc'Ji nir

Theo khoa doi vdi nam

Theo nofi 0 tro

Thfch noi 3.8

14.9 0.26

Thfch nghe 23.7

13.3 3.28

Thfch b<3c lo 10.1

6.9 2.16

Thfch tham khao 35.9

28.0

; 1.53

Theo sd lieu xir If cac cau trd Idi ma\ ngoai bdn ddng co do tae gia dua ra

cdn cd cac ddng co khac (do sinh vien tu didn vao phieu dieu tra) Cd thd phan loai ddng co giao tiep do sinh vien tu neu ra thanh nhifng nhdm sau:

• Nhdm giai trf

EX^ sinh vien tu dien trong cau tra lcyi ma

• Nhdm thoa man nhu cdu tinh cam (dd budn, vui ve, tim thoai mai va thfch thii, giai toa iam su khd chiu, san se tarn su)

• Nhdm the hien ban than (the hien quan didm)

• Nhdm tham khdo y kien (vd nhiing tinh hudng, vdn dd phai giai quyel)

• Nhdm tao dung quan he (ket ban, hidu nhifng ngudi than hon, dd mpi ngudi hidu minh hon)

• Nhdm nang cao kien thiic xa hdi (hc}c hdi kinh nghiem sdng, hpc each nhin nhan vdn dd chfnh xae va khach quan hon)

• Nham nang cao nang lire (nang luc giao tie'p)

• Nhdm hoan thien nhan each (kT nang giao liep, kl nang ldng nghe, ihuyet trinh mdl vdn de, hpc hdi uu didm, han ehe ung xir khcmg hay, lao phcmg cdch giao liep nang ddng va thoai mdi)

Trong sinh vien cung cd mdl sd rdt ft khdng thfch bde Id ban than va khdng mudn ngucri khac chia se tam sir vui budn (Xem Bieu dd II1-9 va Bidu dd 111-10)