A critical discourse analysis of President Trump’s Speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit on May,21st, 2017

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby certify that the thesis entitled ― A critical discourse analysis of President Trump‘s speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit on May, 21st, 2017‖ i



NGUYEN THI THU KHANH

TRUMP’S SPEECH TO THE ARAB ISLAMIC AMERICAN



NGUYEN THI THU KHANH

TRUMP’S SPEECH TO THE ARAB ISLAMIC AMERICAN

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby certify that the thesis entitled ― A critical discourse analysis of President Trump‘s speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit on May, 21st, 2017‖ is my own study in the fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts at Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It would not have been possible to complete this thesis without the kind supports and helps of many people

First and foremost, I express the greatest gratitude to my enthusiastic supervisor,

Prof Nguyen Hoa, for his guidance and constant supervision as well as providing

necessary information regarding the study in the completion of this thesis

My high appreciation also goes to all my lecturers and officers from Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, who facilitated in the most possible way during my whole course of studying

I have made efforts in this thesis I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and sincerest thanks to all of them

Finally, I wish to say sincerest thanks to my family and friends who have encouraged and assisted me during the process of my writing this paper

Hanoi, March, 2018 Nguyen Thi Thu Khanh

TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1

1 Rationale of the study 1

2 Aims of the study 2

3 Scope of the study 3

4 The significance of thesis 3

5 Methodology of the study 4

6 Background of the data 4

7 Structure of the study 5

PART II: DEVELOPMENT 7

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

1 Definition of key terms 7

1.1 What is discourse? 7

1.1.1 Discourse 7

1.1.2 Political discourse 8

1.2 What is CDA? 8

1.3 Power in language 10

1.4 Language and ideology 11

2 The review of previous researches 12

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 14

2.1 Data 14

2.2 Procedure 14

2.2.1 Fairclough‘s analytical framework 14

2.2.1.1 Description 15

2.2.1.2 Interpretation 17

2.2.1.3 Explanation 17

2.2.2 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and its roles in CDA 18

2.2.2.1.Ideational Function 19

2.2.2.2 Interpersonal Function 20

2.2.2.3 Textual Function 20

2.2.2.4 Thematic system 20

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 22

3.1 Text (Description) 22

3.1.1 The structure of the text 22

3.1.2 Vocabulary 26

3.1.2.1 Experiential value of words 26

3.1.2.2 The relational value of words 29

3.1.2.3 The expressive value of words 30

3.1.2.4 Metaphors 31

3.1.3 Grammar 32

3.1.3.1 The use of personal pronouns ‗I‘, ‗we‘ and ‗you‘ 32

3.1.3.2 Passive/active Voice 34

3.1.3.3 Mode of sentences 34

3.1.3.4 Modality 35

3.1.3.5 Connective value of text 37

3.1.3.6 Transitivity system (process and participants) 38

3.1.4 Textual analysis 40

3.2 Interpretation(Interaction) 41

3.2.1 Situational context 41

3.2.2 Speech acts 42

3.2.3 Inter-textual context and presupposition 44

3.3 Explanation (Context) 44

PART III: CONCLUSION 46

1) Summary and conclusion 46

2) Limitation of the study 48

3) Suggestions for further study 48

REFERENCES 49

APPENDIXES 50

Appendix 1 50

President Trump‘s Speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit 50

Appendix 2: Content Analysis 60

Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis in detail 68

Appendix 4: Speech act analysis 75

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ABSTRACT

In my study, I employ Fairclough‘s theoretical framework and Halliday‘s Systemic Functional Grammar to analyze a case study which is a political speech named

―President Trump‘s Speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit‖ The study aims

at deciphering the relationship between language, ideologies and power behind the discourse To fulfill above mentioned purposes, the linguistic strategies are analyzed to see how the ideologies of speech are constructed The result after analyzing this discourse draws out the major findings that language is not only shaped by the society around it, but an effective tool to convey ideas and at the same time affects the thinking of the hearers and the society Language constructs one‘s themes or ideologies By analyzing this case study, it can be seen that Trump has flexibly used his linguistic strategies to get his opinions across and persuade the audience to action according to his policies

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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure1 The Three-Dimensional view of discourse [adapted from Fairclough, Norman 1992 Discourse and Social Change (Page 93, Figure 5-2) Cambridge:

Polity Press] 15

Figure 2: Explaination ( Fairclough, 2001:136) 18

Table 1:The distribution of ‗I‘, ‗we‘, and ‗you‘ 32

Table 2: Distribution of modal verbs 36

Table 3: Summary of Process types 38

Table 4:Transitivity analysis of the speech 38

Table 5: The distribution of speech act 42

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CDA Critical Discourse Analysis

PDA Political Discourse Analysis

CL Critical linguistics

SFG Systematic Functional Grammar

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PART I: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale of the study

Language plays an important role in our lives We use language to communicate with each other and to express our attitudes to the world around us In other words, language is a communicative tool through which we convey our messages and ideas with one another We can communicate effectively by using our words, gestures and tone of voice in a variety of situations Therefore, language is the voice of each person and through using language, the ideas and power of speaker are revealed The addresses of political leaders are convincing evidences for the relationship between the thoughts, language and power

Politicians usually use their own linguistic strategies to make well-prepared and persuasive speeches Additionally, oratorical skill is one of the most effective tools

to convey messages to audiences with the aim of persuading the public to accept and support the policies mentioned in speech The language analysts often choose talks of powerful figures as the object of their enquiry The speeches of the presidents of the United States always receive the attention from linguistic researchers, critics and the mass media Remarkably, there are quite a lot studies on the addresses of the President Obama President Donald Trump is no exception However, Donald Trump is paid more attention to by the world press more because

he has backgrounds as a billionaire and excellent businessman not a politician with

a profound view and distinctive style President Trump‘s Speech to the Arab Islamic American Summit is a convincing proof of that The speech was made on May,21st ,

2017 It is a new step of President Donald Trump about diplomatic strategy between the United States and the world and he calls to fight extremists and terrorism at Middle East and Arab Islamic countries at the same time Besides, this speech also marks his first foreign visit Therefore, I am not an exception among people who pay much attention to the speech That is the reason why I choose his speech for my thesis

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To analyze the speech, I employ Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach views language as a form of social practice Through CDA, the relationship between language, power and ideology can be revealed Therefore, analyzing President Donald Trump‘s speech in the view of CDA can reveal the persuasive strategies he used and decipher ideological traits typical for Donald Trump in his address

2 Aims of the study

The inclination of CDA is usually towards public speech such as advertisement, newspaper, political, official documents, laws and regulations The aim of employing CDA to analyze such speeches is to explore the relationships between language, ideology and power The talks or addresses of political figures are always rich sources for linguists to exploit, due to the fact that each character has individual features in applying his or her language expressions as well as intention in speech in order to persuade the hearers The study of presidential addresses has not only attracted the attention of linguists, but also attracted the interests of political scientists and historians Especially, the heads of the White House always receive the concern of world press right after inauguration After Barack Obama, this year, President Donald Trump has caught the attention of the world again Thus, this study aims at examining the persuasive strategies of President Donald Trump‘s public speaking Besides, the study highlights the stylistic techniques employed by Donald Trump in formal speeches and attempts to reveal main ideologies which exist in the speech under investigation In short, there are three main objectives the study needs to make it clear: employing the principles of CDA to find out persuasive strategies as well as how Donald Trump convinces audiences to believe

in his ideas and solutions, revealing ideologies used in the speech and the relationship between language and ideology

To serve the aim of the study as mentioned, the study necessarily targets the answers to the following questions:

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 What are Donald Trump‘s themes/ideologies in his speech?

 How are his themes/ideologies represented linguistically?

3 Scope of the study

The analysis of Donald Trump‘s speech is limited to the verbal aspects because this study only focuses on the text of the speech Thus, some limitations about extra linguistic factors such as facial expression, eyes contact, etc are not taken into consideration although they are quite important in the discourse analysis Additionally, the address mainly makes closer connection between countries, hence, there are no political arguments like debating speeches for election Besides, this study is only confined to analyzing the chosen speech from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective

4 The significance of thesis

 The theoretical significance

The application of CDA theory to analyzing speeches of figures who have influence

in political field, especially presidents as well as politicians of the United State is not a quite new direction, however, finding linguistic strategies and ideologies of each person still attracts much attention because each person has a distinctive style

of language Based on the current theory of CDA, I analyze this speech with the aim

of finding out the relationship between language, ideology and power hidden in the speech Through that, this thesis gives suggestions for the next study orientations about analyzing addresses of famous figures in the political field in particular and addresses in other fields in general

 The practical significance

In CDA approach, it is hoped that this thesis finds out the mainlinguistic strategies Donald Trump used to persuade audiences and his ideology in speeches, which leads to understanding of President Trump and the difference in style of predecessors and President Trump In addition, the results of this study also

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contribute to the effectiveness and feasibility of analyzing political discourse applied in reality and raise awareness of how language is used to construct ideologies and power

5 Methodology of the study

The study uses the analytical framework including three stages of CDA It is proposed by Fairclough In fact, these stages are reflected in the ―three dimensional method of discourse analysis‖, introduced by Fairclough (1995), namely:

1) Description stage, which is related to the formal properties of the text

2) Interpretation stage, which is concerned with the relationship between texts and interaction

3) Explanation stage, which is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context

The study also uses Systemic Functional Grammar of Halliday which includes the ideational function, the interpersonal function and the textual function to analyze grammar as well as words in the speech, which leads to revealing the linguistic strategies employed in the address

6 Background of the data

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States He has become a president of America since January 20, 2017 Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality Trump had long expressed interest in politics He took part in the presidential race in 2016

as a representative of the Republican party and defeated sixteen opponents in this battle Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016 against Hillary Clinton, a candidate of the Democratic party He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency

The speech marks a confused stage of Donald Trump, when he gets stuck in the criticism and observation of America press According to CNN, this trip has been

of terrorism in order to bring peace, security and prosperity for the nations as well

as the world He also emphasizes the barbaric results and unspeakable horror the innocent victims have endured In sheer numbers, the deadliest toll has been exacted on the innocent people of Arab, Muslim and Middle Eastern nations The Middle East, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates, which are potential lands about developing tourism and cradle of civilization, are facing with the threatening of the extremism and terrorism Hence, through this speech, Donald Trump wants to convey diplomatic message and hopes countries in the summit to join strategies to fight the extremism and terrorism with the purpose of bringing peace, security and prosperity in the whole world in general

7 Structure of the study

 Part I: Introduction, including:

A brief introduction of the study includes the rationale, significance, scope, methodology, the objectives of the study with two research questions and background of the data

 Part II: Development

The Development part comprises three chapters:

Chapter 1 named “Literature Review‖ provides the development process of

critical discourse analysis and important features of its theory as well

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Chapter 2 entitled “Methodology‖ shows clearly the analytical framework of the

study I employ Fairclough‘s approach and Systemic Functional Grammar of Halliday to analyze the speech

Chapter 3 labeled “Findings and Discussion” discusses the ideologies of Donald

Trump hidden in the speech, the linguistic strategies he uses as well as the link between language , power and ideology in the speech

 Part III: Conclusion

The conclusion part is to summarize the findings after analyzing the data, make conclusion of the study and give suggestions for the further study

1 Definition of key terms

Discourse is language viewed in a certain way, as a part of the social process which

is related to other parts In other words, discourse is language in its relations with

other elements in the social process In Language and Power, Fairclough has mentioned ―discourse as social practice‖ Discourse is a general term, a unit of

language, a speech or any expression of thoughts in a text Discourse could be any piece of material that conveys a massage to others or any talks that have interaction with other people as well as society Hence, discourse analysis is analyzing interaction occurring in the context and interaction of process between writers or producers and readers or listeners by using resource And these interactions are taken into consideration under social context

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1.1.2 Political discourse

According to Wikipedia, political discourse analysis is a field of discourse analysis which focuses on discourse in political forums (such as debates, speeches, and

hearing) as the phenomenon of interest

As indicated by Van Dijk (1998), PDA focuses on the analysis of ―political discourse‖ Critical-political discourse analysis deals especially with the reproduction of political power, power abuse, or domination through political discourse

According to both Fairclough‘s (1995) and Van Dijk‘s (1993), such an analysis deals with the discursive conditions and consequences of social and political inequality that result from such domination

As such, in political discourse, the content concentrates on political aspect, therefore, bias usually exists and may have negative or positive impacts on the thinking of the hearer

1.2 What is CDA?

Before Critical Discourse Analysis becomes popular, it has been known as Critical Linguistic (CL) Critical Linguistic has emerged since the late 1970s, which was developed by a group of scholars working at University of East Anglia (Fowler et al., 1979, Kress & Hodge, 1979) Their standpoint about discourse is that there always exist ideologies of writers hidden in texts and they aim at showing how ideology and ideological process are deciphered from the producers and the listeners, by giving a means of analysis on critical linguistic based on Halliday‗s systematic functional linguistics Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has appeared

when the work Language and Control was published and CDA has been used in the

broad way by linguists as well as scholars However, the views of CDA are a little bit different for each linguist, so this study just focuses on the view of famous scholars in this field

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As for Van Dijk(1998), CDA makes a connection between the textual analysis of language and the social practice analysis It stresses explaining the cause of discourse from the aspect of social structure and analyzes hidden power behind language The power of the speaker is indicated through language in which they assist each other to bring the effectiveness of utterance The user of language does not function in isolation, but in a set of cultural, social and psychological frameworks Therefore, ―critical‖ here is not ―judgmental‖ as many people have ever thought The one element which makes CDA different from other forms of discourse lies in the attribute of ―critical‖ ―Critical‖ in CDA implies exploring the links between textual structures and their function in interaction within society Or according to Nguyen Hoa (2006), ―critical‖ can be made sense that each analyst has

to his own view when analyzing the discourse and always has desire to make a social change by analyzing social relationship hidden in the discourse

The relatedness between textual structure and social functions in discourse is quite complex, thus it is usually opaque And the duty of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is making clear this problem Fairclough (1993: 135) in his definition

perceives CDA as ―discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore often opaque relationships of causality and determination between (a) discursive practice, events and texts, and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes; to investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relations of power and struggles over power; and to explore how the opacity of these relationships between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and hegemony‖

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Fairclough and Wodak (1997: 271-280) summarize the main tenets of CDA as

follows:

1 CDA addresses social problems

2 Power relations are discursive

3 Discourse constitutes society and culture

4 Discourse does ideological work

5 Discourse is historical

6 The link between text and society is mediated

7 Discourse analysis is interpretive and explanatory

8 Discourse is a form of social action

Van Dijk (2008) states that CDA should always include all dimensions of:

―…Discourse, Cognition and Society – and when possible also a Historical and Cultural dimension…‖ In addition to this, Wodak argues that the concept of power

and ideology must always figure in CDA (Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 3) This implies that there are central terms which have to be included in a critical discourse analysis In order to account for these, it is necessary to consider the key elements

of CDA in the following

1.3 Power in language

According to Wodak (Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 10): ―…language is not powerful

on its own…‖.That is to say, what gives it power is the way it is used by powerful

people In other words, people with power can help language gain power through their use of it Because CDA has a special focus on social change, the concept of power is in this theoretical framework closely related to dominance This is

illustrated by van Dijk‘s definition of dominance as seen below: ―The exercise of social power by elites, institutions or groups that result in social inequality, including political, cultural, class, ethnic, racial and gender inequality.‖ (Van Dijk

1993: 249f) So, according to Van Dijk, power involves control by groups or institutions These groups may constrain or limit the freedom of other groups by

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powerful actions And to enforcing action, they use language with choice to convey action as well as commands to others Therefore, language and power has an intertwined relation

Language is closely concerned with social power in many ways Power is embedded

in language and is expressed by language Moreover, language provides an effective tool to presenting power Furthermore, CDA is concerned with how language is used to create power in text

1.4 Language and ideology

For CDA, ideology is almost the essential concept in the study Critical linguists provide a neutral interpretation of ideology in the research of CDA

Fairclough (1992) defines ―ideology‖ as ―significations generated within power relations as a dimension of the exercise of power and struggle over power‖ Fowler (1991) defines it as ―the sum of the ways in which people think, say and interact with the society"

Fairclough and Wodak, however, take another approach when defining ideology:

―Ideologies are particular ways of representing and constructing society which reproduce unequal relations of power, relations of domination and exploitation.‖With this definition, Fairclough and Wodak maintain the view on

ideology as a tool for domination or ideology is in service of power

Van Dijk (1998) argues that ideologies are the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs which are shared by the members of groups, organizations, or other social

collectives of people He also thinks that: ―ideologies as systems that are at the basis of the socio-political cognitions of groups.‖(Van Dijk,1995:138) Ideologies

are, according to Van Dijk, made up of the social norms and values that exist within the culture the group belongs to, and selected to optimize the realization of the group‘s goals The cognitive functions of ideologies lie in the way they organize, monitor and control specific group attitudes Possibly, ideologies also control the

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development, structure and application of socio-cultural knowledge

As such, ideology influences the way one constructs society It impacts on language, thereby discourse And language is as an effective tool in order to express ideologies after being deciphered

2 The review of previous researches

There were few studies in critical discourse analysis which focus specifically on

presidential speeches Junling Wang (2010) has conducted a study on CDA: ―A critical discourse analysis of Barack Obama‘s speeches‖ This research was based

on the theoretical framework of Fairclough and Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL), but Wang focused on analyzing the speeches of Obama from the point of transitivity and modality The result of the study has showed: first, Obama has used more simple words and short sentences instead of difficult ones, second, from the transitivity analysis of speeches, the material process, a process of doing has been used most in his speeches to show what the government has been gained and what they would do, third, modality refers to a speaker‘s attitudes towards or opinion about the truth of a proposition expressed by a sentence The study of Wang and the present study have similar things which are using the framework of Faiclough and Halliday but they differ on the subject or speaker The Wang‘s study focuses on speeches of Barack Obama, meanwhile, this study chooses the speech of Donald Trump

Another CDA study entitled: ―A critical discourse analysis of Obama‘s speech on Bin Laden‘s death‖ published on the website https://www.academia.edu The study has focused on grammatical features The result of the study as follow: first, the high percentage of pronoun ―WE‖ in the speech did help shorten the distance between him and the audience Second, from transitivity analysis, material process,

a process of doing has been used most in his speech Third, modality also did refer the attitude of the speaker, and make the audience more easily to understand and accept his political speeches

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The purpose of one other CDA study conducted by Fawwaz Haq and Nazek Sleibi (2015) was to determine the main linguistic strategies that King Abdullah II uses in his speeches The researchers selected three speeches to be the data of the study These speeches was based on the principles of CDA and analyzed according

Al-to four persuasive strategies: creativity, reference, circumlocution and intertextuality The findings of the study have shown that King Abdullah II employs these strategies to deliver his messages in the effective way The researchers have recommended applying other strategies of political discourse analysis to King Abdullah's speeches: indirectness, euphemism, disclaimers, etc

Additionally, a recent study conducted by Teresa Autida-van der Zee (2013),

entitled―A critical discourse analysis of the speeches of President Benigno S Aquino III‖ The speeches of the study have been analyzed on the transitivity and

modality meta-functions of Halliday The finding of the study has revealed that the over-all structure of the speeches has used linguistic units which express determination, willingness, and intention of the speaker The discourse features in term of transitivity and modality did reveal the attitude and opinion expressed by sentences

As can be seen, previous studies almost have gained the aims which have figured out Besides, the application of CDA in analyzing the text is feasible to reveal the intention of the authors or speakers in their speeches However, these studies have only focused on some aspects of linguistic units Therefore, this study will analyze linguistic units to see the ideas President Donald Trump puts in his address

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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

The present research is conducted within Fairclough‘s three-dimensional framework

to analyze at three stages: description, interpretation, explanation At the first two stages, Halliday's systemic-functional grammar is employed as an analytical device

to indicate the linguistic choices of text At the third stage, the text will be looked at through the link with social context which it is produced As such, in this part, it is useful to bring an overview about these theories

2.1 Data

Data, as mentioned in the previous part, is the address delivered by President Trump

in the Arab Islamic American Summit and is retrieved from the website:

2.2.1 Fairclough’s analytical framework

Fairclough is considered to have contributed to the field of CDA most significantly

He also was the first to create the theoretical framework, which provided guidelines for CDA research Fairclough developed his three-dimensional framework Fairclough‘s analytical framework is chosen in this study as one of the most comprehensive ones In his model, ―discourse involves social conditions, which can

be specified as socialcondition of production and social conditions of interpretation‖ (Fairclough,2015:57) So, according to Faiclough(2015), in seeing

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language as discourse and as social practice, discourse is analyzed in the relationship between texts, processes and their social conditions or the relationship

between texts, interactions and contexts: text (description: formal prosperities of the

text), interaction (interpretation: relationship between text and interaction), and context (explanation: social determination of the processes of production and interpretation and their social effects) These three dimensions will be made clear through three stages of CDA including: description, interpretation and explanation

We can see this following figure:

Social conditions of production Process of production

Text Process of interpretation Interaction

Social conditions of interpretation Context

Figure1 Discourse as text, interaction and context (Fairclough,2015:58) 2.2.1.1 Description

For Fairclough (2015), "description is the stage which is concerned with formal properties of text‖ In this description stage, analysis of text involves linguistic analysis in terms of vocabulary, grammar, semantics, the sound system, and cohesion-organization above the sentence level (Fairclough: 1995b) The section of vocabulary mainly deals with the choice of different words; grammar is about the

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grammatical features, which has a close relation with Halliday's systemic-functional grammar whereas the textual structures part concerns the whole structures of the discourse

Fairclough gives ten main questions in this stage:

A Vocabulary:

1 What experiential values do words have?

- What classification schemes are drawn upon?

- Are there words which are ideologically contested?

- Is there rewording or overwording?

- What ideologically significant meaning relations (synonym, hyponym, antonym) are there between words?

2 What relational values do words have?

- Are there euphemistic expressions?

- Are there markedly formal or informal words?

3 What expressive values do words have?

4 What metaphors are used?

B Grammar:

5 What experiential values do grammatical features have?

- What types of process and participant predominate?

- Is agency unclear?

- Are processes what they seem?

- Are nominalizations, active/ passive sentences, and positive/ negative sentences used?

6 What relational values do grammatical features have?

- What modes (declarative, grammatical question, imperative) are used?

- Are there important features of relational modality?

- Are the pronouns ―we‗‘ and ―you‗‘ used? And if so, how?

7 What expressive values do grammatical features have?

- Are there important features of expressive modality?

8 How are sentences linked together?

- What logical connectors are used?

- Are complex sentences characterized by coordination or subordination?

- What means are used for referring inside and outside the text?

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C Textual Structure:

9 What interactional convention are used?

- Are there ways in which one participant controls the turns of others?

10 What larger scale structures does the text have?

(Fairclough, 2001: 92,93)

2.2.1.2 Interpretation

In this stage, the relationship between text and interaction need to be identified Fairclough (2015) says "interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and interaction with seeing the text as the product of a process of production, and as recourse in the process of interpretation" As such the process of the producer and the consumer will be encoded through the tool being text The analytical focus of this stage is discourse practice This dimension

includes:institutional process (e.g editorial procedures), and discourse processes (changes the text go through in production and consumption) Discourse processes,

however, can be best explained through discussing a core concept in his approach:

intertextuality

―Inter-textual analysis focuses on the borderline between text and discourse practice in the analytical framework Inter-textual analysis is looking at text from the perspective of discourse practice, looking at the traces of the discourse practice

in the text.‖ (Fairclough, 1995b)

So, discourse is not only viewed as linguistic aspect but also as discursive practice And the exploration of how people produce and interpret the new discourse will be deciphered in this interpretive stage

2.2.1.3 Explanation

According to Fairclough (2015), "explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context with the social determination of the process of production and interpretation, and their social effects" That is, in this stage, the analysis focuses on explaining the effects of social and cultural contexts in discourse

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In addition, two dimensions which are focused in this stage are the social effects of discourse and the social determinants of discourse through three levels of social organizations: Societal, Institutional, and Situational as follows:

Figure 2: Explaination ( Fairclough, 2015:173)

In short, this study chooses Fairclough‘s analytical framework including three stages: description, interpretation and explanation as the best suitable one Additionally, this mode also based on the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) of Halliday is taken into consideration in the next part

2.2.2 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) and its roles in CDA

M.A.K Halliday‘s Systemic Functional Grammar is usually considered the main foundation of Fairclough‘s Critical Discourse Analysis as well as other theories in

pragmatics Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar are two main parts in this framework Hu Zhuanglin (1988:307) stated: ―Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network, or meaning potential And this network consists of subsystems from which language users make choices Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction, based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve‖

For Halliday, the procedure of stylistic analysis can be divided into three logically ordered phrases: Analysis, Interpretation and Evaluation The limitless practical functions can be generalized into a set of highly coded and abstract functions—

In this system, the meaningful grammatical unit is clause ,which expresses what‘s happening what‘s being done, what‘s felt and what the state is and so on (Cheng Yumin, 2007) The transitivity system includes six processes: material process, mental process, relational process, behavioral process, verbal process and existential process

Material processes are those in which something is done These processes are expressed by an action verb (e.g eat, go, give), an Actor (logical subject) and the Goal of the action (logical direct object, usually a noun or a pronoun) (Hu Zhuanglin,1988)

Mental processes express such mental phenomena as ―perception‖ (see, look),

―reaction‖ (like, please) and ―cognition‖ (know, believe, convince) A mental process involves two participants, Senser and Phenomenon (Hu Zhuanglin, 1988)

Relational processes can be classified into two types: Attributive and Identifying The former expresses what attributes a certain object has, or what type it belongs to The latter expresses the identical properties of two entities (Hu Zhuanglin, 1988) Verbal processes are those of exchanging information Commonly used verbs are say, tell, talk, praise, boast, describe, etc In these processes the main participants are Sayer, Receiver and Verbiage

Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological behavior such as breathing, coughing, smiling, laughing, crying, staring, and dreaming, etc

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Generally there is only one participant—Behaver, which is often a human This kind of processes is much like the mental process Behavioral process may sometimes be hardly distinguished from a material process that has only one participant This depends on whether the activity concerned is physiological or psychological When Behavioral process has two participants, we may take it as material process (Hu Zhuanglin, 1988)

Existential processes represent that something exists or happens In every existential process, there is an Existent

2.2.2.2 Interpersonal Function

In this function, language is a means to create and maintain the relationship between the speaker and the listener and to express the attitude of the speaker to what happens in the world

Modality and Mood are often used to express the interpersonal function Mood shows what role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee Modality expresses judgment of the speaker towards the topic

2.2.2.3 Textual Function

The textual function shows the speaker‗s text-building potential and contributes to helping the other two functions to operate This function also reveals our abilities to construct texts from thinking and saying words

2.2.2.4 Thematic system

Thematic system also contributes to building textual function Thematic system answers the question: ―how is the content of the text organized ?‖ According to Halliday, Theme is the speaker‘s point of departure for the clause It is realized by the position in the sentence Theme comes in front position and it is followed by Rheme A Theme can either be a simple Theme where only the Subject realizes the Theme, or what Halliday (1994:52-54) terms a ‗multiple Theme‘, where a textual and/or interpersonal Theme is placed before the topical Theme Topical theme is

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represented by any element functioning in the transitivity structure of clause

It also should be distinguished between marked and unmarked themes The first notion can be defined that a theme which is other than the subject, in a declarative clause while the later one is often found in adverbial groups, prepositions or nominalization It is placed where the subject is the starting point of the clause

As such, both SFG and CDA aim at seeking out how language influences social context and vice versa SFG is obviously an effective tool in making sense the link between language and social context as well as supporting the analysis of CDA

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CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the address of President Donald Trump will be critically analyzed on the basis of Fairclough‘s framework The analysis intends to reveal the strategies using language, hidden ideologies as well as the relation among language, power and ideology from three stages: description, interpretation and explanation with support of the analytical device of Haliday‘s systemic functional grammar Or it can

use terms in Figure 1, the relationship between texts, interactions and contexts

3.1 Text (Description)

3.1.1 The structure of the text

Before getting my hand on analyzing the text, I will take into account the thematic structure the President Donald Trump has made for the speech In other words, it is

to answer the first research question: What are Donald Trump‘s themes/ideologies

in his speech?

I analyzed the content of the speech (See appendix 2 Content Analysis).President

Trump‘s speech includes three main themes as following:

1 Maintaining and advancing the relationships, security, culture and commerce

2 Bringing about benefits: peace, security, and prosperity in the region and in the world

3 Calling up fighting extremism and terrorism

So, in the first foreign visit, President Trump has wanted to convey the message about friendship and hope His argumentation about themes is quite obvious and

persuasive Donald Trump has showed the goal of this trip: ―I stand before you as a representative of the American People, to deliver a message of friendship and hope.‖(line20-21).The audience could easily recognize the message in the beginning of the speech President Trump wanted to maintain and advance

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relationships between two countries in particular and all countries in the region in

general However, realizing the room is the summit and a formal room, he has not forgotten giving the heartfelt thanks to the host Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and leaders of nations appearing here, in this summit In the opening of the speech, he has mentioned the father of King Salman who had laid foundation for diplomatic relation between two countries, which shows the appreciation sincere heart of President with King Salman and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Furthermore,

President Trump has always repeated the mission: bringing about benefits: peace, security and prosperity to catch the attention of the audience to his purpose in this

trip

―Our vision is one of peace, security, and prosperity—in this region, and in the world.‖(line 28-29)

Identifying the goal and vision necessary at present, Donald Trump has come to call

up fighting extremism and terrorism President Trump has known that to make

others follow and believe what he says, he as well as America has to act in advance

and creates motivation for others to follow up America is in an exciting time and

ready for taking part in this campaign President has mentioned:

― in just a few months, we have created almost a million new jobs, added over three trillion dollars of new value, lifted the burdens on American industry, and made record investments in our military that will protect the safety of our people and enhance the security of our wonderful friends and allies – many of whom are here today.‖(line 38-42)

―Yesterday, we signed historic agreements with the Kingdom that will invest almost $400 billion in our two countries and create many thousands of jobs in America and Saudi Arabia.‖(line 46-48)

And Global Center for Combating Extremist Ideology has been founded and agreements have been signed between the United State and Saudia Arabia as pioneers President Donald Trump has confirmed that America, with careful

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preparation and sustainable forces about economics, the military as well as human

resource, is ready to fight terrorism, violence and extremism America is also

willing to support other countries to fight barbaric elements Therefore, he keeps

calling up for action: ―Instead, we are here to offer partnership – based on shared interests and values – to pursue a better future for us all.‖ (line 66-68) Yet, to

make the efforts become effective, he‘s indicated that the present necessary thingis

all countries have to unite and share the same goal:

―But above all we must be united in pursuing the one goal that transcends every other consideration That goal is to meet history‘s great test—to conquer extremism and vanquish the forces of terrorism.‖ (line 69-72)

All people in this room need to be aware of the urgent situation the Middle Eastern nations as well as the United Arab Emirates have to face That challenges are extremism and terrorism President has given the persuasive reasons for action:

―Young Muslim boys and girls should be able to grow up free from fear, safe from violence, and innocent of hatred And young Muslim men and women should have the chance to build a new era of prosperity for themselves and their peoples.‖(line 73-76)

Donald Trump has mentioned the human rights Each person born in the world has right to live and develop in the peace They are innocent people and deserve to enjoy a happy life Then, proofs about the crime of terrorists has been exposed:

the atrocities of September 11th to the devastation of the Boston Bombing, to the horrible killings, endured unspeakable horror, more than 95 percent of the victims

of terrorism are themselves Muslim, etc As such, through expressing about

reasons for action and barbaric crime of terrorism, President seems to let the world consider between peace and war, between action and no action Of course, no one chooses bloodshed

To make his own argumentation stronger, Trump has demonstrated the developed potentials of the regions which are suffering the destruction of violence He has

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also wanted people or leaders in this summit to answer the question by themselves: Why are, such beautiful nations which have a full of ingredients and elements to become prosperous and thriving ones, victims of violence?

―The Middle East is rich with natural beauty, vibrant cultures, and massive amounts of historic treasures It should increasingly become one of the great global centers of commerce and opportunity.‖(line 101-103), Egypt was a thriving center of learning and achievement thousands of years(line 110), And the United Arab Emirates has reached incredible heights with glass and steel, and turned earth and water into spectacular works of art.(line 114-116), etc

When everyone recognizes the importance of action against terrorism and

extremism to bring about benefits: the peace, security and prosperity for the region in particular as well as all over the world in general, he has keptcalling up fighting extremism and terrorism and gives solution: DRIVE them OUT (line 158- 160)

In this summit, with the expectation of maintaining and advancing the relationship, security, culture and commerce and bringing about benefits: peace, security, and prosperity in the region and in the world, President Trump has drawn out plans for fighting the burning flame: terrorism and extremism He listed

what America will carry out and commit about what they do:

―… America is committed to adjusting our strategies … discard those strategies that have not worked… apply new approaches … adopting a Principled Realism… never question our support,…never doubt our determination.‖(line 161-166)

After that, he has mentioned joint activities between nations Each plan and step given out is all supported by evidences about what has been done by nations being direct victims of terror And not everything goes smooth There always exist challenges This battle is no exception Obstacles and difficultiesare what Iran is making President Trump has not hesitated to criticize wrong actions of Iran

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contributing to creating destruction of the entire human:

―……the government that gives terrorists all three—safe harbor, financial backing, and the social standing needed for recruitment‖ (line 241-242)

And apparently, call up for stamping out the intention of Iran is a necessary act to

fight extremism and terrorism for all leaders here Donald Trump did not forget to

encourage and drive people to carry out and act again by again Of course the benefits of action are building up a bright future with no fear, no tear and no

bloodshed as well as peace, security and prosperity in the region and in the world:

―Just imagine what tomorrow could bring Glorious wonders of science, art, medicine and commerce … Great cities …New jobs and industries ….no longer worry for their children,….without fear.‖(line 284-290)

One more important thing in Trump‘s thematic argumentation is his acknowledgement He did not forget to thank those who are his partners in his efforts and campaigns, especially, King Salman and his big contributions in this summit (Line 264-266, 296-297)

In short, after analyzing the content of the speech, we can see Trump‘s themes/ ideologies hidden behind the address And what linguistic strategies have Trump

used to manifest these themes? Or the answer for the second research question: How are his themes/ideologies represented linguistically? will be shown below

3.1.2 Vocabulary

3.1.2.1 Experiential value of words

In Language and Power (2015), Fairclough claimed that experiential value of words

in CDA is how ―the text producer‘s experience of the natural or social world is represented Experiential value is to do with contents and knowledge and beliefs‖

In other words, when writing a text, the author will automatically choose words, which to a certain degree, will reflect his own worldviews

In this speech, first of all, President Donald Trump has wanted to convey the

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message about maintaining and advancing the relationships and bringing about benefits: peace, security and prosperity Therefore, recognizing objectives by himself, he has used words and expressions featuring to these fields: friendships, partnerships, pursuit of peace, cooperation, trust, mutual respect, defense companies, security operations, etc

As can be seen, with the concrete and sustainable background knowledge about diplomatic strategies, President Trump has chosen a variety of specific words as well as phrases to emphasize the purpose he wants to bring to the summit

After that, continuing with his ability of language, he has continued mentioning the next purpose of this speech:

―Here at this summit… That goal is to meet history‘s great test—to conquer extremism and vanquish the forces of terrorism.‖(line 71-72)

A string of expressions has been consumed to support and strengthen his

standpoint about calling up fighting extremism and terrorism:

―fear, safe from violence, and innocent of hatred‖, terror, barbaric attacks, devastation, horrible killings, the deadliest toll, fanatical violence, murder of innocent Muslims, etc

There is also a signal easy to realize the message President Trump intends to convey that in this address, he has repeated key words in many time That also is a skill of using language to get the attention of the hearer to what he has said Donald Trump

has wanted to maintain and advance the friendship, tremendous cooperation to bring about peace, security and prosperity in the region and on the whole world He

has also calle up for sweeping away the extreme forces and terrorism Thus, in term

of ―rewording‖, the key words such as friendship, peace, security, extremism, terrorism often have high appearance throughout the whole address

―… form closer bonds of friendship, security, culture and commerce.(line 35-36)

……enhance the security of our wonderful friends and allies….(line 41).……help the

devastation of life will continue to spread (line 28-29)

For experiential values of word, it is essential to discuss significant meaning relations which are synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy To avoid repeating words in the speech, Donald Trump has used synonymy Besides giving historic as well as present evidences about relationship between two countries, figures and facts about the deterioration of extremism and terrorism, he has not still forgotten mentioning the purpose of this journey again and again And instead of repeating one word so

many times, President Trump has expressed in synonymic way: partnership, vanquish- defeat, barbaric attack-violence, destruction-devastation, opportunity- chance, faith-trust, soaring achievement- prosperity, etc However,

friendship-for antonym, there is almost no antonym in the address, only a couple of word

outstanding is peace-war With aspect to hyponym, it is easy to realize hyponyms

of nation: citizens, countries, leaders, military, culture, commerce, etc or the hyponyms of crime: killings, dead toll, victims, violence, murders, evil, etc

As such, however, being a person who has main experience in economic market, President Donald Trump still proves with the world that he is a brilliant language user What‘s more, his experience and knowledge about politics has been manifested through words and expressions he used He has effectively applied synonymous words to convey his messages to the audience without bore

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3.1.2.2 The relational value of words

Another aspect of word quite important is the realtional value of words Based on this value, we can see the relationship between the producer of text and the hearer

Relational value ―focuses on how a text‘s choices of wordings depends on, and help create, social relationships between participants‖ (Fairclough,2001:97) In other words, a formal feature with relational value is ―a trace of and a cue to the social relationships which are enacted via the text in the discourse Relational value is to

do with relations and social relationships‖ (Fairclough, 2015:130)

Euphemism and formality are two main aspects of relational value However, in this speech, formality is the strategy Trump chooses to express his themes The term formality covers the use of words of a ceremonial, professional,

conventional, or traditional nature which is usually connected to a certain social instance or status and expresses politeness, respect for status and position Some formal expressions in this address:

… my deep and heartfelt gratitude….(line 15)

… send the warmest regards…….(line 17)

……as a representative of the American People,… (line 20)

… the heart of the Muslim world……(line 22)

……thank you…(line 264),

Or in order to show the spirit of cooperation as well as maintain and advance the relationships, security, culture and commerce, Donald Trump has used formal

expressions:

…… to outstretch our hands…….(line 27)

…….am pleased to share….(line 43)

… my meetings…filled with great warmth, good will and tremendous cooperation…(line 43-45)

… we are here to offer partnership….(line 67)

President Trump has said about contributions to bring about benefits: peace, security and prosperity in the region and in the world with a high appreciation:

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….many are already making significant contributions to regional security….(line 183)

…courageous Afghan soldiers are making tremendous sacrifices….(line 192)

… also thank you for investing in the future….(line 272),etc

As can be seen, President Donald Trump has clear awareness of the situation of this speech He is standing and making an address before heads of states even before the people all over the world when the speech is live on television This speech also takes place in important event, marking the first foreign visit of the President Moreover, the objective of the address which brings formal and political nature, calls up for fighting violence, not just simply a talk in order to share Therefore, there is requirement about using formal words and Donald Trump has completed in the best way By using formal expressions, President has shown the audience to see his politeness as well as respect from heart Word choice of formality is a really effective strategy which helps what he said more persuasive

3.1.2.3 The expressive value of words

―A formal feature with expressive value is a trace of and a cue to the producer‘s

evaluation of the bit of the reality it relates to Expressive value is to do with

subjects and social identities […]‖ (Faiclough, 2015:130) That is, expressive value

of word indicates the attitude and feeling of speaker through using vocabulary Through this address, it is easy to see that Donald Trump makes use of the expressive value to transfer his emotion and attitude about what he has said and gain the aim of conversation To express the enthusiasm of the host King Salman

and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, President Trump used expressive phrases: his extraordinary words (line 2), the incredible hospitality (line 6), the warmest regards (line 17) When mentioning the attitude of the United State about maintaining and advancing the relationships, security, culture and commerce, President Trump has expressed with feeling of excitement: the United State is