Conceptual metaphors denoting "Anger" in the dailystar.co.uk and cand.com.vn (2012-2013) from cognitive semantics

Having chosen Lakoff and Johnson‟s Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the analytical framework, 77 samples from English and Vietnamese newspapers were analyzed to address how conceptual metap

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

-o0o -

TRẦN THỊ MINH YẾN

CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS DENOTING “ANGER”

IN THE DAILYSTAR.CO.UK AND CAND.COM.VN (2012-2013)

FROM COGNITIVE SEMANTICS

(Ẩn dụ ý niệm biểu đạt “sự tức giận” trong báo dailystar.co.uk và báo cand.com.vn (2012-2013) dưới góc độ ngữ nghĩa học tri nhận)

M.A Minor Programme Thesis

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 60220201

Hanoi – 2014

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

-o0o -

TRẦN THỊ MINH YẾN

CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS DENOTING “ANGER”

IN THE DAILYSTAR.CO.UK AND CAND.COM.VN (2012-2013)

FROM COGNITIVE SEMANTICS

(Ẩn dụ ý niệm biểu đạt “sự tức giận” trong báo dailystar.co.uk và báo cand.com.vn (2012-2013) dưới góc độ ngữ nghĩa học tri nhận)

M.A Minor Programme Thesis

Field: English Linguistics

Code: 60220201

Supervisor: Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn

Hanoi – 2014

DECLARATION Title:

“Conceptual metaphors denoting “anger” in the dailystar.co.uk and cand.com.vn (2012-2013) from Cognitive Semantics Perspectives”

I certificate that no part of the above report has been copied or reproduced by

me from any other person‟s work without acknowledgements and that the report

is originally written by me under strict guidance of my supervisor

Hanoi, 27h November, 2014

Trần Thi ̣ Minh Yến

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor

Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn who has given me invaluable advice, suggestions as well as the inspiration and encouragement to complete this thesis I am sure the paper would have not been possible without his big help and such useful guidance

My great thankfulness is also given to the teachers of Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for their ideas to my paper and many thanks to all my friends who have encouraged and helped me during the time of collecting necessary data, information for the study

Especially, I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to

my whole family for their support given to me through the long time of 2 years in university as well as in difficult time to finish this thesis

In addition, I personally wish to thank all my readers for their attention, and I would highly appreciate any comments to my study

ABSTRACT

Metaphor, especially conceptual metaphor, is a cognitive device for humans to conceptualize abstract domains Having chosen Lakoff and Johnson‟s Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the analytical framework, 77 samples from English and Vietnamese newspapers were analyzed to address how conceptual metaphors for anger work in English and Vietnamese newspapers as well as indicate the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of those conceptual metaphors

It aims to enhance the effectiveness of teaching, learning and understanding conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese Within the limit of a brief research, the author expect that the two languages - English and Vietnamese - which express the conceptual metaphors involved will reveal some different features of the two cultures

PART A: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Over the last decades, newspapers have made much progress in the world of means of communication to benefit humankind Journalists always take into account language use to catch readers‟ curiosity and excitement; however, sometimes this has created challenges for readers in understanding the metaphors used in their writings

Metaphor is an interesting linguistic subject which has attracted the attention of many linguists In traditional linguistics, only metaphor in literature was considered as the main object of study However, in the light of modern cognitive linguistics, not only metaphor in literature but also metaphor in daily life language is investigated More importantly, metaphor does not only serve as a means of expressing thought, it is also

a vehicle of cognition, a means which helps realize how human beings‟ cognitive processes take place Metaphor is a tool through which we comprehend an abstract concept in terms of a more concrete concept, which is thus called conceptual metaphor

Emotion, as an important aspect of human experience, conceptualized and expressed

in metaphorical terms In other words, such an abstract concept is conceptualized and expressed in terms of a more concrete concept by means of metaphor

There have been several studies on the function of metaphors in the conceptualization

of emotions including both positive and negative ones in English and Vietnamese However, we have scant knowledge about the importance of the basic experiences in emotion conceptualization such as the association of human emotion with internal organs and the cultural views resulting from it

For the reasons above, “An investigation into conceptual metaphors denoting „anger‟

in English and Vietnamese newspapers from cognitive semantics perspective” will be

a contribution to profound linguistic knowledge of conceptual metaphor which might help Vietnamese teachers, learners, and translators of English understand cultural elements that have a great influence on using metaphorical expressions and use the English language more effectively

2 Significance of the study

2.1 In terms of theory

This study is expected to provide useful contributions to studies of linguistic units from cognitive semantic approach, which has subsequently been elaborated in researches in other fields such as psychology, psycholinguist

2.2 In terms of practice

This research is expected to be a useful contribution to teaching, learning, and translating emotion metaphors used in English and Vietnamese newspapers The research is also carried out in the hope that its findings will help Vietnamese learners

of English enrich their knowledge of conceptual metaphor, understand cultural elements that have a great influence on using metaphorical expressions, and enhance learners‟ evaluable skills in interpreting and translating newspapers as well

3 Aims of the study

The study aims at investigating conceptual metaphors denoting “anger” in English and Vietnamese newspapers from 2012 to 2013 in the light of cognitive semantics Specifically, it aims at the following:

and Vietnamese newspapers

- Investigating the similarities and differences in expressions of conceptual metaphors denoting “anger” in English and Vietnamese newspapers

- Suggesting the implications for the teaching, learning, and translating of conceptual metaphors denoting “anger” in newspapers

4 Scope of the study

Due to the limited time, this research investigates only the similarities and differences

in expressions of conceptual metaphors denoting “anger” in English and Vietnamese newspapers in the background knowledge of cognitive semantics

2 What are the similarities and differences in expressions of conceptual metaphors denoting anger in English and Vietnamese newspapers?

5.2 Research Method

The study will be carried out through contrastive analysis in order to investigate the

similarities and differences in expressions of conceptual metaphors denoting anger in

English and Vietnamese newspapers from 2012 to 2013 from cognitive semantics perspective

5.3 Data collection

To conduct this research, 77 metaphorical expressions of anger are collected from the dailystar.co.uk and cand.com.vn (2012-2013) The most interesting and concrete ones are selected to illustrate important points under our investigation

5.4 Data analysis

Basing on Lakoff and Johnson‟s conceptual metaphor theory which was introduced in

their influential book of Metaphor We Live By (1980) as the model of linguistic

expressions of metaphor, data will be both quantitatively qualitatively analyzed In this model, conceptual metaphors are classified into three different kinds, namely structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphor Quantitatively, the data will be analyzed in terms of the frequencies of structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors Qualitatively, the data will be analyzed, examined and evaluated in order to find out the similarities and differences in expressions denoting anger in English and Vietnamese newspapers

6 Organization of the study

This study will cover the three main parts:

Part A: Introduction will present the rationale, the significance, the aims, the scope,

the methodology, and the organization of the study

Part B: Development will consist of four chapters:

Chapter 1: Theoretical background and Literature review provide an extensive

background of cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, and newspaper language Theoretical matters related to the study such as definition of cognitive semantics, main tenets of cognitive semantics, theories of metaphor, conceptual metaphors, metaphoric mappings, and features of newspaper language are discussed Related studies are

reviewed in order to provide the context for the research that is significant to the work that the author is carrying out

Chapter 2: Research Methodology will discuss the methods and the procedures of the

research This chapter will also deal with the description of samples and how the data are collected, described and analyzed

Chapter 3: Data Analysis will firstly focus on analyzing and discussing conceptual

metaphor of expressions of anger in English and Vietnamese newspapers

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion will discuss the similarities and differences in

metaphorical expressions denoting anger in the two languages

Part C: Conclusion will summarize the study‟s results and presents the suggested

implications for learning, teaching and translating conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese It will also present some limitations and suggestions for further research

PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: Literature Review and Theoretical Background

1.1 Literature review

1.1.1 In the world

Cognitive linguistics originally emerged in the 1970s with studies of linguists who were concerned with investigating the relationship between human language, the mind, and the socio – physical experience and in the meanwhile denied formal approaches of studying linguistic structures using only the components within language During the 1980s, the works of Lakoff and Johnson on cognitive linguistics began to attract much attention Typically, the publication of their first influential book

“Metaphors We Live By” in 1980 marked a turning point in metaphor studies from the cognitive perspectives In this book, they explain that metaphor provides us with understanding other subjects through using what we know about our physical and social experience Such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experiences; shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them This work is the main theoretical source providing the model as well as the instrument of the analysis for the present study

We can say that it was their work that has partly defined cognitive linguistics itself as

we know it today They have established that intangible concepts are comprehended metaphorically in terms of more basic concepts Emotion has an extremely complex structure and as such, it is systematically conceptualized via more tangible things Over the last decades, a great number of conceptual emotion metaphors have been identified and described by many linguists Typically Lakoff and Kovecses in “The Cognitive Model of Anger Inherent in American English” (1983) gave the conceptual structure and metaphorical expressions of anger in English which provide me with a research material for a contrast with Vietnamese equivalents

1.1.2 In Vietnam

Cognitive linguistics in Vietnamese has made contribution to the development of cognitive linguistics In “Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận – từ lý thuyết đại cương đến thực tiễn tiếng Việt” (Cognitive Linguistics: From Theory to Vietnamese Application), Lý Toàn Thắng (2005) draws out the historical background and typical works of cognitive

linguistics The author also applies cognitive semantics theory into Vietnamese language and focused on such issues such cognitive models, Figure/Ground relationships, prototypes, and categorization The great contribution of his book lies under the result of detailed examination about the model of spatial cognition used in Vietnam In “Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận (Ghi chép và suy nghĩ)” (Cognitive Linguistics) (Notes and Thoughts), Trần Văn Cơ (2007) gives an overview of metaphor and conceptual metaphor, the development of conceptual metaphor in the world and in Vietnam

Subsequently, there have been several articles, books on cognitive metaphor such as Nguyễn Đức Tồn in his article “Đặc trưng tư duy của người Việt qua ẩn dụ tri nhận trong thành ngữ” (Characteristics of the Vietnamese thinking through cognitive metaphor in idioms) (2008); Nguyễn Lai in “Suy nghĩ về ẩn dụ khái niệm trong thế giới thi ca từ góc nhìn của ngôn ngữ học tri nhận” (Thinking about conceptual metaphor in poetry from cognitive linguistics perspectives) (2009), etc

Besides, the subfield emotion metaphor has been explored with some minor researches

by Trần Bá Tiến (2009), Bùi Khánh Ly (2012), etc In those studies, the authors make

a brief account of metaphorical expressions of anger, sadness, fear or happiness in short stories, novels, or poems Of all previous studies I have read, there has hardly

been any one conducting on emotion anger with a contrast between English and

Vietnamese under the analyzed source of data as newspapers That inspired me to pay

a particular attention to metaphorical expressions of anger in English and Vietnamese newspapers

1.2.1.2 Main tenets of cognitive semantics

As summarized by Evans and Green (2006: 157), the four major principles of cognitive semantics are as follow:

a Conceptual structure is embodied

According to Evans and Green (2006), we perceive the world from our independent perspectives Each person has his or her own ways of looking at the world, which is fundamentally based on his or her own bodily experience The perception then becomes our conceptions of the perceived world, which remains in our mind as concepts

b Semantic structure is conceptual structure

The second principle confirms semantic structure is conceptual structure but does not mean that the two are identical Instead, cognitive semanticists claim that the semantic structure (meanings associated with linguistic units) such as words, for example, form only a subset of possible concepts in the mind of the speaker (Evan and Green, 2006)

c Meaning representation is encyclopedic

The third major principle holds that semantic structure is encyclopedic in nature Lexical concepts do not represent a bundle of meaning, but access to repositories of knowledge relating to a particular concept (Evan and Green, 2006: 160)

d Meaning construction is conceptualization

“Meaning construction is equated with conceptualization, a process whereby linguistic units serve as prompts for an array of conceptual operations and the recruitment of background knowledge” (Evan and Green, 2006: 162)

1.2.2 Metaphor

1.2.2.1 Traditional views on metaphor

There are various definitions of metaphor proposed by different linguists and scholars

in different perspectives

Đỗ Hữu Châu (1966: 54) states that ẩn dụ “là cách gọi tên một sự vật này bằng tên một

sự vật khác, giữa chúng có mối quan hệ tương đồng” (Metaphor is a way of naming

an object in terms of the name of another, based on the similar relationship between them)

For Đinh Trọng Lạc (1995: 194), “phép ẩn dụ là phương thức chuyển nghĩa của một đối tượng này thay cho đối tượng khác khi hai đối tượng có một nét nghĩa tương đồng

nào đó” (Metaphor is the transference of meaning from one object to another based on similarity between these two objects)

Nguyễn Hòa (2001: 106) shares similar view that “metaphor is the transference of meaning (name) from one object to another based on similar relationship between these two objects, i.e we call one object by the name of another because we compare these objects and find some common features between them.”

In short, for traditional views, metaphor implies a certain kind of comparison and the transference of names of one thing to another basing on similar relationship between them

1.2.2.2 Metaphor in the light of cognitive linguistics

The publication of the masterpiece Metaphor We Live By contributed by the American

linguists George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in 1980 opened a new horizon for researchers on metaphor studies from the cognitive perspective They point out that metaphor is „pervasive‟ in everyday life, not only as a view of rhetorical device but as

a cognitive way of thinking and perceiving the real world This viewpoint is shared by Barcelona (2000: 3) who states that “metaphor is the cognitive mechanism whereby one experiential domain is partially „mapped‟, i.e projected onto a different experiential domain so that the second domain is partially understood in terms of another experiential domain”

Generally speaking, metaphor in the light of cognitive linguistics is not merely a means of communication but also a means of cognition, a means in which people understand and explain about the real world

In “Khảo luận ẩn dụ tri nhận (A Treatise of Cognitive Linguistics), Trần Văn Cơ (2009: 86-87) explains carefully that conceptual metaphor is viewed as when we think

one object in terms of another one Metaphors are often related to the complex and abstract objects, but not the discrete ones Thereby, in the process of perception, these complex and abstract things, through metaphor, establish the correlation with more concrete or observable ones (for instance, human emotions can be compared with fire, the fields of economics and politics can be compared with games, sport contests, etc.)

1.2.4 Classification of conceptual metaphor

In Lakoff and Johnson‟s point of view, there are three kinds of conceptual metaphors such as structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor

1.2.4.1 Structural metaphor

Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 15) defined structural metaphor as “cases where one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another” Let‟s consider typical

examples of the conceptual metaphor Love is a journey taken from Lakoff (1993: 4):

Our love has hit a dead – end street

We may have to go our separate ways

The marriage is on the rocks

Our relationship is off the track

These are some every English expressions describing LOVE It can easily be seen that love, with all its ups and downs, difficulties and impediments, is likened to a journey through structural metaphor

By virtue of the structure of a more familiar and concrete image, we understand the less concrete one

1.2.4.2 Orientational metaphor

Orientational metaphors deal with spatial orientations which derived from our constant interaction with our environment and experiences in the physical world These spatial orientations include up-down, in-out, front-back, deep-shallow, and central-peripheral

We can observe in the examples of this kind of metaphor Happy is up, Sad is down

taken from Lakoff and and Johnson (1980: 15):

- Emotional states are container

He‟s in love

He‟s coming out of trouble now

The prepositions in, out relating to the emotions are containers metaphor All these

cases conjure up the image of a three – dimensional bounded region (an emotion, abstract entity)

1.2.5 Metaphorical mapping

1.2.5.1 Mapping principles

According to Radden and Divren (2007), conceptual metaphor is “a conceptual shift” leading to meaning extension This cognitive process that relates to literal meanings and extended meanings is called mapping A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements of the source and the target domain In other words, a conceptual metaphor is created by mapping a concept from source domain onto a concept from target domain Certain aspects of the source and those of the target are brought into correspondence with each other in such a way that constituent elements of the source correspond to constituent elements of the target (Kovecses, 1987: 93)

1.2.5.2 Metaphorical entailment

According to Kovecses (1987: 94), “when rich additional knowledge about a source is

mapped onto a target, we call it metaphorical entailment” For example, metaphor an

argument is the journey has the constituent element that the journey takes place along

a path The path corresponds to the progress of an argument However, in the source domain „journey‟, we can get lost; can „stray from the path‟ This manifests itself in the metaphorical entailment that we can also „digress from‟ the line of argument In this case, we use an additional piece of knowledge about journey to make sense of a

feature of argument

CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methods, research procedures, data collection and data analysis that were decided to be most suitable for addressing the research questions

2.3 Research procedures

Step 1: Determine the research topic

Step 2: Determine and define the research questions

Step 3: Present the theoretical background and literature review for the study

Step 4: Collect the data

Step 5: Analyze the data

Step 6: Suggest some implications for language learner, teachers as well as translators and give some conclusions

2.4 Data collection and data analysis

2.4.1 Data collection

To conduct this research, 77 metaphorical expressions of anger are collected from the dailystar.co.uk and cand.com.vn (2012-2013) The model and the instrument of the analysis and comparison of the two sets of data collected in the two languages was adopted from Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in their book of Metaphor We Live By

2.4.2 Data analysis

2.4.2.1 Data analytical framework

 Method of the research: The study will be carried out through contrastive analysis which tries to describe and analyze the similarities and differences in expressions of

conceptual metaphors denoting anger in English and Vietnamese newspapers from

2012 to 2013 from cognitive semantics perspectives

 Model of the research: The categorization of the data is carried out on the basis of Lakoff and Johnson‟s (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory In this model, conceptual metaphors are classified into three different kinds, namely structural metaphors, ontological metaphor and orientational metaphors

 Method of data analysis: data will be both qualitatively and quantitatively

analyzed

Firstly, the data is qualitatively analyzed as follows:

 The representations of the metaphor in English and Vietnamese

 The explanation of the anger metaphorically understood and talked about in such ways

 Making use of experiences of source domains in the cognitive process of creating meaning extensions

 Considering cultural elements of the two nations that affect the speakers‟ cognition of the abstract notion „anger‟ and result in different representations

of the metaphor

Secondly, the data is quantitatively analyzed in terms of the occurrence frequency of every kinds of metaphor to show which kinds of metaphor are used more universally

or less frequently

2.4.2.2 Data analytical units

According to conceptual metaphor theory, Lakoff & Johnson (1980: 49-50) and Kovecses (1987) suggest many different domains of experience which can

conceptualize anger; however, in my data collected, 14 sets of conceptual metaphor

will be presented basing on the combination of words such as verb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases and adjective phrases related to anger

- Anger is a natural force

- Anger is a dangerous animal

- Anger is a container

- Anger is an object

- Anger is an opponent (in a struggle)

 Ontological metaphors:

- The eyes are a container for anger

- Internal organs are containers for

anger

- The voice is a container for anger

- The mind is a container for anger

 Orientational metaphor:

- Anger is up, cooling anger is down

CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS

3.1 Structural metaphors

In my data, with regard to structural metaphors, there can be found a great deal of source domains expressing the target domain ANGER including fire, a hot fluid in a container, madness or insanity, a burden, a natural force, a dangerous animal, a container, an object, and an opponent

3.1.1 Anger is fire

When we mention Anger is fire, we mean the activities referring to fire such as

spark, add, flare up, fire up:

CRIMEWATCH host Nick Ross sparked outrage yesterday by saying: “I‟d

watch child porn.” [22]

The row came on the day it emerged the pair had an angry flare-up after the

striker was caught SMOKING in the dressing room area [5]

Van Persie reportedly added fuel to the fire when he was quoted in Spain as

saying: “I‟m grateful to hear about the interest of a club as important as Real Madrid [17]

Anger will fire up Kell Brook [9]

Literally, what we need to do for cooking is sparking fire After sparking fire, it will start to burn and reach higher intensity only if the fuel is added and might cause physical damage to others

By ways of thinking, it can be inferred that if making bad situations even worse

“adding fuel to the fire”, anger, after being sparked, will start “flaring up” and then reach a higher intensity As a result, it cause damage called “fire up” to others

Obviously, the person adding fuel to the fire is seen the subject of the action However, there are some situations in which the subject is affected by others becomes angry:

Ben Westwood will be furious if he gets hauled over the coals for a tackle on

a "soft" opponent [27]

In Vietnamese, we can also find metaphorical expressions that represent Anger is

fire:

Những công kích của một số người làm báo dành cho Hội đồng duyệt…đã đổ

thêm dầu vào lửa cho cuộc đối đầu kể trên [50]

(Journalists‟ disparagement over examining boards added fuel to the fire…)

Lửa ghen, giận trong lòng Mỹ cứ nhen nhúm rồi thổi bùng lên [55]

(The anger inside Ms.My kept smoldering and then burning up)

Cơn giận dữ, ghen tuông trong chị bốc lên, hoá thành ngọn lửa thiêu sống tình

nhúm) for a long time, and then suddenly become extremely angry known as

“burning up” (bùng lên) which makes other people be “consumed” (thiêu sống)

It seems that both English and Vietnamese metaphorical expressions highlight

“fire” as a cause of anger like add fuel to the fire (đổ thêm dầu vào lửa), the intensity and duration of anger called flare up (lóe lên), smolder (nhen nhúm), and the damage to others named fire up or consume (thiêu sống) Fire can express the

power of anger; therefore, it is easy to explain the similarities in conceptualizing anger as fire in both languages

Data collected show that the rate of occurrence of anger is fire metaphor is 14.28%

in English and 14.7% in Vietnamese

3.1.2 Anger is a hot fluid in a container

This conceptual metaphor is given from spatial cognitive of the internal relationship between FLUID and CONTAINER It is common knowledge that when hot fluids start to boil may cause upward movement of hot fluids inside a container The rising

of hot fluids creates pressure on the container and drives the fluid steam When the pressure of steam becomes too high in the body container, it potentially causes the container to explode When the container explodes, what was inside the container comes out Accordingly, the fluid gradually falls and becomes cool if there is no heat in the container anymore By that imagination, there occurs some metaphorical expressions expressing different levels of the hot fluid in a container by some verbs

such as boil, seethe, steam, curb, explode, vent, fume, channel, subside and cool

This common knowledge produces the following metaphorical entailments:

 The rising intensity of anger leading to the rising fluid

Tempers just reached boiling point and it looked like it was going to kick

off [3]

Impossible star is “seething with anger” [143]

 Intense anger producing steam on the container

Victoria Beckham: 50 Shades of Grey got steamed me up [16]

 Intense anger producing pressure on the container

“I‟ve just got so much anger and frustration inside me [10]

 Keeping the anger back and controlling it

I've got to keep all that tension inside me and control it [7]

MARK NOBLE reckons Ravel Morrison will be less of a player if West

Ham try to curb his temper [18]

 Intense anger causing people to explode

The mouthy babe exploded with rage yesterday after hearing the porn star

slag her off [4]

 Anger inside coming out in case of explosion

'ANGRY' Wayne Rooney is fuming at new Manchester United boss David

Moyes [15]

Spurs vent their anger over the deal to sell Gareth Bale [20]

Stories will include how he channeled his anger through boxing [11]

 The decrease in the intensity of anger

Rodgers‟ temper only subsided at The Emirates in midweek where the

rollicking transformed his slackers into a formidable force again in a 2-2 draw with Arsenal [24]

 The lack of anger

And he has been told by City boss Roberto Mancini, 47, and other football

chiefs that he needs to cool his temperament [19]

Such entailments mentioned above can be also found in Vietnamese metaphorical expressions:

 The rising intensity of anger leading to the rising fluid

Cơn tức tối sôi lên, chúng tiếp tục xông vào người lão [53]

(When the anger reached its boiling point, they continue rushing toward him)

Lúc nhìn thấy cảnh tượng ấy, máu nóng trong người Trọng bốc lên [48]

(Witness that sight made Trong‟s blood reached its boiling point)

The intense heat causes a rise in volume of a fluid in a container corresponding to

the increase in the intensity of anger where the entire container “the body” (trong

người) rather than the hot fluid in it moving upward When the body temperature

goes higher, blood can reach the upper body part called neck (cổ):

Trọng lại nghĩ đến người cha tội nghiệp, nghĩ đến cảnh mẹ Trọng thiếu tôn

trọng bố, nỗi uất nghẹn lên tận cổ [48]

(Again, Trong thinks about how disrespectful his mother treats his pity father

and his anger reached its boiling point)

 Intense anger producing pressure on the container

Bao nhiêu tức giận dồn nén bấy lâu ùa về, Thảo khó chịu trong người nhìn

đứa con trai mà nước mắt trôi dài [44]

(So much anger inside her for a long time made Thao feel uncomfortable, her

tears kept falling when she looked at her son)

Nỗi uất hận không được giải tỏa lâu ngày ấp ủ trở thành sự thù hận trong

lòng [48]

(The resentment which stored for long times turns into the revenge in his

heart)

Lòng (the heart) literally refers to the part of the body located at the center of the

chest, which is reckoned to represent human psychology, emotion, will and spirit

Lòng is treated as the central part of human body, and as a place where human emotions are stored “ấp ủ” As a result, it is seen as the container for the substance

corresponding to anger

 Not controlling the anger

In contrast with English, Vietnamese people tend to keep their anger out of control

It can be seen in the following example:

Mỗi khi nghĩ đến chuyện mình bị cắm sừng lại cảm thấy danh dự bị xúc phạm

ghê gớm nên không kiềm chế được cơn giận [56]

(For being disrespected, he feels offended then keeps his anger out of control)

 Intense anger causing people to explode

Đầu chị muốn nổ tung bởi những câu hỏi…[40]

(She was really mad at him She couldn‟t control herself She rushed hitting

him Her head is exploded by a number of questions)

Khi những đứa con ngày ngày chứng kiến cha đánh đập mẹ thì […] sự căm

phẫn sẽ bị tích tụ để một ngày nào đó sẽ bùng phát [43]

(Anger after being accumulated for long times would explode at some days)

Thực ra, Tuấn “bạc” bảo, nhiều khi bị các “anh” ép tức nổ máu mắt, nhưng vì

vẫn dưới cơ nên ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt [35]

(Actually, Tuan said he was so angry that his blood would raised to his eyes, but he had to calm himself down because he is not “the boss”)

Besides the body part named neck (cổ), other body parts including the head (đầu) and the eyes (mắt) also appear in Vietnamese metaphorical expressions of anger

 Anger inside coming out in case of explosion

Sau một hồi cảnh giác, tức giận và trút một tràng bực dọc vì biết chúng tôi là

PV, ông Cái Trọng Nhý - Phó Chủ tịch xã Lộc Trì mới thận trọng, gay gắt chia sẻ…[56]

(Mr.Cái Trọng Như – the Vice president of Loc Tri province vented his anger

(If being criticized, “going up in the air” is as usual)

 The lack of anger

Thế nhưng, những lời khuyên ngăn của “nhạc mẫu” cũng chẳng thể làm

nguôi ngoai cơn giận của anh con rể đang có “ma men” trong người [61]

(However, his mother-in-law‟s advice couldn‟t cool the drunken son-in-law‟s

anger)

We can conclude that the levels of the hot fluid inside the container indicate intensity of anger The speakers of both languages share the same perceptions of physiological effects as increase in body heat and internal pressure including blood pressure and muscular pressure

Besides similarities, there are differences in expressions denoting anger in English and Vietnamese While the two languages conceptualize the human body as a container for anger, the specific body parts each language conceptualizes as containing the emotion of anger differently While anger may be contained in the whole body in English, Vietnamese people prefer using the head, the eyes, the neck and the heart (lòng) In addition, there is a linguistic evidence to show that elaboration understood as „parts of the body container going up in the air‟ appears

in Vietnamese expressions like nhảy dựng lên However, such elaboration is not

found in English

A hot fluid in a container as a source domain for anger is popularly used in both languages with 51.42% and 47.05% of metaphorical expressions of anger in English and Vietnamese respectively

3.1.3 Anger is madness or insanity

Anger is understood as madness or insanity when it collocates with the words such

as crazy, mad, uncontrollable rage, wild

“Lewis is making it very clear he‟s serious about making it work but he‟s still

hanging on Nicole‟s decision It‟s driving him crazy.” [21]

He might never discover the identity of the guilty party and it will drive him

mad [6]

Nicolas Cocaign, whose face is plastered with tattoos, claims he flew into an

"uncontrollable" rage when his victim, Thierry Baudry, is said to have given

him a "dirty look" [12]

Southampton 1 - Sunderland 1: Dani Osvaldo drives 'em wild [1]

There are also some similar expressions indicating Anger is madness or insanity in

Vietnamese:

Phát điên vì bị cha dượng hành hạ [34]

(She flew into the uncontrollable rage for being ill-treated by her stepfather)

Nghe con nói vậy, bà điên tiết lên: "Tổ cha mày! Tái chế thì tái chế nhôm,

nhựa, giấy, chứ pate thì tái cái gì Chẳng lẽ nó hầm lại, bán cho mày ăn?"

(Her son‟s sayings drive her mad: “…”) [32]

Nếu chị được êm ấm như nhiều người phụ nữ khác, chị có thực hiện hành động

rồ dại ấy không [42]

(If she is lived happily, she won‟t act wildly like that)

Thế nhưng chỉ vì một phút không tự chủ, Mỵ bỗng nhiên thành kẻ giết người

[52]

(Ms My became a murderer after having lost her control)

In the above examples, it can be seen that anger can affect people‟s sayings as well

as their thinking and actions Anger drives people whose own feeling is out of control (không tự chủ), crazy or even wild

It can be found that anger is understood as madness or insanity in both languages

when it collocates with the words such as crazy, mad, wild, , uncontrollable rage in English and some words including phát điên, điên tiết, rồ dại, không tự chủ (mad,

wild, out of control) in Vietnamese

The ways they talk metaphorically about anger as insanity are similar The speakers

of both languages think that people whose behaviors are affected by anger beyond allowed limitation are usually similar to the insane person who lost the ability to function normally Thus, the perception of anger by speakers of both languages is the same

Data collected show that 11.42% of expressions of anger in English were found while 17.6% of Vietnamese expressions of anger

3.1.4 Anger is a burden

A burden is understood as something unpleasant that people have to deal with or worry about The burden that people carry makes them feel more uncomfortable and

want to shrug it off This conceptual metaphor is found in expression:

Paolo Di Canio angrily shrugged off the fury over his political beliefs

yesterday [28]

After people have shrugged off their anger, they feel a sense of relief called “hả” or

„thỏa mãn” It can be observed in Vietnamese examples below:

Thằng Hiệp chỉ biết giết vợ cho hả cơn giận, nhưng có biết đâu đằng sau nó

còn biết bao người thân phải gánh chịu nỗi đau [54]

(Mr.Hiep only killed his wife so that he could perceive a sense of relief)

Trước khi hất xong để thỏa mãn cơn giận, Cường đã vào nhà [47]

(After Cuong had thrown acid in her face, he felt a sense of relief)

Obviously, Anger is a burden can be found in two languages Both want to shrug an

unpleasant experience off so that they can perceive a sense of relief

Statistics reveal that only 2.87% of English expressions of anger are assigned to this metaphorical mapping compared with 8.82% in Vietnamese

3.1.5 Anger is a natural force

If we unfortunately step into some spaces filled with anger, no one can dare to ensure that they can keep their endurance That likes a volcano as a destructive power of nature Therefore, we can imagine the concept of anger that anger can be viewed as a natural power of destruction that may cause dangerous things to others:

FORMER Manchester United and England star Phil Neville "erupted" when

his father admitted to him he had cheated on his mother, a court heard [13] Unlike English, Vietnamese people use the image of a wave in this case to illustrate

for the anger with the words such as cuộn trào, bật tung (burst) It can be seen that

wave is one of the most popularly used image which inspires Vietnamese poets and writers in conveying their emotions inside

Những gì Hải tận mắt chứng kiến không thể kìm hãm cơn giận dữ đang cuộn trào trong chị [49]

(Things Hai saw couldn‟t control her anger which was bursting inside her)

Cơn sóng từ lâu kìm hãm trong lòng chị bật tung sôi sục [49]

(The wave of anger was kept inside her for long times was burst)

From examples above, we can see that in English, people often use the image of

volcano eruption (phun trào) to describe anger while the image of bursting (cuộn trào, bật tung) wave is prioritized in Vietnamese data The difference is rooted

from geographical characteristics of each country which affects their conceptualization of anger In reality, it cannot be denied that the volcano image also appears in Vietnamese daily communication Nevertheless, no data can be found in the chosen source

Statistics reveal that only 2.85% of expressions of anger in English were found while 5.88% of Vietnamese expressions of anger

3.1.6 Anger is a dangerous animal

Human minds are expressed through their own behaviors and actions However, once those behaviors or actions are dominated by emotions, people are immediately out of control, that is, cannot fulfill objectively In other words, an angry person who cannot control his or her angry behavior cannot function normally Thereby, angry behavior is described as an aggressive animal behavior For example, the

target domain anger can be expressed as follows:

The anger, the snarling, the shouting, the swearing was all linked in to a

desire for the Union Jack to be burnt and extinguished from Scotland forever [29]

David Moyes unleashed his anger on his Manchester United players following

the 4-1 defeat at Manchester City [31]

The snarling (nhe nanh) of the animal corresponds to the angry verbal behavior of the person The angry person must have responsibility to keep his anger unleased

(không thả)

In Vietnamese, some metaphorical expressions conceptualizing anger as a dangerous animal can be presented as follows:

Bởi vậy, không có cô gái mại dâm nào dại gì đi chống đối Cảnh sát, chứ đừng

nói đến hành động cắn gần đứt tay một đồng chí Công an đang làm nhiệm vụ

[35]

( bite a police‟s finger)

Ông im lặng,không gầm lên như con thú, không túm tóc xé áo như kiểu ghen

tuông vẫn thường hay có, ông gật đầu liên tục [53]

(He kept silence, didn‟t roar as an animal, not claw hairs or tear clothes as

usual jealousy has, he kept nodding)

Ban đêm, khi mọi người đã chìm vào giấc ngủ, ông rống lên như thú rừng

[38]

(At night, when all people slept, he roared as a wild animal)

It can be seen that the aggressive animal behaviors such as cắn (bite), rống lên, gầm lên (roar) stand for angry behaviors

As can be observed, the verbs as snarl (nhe nanh), unlease (không thả) in English and cắn (bite), gầm lên, rống lên (roar) in Vietnamese indicate the behavior of

animals when they are angry The ways they talk metaphorically about anger in terms of a dangerous animal are alike The speakers of both languages generally think that the person who is angry cannot function normally Accordingly, it is described as an aggressive animal behavior

This type of conceptual metaphor accounts for 5.71% in English and 8.82% in Vietnamese

3.1.7 Anger is a container

The abstract concept of anger is metaphorically understood as a container when it

combines with the preposition into:

But the court heard Worvell answered the door and then allegedly flew into a rage

before stabbing Mr Sutton nine times with a 15cm kitchen knife [2]

In this metaphor, rage exists when the person is into that space We view it as a

container in which has the subject Worvell and the activities flew Anger seems to

be the emotion which is not inside him, but he somehow flew into the anger

container when he feels this emotion

From the data, Anger is a container can be only found in English with one

metaphorical expression with 2.85% This conceptual metaphor rarely happens in Vietnamese context

3.1.8 Anger is an object

Anger is seen as an object which can move from the outside to the inside of a container (a person) and vice versa This conceptualization is found in expressions

when it combines with the verbs hide, throw:

Fans inside Old Trafford couldn't hide their anger, neither could those

watching from afar [30]