Assessed the level of mRNA expression of CIZ1b, VEGF, EGFR mutations and the rate of Merkel cell infection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Assessed the level of mRNA expression of CIZ1b, VEGF, EGFR mutations and the rate of Merkel cell infection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Trang 1OF DEFENSE
VIETNAM MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
HO VAN SON
STUDYING THE mRNA EXPRESSION OF CIZ1b, VEGF GENES AND EGFR MUTATIONS WITH MERKEL CELL
VIRUS INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH NON SMALL
CELL LUNG CANCER
Major: Biomedical ScienceCode: 9 72 01 01
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN MEDICINE
Trang 2HA NOI – 2020THE THESIS IS COMPLETED AT THE
Trang 3 Library of the Vietnam Military Medical University
Trang 4INTRODUCTION Primary lung cancer (PLC) is one of the most common malignancies today and is the leading cause of death in cancer. In Vietnam, lung cancer (LC) has increased rapidly. According to the Global Cancer Research Organization (GLOBOCAN) in 2018, there are 23,667 new people in the country with LC About 90% of
been mentioned and researched We conducted the project:
"Studying the mRNA expression of CIZ1b, VEGF and EGFR mutations with Merkel cell virus infection in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer" with these objectives:
1. Assessed the level of mRNA expression of CIZ1b, VEGF, EGFR
mutations and the rate of Merkel cell infection in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer
2. Analysed the relationship between the level of mRNA expression
of CIZ1b, VEGF, EGFR mutations with Merkel cell infection and
some clinical and subclinical symptoms in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer
Rationale of the Study
Study on mRNA expression of CIZ1b, VEGF, EGFR mutation and
Merkel cell virus (MCV) infection contribute to early diagnosis, identify the cause of disease and its application in monitoring and treatment of NSCLC, contribute to improving the quality of life,
Trang 5CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Overview of lung cancer
Lung cancer is currently the most common type of cancer in both incidence and mortality. In 2018, there were about 2.1 million new cases of lung cancer detected and an estimated 1.8 million deaths, accounting for more than 18% of all cancer deaths. In Vietnam, LC accounted for 15.48% of all new cancers. About 90% died in the first
5 years. Prevalence of male is higher than female (The ratio of male
to female is approximately 2.5:1)
The main risk factors associated with lung cancer include tobacco use, environmental pollution, Amian infection, Randon gas, infectious agents, interactions between the sensitive genome and the environment and
Trang 6The oncogene in NSCLC often involves four main functional pathways: cell proliferation, programmed resistance to death, invasion or metastasis and angiogenesis.
1.2. Expression of CIZ1b in nonsmall cell lung cancer.
CIZ1b is a variant of the CIZ1 gene, due to the deficiency of eight amino acids at the beginning of the C end. CIZ1 gene encodes for an
intracellular protein that plays a role in controlling cell proliferation:
regulate cell cycle, regulate transcription CIZ1 is an intermediate
molecule that connects cyclin E and A to cyclin dependent kinase proteins such as CDK2 and p21, to accelerate mammalian DNA replication This protein also plays an indirect role in DNA replication by regulating the expression of genes. It can bind directly
to DNA molecules or act as a coactivator of transcription factors
In LC, CIZ1b manifested much in NSCLC samples when
compared to adjacent tissue samples By quantifying the
concentration of CIZ1b in plasma (using Western blot technique), Higgins et al. were able to distinguish 98% of LC cases from normal
people. In addition, compared patients with stage 1 NSCLC to the smoking control group of the same age or the group of benign lung
tumours, this marker can also classify 95% of cases. Thus, CIZ1b
shows the potential of a molecular marker that can detect NSCLC early with high clinical accuracy
CIZ1b affected the DNA replication function of lung cancer cells. Using RNAi technique to reduce the expression of CIZ1b (without affecting other forms of CIZ1) in the SBC5 lung cancer cell line can
inhibit the proliferation of this cell line The same result was obtained with in vivo experiments, when implanting this cancer cell
line in mice, CIZ1b depletion could reduce tumour growth. These experiments have shown that CIZ1b variant plays a role in
controlling proliferation of cancer cells
Trang 7VEGF, which has been shown to play an important role in lung
cancer, is strongly correlated with abnormal blood vessel formation and promotes tumour growth This factor has been applied to differential diagnosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, benign and malignant pleural effusion. Notably, for patients whose tumours are detected by a chest Xray or
CT scan, the level of VEGF expression in bronchial lavage is a
(EGFR), the two EGFR molecules combine with each other
(dimerization) to activate phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase
region, which activates specific tyrosins and EGFR receptor
dependent intracellular signal proteins that induce transcription of target genes to promote proliferation, programmed resistance, invasion, metastasis and neovascularization
EGFR is especially important in the pathogenesis of nonsmall
cell lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma. In people who do not
smoke or rarely smoke, women and Asian people, EGFR
manifestations occur in more than 50% of cases of lung adenocarcinoma However, they also make malignant cells susceptible to TKIs, and even predict response to broadspectrum TKI drugs like erlotinib and gefitinib In addition to the TKI
sensitive mutation, EGFR also has a mutation that helps cancer cells
resist this drug, such as the T790M mutation that occurs in exon 20. About 50–60% of recurrent patients have a T790M mutation. This mutation reduces the effectiveness of the first generation of TKI
Trang 81.5. Merkel cell Carcinoma Virus (MCV) in nonsmall cell lung cancer
1.5.1. Merkel cell virus and carcinogenic mechanism
MCV belongs to the Polyomaviridae family and is listed on the
list of class 2A carcinogens by the world cancer research fund international. The MCV genome is a doublestranded circular DNA molecule, about 5 kb in size, divided into three main regions: a noncoding control region (NCRR) containing the replication centre of virus Transcription factors are located between two regions: the early coding region and the late coding region. Early coding region, coding for antigens: LT (Large T), ST (Small T). The late coding region encodes for the capsid proteins, VP1 and VP2
The LT and ST antigens play an important role in tumour formation caused by MCV. LT carries domain J (associated with thermal shock protein), retinoblastoma binding motif (RB) (inhibits
RB family members), domain affixes replication centre at C end and domain helicase / ATPase (necessary for DNA replication of virus). Much of the carcinogenic function of LT antigen is due to its high affinity for RB, causing isolation and inactivation of this tumour suppressor gene. The RB binding function of MCV LT is essential for the sustainable growth of MCCpositive MCV tumours both in vitro and in experimental models
1.5.2. Relationship between Merkel virus and lung cancer
Based on the histological similarities between MCC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the relationship between MCV and SCLC has been studied. Two studies in Germany showed the presence of MCV DNA by PCR with detection rates of 6.7% (2/30) and 38.9% (7/18). For NSCLC, epidemiological studies conducted in the US and
Trang 9(10/110) patients with NSCLC Recently, Hashida et al. first
published the incidence of MCV in Asian lung cancer and detected MCV DNA in 17.9% (20/112) of NSCLC patients in Japan In particular, the Japanese team found two cases of NSCLC infection with MCV bearing the characteristic mark of the tumour These cases have the LT antigen expressed in cancer cells and integrate the viral genome into the cell chromosome and cause cancer modification
Thus, integrated or mutated forms of MCV have been shown in a specific cancer other than MCC, suggesting that MCV is associated with the onset of an NSCLC group. However, no studies have been conducted in Vietnam to detect MCV in patients with NSCLC.CHAPTER 2: RSEARCH SUBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY2.1. Research subjects
2.1.1. Patient group: 100 patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer,
identified by histopathology, aged 27 83
2.1.2. Healthy people (control group): 51 healthy people (without
cancer), ages 4860, are similar in age and gender to the patient group
2.1.3 Exclusion: SCLC, treated NSCLC, metastatic LC, COPD,
asthma, acute and chronic bronchitis, patients receiving corticosteroids, pregnant women, patients with autoimmune disease and noncooperative participants in the study
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Research design
Crosssectional descriptive and controlled study, combined with clinical examination and laboratory analysis
Trang 10 Research location: Department of Pathophysiology Military Medical Academy, Military Hospital 175 and Central Military Hospital 108
2.2.5. The implementation techniques
2.2.5.1. Diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer
Based on the guidelines: the diagnosis and treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer of the Ministry of Health of Vietnam applies to medical examination and treatment facilities nationwide
Trang 11 Identify EGFR mutations.
Determine the presence of Merkel cell virus in peripheral blood of healthy people, in blood and cancer tissue of patients
The relationship between the expression level of mRNA VEGF, mRNA CIZ1b and some subclinical factors: renal function, liver function, blood sugar, CEA, CYFRA211, EGFR mutation, disease
stage and tissue type pathology, differentiation and associated factors with MCV infection
Trang 12Age 60,0 ± 10,5 61,0 53,9 ± 2,9 53,0 0,158Gender
(Male/Fem
There is no difference in age and gender in the two groups (disease and control)
3.1.3. Results of differentiation evaluation in the treatment group Table 3.3. Differentiation of tumour cells of NSCLC patients
No Differentiation
Trang 13Figure 3.1. Distribution of desease stage if NSCLC patients 3.1.4. Results of the phase evaluation of NSCLC group
Stage IV had the highest rate (76%), followed by stage IIIB, early stages encountered less
3.2. mRNA expression of CIZ1b and VEGF, EGFR mutation and
prevalence of MCV infection in patients with KTBN
3.2.1. mRNA expression of CIZ1b and VEGF in two study groups Table 3.4. mRNA expression of CIZ1b and VEGF in two study groups
Trang 14Control group (%) (Blood) (95% OR
5,33(1,4928,83) 0,004Negative 75 (75) 75 (75) 48 (94,1)
Total 100 (100) (100)100 51 (100)
Trang 15The rate of MCV infection in patients with NSCLC (25%) was higher than that of normal people (5.9%), people infected with MCV were 5.3 times more likely to be infected with UV than those without MCV infection.
Table 3.8. mRNA expression of CIZ1b and plasma VEGF and
tumour histopathology
Trang 16ma (n=9)
Grad 3(n = 22)
P
± SD Median ± SD Median ± SD Median
CIZ1b 11,8±5,8 10,9 11,5±6,7 9,9 9,3±6,9 7,7 > 0,05
VEGF 6,1±6,5 3,8 1,9±1,3 1,7 1,9±0,9 1,7 > 0,05
Trang 17ns(n =
3.3.5 Relationship between MCV infection and the stages of NSCLC
Table 3.11. Relationship between stages of NSCLC and MCV
infection
Positive n(%) Negative n(%)
Trang 183.3.6. Relationship between tumour cell differentiation and MCV infection
3.3.7. Relationship between tumour cell differentiation and MCV
Trang 19CEA (ng/mL) 121,7±250,2 6,9 95,2±273,8 6,02 >0,05CYFRA 21.1
Trang 203.3.9. Relationship between MCV infection with the level of gene expression in VEGF and CIZ1b
4.1.1. Age of illness
According to the majority of domestic and foreign authors, the disease is usually occur with people aged between 50 and 70. In this study, the average age of disease was 60 ± 10.5, of which there were
61 patients from 55 to 74 years old, accounted for 61% of the total number of patients studied. We found that the age of the disease in this study is lower than that of Patricia M.de Goot, which may be because our statistics are not big enough. It may also be because
Trang 214.1.2. Gender
Lung cancer is more common in men than women, in this study the ratio of male to female was 3.7:1. With this ratio, the amount of women having lung cancer is increasing. In Vietnam, the incidence
of lung cancer is also tending to balance between men and women, according to Globocan 2018 the rate of men over women is 2.5:1. The difference in the incidence between men and women in this study and Globocan's overall rate was probably due to the fact that our sample was not large enough, moreover we only got data from one cancer treatment center, this also affected the proportional distribution between men and women
4.2 The level of mRNA expression of CIZ1b, VEGF, EGFR
mutations and the rate of Merkel Cell virus infection in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer
4.2.1. Levels of mRNA expression of CIZ1b gene in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer.
In previous research conducted by Higgins et al. in 2012, CIZ1b
was proved to be a valuable biomarker in the diagnosis of lung
cancer CIZ1b was only found in lung cancer patients but not in normal people. Therefore, CIZ1b was proposed as a suitable marker
for early stage lung cancer
Studies showed that the CIZ1b variant was sensitive enough to
allow accurate identification of patients with stage 1 cancer, in highrisk groups, including patients with benign lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and smokers. It is also found that cancer patients have much higher levels
of CIZ1b than normal people without cancer. When analyzed by stage of cancer, CIZ1b concentration also increased by stage in
Trang 22be used as a Biomarker to diagnose, to monitor lung cancer development as well as to monitor the prognosis of lung cancer treatment.
4.2.2. Levels of mRNA expression of VEGF gene in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer.
One study assessed the mRNA expression of VEGF in three
groups of patients including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated cell carcinoma The results
showed that in 65% of cases, VEGF mRNA expression was higher in cancer tissue than normal tissue. mRNA expression of VEGF was
higher in nonsquamous cell carcinoma and higher in tumors with lymph node metastases Similarly, this study also showed that
mRNA expression of VEGF in peripheral blood was also
significantly higher in lung cancer patients compared to the control group
In this study, we did not observe the association of VEGF mRNA
expression with clinical features such as liver dysfunction, Glucose disorder, tumor histopathology, stage of disease. We also did not see
the difference in mRNA expression of VEGF between differentiation