Nghiên cứu phong cách lãnh đạo của chủ tịch ủy ban nhân dân xã nước ta hiện nay (qua khảo sát ở nghệ an và hà tĩnh)

Trong cudn "Nghe thuat quan ly kilu Nhat Ban", tac gia Mitokazu Aoki cho rdng: dl quan ly thanh cong mot xf nghiep thi nguoi giam ddc can nang cao quan ly thanh nghe thuat, each sir dung

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRLTCJNG DAI HOC KHO.A HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN

TRAN NHAT DUAT

NGHIEN CUU PHONG CACH LANH DAO CUA CHU TICH

UY BAN NHAN DAN XA NlTClC TA HIEN NAY

(QUA KHAO SAT 6 NGHE AN VA H A TINH)

CHUVEN NGANH TAM L\ HOC

MA SO: 5.06.02

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC TAM LY HOC

NGL'td H L O N G DAN KHOA HOC

TS N G U V £ N mX THL

V'LZ/ ^ 3 ?

HA NOI, 2005

L&icamcfn!

Toi xin tran trong cam an cac thay, cac c6 giao da diu dat, hwang dan, giup

dd toi trong qua trinh hoc tap b khoa Tarn ly hoc - Trirang Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi

va Nhan van

Toi xin bay to Idng biet an sau sac den thay giao, TS Nguyen Hiru Thu, ngwai da tan tinh hirdng dan, giup da, chi bao toi trong suot qua trinh nghien ciru

va hoan thanh luan van

Xin Chan thanh cam an cac dong chi chu tich UBND xa, can bo, nhan vien cac chinh quyen cap xa thuoc mot so huyen nhu: Can Loc, Dtrc Tho, Nghi Xuan cua Ha Tinh va Nam Dan, Tan Ky, Nghi Loc, Do Luang cua tinh Nghe An da nhiet tinh giup toi hoan thanh tot luan van nay

Luan van se kho tranh dwgc nhCng thieu sdt, toi rat mong nhan dwgc si/ dong gop y kien cua cac thay, co giao va cac ban

HaNof,thang10nam2005

Tran Nhat Duat

DANH MUC CAC CHCCAI VIET TAT CUA LUAN VAN :

CNH, HDH: Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa CNXH: Chu nghia xa hoi

PCLD: Phong each lanh dao

CTX: Chu tich xa

LD, QL: Lanh dao, quan ly

DTB: Diem trung binh

DTBC: Diem trung binh chung

UBND: Uy ban nhan dan

HDND: Hoi dong nhan dan

DCSVN: Dang cong san Viet Nam

MUC lUC

HUDNG I:

Trang PHANTHtrNHAT 1 NHtiNG VAN Dfi CHUNG

L Ly do chon de tdi \

2 Muc dich nghien cthi 2

3 Nhiem vu nghien citu 2

4 Doi tuang nghien citu 2

5 Khdch the nghien cuu vd phqm vi nghien cuu 3

6 Gid thuyet khoa hoc 3

7 Phuong phdp nghien cuu 3

5 PHANTHlTHAI

PHAN NOT DUNG

CO SO LY LUAN CUA VAN f)t NGHIEN CUtJ 5

L Lich sir nghien ciiru van de 5

/ Van de PCLD trong cac tdc phdm cua chu nghia Mac, Lenin, 5

tit tuong Ho Chi Minh vd quan diem cua Dang ta,

2 Cdc cong trinh nghien cutu PCLD a ngodi niioc 11

3 Cdc cong trinh nghien cuu PCLD a nuac ta 14

11/ Cac khai niem ca ban cua de tai, 15

/ Khdi niem PCLD trong tdm ly hoc 15

2 Cdc yen to dnh huang den PCLD cua CTX 36

3 Dqc diem hoqt dong cua CTX, 41

4 Nhitng yen cdu ve phdm chat vd ndng luc trong cdu true

PCLD cua CTX hien nay, 44

HLfONG II TO CHirc NGHIEN CUU 53

I Vai net ve dia ban va khach the nghien cmi 53

II To chuc nghien ciiru b^ng phuong phap di^u tra 55 III To chuc nghien ciiru b^ng phuong phap t r i e nghiem 56

ILfONG III: K^T QUA NGHIEN CtX' PHONG CACH LANH DAO 58

CVA CHU TICH UY BAN NHAN DAN XA O NGHE AN \ A HA TINH

1 Quan niem cua CTX ve PCLD 58

/ / Nhan thuc cua CTX ve PCLD 58 /.2 Nhan thuc cua CTX ve dqc diem cdc kieu PCLD 60

2 Danh gia cua CTX ve bieu hien PCLD 63

2.7 So sdnh tu ddnh gid cua CTX ve bieu hien cua PCLD (xet 72

theo tinh vd gi&i tinh)

2.2 Kit qua nghien cuu kieu nhan cdch cua CTX qua trdc 76

nghiem

3 Danh gia cua can bo, nhan vien UBND xa ve thuc trang

cac kieu PCLD cua CTX 79

3.1 Ddnh gid cua can bo vd nhan vien UBND xd ve thuc 79

trang cdc kieu PCLD cua CTX

3.2 Ddnh gid cua can bo, nhan vien UBND xd ve bieu hien

4.3 So sdnh ddnh gid cua CTX vd can bo, nhan vien UBND

xd ve mire dp quan trong cua cdc yeu to dnh huang den 93

PCLD

5 CTX tu danh gia ve thuc trang mot so pham chat va

nang lire trong cau true PCLD cua CTX 96

5.7 CTX tu ddnh gid thuc trqng mot so phdm chat trong

cdu trdc PCLD cua CTX 96

5.2 CTX tu ddnh gid thuc trqng cdc ndng luc trong cdu

true PCLD 100 5.3 So sdnh ddnh gid cua CTX vd can bo, nhdn vien UBND

xd ve phdm chat vd ndng luc cua CTX 103

6 Danh gia cua CTX ve nhung thuan Igi va kho khan ma

ho dang gap phai trong heat dong lanh dao, quan ly 107

7 Yeu cau xay dung PCLD cua CTX trong thai ky moi 109

8 Y kien cua nhan dan ve PCLD cua CTX 116

K^T LUAN vA KIEN NGHI 121

l K e t l u a n : 121

2 Kien nghi: 123

TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO 124

PHULUC 131

PHAN T H C NHAT NHLTNG VAN Bt CHUNG

1 Ly do chon de tai:

Chu tich Ho Chi Minh noi: " Can bo la cai goc cua moi cong viec Muon viec thanh cong hay that bai ddu do can bo tot hoac kem" [8, 240] Cong tac can bo tii truoc den nay da va dang dugc Dang va Nha nuoc ta dac

biet quan t^m vi day la mot van di rat nhay cam, la yeu to quan trong anh

huong true tiep den su ton tai va hung thinh cua mot quoc gia, khong c6 mot n^n kinh te - xa hoi nao cua mot dat nuoc phat trien duoc ma trong do con ton tai nhung nguoi lanh dao, quan ly toi, nhung nhan to muc ru6ng Su nghiep day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuoc hien nay, dac biet la cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon va viec thuc hien quy che

dan chu ca so dang duoc trien khai tren pham vi toan dat nuoc ca b^ rong Ian chidu sau da dua lai nhi^u thanh cong \6n doi voi cong cuoc doi moi dat nuoc

noi chung va doi moi nong nghiep, nong thon noi rieng, trong do co dong gop rat nhidu ciia doi ngu CTX Ho da the hien tot pham chat va nang luc ciia minh, co PCLD dan chu, khoa hoc, khong xa dan, song trong long dan, ba cung voi dan, xung dang la nhiing nguoi dam duong trong trach Ion lao cua Dang va Nha nuoc giao cho, la cau noi lidn giua Dang voi nhan dan

Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiJng mat duoc thi mot so CTX hien nay con boc

16 nhung yeu kem do chua dugc dao tao dong bo ve chuyen mon nghiep vu, con giu lai tac phong lam viec cham chap, quan lieu cua co che cu, song quan each, xa dan, tam ly tieu nong lang xa dang con chi phoi each nghi, each lam cua ho V3n con nhiJng can bo chua dugc qua thu thach va ren luyen, con bi choang nghgp trong su van dong cua co che thi truong, chua the thich ung duoc Trong boat dong lanh dao, quan ly cua ho con ton dong nhieu van de buc xuc trong dan chua dugc giai quyet, vi vay con de xay ra hien tuong nong dan di khieu nhi^u lam anh huong khong tot den vice giu gin an ninh tral lu o cac CO so dia phuong Voi vi tri va vai tro quan trong cua chinh quyen cap xa -

la c^'p hanh chfnh thir tu trong he thong chinh tri nuoc ta, noi co gin 809c dan s6 dang sinh song, Bac H6 timg nhin manh: " Cap xa la gan gOi dan nhat, la nen tang ciia hanh chfnh, cap xa lam dugc viec thi moi cong viec deu xong xu6i'\ [8, 371] Nghien ciJu PCLD cua CTX la van d^ can thiet vi ho la ''goc ciia moi cong viec", PCLD la mot phSn ciia tinh each, nhan each nguoi lanh dao, quan ly, la nh^n to dong vai tro quan trong, quyet dinh su thanh cong hay thit bai ciia nguoi can bo Day la mot trong nhung van de dang dugc Dang va Nha nude ta quan tam trong chien luge doi moi va nang cao chat lugng doi ngu can bo lanh dao, quan ly hien nay, dac biet ITnh virc quan ly hanh chfnh va cai each hanh chfnh dang dien ra Nhung duoi goc do Tam ly hoc, van de nghien cuu PCLD cua CTX vin dang con moi me, chua dugc nghien cuu nhieu Vi nhung ly do do toi chon de tai: Nghien cuu phong each lanh dao cua chu tich uy ban nhan dan xa nude ta hien nay (qua nghien cuu khao sat 6 Nghe An va Ha TTnh)

2 Muc dich nghien cuu

Nghien cuu thuc trang PCLD ciia CTX o Nghe An va Ha TTnh hien nay

va nhung nhan to anh huong den PCLD - Tren ca so do, dua ra nhung kien

nghi va giai phap nham xay dung PCLD cua doi ngu can bo lanh dao, quan ly chu chot cap xa phia hgp voi yeu cau doi moi hien nay

3 Nhiem vu nghien cuu

Xuat phat tu muc tieu nghien cuu da neu tren, de tai tap trung giai quyet nhung nhiem vu cu the sau:

3.1 He thong hoa nhiJng van 66 ly luan ve PCLD, tu do xay dung ly

luan cho de tai nghien cuu Dua ra nhijng khai niem cong cu cua de tai

3.2 Chi ra thuc trang, nguyen nhan, cac yeu to anh huong den PCLD cOa CTX 6 Nghe An va Ha Tinh

3.3 De xuat mot so kien nghi va de xuat nham xay dung va doi moi PCLD cua CTX 6 Nghe An va Ha Tinh phu hgp voi di6u kien moi hien nay

4 Doi tugng nghien cuu:

Phong each lanh dao cua chii tich xa

5 Khach the nghien cuu va pham vi nghien cuu:

- Khach the nghien cuu:

Trong lu$n van nay toi chon khach the nghien cuu chfnh la CTX (tong s6' 31 ngucfi) Khach the phu la can bo, nhan vien trong UBND xa (t6ng so 125 nguoi) va nguoi dan trong xa (tong so 49 nguoi)

- Gioi han pham vi nghien cuu:

Luan van chi thuc hien nghien cuu trong pham vi 2 tinh: Nghe An va

Ha Tinh Trong 2 tinh Nghe An va Ha Tinh, chiing toi chon dia ban cac xa thuoc huyen midn niii va dong b^ng: 6 Nghe An chiing toi chon cac xa thuoc

4 huyen: Do Luong, Thanh Chuong, Nam Dan, Nghi Loc O Ha Tinh chiing toi chon cac xa thuoc 4 huyen Huong Son, Due Tho, Can Loc, Nghi Xuan su lua chon cua chiing toi hoan toan do ngSu nhien

6 (fia thuyet khoa hoc:

- CTX 6 Nghe An va Ha Tinh dang con t6n tai 3 kieu PCLD khac nhau, trong do PCLD dan chii chiem uu the

- Cac yeu to khach quan nhu: quan diem, duong loi cua Dang, chfnh sach, phiip luat ciia Nha nuoc, phong tuc tap quan dia phuong, cap tren, cap duoi cua nguoi CTX, bSu khong khf tam ly tap the Va cac yeu to chu quan nhu: tinh cam, y chf, tfnh each, khf chat, dong co, muc tieu, trinh do van hoa, trinh do chuyen mon, kinh nghiem quan ly dang tac dong, anh huong den PCLD ciia nguoi CTX Trong do, cac yeu to khach quan va chu quan co anh hU(':mg Ion nhu: dieu kien ndm bdt thong tin; co che, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nuoc; phap luat hien hanh, nang lire; uy tfn; tfnh each; y chf cua nguoi lanh dao, quan ly

7 Phuorng phap nghien cuu:

7.1 Phuong phap nghien cuu tai lieu: Cac tai lieu dugc tac gia doc, nghien cuu va phan tfch la cac sach, bao, tap chf, chuyen de bai giang so lieu dieu tra thuc te, luan an luan van co lien quan den cong tac lanh dao quan ly thuat nsu khoa hoc ve PCLD va cac van de co lien quan den PCLD

7.2 Phuong phap phong v^'n sau: Chiing toi true tiep gap CTX va nhOng

can bg c^'p tren (can bg cap huyen) hoac nhiJng nguoi duoi quyen thong qua tro chuyen, tiep xiic, trao doi tim hieu PCLD cua CTX

7.3 Phuong phap quan sat: Quan sat cong viec hang ngay cua CTX va moi quan he giiJa ho vdi cap tren va dong nghiep xung quanh

7.4 Phuong phap chuyen gia: Gap go, trao doi voi cac chuyen gia Tam

ly hgc v6 thuat ngij* PCLD, quan ly, xin cac y kien, quan diem cua ho ve

PCLD ciia CTX hien nay

7.5 Phuong phap phong van lay y kien nhan dan dia phuong nguoi can

bg dang true tiep lanh dao

7.6 Phuong phap dieu tra:

Dieu tra bdng bang ANKET, co mSu phieu dieu tra rieng cho m6i loai khach the:

+ Thu nhd't, phieu dieu tra lay y kien ciia nguoi duoi quy^n \t PCLD

cua CTX

+ Thu hai, phieu di^u tra lay y kien nhan thuc cua CTX \6 PCLD va

nhijng kho khan chfnh ban than ho dang gap phai trong lanh dao, quan ly

+ Thu ba phieu dieu tra lay y kien cua nguoi dan v6 CTX

7.7 Phuong phap thong ke toan trong nghien cuu Tam ly hgc:

Su dung phucmg phap thong ke, do luong xa hoi hgc b4ng phan mem xu

ly va phan tich so lieu SPSS 11.0 Voi phuong phap nay chiing toi c6 the' phan

tfch ty le phan tram ciia cac y kien tra loi, so sanh cac y kien cua khach the

h'dng muc do tuong quan cua cac nhom khach the tra loi

PHAN THtr HAI

PHAN N O I D U N G

Chuomg 1 Ca sa ly luan cua van de nghien cuu

I Ljch su nghien cihi van de

7 Van de PCLD trong cdc tdc phdm cua chu nghia Mdc, Lenin, tu tu&ng

Ho Chi Minh vd quan diem cua Dang ta

Trong cac di san ly luan cua Cac Mac, Ph.Angghen va V.L Lenin, cac 6ng cho rdng PCLD gdn lien v6i phiim chat nhan each ciia nguoi can bg each mang O thoi ky Cac Mac, Ph.Angghen tuy chua co mot chfnh dang nao gianh

dugc chfnh quyen, nen van de can bg trong dieu kien dang civa quyen chua

dugc cac ong ban den nhieu Tuy v^y, trong cac hgc thuyet cua minh, cac ong

da de c$p den phiim chat va nang lire ciia ngucfi cong san Su nghiep each mang muon thanh cong, t^'t yeu doi hoi nguoi can bg each mang co ddy du pham ch^'t va nang luc, co PCLD s^u sat va khoa hgc NhCing quan diem ciia Cac Mac va Ph.Angghen ve xay dung CNXH tuong lai trong do co quan diem

ve yeu ci\x xay dung phong each nguoi lanh dao trong thoi ky m6i la: Can xay

dung PCLD dan chu, tap trung, sau sat ciia can bg doi voi quan chiing nhan dan, nguoi can bg cdn phai gan gui dan hon

Khi ban ve quyen uy ciia ca nhan trong tap the dan chii, nguoi lanh dao thay mat t^p the, quyen lire ciia tap the tap trung thong qua nguoi lanh dao, quyen uy la do sir uy nhiem cua tap the, quyen uy lay sir phuc tiang lam tien

de Dieu do the hien o sir thong nh^'t trong nguyen ike tap the lanh dao, ca

nhan phu trach, ca nhan thong nhat y chf cua tap the, nguyen vgng cua tap the

de ra quyet dinh lanh dao, quan ly Hay noi each khac, muon co PCLD tot, khoa hgc thi nguoi lanh dao phai biet thay mat tap the, dua tren y chf va nguyen vgng cua tap the de cong khai, dan chii ban bac Tac ph^m: ''Ban ve quyen uy" Ph.Angghen cho ring: " Quyen uy noi 6 day co nghia la y chf cua nguoi khac ma nguoi ta bugc chiing ta phai tiep thu, mat khac quyen uy lay sir phuc tung lam tien de"[ 2, 418], va ong khdng dinh: "Nhung 6 day khong phai

la quyen uy ma chiing ta trao cho dai bieu cua chiing ta, ma la mot su uy nhiem nao do thoi" [2, 421] Nhu vay, oday C Mac va Ph.Angghen muon ban

ve vai tro cua nguoi lanh dao lire lugng each mang, nguoi bien tu tuong thanh thuc tiln each mang va v^'n de quyen uy d day khong phai la quyen uy doc doan cua mot nguoi hay mot giai c^'p dua ra ma la quyen uy thuoc ve sir uy nhiem cua tap the ma ca nhan do diing ra thuc hien y chf, nguyen vgng cua tap the

De'n thoi ky nude Nga xo viet thanh lap, V.I Lenin da van dung va phat trien sang tao cac hgc thuyet cua C Mac va Ph Angghen vao dieu kien xay dung CNXH tren mot dat nuoc co chfnh quyen ve tay nhan dan va do nhan dan lao dong lam chu Vi vay, quan diem chi dao va ly luan each mang cua V.I Lenin ve can bg lanh dao va cong tac can bg each mang trong chfnh quyen moi gianh dugc tro nen v6 cung quan trong trong thuc tien each mang cua dat nuoc Khi ban ve vi trf, vai tro va tap trung quyen lire cua nguoi lanh dao trong qua trinh xay dung chfnh quyen moi, Lenin nhan manh den nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu trong viec sir dung quyen luc Nguoi chi r5, can bg lanh dao CO PCLD co hieu qua la nguoi tuan thu nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu, sir dung diing quyen lire ciia minh vao thuc tien lanh dao, quan ly moi phat buy dugc hieu qua Khi ban ve nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu trong Dang, Lenin cho rdng: "Ddu trong truong hgp nao di chang niJa thi viec tap the lanh dao vdn phai di doi voi ca nhan phu trach da dugc quy dinh mot each ro ret cho tijng nguoi doi vol mot cong tac nao do dugc quy dinh mot each chfnh xac" [4, 53] Nhu vay, nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu trong Dang dugc Nguoi nhan manh va coi no nhu la mot yeu cau va tieu chuan xay dung PCLD, la yeu to cdn thiet bugc nguoi can bg phai tuan thu trong qua trinh boat dong thuc tiln each mang cua minh Ve van de can bg va cong tac can bg la van de quan trong doi voi viec xay dung duong loi ciia Dang, dieu do dugc the hien trong cac tac phdm cua Lenin khi ban ve vai tro cua can bg doi voi su nghiep lanh dao cua Dang va con duong xay dung CNXH Tfnh then chot do xuat phat tu moi quan he bien chung giua can bg voi duong loi nhiem vu chfnh tri giiia

can b6 v6i td chiic va v6i phong trao each mang cua quan chiing Nguoi noi:

"Trong lich sir chua he co giai ca'p nao danh dugc quyen thong tri, neu no khong dao tao ra dugc hang ngu ciia minh nhung nha lanh dao chfnh tri nhiing dai bieu lien phong co du kha nang to chiic va lanh dao phong trao.", Nguoi chi ro: " Nhung nguoi lanh dao khong dugc tach roi khoi quan chiing bi lanh dao, doi tien phong khong dugc tach roi khoi toan bg quan lao dong" [6, 208] Trong suot qua trinh lanh dao each mang, Lenin luon coi viec dao tao, boi duong can bg la cong viec quan trgng cua Dang, cong tac can bg can chii y de'n cac khau dao tao, bo trf, boi duong va ren luyen can bg trong thuc tiln Nguoi coi tieu chudn hang ddu trong xay dung phong each nguoi can bg each mang la: nang luc chuyen mon, giac ngg chfnh tri, co kinh nghiem quan ly, ro rang trong cong tac, gan gui, gdn bo voi cap duoi va cong viec cua tap the Lenin cho rdng: " Muon quan ly thi phai la nguoi thong thao chuyen mon, phai biet mot each ddy dii va chfnh xac tat ca nhung dieu kien cua san xuat; phai hieu dugc ky thuat cua nen san xuat do 6 nhung trinh do hien dai ciia no, phai CO mot each nhin khoa hgc nhat djnh Do la nhilng dieu kien ma bat luan the nao chiing ta ciing phai co day du."[5, 248] va theo Lenin: " Khong phai bdm sinh ra la nguoi da co dugc nghe thuat quan ly roi, ma phai trai qua kinh nghiem moi co dugc" [3, 216]

Nhu vay, Lenin da xay dung hgc thuyet ciia minh tren co so phat trien sang tao, triet de hgc thuyet cua C Mac va Ph.Angghen ve moi quan he bien chiing giua nguoi can bg each mang va quan chiing nhan dan lao dong Phong each nguoi lanh dao that sir khoa hgc va co hieu qua do la phong each gdn bo voi quan chiing nhan dan, su gdn bo thuong xuyen voi quan chiing, quan tam den con nguoi, tfnh tap the chan chfnh va trach nhiem cua ca nhan doi voi cong viec dugc giao Nguoi lanh dao co phong each lam viec tot do la nguoi di sau, di sat voi quan chiing, hieu tam tu, nguyen vgng cua quan chiing the hien tfnh dan chii, cong bang trong lanh dao Chfnh vi vay, nhung quan diem cua V.I Lenin doi voi nguoi can bg each mang ro rang la rat chat che, can phai co cong tiic lira chgn, kie'm tra can bg va xay dung doi ngu can bg cho Nha nuoc

chuyen chinh v6 san, da'u tranh chong te nan quan lieu, tham nhung trong can

bg de lam trong sach bg may Nha nu6c la mot tat yeu khach quan Nguoi viet:

"Nhiem vu ca'p thiet va chii yeu liic nay, va cung vdn con la nhiem vu quan trgng nha't trong nhung nam sdp toi la khong ngimg tinh giam bg may Xo Viet

va giam bcft chi phi cua no bdng each giam nhe bien che, cai tien to chiic, xoa

bo lac phong le ml hanh chfnh, benh quan lieu va giam bot cac khoan chi tieu phi san xuat" [4, 359]

Ngudi ke thira va van dung sang tao thanh cong Chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao thuc tien each mang Viet Nam la Chu tich Ho Chf Minh Trong suot qua trinh lanh dao each mang ciia minh, Nguoi rat coi trgng vai tro cua can bg trong sir nghiep lanh dao each mang, giai phong dan tgc Nguoi luon luon dat nhiem vu giao due tu tuong chfnh tri, dao diic each mang va trinh do chuyen mon cho can bg, dang vien la nhiem vu hang ddu Yeu cau cua m6i nguoi can

bg each mang cdn phai co do la phdm chat va nang lire Theo Ho Chf Minh do

la "Diic" va "Tai", trong do diic la goc va tai khong the thieu Diic va tai do chfnh la "Hong" va "chuyen" Van de phong each, tac phong lam vice ciia nguoi lanh dao, quan ly dugc Bac Ho khai quat trong cac bai noi, bai viet, bai giao huan doi voi can bg bdng nhieu thuat ngij: "phuong phap", "tac phong",

"le loi lam viec", "kilu each" do la tfnh doc dao the hien trong pham chat nhan each va nang lire nguoi can bg lac dong len tam ly, hanh vi cua cac thanh vien trong tap the, tinh cam, thai do doi voi nguoi dan Mot nguoi can bg dugc dan tin yeu hay khong dilu do phu thuoc vao tinh than than ai, doan ket, vao sir sau sat, khi hg thuc su la "cong bgc cua dan", "vui sau thien ha va lo tru6c thien ha" , khong hach dich, cua quyen, xa dan

Theo Bac, nguoi can bg each mang can dl cao tinh than doan ket, tuong than tuong ai, tfnh ky luat, dan chii trong tap the, tinh than do phai luon the hien doi vdi cap duoi, voi qudn chiing nhan dan Bac can dan can bg: "Cac chii phai het siic chii y van de dan chu va ky luat Ky luat trong dan chii dan chii phai CO ky luat" [10, 466], Nguoi nhdc nhd: " Phai that tha doan ket, thuctng yeu nhau, giiip do nhau tien bg" [9, 425] Khi viet vl PCLD cua can bo each

mang, irong tac pham "Sua doi loi lam viec", Ho Chf Minh nhan manh: "M6i can b6, dang vien lam viec diing hon, kheo hon thi thanh tfch cua Dang con to tat hon nua - liic la phai co phong each lam viec khoa hgc hon M6i can bg, dang vien cdn phai co tfnh dang mdi lam viec dugc Kem tfnh dang thi viec gi cung khong lam nen" [8, 269], cung trong tac pham nay, khi ban vl "Cach lanh dao", Bac luon can dan can bg phai he't sue tranh can benh quan lieu, xa dan, khong bie't tranh thii y kie'n ciia dan, thie'u dan chu trong tap the, Nguoi noi: "Co nhilu can bg khong ban bac khong giai thfch voi dan chiing, khong

de cho dan chiing phat bieu y kien, giai thfch cac van de, chi bdt bugc dan chiing phai lam theo menh lenh Hg chi lam theo y hg Ket qua lam cho dan chiing nghi ngo, ual urc, bat man" [8, 294] Theo Bac, each khdc phuc benh quan lieu, xa dan, thieu tin tuong dan la: " Chiing ta phai kien quyet bo sach loi quan lieu, loi chat hep, loi menh lenh"[8, 297] Trong tac phdm "Sua doi loi lam viec", Bac da neu nguyen nhan nhijng nhuge diem cua can bg ta la: "

Vi nhilu le Ma truoc het la vi: Cdch lanh dao cua ta khong dU(/c dan chu,

cdch cong tdc cua ta khong did/c tich cue

Doi voi CO quan lanh dao, doi voi nhiing nguoi lanh dao, cac dang vien

va cac can bg co y kien cung khong dam noi, diing muon phe binh cung sg,

khong dam phe binh.'' [8; 243] Nhu vay, Bac Ho ciia chiing ta da rat quan tam

den sua doi tac phong, loi lam viec ciia can bg lanh dao Nguoi luon nhdc nhd doi voi can bg each mang can phai tranh loi lam viec quan lieu, menh lenh, cira quyen, hach dich, xa roi qudn chiing nhan dan, nguoi can bg each mang phai luon luon giu gin dao due, tac phong gan gui voi dan, luon la "cong bgc cua dan"

Tis khi Dang cong san Viet Nam ra doi, trai qua cac qua trinh lanh dao

each mang va xay dung CNXH 6 nuoc ta, dac biet 6 thoi ky d6i moi dat nuoc hien nay, trong cac Van kien cua cac ky Dai hoi Dang luon quan tam den cong tac dao tao, boi duong doi ngu can bg lanh dao, nhung yeu cau xay dung

va dcii moi tac phong, phong each ciia can bg lanh dao Dang coi do la mot trong nhung nhiem vu trgng tam ciia Dang Dong thoi Dang can phai chan

chinh lac phong, loi lam viec quan lieu, doc doan, cira quyin cua can bg nhdm xay dung PCLD dan chii, khoa hgc va co hieu qua phii hgp voi yeu cdu cua thoi ky doi mdi, dua dat nude tie'n t6i: "Dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hoi cong bdng, dan chii, van minh"

Van kien Dai hoi loan quoc Idn thu VI ciia Dang cong san Viet Nam da nha'n manh den yeu cdu cua cac nhiem vu xay dung kinh te, bao ve T5 quoc XHCN, coi viec hoan thien nhan each nguoi can bg each mang phai gdn liln v6i xay dung PCLD nguoi can bg, dang vien Khi ban vl van dl nay Van kien neu ro: "Nhiem vu xay dung chu nghia xa hoi va bao ve Td quoc, truoc het la nhiem vu xay dung kinh te, dang doi hoi nhiing can bg phdm chat va nang luc phii hgp Do la nhung can bg co dao due each mang va PCLD tot, truoc het la

CO y thiic tap the, dan chu, di doi voi tfnh quyet doan, co y thiie trach nhiem,

CO tac phong sau sat thuc te, gan gui quan chiing, quan tam den con nguoi, guong mdu trong loi song, doan ket va dong vien dugc nhiet tinh lao dong ciia can bg va nhan dan" [11,132-133]

Van kien Dai hoi toan quoc Ian thu VII ciia Dang cong san Viet Nam, nhan manh: "Tieu chudn co ban ciia can bg lanh dao trong giai doan hien nay la: CO phdm chat each mang va ban llnh chfnh tri viing vang, co kien thuc va nang lire thuc tiln ddi moi co phong each dan chu tap the co y thiic td chuc

ky luat, noi di doi voi lam, dugc quan chiing tfn nhiem." [12, 99] va Van kien Nghi quyet TW3 (khoa VIII) neu ro: " Trong giai doan hien nay, tieu chuan

chung doi vdi nguoi can bg la: Co phdm chat chfnh tri tot, vOng vang, kien

dinh muc lieu doc lap dan tgc va chu nghia xa hoi, co phong each lam viec khoa hgc, dua lai hieu qua thiet thuc" [15, 31]

Tom lai, cac tac phdm kinh dien cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tuong

Ho Chf Minh va Van kien cac ky dai hoi ciia Dang ta da nghien cuu va chi ra duoc nhiing dac dilm cua phong each va yeu cau xay dung, ddi moi PCLD cua nguoi can bg lanh dao quan ly Day la mot yeu cdu cap thiet doi hoi nguoi can bg, dang vien phai co y thiic ren luyen, trau doi phdm chat chfnh tri

va nang lire ihirc liln, co tac phong, PCLD di sau, di sat va thuc te, gdn bo voi qudn chiing nhan dan de dua lai hieu qua cong viec ngay cang cao hon

2 Cdc cong trinh nghien citu PCLD a ngodi nuac

2.1 Nghien ciru PCLD cua cdc nha Tdm ly hgc A u - My va Nhat Ban

O cac nu6c Au - My, nho cuge each mang cong nghiep phat trien vugt bac, viec quan ly nhan sir Irong cac nha may xf nghiep bugc cac nha Tu ban phai tfnh de'n cac ye'u to tam ly ciia nguoi lanh dao va cua cong nhan lao dong anh huong den chat lugng va hieu qua cua cong viec, anh huong den qua trinh san xudt kinh doanh trong cac xf nghiep, nha may Trong cac yeu to tam ly

do, hg cho rdng PCLD ciia nguoi lanh dao, quan ly xf nghiep dong vai tro quan trgng va khong the khong tfnh den Chfnh vi vay, nghien cuu PCLD ciia nguoi dung ddu tap the va tam ly nguoi du6i quyIn dugc nhieu nha tam ly hgc ciia cac nuoc Tu ban coi trgng, trong nhung cong trinh nghien cuu PCLD ciia cac nha Tam ly hgc phuong Tay, ndi len do la cac hgc thuyet X, Y, Z, day la cac hgc thuyet vl quan ly con nguoi viec van dung cac yeu td tam ly hgc quan

ly cong nhan trong san xuat cua cac nha Tu ban [23, 18]

Nhiing nguoi dua ra hgc thuyet X da sir dung PCLD hoi hgt, lay gia tri kinh te lam thuoc do, hg xay dung con nguoi tren quan diem kinh te, hg cho con nguoi la luoi bieng, ban tinh luoi lao dong, thieu y thiic tuan thu, chi thfch vat chat, dl bi liia gat, co khuynh huong cam chiu Day la hgc thuyet rat cung nhdc, thieu tin tuong vao ngucri lao dong, chi coi nguoi lao dong nhu la phuong tien, la cong cu dl Tu ban thuc hien muc dfch boc lot cua minh Vi vay, diing ky luat sdt de cai tri, dong thoi diing Igi fch vat chat de kfch thfch

Thuyet Y do Likert va Maslow dl xuat, hg cho rdng ban tfnh con nguoi khong hoan loan la luoi nhac, con nguoi co kha nang sang tao neu nhu nha quan ly biet kfch thfch, khoi day trf thong minh 6 hg, co moi truong va dilu kien cho hg phat minh, biet dat nilm tin 6 nguoi cong nhan dl hg co y thiic tu giac Day la hgc thuyet mang tfnh nhan van hien sinh, co nilm tin o con nguoi nhung xet vl ban chat, hgc thuyet nay cung la phuong tien b(3c lot nguoi lao d6n<z ciia CNTB nhuns duoi goc do tinh vi hon thuyet X

Thuye'l Z la kieu lanh dao do nguoi Nhat la William Ouichi xay dung, Ihuyel nay cho rdng con nguoi khong chi co nhu cau vat chat ma hg con cdn thoa man nhu cdu tinh thdn, khi con nguoi dugc thoa man nhu cau thi se tao dilu kien de hg thoa man nang sua't lao dong Nguoi lanh dao cdn co su quan tam, dong vien de'n cap duoi, lao dilu kien thuan Igi cho mgi nguoi the hien lai nang cua minh, quan tam dao tao, boi duong kien thiic chuyen mon cho nguoi lao dong, dong thoi trong phan chia Igi fch cdn phai dugc song phdng va cong bdng Vdi hgc thuyet nay, nguoi Nhat da thanh cong trong viec nang cao tfnh tfch cue cua nguoi lao dong de tao ra Igi nhuan nhilu hon cho nha Tu ban, dong thoi doi song ciia nguoi lao dong cung dugc quan tam hon

Cac nghien cuu PCLD va sir dung cac kieu lanh dao phii hgp trong tap the san xuat sao cho dat hieu qua tu ban cao la nhiing quan tam nghien cuu cua cac nha tam ly hgc cac nuoc Au - My va Nhat Ban Nghien cuu cua Robert Blake va J S Mouton thi co cau td chiic, tdng de an doanh nghiep lam nen hieu qua ciia td chiic, nhung theo hg mot nhan to dong vai tro quyet dinh hieu qua cua boat dong la each ling xir cua nguoi lanh dao doi voi nguoi duoi quyIn va nguoi lao dong Hai tac gia da dua ra mang Grid (mang Grid nghien cuu hieu qua san xuat va each sir dung nguoi khac), qua nghien cuu cac tac gia cho thay nhung net tuong dong va sir khac biet, mat manh va mat yeu, cac ket luan vl each lanh dao, qua do phan tfch mat uu va nhuge ciia timg PCLD Tac gia nguoi Phap Dominque Chalvin dua ra hai tieu chuan vl nghi nghiep

va muc tieu cua nghi nghiep de chia ra cac kieu PCLD khac nhau, each phan chia cua ong gom hai yeu td tao thanh PCLD do la yeu td ca nhan va yeu td moi truong Cach nghien cuu PCLD ciia tac gia Nhat Ban quan tam den yeu td con nguoi trong san xuat va nghe thuat quan ly ciia nguoi giam ddc xf nghiep Trong cudn "Nghe thuat quan ly kilu Nhat Ban", tac gia Mitokazu Aoki cho rdng: dl quan ly thanh cong mot xf nghiep thi nguoi giam ddc can nang cao quan ly thanh nghe thuat, each sir dung PCLD cua giam ddc trong tap the va cong viec cua minh phai linh boat, giam ddc phai hieu nguoi lao dong va quan tam den ddi sdng tinh than ciia nguoi duoi quyIn, bdu khong khf tam ly lap

Ihl san xua't Ngudi duoi quyIn cam Iha'y yen tam lao dong san xuat thi xf nghiep moi dat hieu qua cao

2.2 Nghien cihi PCLD ciia cdc nhd Tdm ly hoc Lien Xo

Riit ra dugc nhiing han che va sai Idm khi nghien ciiu vl PCLD cua cac trudng phai tam ly hgc phuong Tay, dd la lap truong nghien cuu may mdc nhu

ly thuyet trudng ciia K Lewin, hgc thuyet nhan van cua Maslow Tir co so ly thuyet boat dong cua L.X Vugotski, X.L Rubinstein, A.N Leonchiev PCLD dugc nghien cuu khach quan va khoa hgc Cac tac gia da di sau phan tfch dac dilm va ban chat ciia khai niem nay, da cd cac quan dilm diing dan, khoa hgc

vl PCLD va van dung no vao thuc tien boat dong cua ngudi lanh dao, quan ly Qua cac cong trinh nghien cuu va tai lieu cua cac nha tam ly hgc Lien Xo, chiing toi thay: PCLD dugc binh thanh trong boat dong cua ngudi lanh dao va tdn tai nhd moi quan he mang tfnh lich sir xa hoi cu the ciia con ngudi

Tac gia E.E Vendrov xem phong each la tfnh each boat dong va quan

he ciia ngudi lanh dao vdi ngudi duoi quyIn, tii dd ong chia ra lam hai kilu phong each khac nhau, tham chf ddi nguge nhau Kilu PCLD dan chii va kieu PCLD doc doan Ong cho rdng phong each cua ngudi lanh dao tap thi dugc truyin Ian tir tren xudng duoi va ngudi dung ddu xf nghiep cd kilu PCLD nao thi cac ddc cong cung cd ehilu hudng sir dung cac kilu phong each dd Day la nghien cuu cua lac gia vdi y nghia nhan manh cac nhan td tam ly anh hudng Irong ciing mot lap the ngudi la rat Ion, dac biet la anh hudng Ian truyin tu tren xuong

Khi ban vl phuong phap va II loi lam viec ciia ngudi lanh dao trong xf nghiep, V.I Mi-khe-ep da nhan manh dac biet den phdm chat tam ly cua ngudi lanh dao va sir quan tam cua ngudi lanh dao den cap duoi trong mot tap the cung nhu viec sir dung phuong phap va loi lam viec cua ngudi lanh dao cd anh hudng den Idi lam viec cua ca lap thi Ngudi lanh dao hieu duoc ngudi duoi quyIn va biet dong vien hg da tao ra bau khong khf de chiu va hoa hop trong tap thi Ong nhan manh den vai trd cua bau khong khf tam ly tap the va

II loi lam viec cua ngudi lanh dao quyet dinh den ca qua trinh san xuat cua xf nghiep

Tac gia A.R Anuphriva trong cudn: " Phong each sdng cua ca nhan" xudl ban nam 1982 da nha'n manh den ban chat ciia phong each chfnh la dong

CO, chf hudng, muc dfch ben trong, la kha nang hien thuc hoa cua nhan each Ong cho rdng: " Phong each sdng la thuat ngu khoa hgc cho phep nghien cuu, ndm bdt, giai thfch hanh vi nhan each tir ben trong vdi cac dong co, chf hudng muc dfch cua nd, phong each la each thuc hien thuc boa cac kha nang xa hoi cua nhan each" G.M Covaliov khi nghien cuu vl phong each neu ro: Phong each bao gdm cac phdm chat: Tu duy, tinh cam, y chf khf chat va tfnh each, trong dd phdm chat y chf cd vai trd quan trgng co ban

3 Cdc cong trinh nghien ciru PCLD a nuac ta

Nin tam ly hgc Viet Nam ra ddi tren co so ke' thiia nin tang cua tam ly Lien Xo va cac nude Chau Au Cac cong trinh nghien cuu vl PCLD cua cac nha tam ly hgc d nude ta cdn ft Trong nhiing nam viia qua cd the ke tdi cac cong trinh nghien cuu cua cac lac gia sau: Nguyln Nggc Phii: Mot so van dl

vl tam ly hgc quan su trong xay dung quan doi; Mai Hiiu Khue: Nhung khfa canh tam ly cua quan ly; Nguyln Quang Udn, Trdn Dinh Quang, Nguyln Hai Khoat: Nhixng khfa canh tam ly trong cong tac can bg; Trdn Nggc Khue: Giao trinh Tam ly lanh dao, quan ly; Nguyln Ba Duong: Tam ly hgc quan ly danh cho ngudi lanh dao Cac tac gia tren da neu dugc PCLD la cac thuoc tfnh lam

ly CLia nhan each, la he thong phuong phap, each thiic boat dong ciia ca nhan PCLD binh thanh, tdn tai, thay ddi va phat triln trong boat dong cua ca nhan

va moi trudng lanh dao, quan ly PCLD phan anh dac dilm boat dong va nhan each ngudi lanh dao PCLD chfnh la pham chat, nang lire, dong co, tfnh each, tinh cam, y chf cua ngudi lanh dao bilu hien qua phuong phap, each thiic, dien mao, thai de) hanh vi ling xu phong luc tap quan thoi quen ma ngudi khac cd the nhan ra dugc

Mdi day cac tac gia tiep can nghien ciiu PCLD nhu: Tac gia Vu Dung trong cudn: "Tam ly hgc xa hoi - may van de ly luan " da ban ve phong each

ngudi lanh dao Tac gia coi phong each nhu la phuong phap, each thiic ma ngudi "thu llnh" trong nhdm sir dung de dilu hanh, dilu khiln nhdm ciia minh Tac gia Ngo Cong Hoan tim hieu phong each giao tiep su pham va neu len y nghia ciia nd irong viec hinh thanh va hoan thien nhan each ciia hgc sinh Ngoai ra cdn cd mot so lac gia nghien ciiu vl PCLD ciia ngudi quan ly tap the su pham- khoa hgc, tac gia Nguyln HQn Thu, Vo Thanh Khdi tac gia Vu Duy Yen, Pham Diic Tii da cd nhung cong trinh nghien ciiu PCLD dudi cac dang khac nhau Cac cong trinh nghien ciiu tren ciia cac tac gia la co

so khoa hgc cho viec nghien ciiu PCLD ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly hien nay Dac biet trude nhiing yeu cdu cua ihdi ky ddy manh CNH, HDH dat nude ddi hoi cac nha nghien ciiru xay dung dugc mo hinh mdi vl PCLD khoa hgc va cd hieu qua Nhung cho den nay chua cd cong trinh khoa hgc nao nghien ciiu that sau vl van dl nay Vi vay, viec thuc hien cd he thong va khoa hgc vl dl tai nghien curu PCLD ciia CTX la rat can thiet, nhdm lam sau sdc hon mot khfa canh quan trgng ciia cong tac can bg d cap co sd xa - mot don vi hanh chfnh thap nhat trong he thong 4 don vi hanh chfnh d nude ta

11/ Cac khai niem ca ban cua de tai

7 Khdi niem PCLD trongTdm ly hoc

I.I Khdi niem lanh dao

Lanh dao la dua td chu:c dat tdi muc lieu bdng su cd gdng ciia mot tap hgp ngudi Nha lanh dao la ngudi cd quyIn dinh hudng va phdi hgp cac cd gdng cua nhilu ngudi khac nghia la chiu trach nhiem vl boat dong ciia nhung ngudi khac

Lanh dao la tan dung mgi kha nang de thuc hien tot nhiem vu, dac biet

la biet each td churc lanh dao nhung ngudi xung quanh lam viec dat tdi miic cao nhat Lam thii trudng cd nghia la biet dilu hanh dung dan nhung ngudi cd trinh do va quan diem khac nhau dl ciing lam viec va tao ra e kfp lam viec tot hon Cd nhilu tac gia da dinh nghia vl khai niem lanh dao va mdi dinh nghia dIu cd dilm chung vl lanh dao la cong viec diing ddu nhdm, tap the ngU(ti lanh dao la ngudi hoach dinh chfnh sach dinh ra phuong hU(tng, ke hoach

thuc Ihi c6ng viec ciia don vi sao cho cong viec ciia don vi cd hieu qua cao nha'l Tac gia Mai Hun Khue irong cudn: " Tam ly hgc trong quan ly Nha nude" dinh nghia nhu sau: " Lanh dao la sir anh hudng vl each xir su ciia mot

sd ngudi trong mdi nhdm hoac mot id chiic, dat ra muc lieu, vach ra con dudng de dat muc lieu dd va lao ra nhiing quy tdc xa hoi trong nhdm"; Hai tac gia Hemphill va Coons dinh nghia: "Lanh dao la sir anh hudng vl each xir sir ciia mot sd ngudi trong mdi nhdm hoac td chii:c, dat ra muc lieu, vach ra con dudng de dat nhiing muc lieu dd va lao ra nhung quy tdc xa hoi trong nhdm" Nhu vay, lanh dao la qua trinh giai quyet cac mdi quan he giira con ngudi vdi

con ngudi trong td chuc nhdm xir ly cac tinh hudng de lie'n tdi muc tieu chung,

ngudi lanh dao la ngudi dung ddu tap the Tir nhung nghien ciiii tren, theo

chung toi: Lanh dao Id qua trinh tdc dong, dinh huang giua con ngirdi vdi con

ngUcJi gdn lien v('ri mot tinh huong nhat dinh, quan tdm de'n con ngiriri lay thuyet phuc Idm phucrng tien tdc dong de tien tdi muc tieu chung

1.2 Khdi niem qudn ly

Theo tii diln tieng Anh, tir quan ly (Management) dugc diing vdi nghia vira quan ly, vira dilu khiln cac td chiic cong viec

Tir dien tieng Viet, hai khai niem quan ly va lanh dao dugc dung vdi hai

nghia khac nhau Vdi thuat ngii quan ly dugc hieu Thir nhat, dd la trong coi

va giir gin nhu quan ly ho so, quan ly vat tu Thir hai, dd la id chu'c va dilu

khiln cac boat dong theo yeu cdu nhat dinh Thuat ngii lanh dao dugc hieu:

Thir nhat, dd la dl ra cac chii truong, dudng Idi va td chiic dong vien thuc hien

(nhu lanh dao qudn chiing dau tranh); Thir hai, vdi nghia la ndi tdi mot co

quan lanh dao trong quan he vdi ngudi dugc lanh dao

Ta cd the phan biet sir khac nhau ciia hai khai niem lanh dao va quan ly

theo ddi tugng ciia nd: Ddi luang chii yeu ciia quan ly cd the la dd vat (ngudi

quan kho), cd the la dong vat (ngudi quan Tugng) va cung cd thi la con ngudi

va cac nhdm xa hoi; cdn ddi tugng cua lanh dao thi phai la ngudi dung dau mot tap the ngudi lanh dao con ngudi va cac nhdm xa hoi lanh dao mot quoc

^Ma, mot dan tdc Vi vay, ta cd the ndi khai niem quan ly rgng hon khai niem

lanh dao, khai niem lanh dao, quan ly chi dugc ggi la dong nhat va gdn bd vdi nhau trong cong viec cu the dd la quan ly xa hoi

Cac lac gia irong va ngoai nude da cd nhilu nghien ciiu vl thuat ngii quan ly, nha't la do yeu cdu nghien ciiu vl quan ly nhan su trong co quan, doanh nghiep ciia cac nude Tu Ban, trong cac llnh vuc boat dong xa hoi va trong mgi td chii:c don vi Hai tac gia Paul Hersey va Ken Blanc Hard trong cudn: " Quan ly ngudn nhan lire" cho rdng: " Quan ly la qua trinh lam viec cung va thong qua cac ca nhan, cac nhdm cOng nhu cac ngudn lire khac dl hoan thanh cac muc dfch cd id chirc" Tac gia Nguyen Minh Dao trong cudn:

" Co sd ciia khoa hgc quan ly " da dinh nghia nhu sau: " Quan ly la sir tac dong lien luc cd td churc, cd dinh hudng ciia chii the len khach the vl cac mat chfnh tri, van hoa, xa hoi, kinh le bdng mot he thong cac luat le, cac chfnh sach, cac nguyen tdc, cac phuong phap va cac bien phap cu the nhdm tao ra moi trudng va cac dilu kien cho sir phat triln ciia ddi tugng"

Tir nhiing dinh nghia tren chung toi dua ra khai niem quan ly nhu sau:

Qudn ly Id to chirc, dieu khien, tdc dong co muc dich, co ke hoach, co dinh hudng vd CO he thong tdi ddi tuong nhdm dieu khien, dieu chinh tdm ly, tinh cdm, hanh vi cua con ngudi hoac tap the hoqt dong sao cho tien tai dat nhung muc tieu nhat dinh vd co hieu qud

Phdn biet su khdc nhau cua hai khdi niem lanh dao vd qudn ly:

Hai khai niem lanh dao va quan ly cung cd sir khac nhau vl tfnh chat cong viec va chu'c nang ciia moi cong viec Lanh dao la diing ddu, hoach dinh

dudng hudng cho dan vi, tap thi, ngudi lanh dao cd vai trd v6 ciing quan trgng

trong viec thanh cong hay that bai ciia don vi, td chu'c Quan ly la thuc hien nhiing cong viec cu thi, hoan thanh nhiem vu cu thi nhu the nao, nd chfnh la qua trinh td chu'c dilu khiln cac boat dong ciia ddi tugng quan ly theo nhfrng yeu cau, muc tieu nhat dinh Chfnh vi vay mot ngudi lanh dao co the vira thuc hien cong tac chi dao, hoach dinh diing ddu mot td churc dong thoi cung la mot ngudi thuc hien nhung cong viec cu the, quan ly m_gi ddi tuong cu the

Cho nen viec phan biet hai khai niem nay rat khd, tuy thuoc vao mdi cong viec

cu the va ddi tugng lanh dao cu the

C Mac ndi: " Mgi lao dong chung hoac lao dong xa hoi true tiep ft hay nhilu dlu cdn de'n quan ly " [3, 242] Quan ly la mot qua trinh dilu phdi nhung kha nang de dap ung mot muc dfch, la boat dong khdc phuc mau thudn ben trong giira ddi tugng va chii the\ giira tu nhien va con ngudi, giu'a nhu cdu

va kha nang ciia san xua't Quan ly la van dl dugc quan tam truoc het eiia mgi

td chiic va trong mgi boat dong ciia lap thi, dd la sure manh gdn bd mot td chu'c lai vdi nhau va dilu chinh cho td churc boat dong dung vdi muc tieu dl

ra Nhu vay, theo nghia chung nhat thi quan ly va lanh dao dlu la sir tac dong

tu giac den ddi lugng tren co sd nhiing quy luat khach quan vdn cd ciia ddi tugng dd Ca hai dlu thong nhat vl phuong hudng chung vl muc dfch chung

la bao dam cho ddi tugng boat dong va phat trien mot each tdi uu

1.1.4 Khai niem cap xa

Xa la don vi hanh chfnh Nha nude d dia phuong, cd the ndi xa la hinh anh thu nhd ciia mot xa hoi, la co sd, la nin tang, noi cac chii truong chfnh sach ciia Dang, phap luat ciia Nha nude dugc the hien trong mgi boat dong tren tat ca cac llnh vuc chfnh tri, kinh te, van hoa, qudc phdng va an ninh Trong 4 cap ciia chfnh quyIn ciia bg may Nha nude, chfnh quyen cap xa la don vi hanh chfnh cudi ciing trong he thdng td chiic ciia Dang, Nha nude, la

cdu ndi giira Dang, Nha nude vdi nhan dan Lanh dao xa la lanh dao true tiep

vdi nhan dan, trien khai van dong, id chiic thuc hien mgi cong viec ciia nhan dan

Tir trude den nay Dang va Nha nude ta dac biet quan tam ciing cd, kien loan vl mat td churc va nang cao chat lugng boat dong ciia bg may td chiic va

can bg trong he thdng chfnh tri cap ca sd Cap xa dugc chu y den nhu la mot

van dl quan trong sdng cdn trong sir nghiep lanh dao ciia Dang ta Nhan manh

vl vai trd va vi trf ciia cap xa, Nghi quyet TW 5 (khoa IX) khang dinh: " Cac

ca sd xa, phudng thi tran la noi tuyet dai bg phan dan cu iru sinh sdng He

thdn^ chfnh tri d co sd cd vai trd rat quan trgng trong vice td chu'c va van dong

nhan dan Ihuc hien dudng Idi, chinh sach ciia Dang, phap luat ciia Nha nude, tang cudng dai doan ket loan dan, phat buy quyIn lam chii ciia dan huy dong mgi kha nang phat trien kinh le - xa hoi, td chu'c cuge sdng ciia cong dong dan cu" [16,22]

ca'p xa la mdt don vi hanh chfnh cap co sd vd ciing quan trgng trong he thdng hanh chfnh bdn cap ciia Nha nude ta, nhung trong he thdng cong churc Nha nude lai khong coi CTX la cong chu'c Nha nude vi hg khong cd ngach

luong nhu can bg chii chot cac ca quan, ban nganh, trudng, tram Day la

diem dac thii ciia cap xa, chi phdi nhat dinh de'n viec xay dung CTX Tuy nhien hien nay dang cd sir dilu chinh vl quy dinh churc trach, cac che do chfnh sach ciia can bg chuyen trach cap xa nhu Nghi dinh ciia Chfnh phii sd 121/2003/ND-CP ngay 21/10/2003 vl che do vdi can bo, cong chuc d xa, phudng, thi Iran va Quyet dinh sd 04/2004/QD/BNV ngay 16/01/2004 vl viec ban hanh quy dinh lieu chudn cu the ddi vdi can bg, cong chiic xa, phudng, thi Iran nhung nhin chung cap xa vdn cdn nhilu bat cap vl quy dinh nhiem vu, churc trach ciia can bg, quy dinh vl che do chfnh sach cho can bg dilu dd dang dugc Chfnh phii dilu chinh nhdm hoan thien ddn nhiing quy dinh dd de cap xa ngay cang boat dong lot hon, xung dang la don vi gdn gui vdi dan, cham lo ddi sdng vat chat cung nhu tinh thdn ciia dan

Ngudi CTX vira la ngudi lanh dao, quan ly trong he thdng chinh tri d co

sd ndng thdn, vira la ngudi san xuat, la lao dong chfnh trong hg gia dinh ndng dan Ddi vdi hg viec cong, viec tu gdn quyen vdi nhau Xa la noi hoi tu sir chi dao ciia bdu het cac nganh, cac cap, cac doan thi theo he thdng nganh doc tir tren xudng Chfnh vi vay, chii tich UBND xa la trung tam, la linh hon ciia mdi quan he dd, dieu dd ddi hdi ngudi CTX phai giai quyet cong viec that khoa hgc va cd hieu qua cao, thau tinh dat ly

Tuy nhien trucrc yeu cdu phat triln ciia dat nude, td chuc bg may va phuong thu'c boat dong d co sd, nhat la doi ngu CTX cham duoc ddi mdi dang ngay cang boc Id nhiing ban che, yeu kem vl hieu qua boat dong ve nang luc

va dac biet ve PCLD ciia hg cdn chua sau sat va khong theo kjp vdi thuc tiln hien nay

1.3 Khdi niem PCLD vd cdc kieu PCLD

1.3.1 Khai niem PCLD, PCLD cua CTX

- Khai niem PCLD

Phong each la mot pham Irii thuge tfnh each con ngudi, phong each the hien thai do ciia chii the trong boat dong ciia minh, thuy theo tfnh chat boat dong cong viec ciia chii the, thdng qua hanh vi, each thu'c, phuong phap bieu hien ra ben ngoai ma ngudi khac cd thi biet dugc, cam nhan dugc, nd la tfnh doc dao ciia ca nhan qua each xir ly tinh hudng xay ra trong thuc tiln ciia hg

Hoal dong lanh dao la cong viec dac thii ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly day la mot nghi cd tfnh chuyen mon cao, ddi hdi ngudi lanh dao phai cd dii phdm chat va nang luc Chfnh vi vay, boat dong lanh dao tao nen dac diem lam ly dac thii ciia ngudi lanh dao va PCLD la mot trong nhung dac dilm dd PCLD phan anh mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng lanh dao, phan anh dilu kien kinh te' xa hdi ma ngudi lanh dao dd dang lam viec Mot thoi dai cu the, mot dilu kien kinh te xa hoi cu the, mot con ngudi cu the va mot moi trudng lanh dao dac thii tao nen, net doc dao trong phong each ciia ngudi lanh dao PCLD

cd tac dong true lie'p den hieu qua cua cong viec, PCLD la nhan td ddng vai trd quan trgng trong lanh dao mot tap the boat dong Mot ngudi lanh dao cd

thai do, dong ca lam viec tdt, hg biet dong vien, khuyen khfch ngudi dudi

quyIn hang say lam viec, biet phat huy lot nhirng phat minh, sang kien ciia tap the de phuc vu Igi fch chung ciia tap thi chdc chan se tao ra hieu qua cong viec cao Ngugc lai, neu ngudi lanh dao cd dong co, muc tieu lam viec tdt nhung khong cd PCLD hieu qua phii hgp vdi tap thi thi hieu qua cong viec vdn khong cao

Cac nha Tam ly hgc Lien Xd va cac nude Ddng Au da rat thanh cong trong nhiing cong trinh nghien ciin ciia minh vl PCLD Theo A Cubanova M Rakhmatulina thi phong each la loan bg he thdng nhung phuong phap thu

ihuai lie'p nhan, phan ung hanh ddng tuong ddi bin vung, dn dinh ciia ca nhan Chiing quy dinh sir khac biet ca nhan, giiip ca nhan thfch nghi vdi mdi trudng sdng (dac biet mdi trudng xa hoi) thay ddi de ton tai va phat triln [ 38, 58 ]

Tac gia N.V Reveneo cho rdng: PCLD la tdng the cac dac dilm boat ddng cua ngudi quan ly, nd phan anh phdm chat ca nhan phan anh mdi quan

he vdi ca'p dudi ciia ngudi quan ly A.A Rusalinov: " PCLD dugc xem la nhirng lac ddng qua lai dac biet ciia ngudi quan ly ddi vdi toan bg tap thi cOng nhu ddi vdi mot bg phan trong tap the dd PCLD la nhiing tac dong qua lai xuat hien dn dinh d ngudi lanh dao vdi tap thi, nd dugc hinh thanh dudi anh hudng ciia cac dilu kien quan ly khach quan va chii quan cung nhu cac dac diem tam ly ca nhan ciia ngudi quan ly "

Tac gia A.I Panov nghien curu PCLD gdn vdi cac phdm chat tam ly ciia

ca nhan va cac pham chat tam ly dd anh hudng tdi PCLD Theo ong: 'TCLD

la su tap hgp cac bien phap dac trung, dn dinh trong viec giai quyet cac van dl nay sinh trong cong tac hang ngay de dat ket qua cong viec." Ong dac biet chu

y de'n vai trd eiia ngudi lanh dao sir dung kieu PCLD ciia minh trong viec giai quyet cac cong viec hang ngay

Philip Genov, nha Tam ly hgc ngudi Bungari coi: " Phong each lam viec

va lanh dao cua ngudi quan ly la he thdng cac phuong phap, each thiic va phuong lien dugc ngudi quan ly sir dung trong boat dong lanh dao ciia minh" Ong cho rang ngudi ta chi nhan biet PCLD cua timg ca nhan qua nhung bieu hien boat ddng ciia ca nhan dd qua cai bl ngoai la II Idi, tac phong, each thiic lam viec nhung khd cd the hieu dugc ban chat va ddng co thiic ddy d ben Irong Mudn hieu dugc ban chat ciia PCLD ta cdn phai tim hilu tinh chat cong viec ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly thong qua dong co, muc tieu va ket qua cong viec ciia hg

Cac tiic gia Au - My quan niem PCLD ddng vai trd thiic day hoac kirn ham qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh Theo hg, ngudi lanh dao can sir dung PCLD phii hgp vdi mdi trudng lanh dao ciia minh

Tim hieu khai niem PCLD dua iren lieu chudn ciia quan ly la su cam ke't va hgp tac, Dominique Chalvin mot nha lam ly hgc ngudi Phap cho rdng:

"PCLD la ket qua ciia mdi quan he giira ca nhan va sir kien".[17; 22]

Nghien ciiru ciia R Tannenbaum va H Schmidt vl PCLD va hg da neu

ra dugc cac yeu td anh hudng den PCLD bao gdm: Ca tfnh nha quan ly; Nhirng phdm chat Ihugc ve cap dudi anh hudng den hanh vi ciia ngudi lanh dao; Nhung yeu id thuoc vl tinh hudng (gia tri, truyin thdng td chu'c, sure ep

ve Ihdi gian)

Hai tac gia Paul Hersey va Kent Blanc Hard cho rdng: "PCLD la mdu

hanh vi ma ngudi lanh dao thi hien khi co gdng gay anh hudng tdi boat ddng

ciia nhung ngudi khac theo nhan thu'c ciia ngudi dd." Hai ong nhan manh den anh hudng ciia mdu hanh vi, lac phong ciia ngudi lanh dao len ngudi dudi quyln [42, 135]

Nhu vay, bdng nhiing quan dilm khoa hgc ciia minh, cac nha tam ly hgc phuong Tay da cd ddng gdp rat Ion den viec xay dung cac khai niem, thuat ngir PCLD Tuy nhien, cac nha nghien ciiu Au - My cdn dl cao nhan td chii quan ciia ca nhan ngudi lanh dao, quan ly va coi nd la nhan td quyet dinh hanh vi, tac phong ciia con ngudi ma hg chua lam ndi bat yeu td ben ngoai ciia mdi trudng lanh dao tac dong manh me den sir hinh thanh va tdn tai ciia phong each ngudi lanh dao, quan ly

6 nude la, trong nhirng nam gdn day, do nhu cdu giang day va nghien ciiu chuyen nganh Tam ly hgc quan ly d cac trudng dai hgc va nhu cdu nghien curu, van dung tam ly hgc vao thuc liln boat dong lanh dao ciia cac nha doanh nghiep, vao boat dong ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly d cac cap hanh chfnh Nha nude va mdi cong trinh dlu cd hudng tiep can khac nhau, mdi tac gia dlu cd each tiep can rieng

Theo Tir diln tieng Viet: Phong each la nhung Idi nhiing cung each sinh boat, lam viec, boat ddng, xir sir tao nen cai rieng ciia mot ngudi hay ciia mot loai ngudi nao dd [21,755]

Tir dien Tam ly hgc: PCLD la he thdng cac phuong phap dugc ngudi lanh dao sir dung de tac dong den nhung ngudi dudi quyln [58, 219]

PCS, TS Nguyln Hai Khoat cho rdng: Phong each cong tac ca nhan khong phai la ai cung nhu ai, mdi ngudi cd linh canh rieng, sd trudng rieng Tuy nhien mdi ngudi cdn phai hgc tap phong each Ho Chf Minh, dd la nhung phong each cd nhirng dac diem ndi bat la: khoa hgc, thiet thuc dan chii quan chung [35, 112]

PGS, TS Vu Dung: " PCLD la he thdng cac phuong phap dugc ngudi lanh dao (thii llnh) sir dung de lac dong den ngudi dudi quyln" [59.118]

Tac gia Trdn Dinh trong cong trinh nghien curu vl tam ly quan ly khdng dinh: Phong each quan ly trong tam ly hgc quan ly la nhiing dac dilm ca nhan, dien hinh ciia mot he thdng tuong ddi dn dinh cac phuong phap tac dong ciia ngudi quan ly den tap the lao dong do ngudi dd phu trach [47, 138]

Tren CO sd nhiing each lie'p can tren ciia cac tac gia, tat nhien mdi each dinh nghia dlu cd mot gia tri rieng the hien quan diem ciia timg ngudi Ke thira cac nghien ciiu dd, tdi dua ra dinh nghia PCLD nhu sau:

Phong cdch lanh dao Id nhUng cdch thirc, phuong phdp, Idi Idm viec rieng dn dinh vd doc dao cua ngudi lanh dao Id bieu hien ciia phdm chat, ndng lire, dong ca, muc dich thong qua he thdng thdi do, hdnli vi, ngon ngu, cir chi, dien mao cua ngUdi dd Id mot trong nhUng nhdn td ca bdn quyet dinh chat luang vd hieu qua cong tdc lanh dao, qudn ly

Tir khai niem tren ta cd the phan biet dugc cdc ddc diem ciia PCLD

phong each phan anh dilu kien moi trudng lanh dao, phan anh mdi quan he vdi ca'p dudi ciia ngudi quan ly

- Phong each la sir tuong tac, la mdi quan he giiira ca nhan ngudi lanh dao vdi tap the cung nhu tap the ddi vdi ngudi lanh dao Phong each ngudi lanh dao ddng vai trd quan trgng lac ddng den hieu qua cong viec, tao nen bdu khdng khi tam ly trong tap the, nd dugc hinh thanh dudi anh hudng ciia cac dilu kien quan ly khach quan va chu quan ciia ngudi lanh dao

PCLD chiu lac dong va anh hudng boi nhiing yeu td tam ly chii quan va yeu td khach quan ciia ngudi lanh dao Mat chii quan trong PCLD chfnh la dac diem nhan each ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, bilu hien qua xu hudng, tfnh each, tinh cam, khf chat ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly Nhirng yeu td tam ly chii quan dugc hinh thanh dudi tac dong ciia cac mdi quan he mang tfnh lich sir xa hdi, la truyin thdng van hoa dan tgc, he tu tudng - dao due, tam ly xa hoi

Cdu triic ciia PCLD gdm hai mat chinh:

Mat ben trong vd mat ben ngodi: Mat ben trong ciia PCLD la: phdm

chat, nang luc, ddng co, muc dich, xu hudng, khf chat, tinh cam, y chf, cac kieu thdn kinh ciia ngudi lanh dao Day la mat quan trgng quy dinh PCLD ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, mat ben trong ciia PCLD tuong ddi dn dinh nhtmg cung cd the thay ddi dugc do sir lac ddng ciia yeu td mdi trudng lanh dao

Mat ben ngoai ciia PCLD bao gdm cac each thiic, phuong phap, ngon ngir, cir chi, hanh vi ciia ngudi lanh dao, la bilu hien ma ngudi khac cd the nhin thay dugc va la yeu td dl thay ddi

PCLD la mot hien tugng lam ly, cho nen mat ben trong eiia PCLD la yeu td phan anh dilu kien tac ddng ciia mdi trudng lanh dao, quan ly tao thanh mdi PCLD dac thii Su tac ddng cua cac nhan td khach quan ben ngoai tdi ca nhan khdng gidng nhau, nd bi "khiic xa" qua nhan td chii quan ben trong ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly Mdi quan he giira mat ben trong va mat ben ngoai ciia PCLD la quan he bien chung va khdng thi tach rdi Vi vay, trong moi che

dd chfnh tri xa hoi dlu cd nhiing mdu hinh PCLD khac nhau

Phdn dn dinh vd phdn ca dong, linh hoqt:

Phdn on dinh cua PCLD quy dinh su khac biet ciia co thi ca nhan do

chfnh ca'u lao va chiic nang boat dong ciia cac giac quan, he thdn kinh, bieu hien thdi quen phan ling tra Idi kfch thfch tac dong Phdn dn dinh chfnh la dac diem tam- sinh ly thdn kinh, ca tfnh ciia ngudi lanh dao Day la phdn dn dinh nhung cung cd the thay ddi dugc tuy theo dilu kien hoan canh tac ddng

Phdn ca dong, linh hoqt ciia PCLD giiip ca nhan thfch ung vdi mdi

trudng sdng thay ddi Mdi trudng sdng bao gdm mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi trudng xa hdi Mdi trudng tu nhien la dilu kien kinh te - xa hdi, dia ly, viing khf bau , mdi trudng xa hoi la tap the, nhdm ngudi ndi chung, la cap dudi, cap tren va ddng nghiep eiia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly va bdu khong khf tam ly ciia tap the Mdi trudng xa hdi la yeu td quyet dinh sir linh boat, co dong ciia

ca nhan, sir thay ddi ciia nd ddi hdi ca nhan phai luon luon thfch ung, linh boat Irong vai trd lanh dao, quan ly ciia minh

Nhu vay, PCLD khdng phai tu nhien hinh thanh, ma ddi hdi phai cd qua trinh ren luyen va tu dilu chinh ciia ngudi lanh dao Khong the trd thanh ngudi lanh dao gidi neu khdng cd sir trau ddi nghi nghiep thong qua hgc tap, lao dong va ren luyen ban than Chfnh vi the, ngudi lanh dao, quan ly cdn phai Ihudng xuyen dugc dao tao, boi dudng va phai tu ren luyen ban than de cd sure khoe, cd kien thiic chuyen mon nghiep vu va nang lire td chiic thuc tiln, nhanh nhay ndm bdt dugc nhirng tinh hudng thay ddi ciia moi trudng kinh te - xa hoi, mdi trudng lanh dao, quan ly

Tir nhung ly luan vl PCLD, chiing ta cd thi phan biet khai niem phong each vdi tu each, vdi tac phong va phuong phap lanh dao

- Phan biet phong each vdi tu each: Tu each la each cu xir giao tiep, an

d ciia mot x\g\sa\ trong xa hdi, tu each thi hien phuong dien ciia mot mat nao

dd trong cac mat churc nang, cuong vi, vi trf ciia mot ngudi Tu each bilu hien phdm chat dao diic ciia eon ngudi, la loan bg nhiing dilu ma xa hoi yeu cdu ddi vdi mot ca nhan cu thi dl ca nhan dd cd thi dugc cong nhan d mot vi trf thuc hien mot churc nang xa hdi nao dd Tu each gan lien vdi tfnh each, nhan

each ciia ca nhan, con ngudi phai cd lu each tdt mdi cd phong each tdt, tu each con ngudi the hien qua phong each ngudi dd va nguge lai Tu each va phong each cd mdi quan he gdn chat vdi nhau, bd sung cho nhau lao nen dac dilm tam ly rieng cua mot con ngudi trong xa hoi

- Phan biel phong each vdi tac phong: Tac phong la loi lam viec va each the hien rieng ciia mdi ngudi Sir khac nhau ciia tac phong va phong each d chd: phong each the hien ban chat ciia con ngudi, la trang phuc ciia tu duy, la

"chat" cua mot con ngudi cu the, cdn tac phong la loi lam viec, each sdng sinh boat hang ngay rieng ciia hg bieu hien qua hanh vi nhanh hay cham, vf du: lac phong nhanh nhen hay II ml, cham chap tac phong ciia con ngudi

cd dinh va ft thay ddi hon phong each ciia ngudi dd

Tac phong la sir Ihl hien ciia phong each trong boat dong hang ngay ciia

ca nhan, tac phong la mot mat, mot bg phan ciia phong each, tac phong cd tfnh

ca nhan cdn phong each cd tfnh xa hoi nhilu hon Tuy nhien, giira tac phong

va phong each cung cd nhiing net chung vi chung dlu the hien hanh vi II Idi, phuong phap lam viec ciia mot con ngudi, nhung nhin chung tac phong la mot mat bieu hien bl ngoai ciia phong each

- Phan biet phong each vdi phuong phap: Phuong phap la each thu'c lien hanh ciia chii the vl mot hanh ddng nao dd de cd hieu qua cao Phuong phap lanh dao la cac bien phap tac dong cd muc dfch ciia chii the ddi vdi ngudi dudi quyln va tap the nhdm phdi hgp cac boat ddng ciia hg trong qua trinh thuc hien chu'c nang quan ly PCLD cd mdi quan he va tac ddng qua lai vdi phuong phap lanh dao Phuong phap la khai niem bao gdm nhiing yeu td tir ben ngoai, dugc thuc hien lir ben ngoai va khong phu thuoc vao ngudi lanh dao Cdn PCLD, mac dii cung cd nhiing yeu td tir ben ngoai, nhung yeu td quan trgng

de tao nen PCLD lai la nhiing yeu td chii quan ciia ngudi lanh dao Phuong phap la mot phdn khdng thi thieu dugc ciia phong each, mot yeu td quan trong

bilu hien ciia phong each Phong each bao gdm ca cac muc dfch ddng ca cu

the hudng vao mot cong viec nhat dinh, nd bilu hien thong qua cac phu(tng phap va thanh hanh dong ciia con ngudi

Phuong phap dugc the hien qua hanh ddng chii quan ciia con ngudi, con ngudi lim kie'm, sir dung cac phuong phap khac nhau trong boat dong ciia minh, nhung phuong phap cung phu ihudc vao ddi tugng va khach thi ma con ngudi lim kiem, lac ddng dd la mat khach quan ciia phuong phap Cd dugc sir phdi hgp hai hoa giira mat chii quan va khach quan ciia phuong phap la dilu kien de ngudi lanh dao cd phuong phap diing ddn va khoa hgc

- PCLD ciia CTX

Tir cac khai niem vl PCLD ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly ndi chung, sau day la khai niem PCLD eiia CTX:

PCLD ciia CTX Id nhung cdch thirc, phurrng phdp Idi Idm viec dn dinh

vd dqc ddo ciia ngudi CTX, Id hieu hien phdm chat, ndng luc thong qua he thdng thdi do, hdnh vi, ngon ngu, cir chi, dien mao ciia CTX, Id mot trong nhung nhdn tdcabdn quyet dinh chat luang vd hieu qud cong viec ciia ho

1.3.2 Cac kieu PCLD

1.3.2.1 Quan diem ciia cac nha tam ly hgc vl cac kieu PCLD, quan ly

Cd nhilu quan diem khac nhau vl cac kilu PCLD eiia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly Mdi kieu PCLD theo quan diem ciia cac tac gia phuong Tay hoac phuong Ddng cd sir khac nhau tuy thuoc vao boat dong lanh dao dac thti va moi trudng quan ly Trong nhiing cong trinh nghien curu PCLD ciia cac tac gia phuong Tay ihudng quan tam den cac kieu PCLD ma theo hg ngudi lanh dao

la ngudi chii cd vai trd quyet dinh tat ca mgi cong viec ciia tap the, mgi quyln lire tap trung trong tay ngudi lanh dao va ngudi dudi quyln chi dugc sir dung nhu la phuong lien dl thuc hien muc lieu ciia doanh nghiep cho nen kilu lanh dao doe doan va dan chii ihudng hay ap dung

Tac gia K Levin cho rdng cd 3 kilu PCLD dd la ddc doan, dan chii va

tu do Tuy nhien d mdi kilu PCLD theo each phan chia ciia K Levin deu co nhiing dilm manh va dilm yeu tuy thuoc vao nhung dieu kien cu the, PCLD quyet doan menh lenh cd hieu qua khi mot van de na\' sinh trong mot hoan canh nguy kieb, cu thi ddi hdi cac thanh vien trong tap thi phai tuan thu ngudi

lanh dao Ban ve van de nay, Ph.Angghen viet: " Tren mot chuyen tau di giira bien ca thi lai cang thay rd hon het la can phai cd quyln uy, hon nira phai cd mdi quyln uy ddc doan nhat Tren tau, gap luc nguy bien thi sinh menh ciia mgi ngudi phu thuge vao su phuc tiing tiic khdc va khdng dilu kien ciia tat ca mgi ngudi vao y chi ciia mot ngudi" [2, 42] Trong trudng hgp Ph.Angghen dua ra lam ddn chung, ngudi Thuyin trudng can cd tfnh doc doan cang cao, bdt bugc mgi ngudi phai phuc tiing menh lenh ciia minh trong thdi dilm nhat dinh la cang cdn thiet Da sd y kien ciia cac nha nghien ciiu cho rdng ngudi lanh dao trong lap the sir dung kieu PCLD dan chii la phong each dem lai ket qua tdt hon va hieu qua kinh te cao hon Kieu phan chia ciia K Levin cho den nay dang dugc coi la khoa hgc va dugc nhilu ngudi thira nhan

Tac gia F.E Fiedler nha tam ly hgc ngudi My dua ra 2 kilu PCLD dd la: PCLD hudng vao hieu qua va nang suat lao dong ciia nhdm va PCLD hudng vao dilu boa cac mdi quan he trong nhdm Loai PCLD thur nhat chii yeu hudng vao nhiem vu cong viec va ngudi lanh dao chi thay nhiem vu dugc hoan thanh khi cong viec dat ket qua Loai PCLD thii hai chii yeu hudng vao viec dat dugc nhiing mdi quan he tdt giiia cac ca nhan vdi nhau trong tap thi nhdm chiing minh cho vai trd lanh dao, quan ly ciia ngudi lanh dao trong nhdm Qua dd, ong cho rdng tinh hudng lanh dao phu thuoc vao 3 yeu td: quyln lire, tfnh chat cong viec va quan he giira cac thanh vien trong nhom

Mot tac gia ngudi My la K Likert dua theo tieu chf vl mure do tham gia

ft hay nhilu ciia ngudi lanh dao va ngudi dudi quyln vao boat dong quan ly de phan chia cac kieu PCLD Theo tac gia, boat ddng lanh dao la su hgp tac hay khdng hgp tac, sir chia se cong viec va thai do ciia ngudi dudi quyln ddi vdi ngudi lanh dao nhu the nao va hieu qua cong viec phan anh qua mdi quan he ciia hg Tir dd, ong chia ra thanh 4 kilu PCLD dd la: PCLD quyet doan - ap che; quyet doan - nhan tir; tham van va tham gia - theo nhdm Cac nha nghien cuu cho rdng Irong cac kilu PCLD ciia K Likert dua ra thi kilu PCLD tham

^ia theo nhdm la kilu dat dugc hieu qua cao trong cCmg vice va dugc nhieu

ngudi cho dd la PCLD dem lai bdu khong khf dan ehii ciia cac thanh vien

Irong nhdm

Hai lac gia la J Mouton va R Black phan loai PCLD theo 2 tieu chf: Mure do quan lam ciia ngudi quan ly tdi cong viec va miic do quan tam tdi ngudi dudi quyln, hai nha tam ly hgc nay phan chia ra thanh 81 6 mdi 6 tuong ung vdi mot kieu PCLD, vdi mo hinh ciia hg dua ra, cac nha nghien curu ggi dd la so dd mang Gird [33, 25]

So dd 1: So dd mang Gird vl cac kieu PCLD

+ Kilu 9.1 (la phong each the hien d phdn thap phfa dudi ben phai ciia bang) trong dd la sir ket hgp mdi quan he tdi da (9) vdi hieu qua cong viec va mdi quan tam tdi thilu (I) vdi con ngudi Mot ngudi lanh dao theo hudng ciia cac ddng co neu tren se tim each dat ket qua tdi da bang each sir dung quyln lire va quyln ban, ddng thdi kilm soat boat ddng cap dudi bang each ra lenh cho hg phai lam gi va lam the nao

+ Kieu 1.9 (la phong each dugc the hien d cac gdc trai phfa tren) Day

la sir ke'l hgp cua mdi quan he Id'i thieu den hieu qua cong viec hay hieu qua san xua't va quan tam tdi da den con ngudi 6 day dilu quan trgng nhat trude he't la tao ra mot bdu khdng khf quan he em tham giira cac ddng nghiep, vdi ca'p dudi, du cd lam suy giam ket qua lao ddng

+ Kieu 1.1 dinh hudng nay ket hgp ca mdi quan tam tdi thieu tdi hieu qua cong viec, tdi thieu tdi con ngudi (va nd dugc the bien d gdc trai phfa dudi) Nha quan ly theo dinh hudng nay lam ft nhat cd the chi dii de duy tri sir

cd mat ciia anh ta trong td chiic

+ Kieu 5.5 vi trf trung tam the hien dinh hudng 5.5 O day ta gap phai mot ngudi lap trudng trung dung, anh ta khdng dinh "theo trao luu chung", te^n trgng trai tu hien tai (hien trang)

+ Kieu 9.9 (ndm d vi trf phfa tren ben phai trong mang Gird), phong each nay tap hgp, nhat the hoa mdi quan tam tdi da ca cho hieu qua edng vice

va cho con ngudi Day la phuong phap tiep can tap trung vao ket qua, vao cong viec ciia ca doi ngu, tim each dat ket qua cao nhat nhd vao miic do cao ciia sir nhap cuge, tham gia, gdn bd va mot y chf rd ret trong viec giai quyet cong viee

Tac gia ngudi Phap Dominique Chalvin da chia PCLD thanh 10 kieu va dng phan chia ra 2 nhdm: PCLD cd hieu qua va PCLD vd hieu qua

PCLD hieu qua bao gdm: Phong each G: ngudi td chiic; Phong each P: ngudi tham gia; Phong each T: ngudi manh dan; Phong each R ngudi thuc te; Phong each M: ngudi cue dai chii nghia va Phong each v6 hieu qua gdm: Phong each G': ngudi quan lieu; Phong each P^: ngudi gia trudng va my dan; Phong each P^ ngudi sfnh ky thuat va chuyen che; Phong each R': ngudi co hdi; Phong each M^ ngudi khdng tudng, sfnh hien dai

Khi phan chia cac kilu PCLD cac nha nghien ciin Nhat Ban da can cii vao dieu kien kinh te va mdi trudng van boa ciia ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly dang sdng va lam viec Cong trinh nghien cun ciia GS Hiroshi Mannari dua ra kilu PCLD ciia cac nha quan tri kinh doanh Nhat Ban dua tren cac dac trung

vl van hoa Dd la hg da nha'n manh den cac yeu td truyin thdng van boa, each

cu xir ciia nhung ngudi irong tap the va nhan manh yeu td con ngudi trong lao dong, san xuat Hg rat chu y den nhu cdu ca nhan ciia con ngudi, mdi quan he hai hoa giira nhiing ca nhan trong tap the va tir dd di den xay dung bdu khong khf lam ly tap the lao dong san xuat mdi, vui luoi, lanh manh, con ngudi quan tam giup do lan nhau irong nhdm Ngudi lanh dao giir dugc mdi quan he trong nhdm, giir dugc su " can bdng tam ly " ciia cac thanh vien dl tao ra cam giac hai hoa khdng each biet giira ngudi lanh dao vdi ngudi dudi quyln trong mot nhdm

Cac nha Tam ly hgc Lien Xo cd each phan chia cac kieu PCLD rieng, each phan chia ciia hg vl cac kilu PCLD thfch ung vdi moi trudng lanh dao cua cac xi nghiep, tap thi ciia dat nude Nga Xo viet thdi ky xay dung CNXH, day la thdi ky cd nhilu cong trinh nghien cun phong each ciia ngudi lanh dao

cd gia tri Tac gia B.D Parugin dua ra 3 lieu chf dl phan loai PCLD: Ngi dung

hoqt dong, phuang phdp hoqt dong vd tinh chd't hoqt dong, qua dd ong chia ra

6 kieu PCLD: Ngudi cd vu; Ngudi thuc hien; Ngudi chuyen che; Ngudi dan chii; Ngudi long hgp; Ngudi linh hudng

Tac gia L.L Umanski cho rdng, neu dua tren cac lieu chf dl phan chia kieu PCLD ciia B.D Parugin cdn thieu Theo dng cdn phai dua them tieu chf sang tao trong cau triic cac kilu PCLD tren: Ngudi td chu'c; Ngudi sang kien; Ngudi tinh cam; Ngudi hilu biet; Ngudi thdng thai; Ngudi loi cudn

Tac gia Mi-khe-ep chia cac kieu PCLD ra 4 loai: phong each ddc doan; phong each dan chii; phong each khai quat va phong each chi tiet Tac gia A.L Dzaraviev va V.P Rubakhin chia PCLD thanh 7 loai: Chi thi, menh lenh; Chi thi, menh lenh mang tfnh tap thi; Tap thi: Tu do; Chi thi, menh lenh - Tu do; Chi thi, menh lenh - Tap the; Tap thi - Tu do va pha iron

O Viet Nam cong trinh nghien cihi PCLD tuy cdn ft cac tac gia cung budc ddu cd each chia cac kilu PCLD theo each rieng ciia minh: Tac gia Vo Thanh Khdi trong cong trinh nghien ciin PCLD ciia minh da can cir vao tfnh

chat boat ddng ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly de chia cac kilu PCLD: Thu nlud

nhirng phong each dinh hudng muc lieu; thir hai, nhung phong each ra quyet dinh; thuba: nhung phong each lira chgn va sir dung phuong phap Tuy nhien

khi phan chia cac kieu PCLD nay tac gia mdi chi nhan manh den tfnh chat ciia boat ddng tac ddng den su hinh thanh cac kilu PCLD, chua that su nhan manh de'n cac yeu td tam ly cua ca nhan va yeu td moi trudng lanh dao, quan ly

Tac gia Nguyln Hiru Thu trong bai viet vl PCLD ciia ngudi quan ly lap the su pham da dua tren lieu chf phan loai hai xu hudng ciia ngudi lanh dao dd

la: xu hudng hoqt dong vd xu hudng noi dung hoqt dong Tir dd tac gia da phan

ra thanh 3 kieu PCLD, thu nhat: PCLD hudng vao ca nhan; thu hai PCLD

hudng vao edng viec; thu' ba, PCLD hudng vao quan he Tuy nhien trong cac kieu PCLD nay theo lac gia dlu cd mat tdt va mat khong tdt ciia nd, van dl la ngudi lanh dao lap the su pham khoa hgc cdn biet phat huy mat tdt va khdc phuc dugc mat lieu cue thi mdi phat huy he't dugc hieu qua lanh dao, quan ly

Vu Duy Yen khi nghien eun PCLD eiia can bg cong churc trong bg may hanh chinh nude ta hien nay, can cii' vao viec sir dung cac kilu PCLD ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly, tac gia da dua ra dl xuat vl ngudi lanh dao sir dung cac kilu PCLD linh boat, phii hgp va khoa hgc Mudn thuc hien dugc that linh boat cdn tuy thuge vao pham chat tam ly cua ngudi lanh dao, tam ly eiia ngudi dudi quyln, ciia cap tren, trinh do phat trien thuc te eiia tap thi lanh dao va yeu td tinh hudng trong lanh dao, quan ly

Tieu chf de phan chia cac kieu PCLD chi diing vdi nhung dilu kien va hoan canh cu the trong mot tap the hoac mdi trudng lanh dao, tuy thuge vao thdi diem va cap dudi ciia ngudi lanh dao Thuc tien cho thay chua cd mot kieu PCLD nao tuyet ddi cd hieu qua ml man ddi vdi edng viec, tao ra hieu qua cao hoan bao Nhung hien nay da sd cac nha tam ly hgc cung thira nhan viec ngudi lanh dao, quan ly sir dung kilu PCLD phii hgp khi ho biet van dung mot each linh boat, mim deo cac kilu phong each tuy thuoc vao moi trudng lanh dao cu the dd la tap thi lanh dao, ngudi dudi quyln, mdi quan he vdi cac tap the khac va mdi trudng xa hdi dlu tac ddng khdng ft den hieu qua ciia kieu PCLD ma hg sir dung

Viec sir dung cac kieu PCLD cho phii hgp vdi cong viec, vdi timg ddi lugng, vdi limg yeu cau, nhiem vu cu the eiia timg giai doan lich sir cu thi Su lira chgn va sir dung cac phuong phap, phong each quan ly thfch hgp cdn phu thuoc vao ky nang, do nhay cam ciia limg ngudi lanh dao, quan ly Nhilu khi

hg phai ket hgp nhilu loai PCLD khac nhau thi mdi dem lai hieu qua cao trong lanh dao Tir dd yeu cdu ngudi lanh dao phai luon ludn xay dung ban llnh viing vang va tfnh thfch limg cao

1.3.2.2 Cac kieu PCLD ciia CTX:

Tren co sd ke thira cac each phan chia kilu PCLD cua cac tac gia ndi tren, chung tdi thay kilu phan chia ciia K Lewin la kilu phan chia dugc nhilu ngudi thira nhan va phii hgp vdi muc tieu nghien ciin ciia chung toi Nghien cihi ciia K Lewin da can cii' vao cac mu'c do sir dung quyln lire lanh dao trong mdi trudng edng nghiep de phan chia Theo chiing toi, trong mdi trudng lanh dao, quan ly hanh chfnh cap xa hien nay, viec phan chia kieu PCLD ciia CTX dua tren miic do sir dung quyln lire dl phan chia la phii hgp Trong boat dong

lanh dao, quan ly ciia CTX, yeu td dong ca, muc dfch luon luon la nin tang,

chi phdi mgi boat ddng, quy dinh sir phat trien nhan each hg, ddng thdi cac yeu id khach quan nhu dilu kien moi trudng lanh dao, phuong phap, phuong lien lanh dao tac ddng, lao thanh cac kilu PCLD Vi vay, khi phan chia cac kieu PCLD ciia CTX, chiing tdi dua vao dac dilm boat dong ciia hg va each sir dung phuong phap lanh dao trong mot tinh hudng lanh dao cu thi dl lam co sd

de phan chia cac kieu PCLD sau:

- Kieu boat ddng lanh dao ciia ngudi CTX dua vao quyln lire ciia minh

de lanh dao lap the, bugc mgi ngudi phai thirc hien theo la PCLD dqc dodn

- Kilu boat ddng lanh dao ciia ngudi CTX biet ton trgng y kien ciia tap

Ihl, biet tap hgp va phat huy sang kien ciia ngudi khac la PCLD ddn chic

- Kilu boat ddng lanh dao ciia ngudi CTX budng Idng, cung cap thdng

tin va nhan ket qua la PCLD tirdo

a) PCLD ddc doan:

Ngudi CTX six dung PCLD ddc doan, chuyen quyln la ngudi hay sir

dung quyln lire de ra quyet dinh cho edng viec Bieu hien d ban llnh va tfnh lir chii cao va tu chju trach nhiem trude edng viec, hg khong cho phep hoac rat han che cap dudi tham gia vao viec quyet dinh cac chii truong, bien phap quan ly bdng viec sir dung quy che, menh lenh, dilu le dl dilu hanh cong viec la chii yeu

Cong viec khen thuong va ky luat ihudng mang tfnh chii quan, ap dat

ft quan tam den y kien ciia cap dudi Quy dinh nhiem vu each thu'c lam viec cho cap dudi mot each qua chi tiet, khdng quan tam den tam tu nguyen vgng cua cap dudi cho nen khdng tan dung dugc kha nang sang tao eiia hg

VI uu diem, ngudi lanh dao sir dung phong each nay la giai quyet cong viec dugc kien quyet, dih diem, khan trucrng va va dac biet trong tinh trang edng viec dot xuat can phai giai quyet Nd dam bao tfnh ky luat nghiem

vi da dua vao dilu le, quy che va he thdng churc trach cac quyln ban ciia mdi

bg phan va mdi ngudi Nhuge dilm ciia PCLD nay la ngudi lanh dao thudng hay chii quan, ddc doan trong viec dua ra quyet dinh, ngudi lanh dao, quan ly nhan dugc ft thdng tin ngugc, khong tan dung dugc tri ihiic va tfnh sang tao ciia ngudi khac, dl bi ngudi dudi quyln va tap thi xa lanh, co lap

- PCLD dan chii

Day la PCLD thudng dugc nhilu nha lanh dao, quan ly sir dung vi nd phat huy dugc su'c manh, sir sang tao ciia tap the va ngudi dudi quyln Ddi vdi ngudi CTX khi su dung phong each nay hg tan dung dugc y kien ciia cap dudi vao edng tac lanh dao ciia minh, tao dilu kien thuan Igi cho cap dudi tham gia vao viec quyet dinh cac chii truong, bien phap quan ly Viec quan ly

va trao ddi nhiing thdng tin cdn thiet vdi ngudi dudi quyln, ddng thdi nhan dugc nhiing thdng tin phan hdi cdn thiet Ngudi lanh dao giai thfch cho mgi ngudi hilu dugc y dd du dinh ciia minh truoc mot cong vice dat ra va giao nhiem vu thi d l cho ngudi dudi quyln phat huy tfnh doc lap sang lao

Ddng Ihdi, ddi vdi PCLD dan chii ngudi lanh dao phat huy dugc tdi da tfnh nguyen idc va linh boat phat hien ra cai mdi trong giai quyet cac cong viec De dai dugc PCLD nay ddi hdi ngudi CTX cdn cd nhirng phdm chat dao dure va nang lire cdn thiet, cd tinh thdn hgc hdi, tu dudng dao dure each mang khong ngimg hgc tap nang cao trinh do chuyen mdn va tfch cue ren luyen ban than

LTU dilm ciia phong each dan chii la tao ra dugc tam ly dl chiu, chan hoa than mat giu'a ngudi lanh dao va ngudi bi lanh dao; phat huy dugc nhiing sang kien, kinh nghiem ciia tap the, tao ra tfnh tu giac va tinh thdn trach nhiem tham giai quyet edng viec ciia ngudi dudi quyln Han che ciia phong each nay la tfnh linh boat khdng cao, cdn phai cd thdi gian cho viec thdng nha't tu tudng, y kien se khd giai quyet dugc nhiing cong viec cap bach, trude nhirng tinh hudng ddi hdi sir quyet doan, nhanh nhay

- PCLD tu do

Ngudi CTX thudng buong Idng cho mgi ngudi thuc hien nhiem vu dugc giao, cho hg dugc tu do lira chgn each thu'c tien hanh cong viec va lay ket qua edng viec lam thude do ma khdng chii y den qua trinh tien hanh cong viec Cach lanh dao nay chi phii hgp vdi nhiing ngudi dudi quyln cd tinh thdn

lu giac cao, cd tfnh chii ddng va nang lire thuc su, luon dat hieu qua trong nhiing cong viec da cd muc tieu rd rang

Vdi kilu PCLD tu do, ngudi lanh dao chi can thiep vao edng viec ciia ngudi thira hanh khi hg thuc su sai 1dm hoac gap su cd nguy hilm PCLD tu

do lao dilu kien cho mgi ngudi lam viec thoai mai sang tao, chii ddng Nhung ddi vdi nhung ngutti ma tay nghi non kem quen thira hanh, mgi chi ddn ciia cap tren thi se lam cho bg liing tiing, bi ddng Cdn ngudi vo td chiic chay ludi thi se Igi dung nd dl lam viec tuy lien, ddi phd vdi lanh dao, kilu phong each nay se khdng phii hgp vdi dilu kien lam viec, dac biet trong boat ddng san xuat - kinh doanh hien nay