Bước đầu tìm hiểu phần thơ việt nam hiện đại trong sách giáo khoa văn cải cách giáo dục bậc trung học phổ thông hiện nay

Tho Viet nam hi6n dai trong bo sach giao khoa trung hoe ph6 thdng nhiing nam 90 va trong bo sach giao khoa trung hoe ph6 thCng chinh ly hop nhat nam 2000 26 CHWNG 2 : Tim hieu nhiing nh

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NO!

• BAG TRUNG HOG PHO THONG HIEN NAY

• • •

(Gi6i han trong bp sach do tri/dng Dai hoc sU pham Ha npi I bien soan

va bo sach chinh ly hop nhat nam 2000)

3 Phuong phap nghiSn ciJu 10

4 Ddi tuong va pham vi nghidn eun 11

5 D6ng gop m6i cua luan an 12

6 B 6 cue cua luan an 12

CHWNG 1 :

Dien mqo cua tha Viet Nam hien dai trong sach gido khoa

van trung hoc pho thong hien nay 14

1.1 Nhan xet ehung vl ehuong trinh tho trong sach giao khoa

trung hoe ph6 thdng 14

1.2 Tho Vi6t nam hidn dai trong b6 sach giao khoa trung hoc

ph6 thdng ddu ti6n sau hoa binh (ban hanh nam hoc

1955 - 1956 va sir dung de'n h€i nhiing nam 70) 15

1.3 Tho Vi6t nam hi6n dai trong b6 sach giao khoa trung hoe

ph6 thdng nhiing nam 80 22

1.4 Tho Viet nam hi6n dai trong bo sach giao khoa trung hoe

ph6 thdng nhiing nam 90 va trong bo sach giao khoa

trung hoe ph6 thCng chinh ly hop nhat nam 2000 26

CHWNG 2 :

Tim hieu nhiing nhqn dinh chung cua sach gido khoa

ve tha Viet Nam hien dai 31

2.1 Quan di^m phan ky va phan dong trong eae bai khai quat 31

2.2 Nhiing nhan dinh v^ eae gia trj cua tho Vidt Nam hien dai 36

2.3 Nhihig nhan dinh v^ cac rihk tha Idm dvtac gidd thi6u vdri

tir cich tdc gia (Xudn Didu, H6 Chi Minh, T6 HGu) 48

CHl/ONGS:

Tim hieu phan hu&ng ddn hoc bai 65

3.1 Dinh hirdmg chung cua h6 th6ng c^u hoi 6 phdn

"Hudng dSn hoc bai" 65 3.2 Sir khac nhau v^ each cam thu trong m6t s5 bai thcr duoc

trich giang 70

PHAN K^T LUAN 83

CAC CH&VI^ TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN 85

CAC CHU THICH DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN 85

PHI/ LUC : CAC BANG KHAO SAT VE TAC GIA TAC PHAM 86

TAILIEU THAMKHAO 92

PHAN Md OAU

1 L t DO CHON Bt TAI:

1.1 N^ii tho la nhu cdu trong dcri s6ng tarn linh eon nguod - nhu bay gi5 ngudi ta thu5ng noi, thi vdd nguod giao viSn van, no con phai thuong xuydn di cung nhihig doi hoi nghidt nga cua ngh6 nghi6p Du mu6n hay khdng, ngh€ nghidp bu6c nguod giao vi6n van phai giang day nhiing tac

phim tho, tac gia tho, hidn tuong tho theo quy dinh cua ehuong trinh, phai

lam chu duoc ehuong trinh va nhiing don vi ki€fn thiic edn c6 cho hoc sinh

Ban than nhiing kinh nghi6m cua ngabi vi^t trong qua trinh giang day ph^n

tho Viet nam hidn dai (VNHD) trong Sach giao khoa (SGK) Cai each giao due (CCGD) d6i hoi phai duoc tdng kS't lai, nhin sau horn Luan van nay c6 y nghla nhu la m6t dip nhin lai m6t each bao quat, t6ng kfi't lai, nhin sau hon

nhOng kinh nghidm 3fy - vdd su giup dd cua th^y hudng dSn No xua^t phat tiif

nhu edu thifi't thue cua nghl nghi6p

1.2 Mat khac, tho VNHD la m6t thod ky rue vd cua lich su tho ea dan

t6c, m6t gia trj khach quan ma vide danh gia th£m dinh no dang s6i d6ng trong dod s6ng van hoc h6m nay Trong khi do, SGK van CCGD ( ma pbin

tho VNHD la m6t n6i dung quan trong cua no) tir khi ra dod 6€n nay da gay

ra nhiiu f kid'n va hi6n nay dang thu hut su chii y cua eong luan Qua that,

so vdd hai b6 SGK van bae THPT tnrde day ( b6 sach dung nhiing nam

1960 - 1970 va b6 sach tie'p theo diing nhiing nam 1980) thi trong b6 sach giao khoa Van CCGD va b6 sach chinh ly hop nha't nam 2000, trong ph^n van hoe Vidt nam hi6n dai noi ehung va ph^n tho Vi6t nam hi6n dai noi ri6ng chifi'm m6t khdi luong dang k^, nhimg vide nghidn ciiu no m6t each c6 h6 thd'ng va toan didn thi chua c6 c6ng trinh nao

1.2.1 SGK van thod d6i mdd s6ng trong di^u kidn eo rat nhi^u sach tham khao va eae tai lidu tham khao khac vay quanh Vdi hai b6 sach tru6e

ngoai cu6n Hu&ng ddn giang day di kem nhu m6t tai li6u mang tinh phap

16nh, nguM gido vi6n it c6 di^u kidn tidp xuc tu do vdd cac ngu6n tai lidu khdc ( cung khd it 6i, ngu^ may man c6 th^ doc thuorng xuydn Bao Van nghd va Tap chi Van hoc) Sau CCGD, sach giao vi6n (SGV) dam nhan chure

nang cua sdch hudng 6kn giang day tru6c day; SGV di li6n vdd SGK hop thanh m6t b6 sach cho m6n van b truong THPT - duoc coi nhu tai li6u tham

khao quan trong cho gido vi6n Ngoai ra cd r^t nhi^u eae sach va tai li6u tham khao khac

Nhin chung, qua eae tai li6u tham khao h^t siic phong phu, ngucd giao

vi6n van THPT duoc \\6p xuc vdd b6n b6 eae ^ V\6n khac nhau, trong d6 e6

nhiing ^ ki£fn trai chilu nhau, eo nhiing ^ ki6'n giup hi^u sau hon each hi^u

cua SGK (th^ hidn b cau hoi hudng dSn hoc bai va SGV), cd nhiing ^ kie'n ph6 phan SGK la v'\6i sai, hi^u sai v^n d^ Ngay trong Tai lieu chudn kien

thvCc, khi d^ cap d6'n each hi^u m6t bai tho, doan tho eu thd trong ehuong

trinh, ^ ki^n chu^n ki6'n thiic cua eae tac gia eiing phu dinh lin nhau Cd th^ ndi, khdng m6t tac gia tho, m6t tac ph£m tho nao thu6c ph^n tho VNHD khdng duoc eae tai lidu tham khao ban luan d6'n tijf gdc d6 nay hay gde d6 khac Cd nhiing hifin tuong tho da duoc nhin nhan tii nhi^u phia, nhilu gde d6 Tinh hinh dd, m6t mat bi^u hi6n su phat tri^n cua y thiic dan chu trong thod dai ngay nay, mat khac doi hoi ngudd giao vi6n phai cd trinh d6 va ban Itnh cao hon, phai bi6't lua chon va th£m dinh eae y kidn cho c6ng vide cua

minh Hon niia, da d6'n luc edn ht thdng hoa lai toan bo eae y ki6'n dd

1.2.2 Vuot ra khoi pham vi nha trudng, SGK van CCGD va SGK van chinh 1^ hop nha't nam 2000 da trof thanh van d6 eiia eong luan xa hoi Ngucri

ta da phat h\i\x nhi^u y kidn v6 SGK trdn eae bao ehi va eae di^n dan khac

( H6i nghj, h6i thao, ndi chydn van hoe ) SGK van, nhat la SGK Van 12

da trdr thanh sach giao khoa trong du luan G^n day Bo Giao due va Dao tao

t6 chiic h6i thao Idn vi chuydn d^ SGK va ehuong trinh truyin hinh trung uong cd m6t bu6i gap phong va'n eae giao su, nha van \i ehuong trinh m6n

van w Bd trudng van hoa thdng tin kitm T6ng thu ky H6i nha van Witt nam Nguyen Khoa Diim nhan dinh:" Chinh eae d6ng ehi lam sach bid't ro la tru6c day chung ta bitn soan v6i, sau dd in di in lai m^y Mn, r6i eiing cd b6

sung v6i Trudc day chua cd di^u ki6n thi chung ta danh phai cha'p nhan nhu th€f Ching han, sach giao khoa van vi^t v6 tho van Bae H6, t6i tha'y nhu thd'

la chua duoc Chung ta phai diing cam siia chiia Hay cd tac gia ta lai di cao

hoi qua, cd tac gia danh gia chua that dung, cd tac gia dang dua vao ehuong trinh ma ta lai chua kip dua vao Chiing ta phai diing cam nhin lai cai gi duoc, cai gi chua duoc Chung t6i r^t quan tam lam sao d^ cd m6t ehuong trinh van hay hon cho eae em hoc Minh that su khach quan vi cai ehung, vi cac th€f he tuong lai eiia daft nu6e thi thSfy day la chuydn hd't siie binh thudng, phai khdng cac d6ng chi? [ 144, 61 ] Nam 1997, B6 giao due va Dao tao da quyd't dinh thay hai bai khai quat v6 tac gia Nguyen Ai Qu6c - H6 Chi Minh

va v^ van hoc Viet Nam tir each mang thang 8 - 1945 d6n 1975 trong hai b6 SGK van THPT ( B6 sach do trudng DHSPHNI bien soan, trong thue te' diing cho hoe sinh cac tinh phia Bae va b6 sach do H6i nghien eun va giang day van hoc thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh bien soan, thue te' diing cho eae tinh phia Nam) " Deh nay, hai b6 SGK m6n van da ra dod duoc hang ehue nam, v^ CO ban day la nhung b6 sach cd gia trj, cd nhung tie'n b6 vuot bae, so v6i nhiing b6 SGK da sijf dung ngay tru6c cai each giao due DT nhien, ndi tien b6 vuot bae tiic la so vdd b6 SGK tru6e dd va khdng cd nghia la b6 SGK nay kh6ng eon han che Sau m6t thdfi gian kha dai, deh nay cd th^ nhan thay v^ m6t s6 phuong dien nhiing b6 sach ndi tren da boe lo m6t s6 nhuoe di^m

nha't dinh e^n s6m duoc sira chiia va cd di^m da duoc sira chiia" [ 188,38]

Vi vay B6 Giao due va Dao tao da t6 chure bien soan lai va hop nhat hai b6 SGK van THPT thanh m6t b6 th6ng nha't dung cho ea nu6e k^ tir nam hoe 2000-2001

Ndi deh SGK Van tru6c het phai dat va'n di cha't luong len hang dau

Yeu edu cua hoe sinh, cua giao vien, cua du luan xa h6i la SGK hop nhat

trong bflft k^ hohn canh nao eiing phai cd chat luong t6t hon nhung b6 da cd

Dae biet, mdt s6 sai s6t da duoc du luan phat hien trong nhiing nam qua nhat

ih\6t phai duoc khac phue triet d^ Co le vi vay chua bao gidr SGK mdn van

duoc ndi d^n nhi^u tren cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung nhu hien nay

Dae biet, sau khi c6 nghi quy^t ciia Dang v6 giao due va sau khi Lugt Gido

due duoc ban hanh, vah d^ SGK van dang la m6t v^n d^ nhay cam cua du

luan xa h6i Lien quan d^n ph^n tho VNHD, cd nhiing y kie'n ndng h6i ban

v^ each danh gia tho VNHD ( v^ tho mdd, vi tho each mang ) cua SGK, v^

ehuong trinh, v^ each hi^u tac gia, tac ph£m, cau chii eu th^ trong m6t bai tho Danh gia SGK van THPT CCGD ndi chung va phdn tho VNHD ndi rieng m6t each toan dien, khach quan va khoa hoc c^n de'n m6t tap th^ eae nha khoa hoc cd trinh d6 ehuyen m6n cao of day, chiing t6i mu6n luu y mdt di^u: Ban than Ijch suf s6i ddng cua cac ^ kie'n lien quan de'n ph^n tho VNHD

trong SGK Van CCGD dat ra van di phai nhanh ehdng nhin nhan lai m6t

each khach quan, trong kha nang va di^u kien cd th^ toan b6 d6i tuong nay

(tic ehuong trinh cho deh viee hudng dan day va hoc) Luan van la m6t dap ung nho h6 kjp thod cho nhu c^u khach quan dd

2 LICH sty VAN D^:

Thue hien nghi quye't cua B6 Chinh trj trung uong Dang v^ cai each giao due va thi hanh chii truong cua B6 giao due v^ eong tac bien soan sach

giao khoa cai each giao due, Ban van dong tuyen chon va sang tac van tho

cho SGK ngii van pho thong cai edeh gido due da ra th6ng bao chinh thiie

tren Bao van nghe s6 1 ( 5 - 1 - 1980) ve cuoc van ddng nay Tijf dd cho de'n

nay van di tuy^n chon va cha't luong eae tac gia, tac ph^m, n6i dung ehuong trinh lu6n duoc du luan quan tam Su quan tam a'y duoc the hien tren cac \b bao Van Nghe, Gido due va thai dai, NgU&i Ha Noi, Van - TPHCM, Quan

ddi nhan ddn, Van hod w Ngoai ra trong mdt so tap ti^u luan eua eae nha

nghien eiiu van hoc eiing da d^ cap t6i

Dae biet, trong nhifcng nam 1990, sau khi b6 SGK van CCGD bae PTTH duoc dua vao siJf dung, ti£fp dd, nam hoc 1993 - 1994 eae b6 sach phan ban Cling duoc dua vao thi di^m tren 100 trudng PTTH trong toan qu6e thi cac ^ kieh d6ng g6p cho ehuong trinh van CCGD bae PTTH ndi chung va b6 phan tho VNHD ndi rieng tang len dang k^, tham ehi tao thanh nhiing

lu6ng du luan manh me Tam th6ng ke so b6, cd tdd 23 y kie'n \i ehuong trinh va viee tuy^n chon tac gia, tac ph^m, cd 8 y kidh wi nhiing nhan dinh ciia SGK v^ phdn tho va cac tac gia tho, cd 38 y ki6n ihim djnh vi tiing tac

ph£m tho trong ehuong trinh

N6i dung ciia cac ^ kidh phong phu, da dang, thudng khac nhau tham chi trai nguoc nhau tren cung m6t v^n d^ Tuy vay chung tdi cd th^ t6ng hop

va phan loai thanh ba vah d^

Mot la : Cdc y kien ve ehuong trinh vd viee tuyen chon tde gia, tdc

phdm^

Dai da s6 cac ^ kie'n d^u danh gia hoan nghenh nhung ddng gdp tich cue ciia ehuong trinh d6ng thod eiing chi ra nhiing t6n tai edn duoc di^u chinh

Tac gia Phan Huy Huyin ehuyen muc Van hoc voi nha trudng da bay

to ^ kieh Xung quanh viee bien soan SGK Ong hoan nghenh Bo Giao due va

Dao tao, cac hoe gia, eae nha giao da gdp tam siie va tri tue trong vide thay d6i, d6i mdd ehuong trinh, ndi dung, phuong phap eua mon van trong eae nha trudng ph6 thdng Ben canh dd 6ng eiing to ra ban khoan v^ viee " van edn nhi6u di^u phai tranh luan, ban cai, gdp y d^ hoan thien them ehuong trinh, nOi dung, phuong phap day hoc mon van nay" Ong de xua't m6t s6 y

kieh mong duoc xa gdn trao d6i: " Sach giao khoa phai ed siie song bin viing

v^ mat thdd gian Cae nha bien soan ed le edn mdt cai nhin ehie'n luge d^ khdng phai cd su thay d6i chinh ly sach qua nhanh Cac tac ph^m duoc tuye'n chon vao SGK phai cd mdt dd tin cay nhat dinh Ne'u chua cd tinh chat

c6 d i ^ chi It chung eiing duoc ddng dao ngudd doe mac nhien thijfa nhan dd

la nhihig tac ph^m t6t , tac ph^m hay Nen chang, thudng xuyen ed su trung cdu ^ ki£fn, nhihig cude trao d6i, ban bae rdng rai, nhiing hdi thao xung quanh cdng tac bien soan chinh ly SGK?" [68, 4]

Tac gia Le Ba Han khang dinh: " Qua d6i mdd ehuong trinh van trong nha trudng da cd nhilu cai tieh tich cue, e^n duoc ghi nhan Nhi^u tac ph^m van hoc Viet Nam da phan anh kha trung thue dien mao da dang cua

lich sir van hoe dan tde" D6ng thdfi dng eiing chi ra " Mdt ehuong trinh qua

tdi, dd la hien tuong bao triim d6i vdd cac bd mdn ndi ehung va mdn van ndi

rieng" va viXa x&y dung xong ehuong trinh cai each, thue hien chua duoc

bao lau, chua kip rut kinh nghiem mdt each thoa dang, chiing ta da ehuyen

sang ehuong trinh phan ban Ti6p can ehuong trinh nay, nhi^u ngudd nay

sinh ^ nghi hoc sinh ban A va ban B cd nhat thie't hoe dii eae tac ph^m, eae

v^n di nhu ban C, chi khac la s6 gi5 duoc nit gon hon V^ mat muc tieu,

thue cha^t su khac nhau eiia mdn van giiia eae ban A, B va C la of dau? Cdn lam ro nhiing can eii khoa hoe, ed siie thuye't phue" "Da de'n thdfi di^m du

diiu kien d^ chiing ta ra soat lai nham thie't ke' mdt ehuong trinh hop ly hon,

td't hon" [40, 4]

Tac gia Van Tam trong bai vie't Mot cuoc bo phieu van ehuong cua

cdng chiing ngdnh gido due da ed nhiing y kieh danh gia v^ nhiing thay doi

ndi dung ehuong trinh giang day thude tien trinh cai each giao due nam trong the' d6i mdd tu duy eiia toan xa hoi Ong nhan djnh: Chuong trinh cai each mdn van trung hoc ph6 thdng hien hanh "chiia dung rat nhilu ye'u td' each tan he thdng ehuong trinh each tan nay cd ve dep rat khac xua: ehi chon giang nhiing van ban thude pham tru van ehuong; eae tac phdm van chuong ma thie'u chat van eiing da mat vj tri, thay vi la nhiing sang tao nghe thuat ft nhi^u xiing dang tieu bi^u cho van ehuong dan toe e6 kim va nhan

loai ddng tay Ching han trong ehuong trinh vi giai doan 1930 - 1945,

hoc sinh duoc ti£fp xuc vdd dong van hoc lang man tdd 12 tie't so vdri ehuong

trinh cii chi c6 2 tiaft, v^ giai doan 1945 - 1975: \in d^u tien ra mat nhi^u dien mao ( Quang Diing: NhoTdy Tien, Xuan Quynh: Song, ) [ 172,3]

Mdt sd ^ kieh rai rac tren bao Van nghe va Nhan dan cho rang da ed hien tuong " dua 6 at van hoc lang man vao nha trudng" [ 90,7] Nguge lai ed nhi^u ^ kieh ghi nhan nhiing danh gia dung miie hon, khach quan hon v^ eae

thdd ky van hoc, cac trao luu , vi mdt s6 tac gia, tac ph^m van hoc Theo

ddng chay ciia van hoe dan tde, SGK CCGD da chon, da trieh, da dua ra giang day cho hoe sinh nhfing tac ph^m sang gia, nhiing vien ngoe la'p lanh thue su " L^y Van hoc lang man (1930 - 1945) lam vi du: Chiing ta khdng edn phe phan mdt chi^u nhu trudfc kia ma da nhin nhan trao luu van hoc nay nam trong van mach dan tde, vdd nhung ddng gdp ciia no" [ 68, 4] Hoac

" chSft van trong SGK khdng ehi duge tap trung bi^u hien df viee khai thae

cai hay, cai dep ciia nghe thuat vie't van, eiia tu tudng tinh cam cao dep b cac

tac ph^m vie't v^ con ngudfi trong cude chie'n d^u ch6ng thii trong giae ngoai,

ma chiing edn duge bi^u hien of viee cdng phu tuy^n chon vao day rat nhi^u

tac ph^m vie't vi nhung tinh cam, nhiing rung ddng binh thudng trong sang

ma tha'm dugm gia tri nhan van" [ 85, 6 ]

Cd f kie'n thae mac v^ viee lua chon tac gia tac ph^m tieu bi^u v6i so

sanh: " Hai nha tho duge mfnh danh la chua tho tinh: Dd la Xuan Dieu va Nguyen Binh Mdt ngudd tieu bi^u cho ddng tho anh hudng rat nhi^u eiia phuong tay, dae biet la Phap - edn mdt ngudd tieu bi^u cho h6n tho chan que,

dan gia g^n giii vdd ea dao, dan ea Ca hai ngudfi din ed nhiing thanh tuu

dang tran trong va dang duge hoe tap Trong ehuong trinh Van hoe 11; chiing chau duge hoc ba tac ph^m ciia Xuan Dieu va doe them hai tac

ph^m Trong khi dd, chiing chau Khdng duoc hoc mot bai nao cua Nguyen

Binh ehi duge doe them mdt tac ph^m TuoFig tu., [182,1]

Tuu trung eae y kie'n d^u bde Id mdt tinh th^n xay dung va mong mud'n gdp tiehg ndi cho cdng cude cai each giao due dap ung nhu edu nang cao chat lugng giao due ph6 thdng trong th5i dai m6i

Hai 1^: Cdc y kien ve nhihig nhan dinh eua SGK trong viee danh gia

phan thoVNHD, cae tde gia eiing nhu tde phdm

Mdt s6 bai bao da di cap deh cac luan di^m danh gia eiia SGK vi

phdn tho VNHD va mdt s6 tac gia nhu H6 Chi Minh, Xuan Didu Cae bai

bao nay to ra khdng d6ng tinh vdd tac gia SGK of mdt s6 va'n di nhu:

- Vi tri va tdm c5 ciia n^n Van hoe Cach mang Viet nam eiing nhu thanh tuu tho ca

- each danh gia tho van H6 Chi Minh

- Muc dich lam van, lam tho ciia H6 Chi Minh

- ISIhan dinh v^ Xuan Dieu trong SGK

Tieu bi^u cho lu6ng ^ kie'n nay la cac tac gia: Nguyen Ngoe Chau, Tr^n Manh Hao, Le Dinh Mai

Nguge lai, cung cd mdt s6 ^ kie'n iing hd cac luan di^m ciia SGK, len

tie'ng cdng kieh cae ^ kie'n k^ tren Yi6 la eae tac gia: Dd Ngoe Thdng, Dang

Luu, Nguyen Thj Lan Cude tranh luan da ehi ra nhiing nhan djnh thie'u

chu^n xac vi su nghiep tho van H6 Chi Minh cung nhu nhung di^m chua 6n trong quan di^m ciia ngudfi soan SGK, ke't qua "nha xua't ban giao due da di

nghi Bd giao due- dao tao cho phep siia chiia nhung chd e^n sira d^ kjp in cho nam hoc mdd Bd da xin y kie'n Ban tu tudng- Van hoa trung uong, Dang doan Hdi nha van va d6ng chi Nguyen Dure Binh, uy vien Bd chinh trj Ban

cha'p hanh Trung uong Dang cdng san Viet Nam vi hudng sira chiia cu6n van 12, sau dd giao cho Nha xua't ban giao due vie't lai bai: Nguyin Ai Qudc

- H6 Chi Minh va bai.- Khdi qudt ve van hoe Viet Nam tvt Cach mang Thdng Tdm 1945 den 1975 thay cho hai bai eiing ten trong SGK Van 12 of ea hai miin Nam - B k va "SGK Van 11, ban A, B va Van 12 ban C" [98,4]

Ba \d : Cdc y kien tham dinh ve tiffig tdc pham tho trong chuofig trinh

Vdd 38 ^ kie'n chii ye'u cac tac gia tap trung vao hai khia canh : Cam thu va chii giai H^u nhu, khdng cd mdt tac pham nao khdng cd y kieh ban luan, tham chi ca cae tac ph^m trong phan doe them eiing duge du luan

quan tam Song cac tac phim duge du luan quan tam nhi^u nhat phai k^ d^n \h Tdhg biet hanh (10 ^ ki6fn), Day Thon VTGig (5 y kieh) Toy Tien (5

^ k\6nX Van Canh (4 f kil^n) Song (4 y ki^n), Dat nuoc (2 y kie'n), 7/^^/^ //^r c^n tdu (2 ^ ki6i), Twimg Tu (2 y ki^n) v.v

*^a goi 1^ van chuong thi chii nghia la di6u r^t quan trong Ne'u chii giai sai v^ chii nghia thi at la se hidu sai, binh giang sai Chi e^n mdt ehiit chii quan khdng tra cihi ky la ed th^ chii giai khdng diing hoac khdng ddy dii Ciing khdng nen nghi rang tho hien dai thi it phai quan tam de'n chii giai Tieng viet ta cd bie^t bao nhieu chii nghia cd ngu6n g6e phiie tap: cae di^n tich, cac tfir g6e Han, cac tii dia phuong, cac tir xu^ft phat tii tie'ng Phap Qua la cd nhiing t^ ma ngay ca nhung th^y cd giao ky cuu thdng hi^u chu:

Han vi van chuong vin phai ban luan gay go, khdng thdng nh^t vdd nhau duge Ch^ng han chO "ao bao" trong cau tho " Ao bao thay chie'u anh vi dat"

Of bai tho Toy Tien ciia Quang Dung Chii "sdng" trong cau tho "Sdng khdng hi^u n6i minh" b bai tho Song eua Xuan Quynh

Nhung ed le, eae ^ kie'n tap trung nha^t van nghieng vi viee cam thu va tie'p nhan tac phim Ai eiing hi^u, cam nhan tac ph^m van ehuong trong tinh

toan cue eua nd ed th^ va duong nhien la ed su ndng sau, rdng hep v6i nhiing miie dd tuy ngudd thudng thiic Song vide phan tieh, binh giang tho van trong trudng ph6 thdng ed tinh trang cat nghia khac nhau mot cau tho, mdt hinh

anh, mdt tii tho Chang han: Bai tho n6i tie'ng Day thon VT Gig eua Han

Mac Tir trong eae sd' bao van nghe, sd' bao Ngu5i giao vien nhan dan dSu nhung nam 90 da bde Id "nhi^u each hi^u, each cam khac nhau" Cd ngudi

hi^u sai mdt vai cau tho, gan cho Thdn VT Gia (mdt dja danh ed thue b Hue') mdt "ly lich" gia rat tdi nghiep Hay hien tugng bai tho Tdng Biet Hanh,

mdt bai tho hay nhung rat khd giang Da cd nhi^u y kie'n eiia eae nha nghien

ciiu, nha giao dua ra nhiing each hi^u, each cam rat khac nhau: Day hoang

hdn trong mdt ai (Hoang Ngoe Hie'n) Ngudi ra di la ai? (Tr^n Dinh Sir), Tro Igi Tdng biet hanh lan Igi con du&fig tham nhgp bai tho (Tran Dinh Sir), Cho nen dm anh vi may chit tha (Biii Hi^n), Mot gigng tho rieng (Vu Quan

Phuong) Ve may tA tho (Ma Giang Lan), Tong Biet Hanh cua Tham Tdm (Pham Xuan Nguyen) Hoac v^ bai Van canh trong Nhat ky trong tii Diim

nut d^ hi^u bai tho nay roi vao cau tho thii hai "Hoa khai, hoa ta luong vd tinh" Hdu nhu moi rac r6i trong each hi^u d^u tap trung of cau tho nay Nhi^u ^ ki^n cho rang hoa ndf trong tu, "bon ehi huy va bon gae tii ehi ham ti^n tai vat ch^t, bi^t gi cai dep eiia hoa, nen hoa bay vao ke bat binh v6i ngu5i tii" [166, 266] Nha tho Xuan Dieu thi cho la "khdng chi thien ha vd tinh ma hon nfla kia, tao hoa vd tinh" [13, 3] Nha nghien eihi Trdn Dinh Sir

cho rang chii ngii ciia vd tinh la " ta, ngudd tii" tit dd di de'n ke't luan: "Ndi hoa nb hoa tan trong vd tinh la ndi ngu5i hiru tinh vang mat Ndi huong hoa

bay vao trong ngue k^ bat binh vdri ngucfi tii la ndi ngu5i hiiu tinh dang bj giam, hiiu tinh ma hoa vd tinh Bat binh vi vd tinh day eiing la bat binh vi ma'ttir do" [167,5]

Nhin chung, cac f kie'n nhi^u song phan tan Dung tii gde dd ehuyen

mdn va ngh^ nghiep chiing tdi nhan tha'y nhung danh gia khac nhau nhung

chua ed mdt cdng trinh nao tap trung nghien eihi danh gia day dii vi phdn

tho Viet Nam hien dai trong SGK van CCGD cung nhu sach giao khoa chinh

ly hgp nhat nam 2000 Vi vay v6i ehiit kien thiic edn han hep va mong mud'n

he thdng hoa lai eae y kie'n eiing nhu cd cai nhin tuong ddi khach quan vi

ddi tugng phue vu cho nhu edu ngh^ nghiep chiing tdi xin manh dan di sau

nghien eihi d^ tai "Budc dau tim hieu phan tho Viet Nam hien dai trong

sach gido khoa van cai each gido due bgc Trung hoc pho thong hien nay^\

3 PHirONG PHAP NGHlfeN CtJU

Phuong phap chii yeu ma luan van sir dung la tiep can he thdng, phuong phap nay dua tren eo sdf quan niem ddi tugng nghien eiiu la mot he thdng gdm eae tuong tac, tuong phu anh hudng qua lai lan nhau, dong thdfi

cd the' phan xua't he thdng thanh cae phan he

Chiromg 1 :

DI$N MAO COA THO VI$T NAM HI$N DAI

?OA/G SACH GlAO KHOA VAN TRUNG HOC PH6 THONG HI$N NAY

1.1 Nhan xet chung ve chuong trinh tha trong sach giao khoa

Trung hoc Pho thong

Vijfa danh duge dde lap tir nam 1945, nam 1946 dat nu6e lai budfc vao ]fi ky khang chie'n gian kh6 sudt 9 nam, tii nam 1954 de'n nam 1975 la

de dau tranh giai phdng Mi^n Nam thdng nha't nu6e nha, nhung trong bdn cac cdng viee ehdng tra ngoai xam va xay dung dat nudfc Dang, Nha nu6e

ng toan xa hdi vln ludn gianh mdt su quan tam Idn ddn su nghiep giao

le Luat Giao due ra ngay 2 thang 12 nam 1998 xac djnh ro : "Giao due va

lo tao la qudc sach hang ddu, la su nghiep eiia Nha nu6c va eua toan dan"

3, 7] Vi vay viee bien soan sach giao khoa da trai qua nhi^u l^n d6i thay lam dap ung nhu c^u chu£n muc hoa n^n giao due nudfc nha

Sach giao khoa mdn Van bae THPT hien nay la ke't qua eiia cac l^n idn soan va chinh 15^ chu ydu sau day :

- SGK til nam 1955 den nhiing nam 1970

- SGK nhihig nam 1980

- SGK nhihig nam 1990

- SGK chinh ly hap nhat nam 2000

Trong dd, ph^n tho Viet Nam hien dai eiing ed su thay doi dang k^ [ua cae bd sach De lam sang to nhiing ddi thay, dieu chinh trong phSn tho /NHD ndi rieng va phSn van hoc hien dai ndi ehung, chiing tdi tam thcfi hdng kd, phan loai theo 4 bang khao sat sau :

- Bang I: Khao sdt ve tdc gia - tdc pham duoc trich giang

- Bang II: Tdng hop, ddi chieu sdluofig tdc phdm duoc chon giang,

- Bang III: Tdng hof?, ddi chieu sd luong tdc gia duoc chon giang,

- Bang TV : Tdng hop, ddi chieu sd luofig tdc phdm tho lang man va

tdc phdm tho yeu nudc vd cdch mgng duoc chon giang

(Xem chi tid't phSn phue luc cudi luan an)

Chiromg 1 :

DI^N MAO COA THO VI^T NAM HI^N DAI

• •

TRONG SACH GlAO KHOA VAN TRUNG HOC PH6 THONG HI$N NAY

1.1 Nhan xet chung ve chuong trinh tha trong sach giao khoa

Trung hoc Pho thong

Viia danh duge dde lap ttr nam 1945, nam 1946 dat nu6c lai budre vao th5i ky khang chid'n gian kh6 sudt 9 nam, tii nam 1954 ddn nam 1975 la

cude dau tranh giai phdng Miin Nam thdng nhat nu6e nha, nhung trong bdn

b^ cac cdng vide ehdng tra ngoai xam va xay dung dat nu6e Dang, Nha nu6e Cling toan xa hdi vSn ludn gianh mdt su quan tam Idn ddn su nghidp giao due Luat Giao due ra ngay 2 thang 12 nam 1998 xac djnh ro : "Giao due va dao tao la qudc sach hang ddu, la sir nghidp ciia Nha nu6c va eiia toan dan"

[93, 7] Vi vay vide bidn soan sach giao khoa da trai qua nhi^u \in ddi thay nham dap ung nhu cAu ehu^n muc hoa nin giao due nu6e nha

Sach giao khoa mdn Van bae THPT hidn nay la kd't qua eiia cae I^n bidn soan va chinh ly chii ydu sau day :

- SGK ta nam 1955 din nhOng nam 1970

- SGK nhihig nam 1980

- SGK nhihig nam 1990

- SGK chinh ly hop nhat nam 2000

Trong dd, ph^n tho Vidt Nam hidn dai eiing ed su thay doi dang k^

qua eae bd sach ^i lam sang to nhiing doi thay, 6\i\x chinh trong ph^n tho

VNHD ndi ridng va ph^n van hoe hidn dai ndi chung, chiing tdi tam thdfi thdng kd, phan loai theo 4 bang khao sat sau :

- Bang I: Khao sdt ve tdc gia - tdc phdm duoc trich giang

- Bang II: Tdng hoj?, ddi chieu sd luong tdc phdm duoc chon giang

- Bang III: Tdng hof?, ddi chieu sdlucmg tdc gia duge chon giang

- Bang IV : Tdng hcjqy, ddi chieu sd luong tdc phdm tho lang mgn vd

tdc phdm tho yeu nude vd cdch mgng dugc chon giang

(Xem chi tid't phan phue luc cudi luan an)

Thue te^ khao sat cho tha^y didn mao tho Vidt Nam hidn dai trong chuong trinh trung hoc phd thdng da cd nhiing thay ddi quan trong qua bdn

bd sach

Khi ndi tdd didn mao phdn tho chung tdi mud'n ndi ddn nhiing net

chung cd tinh sd lugng va kdt c^u chuong trinh, nhung net khai quat ve toan

bd ph^n tho giiip cho chiing ta cd dugc nhiing a'n tugng eu the bu6e ddu ve

ddi tugng

Didn mao tho Vidt Nam hidn dai trong sach giao khoa van CCGD viia phan an tidn trinh lich sii tho Vidt nam hidn dai v^a khdng hoan toan gidng v6i didn mao tho Vidt Nam hidn dai trong tid'n trinh phat tri^n eiia Ijeh sir van hoc Vidt Nam cung nhu trong cac hgp tuy^n tho van Didn mao tho Vidt Nam hidn dai trong sach giao khoa van CCGD bae THPT ehju su quy djnh ciia ydu c^u giao due bd mdn van trong nha trudng v6i mdt chuong trinh duge quy djnh mdt each chat che v^ sd tid't hoe trong tuong quan vdi cae th^ loai khac vdfi cac mdn khoa hoc khac Qua khao sat chiing tdi nhan tha'y, tdng sd eae tid't hoc trong ca ca'p hoe (3 nam) la 263 tid't ( theo bd sach giao khoa chinh ly hgp nha't nam 2000), ph^n Van hoe Vidt nam la 145/263 tid't, trong dd tac ph^m tho Vidt nam hidn dai dugc chon hoe la 20 bai tho/28 tid't

Sd tac gia duge gi6i thidu chinh thiic trdn Idp hoe la 14, bdn canh dd sd tac gia ed tac ph^m dugc chon doc thdm la 6 Ro rang, didn mao tho Vidt Nam hidn dai of day duge hinh dung qua chuong trinh eu th^, qua nhung bai khai quat cd tinh cha't van hoc sir va vide hoc cac tac gia, tac ph^m tho eu th^ Nhu vay, thu6e do didn mao tho Vidt Nam hidn dai trong sach giao khoa van THPT la thdng qua nhiing nhan djnh tong hgp ve tho Viet Nam hidn dai trong bai khai quat va of vide chon hoe mdt sd tac gia, tac ph^m tidu bieu (qua di^m hinh dung ra didn)

L2 Tha Viet Nam hien dai trong bo sach giao khoa dau tien sau hoa

binh (ban hanh nam 1955 -1956 va sir dung ddn het nam 70)

Bd sach giao khoa van bae THPT hoan chinh d^u tien ciia ndn giao due each mang duge ban hanh chinh thiic tir nam hoe 1956 - 1957 va dugc sii dung cho ddn hd't nhung nam 70 hdu nhu khdng kd thiia dugc nhiing ehuong trinh giao due trude dd nhu khoa eu hay giao due th5i Phap thude

Nd phai xay dung m6i hoan toan va dugc danh gia la chuong trinh van hoc

tieh bd nh^t (bed chuong trinh khoa cir chi hoe Tii thu, Ngii kinh, eon ehuong trinh giao due Phap thude chii ydu truyin ba van minh Au tay va van hoa Phap) Tu thudr ban d^u, nd da than gdp dugc kha nhi6u tinh hoa ciia van hoe Viet Nam va mdt ph^n nho ciia van hoc the' gidd ; nhi^u thanh tuu ciia khoa nghien cliu van hoc hien dai eiing da duge th^ hien mdt each nghiem tiie va thdng nh^t, bd sach giao khoa van hoe eiing vdd mdt he thdng sach hudng

dlin giang day va sach tham khao dugc \in lugt bien soan va phat hanh rdng

rai Song di^m uu viet nhSft ciia n^n giao due each mang la viee dua van hoe hien dai ndi ehung va tho ea each mang ndi rieng vao chuong trinh dao tao

Dd la nhung kie'n thiic mang tinh chat Ijeh six cap nhat cd ndi dung giao due chii nghTa anh hung each mang, xay dung eon ngudfi mdi, cude sdng mdi Tuy nhien khdng phai khdng ed mdt vai han chd trong qua trinh lua chon tac ph^m trich giang

Vdi mdt mdc thdfi gian hep, lai gan vdi hoan canh Ijeh six dae biet vira ehdng giae ngoai xam viTa xay dung da't nude nen trong bd sach giao khoa

1956 - 1957 ehi cd 16 bai tho va mdt tac gia tho (Td Hun) duge chon trieh giang, h^u het eae tac ph^m tho duge chon giang d^u th^ hien tap trung chu d^ yeu nude va each mang

Nhin bao quat, ehuong trinh eiia ea ca'p hoe duge ca'u tao theo trinh tu thdi gian tii ed di^n ddn hien dai, song mdi mdt khdi Idp lai dan xen cac tac ph^m hien dai khie'n tidn trinh Ijeh su van hoc sap xdp theo trat tu thdi gian dudng nhu bj pha vd Cu th^ :

- Khdi Idp 8 (tiie Idp 10 hien nay), xen vao hoe hai bai thude phSn tho Viet Nam hien dai vdd tieu muc "Van tho hoa binh" : bai tho NgU&i con gdi

Viet Nam cua Td Hiiu va bai tho Doan thuyen ddnh ed eiia Huy Can

- Khdi Idp 9 (tiie Idp 11 hien nay), hoe ky II, theo diing tien trinh Ijeh sir van hoe giai doan tii giiia the ky XIX den nam 1930 thude phan ky 'Th&i

can dai'' ph^n tho dugc chon loe la bdn tac pham Tac gia Phan Bdi Chaw

bai Vi sao mdt nUdc, va tidu muc Van chuong yeu nudc hai tac pham Bdi ca

km biet ciia Huynh Thiic Khang, Chieu hon nude eua Ddng kinh nghla thue

Tidu muc Nen qudc van moi chon hoe tac ph^m The non nude cua Tan Da

- Kh^i Idp 10 (trie 16p 12 hi6n nay) ngoai nhirng bai khai quat so tac

phdm duoc chon giang la 11, trong do, ph^n tho lang man ma cu the la Tho

mdi chi duoc hoc chung trong bai khai quat khdng mot bai tho mdri nao duoc

chon giang ngo^i mdt doan trich nho trong tac phdm "Ddn bieu tranh ndng"

ciia Tu M5 thu6c loai hinh tho trao phiing Hoan toan vdng mat tho cua H6

Chi Minh

Bd sach giao khoa THPT hoan chinh ddu tiSn chung t6i chon lam ddi

tuong khao sat duoc bi6n soan Idn thii nha't (do nhom tac gia : D6 Diic Hieu

-Vu Dinh Li6n - Lt Tri Vi^n), chinh ly Idn thii tu (do nhom tac gia : Ta Phong

Chau - Phan Trong Luan in Idn thii tam, Nha xudt ban Giao due - Ha N6i,

1963) Ldn ddu tifin trong sach giao khoa Van Tam c6 khai nifm "Van tha

hod binW\ Van tho la m6t khai niSm c6 tinh chdt tam thori Su gi6i thiSu

cung so luoc Chi chon giang hai bai tho (ra ddi nam 1958) chii khdng c6

phdn gi6i thidu khai quat Khai ni6m tho Vidt Nam hidn dai chua duoc sir

dung d^ chi toan b6 tho Viet Nam the' ky XX

Van hoc giai doan tiir 1930 d6'n 1945 khdng dat du6i \\t\x di van hoc

"Thori ky can dai" nhung cung khdng c6 tieu d^ van hoc "ThM ky hien dai"

kem theo Giai doan van hoc nay duoc gi6i thieu tron ven trong hoc ky 1 lorp

10 theo bd' cue bdn ehuong ldn:

Chuong I: Khdi ludn ve giai doan vdn hoc tit 1930 den 1945

Chuong II: Vdn hoc lang mgn (1930 -1945)

Chuong III: Vdn hoc hien thuc

Chuong TV : Phong trao vdn hoc ddu tranh cdch mgng

Trong ehuong Khdi ludn, van hoc duoc nhin nhan danh gia dudi nhan

quan ed tinh hdn hop viTa theo phuong phap sang tac viia theo xu hudng tu

tuomg chinh tri: Vdn hoc lang mgn, Vdn hoc hien thifc, Vdn hoc cdch mgng

Tham ehi nhin nhan danh gia theo dae die'm luu hanh eua van hoe (nhu Vdn

hoc h(/i)phdp) Van hoe hop phap diroe ehia thanh Vdn hoc no dich, Vdn hoc

lang mgn, hien thitc vd vdn nghien cifu

Khi danh gia hinh thiie ciia Van hoc, Tho difoe gianh mot phdn

in dam va duoc danh gia tren hai khi'a canh : Sir phat trien cua Tho

mdi va dae di^m ciia Tho mdi vdi nhan djnh su thang Igi cua tho mdi xua^t phat ttr hai 1^ do eo ban:

"a No hop vdi nhu cau eiia lop doc gia mdi (tU san, tieu tu san, tri

thilce), Idp ngUdi nay eo nip sdng, tdm hon, nhu cau ve tinh cam, nghe thuat khdc hdn Idp tri thitc phong kien, ho khdng chiu ndi nhihig khudn khd gd bo, eiCng nhdc ciia thoDudng Tho mdi eo khd ndng dien dgt duoc day dii y nghi tinh cam eua ho hon

b Thanh tri eua vdn tho phong kien eiing suy yeu lam roi, ngay

ed nhiing nha tho cua lop trUde eo nhieu hdn hoc nhu Tan Dd ciing dd

"phd cdch, vitt dieu lugt vd lam nhiing bdi tho theo dieu rieng, hoan todn tu do eua minh'' [54, 21]

Ddng thdi chuong Khdi luan eiing dua ra nhirng nhan djnh vi dae

di^m tho mdi d phuong didn hinh thiic Dd la, tho mdi khdng bat bude phai ed sd cau, v^n, luat nhu tho Dudng Tho mdi six dung manh bao Idi ngat cau mdi va chii trong van dung kha nang am thanh va nhjp didu eiia ngdn ngii dan tde d^ di^n dat trung thanh cam xiic tac gia

Am didu thudng linh boat uy^n ehuyen hon tho eu Ngdn ngii trong tho mdi khdng qua trang trong vdi nhidu tid'ng Han Vidt, di^n ed', di^n tieh

ma chu ydu la ngdn ngir riit ra tii tid'ng ndi phd thdng thudng ngay ndn

nhe nhang trong sang, di hiiu "Vdi nhirng dae diem trdn tho mdi phat

trid'n ra't nhanh ehdng Chi trong khoang nam bay nam, tho mdi da cd dii loai: Tho trii tinh (Luu Trong Lu, The Lii, Xuan Didu ), Tho trao phiing (Tii Mo, Dd Phdn), Anh hiing ca (Pham Huy Thdng), Tho da'u tranh (Td Hihi)" [ 5 4 , 2 2 ]

Dae bidt, trong ehuong n Khdi qudt vdn hoc lang mgn, sach giao khoa da dua ra bdn nhan djnh vi tinh chat eiia van hoe lang man vdi nhiing

ddng chu* in dam :

" - Tinh chat ehdng ludn ly li gido vd ne nep phong kien

- Tinh chat cai luong

- Tinh chat trdn trdnh tieu cue

- Tinh chat cd nhan, hudng lac, doi truy'\

Cu th^, lien quan d^n phdn tho, sach giao khoa da dua ra nhung ddn chiing v^ 1^ le nhdm l^m sang to nhirng tinh chat a'y trong cac tac

phdm, tac gia Biiu hien ro nhdt or trong tho la "tinh chat trdn tranh,

tieu cue Tinh chdt ea nhan, hudng lac, ddi truy" Sach giao khoa cho rdng cac nhd van lang man ndi chung sdng tach rdi nhan dan, tam hdn ciia ho luc nao ciing thdy cd don, hiu quanh Ndi buon tran ngap, ho chi cd th^ giai quy^t bdng each di trdn : trdn vao thien nhien may gid, trang (Xuan Dieu); trdn vao qua khii, luye'n tie'e mot thdi oanh liet da qua (Thif Lii, Quach Ta'n); trdn vao phieu lang, trdn vao coi tien coi

phat (Th^ LQ, Huy Can, Han Mae Tu); trdn vao nghe thuat thudn tuy

(nhdm Xuan Thu nha tap) Dae biet la trdn vao tinh yeu Khdng mdt

nhd tho lang man nko khdng ndi vi tinh yeu, nhdt la Xuan Dieu

"Nhung day chi la tinh yeu khdng gdn Uin vdi san xua't, phdn ldn la

tinh yeu phiic tap, vd vdn, phan trde, dien loan eiia nhiing ke "nhan eu", nhung ke ng6i khdng, sdng xa thue te' tach rdi nhan dan" [54,

43] "Ho quan niem "tdi la tdi la muc dich la eiiu canh" (Nhiing

biidc dudng tu tudng cua tdi - Xuan Dieu) Ho ca tung khdng chut de

dat, khdng ehiit nguong mdm cai tdi, tdi ydu, tdi budn, tdi thoat ly, tdi truy lac chii nghia ca nhan trd thanh trung tam eiia van hoc lang man" [ 54, 43]

Bdn canh dd, khi ban v^ nghe thuat eiia van hoc lang man, sach giao khoa cung dua ra nhan dinh : "Mdt dae diem nfia eiia ngdn ngii van ehuong

lang man la cd ra't nhi^u kha nang khdu goi cam giae, phdn nhiiu cam giae

khdng lanh manh d nhiing thanh nien lang man, xa thue te Van tho lang man nguy hie'm mdt phdn chinh la d chd dd" (Rat ro d trong tho Xuan Dieu, tho Vu Hoang Chuong ) [54, 48]

T^ nhiing nhan dinh danh gia ve tinh chat va dae diem nghe thuat eua van hoe lang man sach giao khoa di den ke't luan:"Van hoe lang man nude ta trong giai doan 1930-1945 that la phiic tap Ta khdng the gat phang gia tri ciia nd hoac xe'p nd ciing mdt loai vdi van hoc nd dich, nhung ciing khdng th^ xem nd ed gia trj ngang vdi van hoc hien thue, eang khdng th^ so sanh vdi van hoe each mang Vi van hoe lang man ed qua nhi6u thie'u sdt, ed qua nhi^u tinh cha't tieu cue, thoat ly, ddi truy, cd hai cho thanh nien Van hoc

lang man truy^n cho ngudi doc rdt nhanh ehdng cai noc dde ea nhan chii nghia, khoai lac chii nghia, cam giae chu nghia Ndi chung phdn tac dung

tich cue ciia nd qua it di va chi la \i hinh thiic Khach quan nd chi cd loi

cho thuc dan, vi nd ru ngii, lam m^m ye'u thanh nien, lam cho ho xa rdi thue

t€ ddu tranh dan tdc, tie^p thu cham anh sang each mang eua Dang" [54, 49]

Chinh VI nhfing nhan dinh tren ma toan bd tho ca lang man Viet Nam

1930 - 1945 md cu th^ la tho mdi da khdng duoc chon mot tac phdm nao, mdt tdc gia nko vao chuong trinh hoe trong bd sach giao khoa ddu tien eiia

nin giao due each mang

Tren n^n nhan thure dy, toan bd hoe ky n eiia nam Idp 10 (Idp cudi cdp) sach giao khoa gianh cho viee hoc v^ van hoc Viet Nam tii 1945 de'n nay Mdt trong nhiing ndi dung quan trong eiia bai khai quat giai doan la

nhan dinh "Sir lanh dao cua Ddng trong vdn hpc^* [54, 25] nha'n manh

thdnh mdt muc ldn tuong duong vdi mdt bai vdi cac ndi dung cu th^ : Sau cdch mang thdng 8, Dang da cd di^u kien lanh dao van nghe mdt each true tie'p va toan dien Dudi su lanh dao eiia Dang, cac nha van da nd luc ehuyen

bie'n manh me \i tu tudng, d^ cd th^ mang ngdi but eiia minh ra phue vu dde luc cho cdng ndng binh Nin van hoe ciia chiing ta la mdt n^n van hoc cd

tinh cha't dan tde, hien thue va nhan dan

Van hoe da lam nhiem vu each mang dan tdc dan chii "Nha van khdng phai chi ghi chep lai cude ddi ma edn tham gia cai bie'n cude ddi theo diing hudng ciia chu nghia xa hdi nhu bat eii mot ehid'n sy each mang nao khac" [54, 38]

Nhan dinh ve tho tu^ 1945 den nay [54, 39] eiing duoc gidi thieu trong

mdt tie't hoc (tuong duong vdi mot bai) Bai nay da dua ra nhiing y kien quan trong : Tho ea sau 1945 da phat trien phong phii va manh me, doi mdi d^ tai, phan anh nhiing tinh cam ldn ciia thdi dai ma chii yeu vdn la long yeu nudc xuyen eae the' he, tinh thdn chie'n da'u khdc phue khd khan, tinh thdn lac quan tin tudng Hinh thiic tho ea sau each mang vdn "tiep tue phat trien nhiing hinh thiic e6 truyin ciia dan tde : ea dao, hd, ve, Id'i tho luc bat, that ngdn, ngu ngdn v.v duoc diing d^ di^n ta nhirng cam nghi cua thdi dai Song khdng ehi dihig d eae the tho truy^n thdng "Ndi dung mdi eung ddi hdi mot

huih thiire mdd Mdt th^ tho dae bidt khdng gd bd trong sd chu, sd cau, khdng

cung nhae trong v^n didu, da duge hinh thanh Nhiing bai Hoan hd chien

si Dien Bien, Ta di tdi ciia Td Hiiu, Nho ciia Hdng Nguydn la nhung thanh

cdng tdt dep ciia th^ tho nay" Bdi no dii phdng khoang d^ chiia dung mdt

ndi dung tinh cam sdi ndi nhung eiing van gifi duge edt each dm d^m eiia tidng ndi Vidt Nam

Ngoai ra bai Nhan dinh ve tho tit 1945 den nay eiing gianh ridng mdt muc ldn d^ ndu ldn "nhuoc diem cua tho ca sau cdch mgng'\ Nhuge di^m duge di cap d hai khia canh :

"Khuydt di^m chinh la da sd cac nha tho eiia chung ta edn thidu cai hoi thd ldn lao ciia thdi dai Do thd ma edn thidu chat lang man each mang trong tho d^ nang cao tam hdn ngudi doe edn thidu nhiing ban anh hiing

ca eiia thdi dai Nha't la nhiing ngay din each mang va khang chid'n trong tho

ca edn nhi^u cai "rdt" eiia tu tudng tinh cam eu, xa la vdi cdng ndng Wi sau

da ed nhi^u tid'n bd ro rdt nhung tho ea v^ eon ngudi cdng nhan hay con thua thdt, vang ve

Wi hinh thiic van con thidu cai nhu^n nhuy^n vi nghd thuat edn

dugc "tang eudng chat tho, chat suy nghi, hinh tugng, chat cam xiie, chat nhae didu hon niia [54, 49]

Sau nhiing danh gia bao quat ed nam tac phdm tho duoc chon giang:

Don ve Idng ciia Ndng Qudc Chdn sang tac 1950, Thdm lua eiia Trdn Hiru

Thung sang tac 1950, Ddt nuac eiia Nguyen Dinh Thi (1948 - 1955) va gidi thidu phan tieh gid tri tap tha Viet Bae eiing nhu giang van bai tho Viet Bae

(1955) ciia Td Hiiu

Nhu vay, bd sach giao khoa trung hoc ph6 thdng ddu tien ehi chon giang eae tac phdm tidu bi^u thude tho ea thdi ky ehdng Phap.Nhin ehung, sir tuye'n chon va gidi thieu tho Viet Nam hien dai vao SGK trung hoc pho

thdng eiia bd SGK nhutig nam 60 - 70 da dap ling duoc ydu cdu eua nin giao

due cdch mang bu6i ddu Trang bi nhiing hi^u biet v^ tho Vidt Nam hien dai theo dinh hudng eiia Dang, phii hop vdi xa hdi thdi ehien, boi dudng, nudi dudng, khich le tam hdn, tinh thdn cua the he tre dap ling yeu edu ndng bong

ciia dd^t nudc Song nd mdi chi dittig lai d viee dap ling muc tieu giao due eua

thdi chie^n

1.3 Tho Viet Nam hien dai trong bo sach giao khoa THPT nhtimg

ndm 80

Bd sach giao khoa dugc sit dung nhiing nam 80 chinh la bd sach giao

khoa ciia nhiing nam 60 - 70 da duge chinh ly Cd mdt su thay d6i dang k^ d

bd sach giao khoa nay Trude hd't la \i dung lugng Do mdc thdi gian duge

ndi rdng hon ndn nhi6u tac gia, tac phdm theo thdi gian da duge khang dinh

Vi vay sd lirgng tac gia, tac phdm duge chon giang phong phii hem, quy md horn T6ng sd tac phdm duge chon giang la 28 va sd tac phdm tuy^n chon doc them va binh chu la 31 Qua that, so vdi sd lirgng tac phdm duge chon giang

d bd sdeh trude da ed su vugt xa

V^ chuong trinh, cdu tao eiing tuong tu nhu bd SGK nhihig nam 60

-70 NghTa la cung cdu tao theo trat tu thdi gian ttr e6 di^n den hien dai Song, trong mdi khdi Idp vdn dan xen hoc nhiing tac phdm hidn dai khie'n tie'n trinh lich sii van hoc sdp xe'p theo trat tu thdi gian vdn bj pha vd

- Khdi Idp 10 (tiie Idp 8 eii) hoe ky II chii ye'u hoc "Vdn tha Men dai"

(chii di vi each mang va khang chie'n ehdng Phap), khdng ed bai khai quat ehung chi chon giang 6 tac phdm tho : Canh rCtng Viet Bae eua Ho Chi

Minh, Di thuyen tren song day eua Hd Chi Minh, Dong chi ciia Chinh Hiiu,

Bao gid tra Igi ciia Hoang Trung Thdng, Bdi ca va ddt eua Hoang Trung

Thdng, Thdm lua eiia Trdn Hiiu Thung

- Khdi Idp 11 (tiie Idp 9 eii), cudi hoe ky I, theo tien trinh lich sir van

hoe, trong Chuang III - Vdn hoc Viet Nam tii ddu the ky XX den ndm 1930, khi danh gia vi tinh hinh Van hoc, SGK cd de cap den viee d6i mdi Van hoc

trong giai doan nay Song, ndi dung doi mdi ehi diing d vide neu len nhiing ddnh gia bude ddu tren hai khia canh : "Trude het la vdn de qudc ngii" - su tidn Igi va vai trd eiia nd Chii qudc ngu" gdn lien vdi van xudi song vide nay edn gap khd khan vi viee su dung cau van xudi mdi edn vung vd : "Cau van

le the, thie'u ranh mach, hoac nang n^ khd hid'u" Sau niia la vdn de loai the Sdeh giao khoa cho rdng : edn b6 sung eae the loai ti^u thuyet, nghien ciiu, phe binh nghi luan bang tie'ng Viet thay vi bang ehir Han va chii Ndm, nhu

trude kia Vi vay ciing c ^ ddi mdd phuong phap Bdn canh do, bao ehi, djch

thuat dugc danh gia la mdt phdn quan trong trong boat ddng van hoe va ed tac dung ldn trong vide gdp phdn xay dung ndn van hoc mdi

Khi ddnh gia dae didm ciia van hoe thdi ky nay, SGK vdn giii each phan ehia van hoc nhu bd SGK nhiing nam 60 - 70 "Van hoc giai doan nay

gdm ba bd phan : Vdn hoc no dich, vdn hoc bude ddu cd xu hudng lang

man hoac xu hudng hien thuc phe phdn ; vdn hoc cdch mgng'' [82, 128]

Phdn tuy^n chon cdc tac phdm cu th^ ed six thay ddi dang kd : Tac

phdm The non nUde ciia Tan Da tie'p tue duge chon giang Nhung vdi tac gia Phan Bdi Chau, tac phdm Vi sao mat nude khdng duge chon giang ma thay vao dd la Bdi ea ehde Tet Thanh nien va ba tac phdm doe them : Luu biet khi

xudt duong Cam tde trong nha tu Quang Ddng, Hdi ngogi huyet thu Chieu hon nudc ciia Ddng Kinh nghia thuc duge ehuyen tir giang van sang doc

Mo anh hoa nd eiia Thanh Hai, Ddt que ta minh mdng eiia Duong Huong

Ly^ Ngudi di tim hinh cua nude eiia Che Lan Vidn, Bde oi eiia Td Hun, Doan

thuyen ddnh cd eiia Huy Can, Dudng ra mat tran ciia Chinh Huu

- Khdi Wp 12 (tiie Idp 10 eu) Van hoe Viet Nam duge kd't ca'u thanh hai

phdn :

+ Phdn thii nhat: Vdn hoc Viet Nam giai dogn 1930 -1945

+ Phdn thd hai: Vdn hoc Viet Nam tir cdch mgng thdng Tdm den nay

Trong dd, phdn van hoc Vidt Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945 dugc ehia lam bdn chuong :

Chuong I : Khdi qudt

Chuong n : Vdn hoc lang mgn duge gidi thieu trong 7 trang cd tinh

chdt khdi qudt Ngoai hai phdn gidi thieu vi "cdc to chdc" va danh gia "it

nhieu yen tdtich cue" trong tam cua "bai giang ndm d nhan dinh ldn in chii

to trong muc II "Vdn hoc lang man Viet Nam edn bdn Id bgc nhuac suy

ddi" [154,10] Khdng trich giang mdt tac phdm nao song cd tuyen mdt bai

doc them : Cay ddn muon dieu ciia The' Lii nhung trong phdn cau hdi hudng

ddn tidp nhan tac phdm, SGK lai yeu cdu "Hay phan tieh va phe phan"

[154,16]

Chuong III : Vdn hoc hien thuc phe phdn 1930 - 1945 duge gidi

thieu trong 108 trang va Ai cao gia tri eiia ddng van hoc nay trong

nhiing ddng chii in nghieng : "Vdn hoc hien thitc phe phdn trong giai

dogn 1930 - 1945, dd phdn dnh duac nhieu mat vd khd trung thanh xa

hdi thuc ddn nUa phong kien vd dd to cdo, phe phdn che do do Vdn

hoc hien thUc dd vach trdn bo mdt tan bao thoi ndt cua thUc ddn

phong kien dien td ndi thdng khd cua cdc tdng lop, nhan ddn lao

ddng, ghi Igi d mot miie do nhat dinh sUphdn i(ng ciia nhan ddn ta,

tinh thdn doan ket ddu tranh cua cdng ndng binh " [154, 19, 20, 21]

Cae tac phdm dugc chon giang chii ydu la van xudi, song ed mdt bai

tho trdo phiing eiia Tii Md dugc chon giang la Ddn bieu tranh ndng

(doan trieh)

Chuong r v - Vdn hoc cdch mgng 1930 - 1945 duge gidi thidu trong 66

trang Ngoai bai khai quat hai tid't vdi nhiing danh gia "Van hoe each mang

vi sd lugng it hon van hoe hidn thue phd phan va van hoe lang man, nhung

vi tu tudng, gia trj eiia nd rdt cao thd gidi quan ciia chu nghia Mae - Ld

nin - nhan sinh quan cdng san chii nghTa da dua vao van hoe mdt ndi dung

va mdt nghd thuat mdi khdng th^ tim thdy d eae ddng van hoe khac eiia giai

doan" [154, 130] phdn gidi thidu tac phdm duge ehia lam ba mang ldn :

Mdng thi( nhat - Tap tho Tit dy ciia Td Hiru dugc hoc khai quat

trong hai tid't, tid'p dd trieh giang hai bai tho : Con cd chdt nUa (1 tid't)

va Bd md Hdu Giang (2 tid't), doc va binh chii nam tac phdm : Ti( dy,

Tieng hdt sdng Huong, Trang trdi, Di, Xuan den (1 tiet)

Mdng that hai - Tap tho Nhat ky trong tii eiia Hd Chi Minh giang

khdi qudt 2 tilft, trich giang hai bai tho : Bon thdng roi va Gidi di sam trong hai tidt, doc va binh chu 6 bai tho: Ngdm trdng, Ngudi bgn tu

thSi sao, dm ndng, Hoc ddnh cd, Mdi ra tii tap leo nui, Cam tudng doc

"Thien gia thi " trong 1 tidt

Mdng thitba - Doc vd binh chii them ve tha vdn cdch mgng 1930

- 1945 (trong 2 tidt), sau bai tho : Bdi ca cdch mgng, ca dao td cao tdi

ac ciia thuc dan (khuydt danh), Khdng giam dugc tri 6c (Xuan Thiiy),

Y xudn (Ld Dure Tho), Nhan bgn (Hoang Van Thu), Ld thi sT (Sdng

Hdng)

Phdn Vdn hoc Viet Nam tit cdch mgng thdng Tdm den nay duge ehia lam 6 chuong Trong dd, chuong I Y^hdi qudt (toan giai doan), ehuong II gidi thidu khai quat tha ca tit cdch mgng thdng Tdm den nay ( 2 tie't) ThaTdHOu sau cdch mgng thdng Tdm (2 tie't ) va 7 tac phdm chon giang trong 12 tie't gdm : Ddt nudc eiia Nguyen Dinh Thi (1 tie't),

Don ve lang ciia Ndng Qudc Cha'n (1 tid't), Ngdi mdi eiia Xuan Didu (1

tidt) To qudc bao gid dep the ndy ehdng? ciia Chd' Lan Vien (2 tie't),

Bdi ca chim Cha Rao ciia Thu Bdn (2 tie't), Viet Bae eiia Td Hun (2

tie't), Bdi ca Xudn 61 eiia Td Hiiu (2 tid't), Chdo Xudn 67 eua To Hiiu (1 tid't) Phdn doe va binh chu (1 tid't) nam bai tho : Di hgp eua Sdng Hdng, Nhd eiia Hdng Nguydn, Bdn tay ta ndm ngdn md binh minh ciia Huy Can, Nghe em vdo Dgi hoc eiia Giang Nam, Vui the hom nay ciia Td Hiru Chuong IV (thude ve hoc ky II) gidi thieu su nghiep vdn

tha Ho Chu tich Bai Khdi qudt dugc hoe trong 2 tie't Ngoai phdn Van

xudi duge chon giang trong 4 tid't, phdn tho chi gidi thidu trong muc doe va binh chii 2 tid't cho 10 bai tho ehia lam 2 chiim : Chiim tho ehir Han, nam bai dugc Bae vidt trong thdi ky khang chie'n ehdng Phap gdm

: Nguyen Tieu, Thu dg, Bdo Tiep, Tdng Biii Cong, Thdt citu va chum tho chiie Tdt - gdm nam bai : Chuc ndm mdi (1947), Chiic Tet 1949, Mitfig Xudn

1967, Mitng Xudn 1968, Mitng xudn 1969 Khac vdi bo sach giao khoa

nhihig nam 1960 - 1970, d bd sach giao khoa nhiing nam 80, tho ca

H 6 Chi Minh thude vd hai thdi ky trude va sau each mang thang Tam 1945 da dugc chon giang kha ky

Nhin chung, dii chidn tranh da qua di, dat nudc da thdng nha't song cac tdc phdm tho ca dugc chon giang vdn tap tmng chii ydu phan anh cude sdng chidn d^u ehdng giae ngoai xam gian khd va hao hiing eua dan tdc Ndi each khdc, cac tdc phdm tho duge chon giang vdn chi tap trung phan anh chii d^ ydu nudc Ydu nude trong chid'n ddu, trong lao ddng san xua't - trong moi hoan canh sdng Phai chang edn ed mdt thdi gian cho six tTnh tam de moi boat ddng di vao quy dao eiia thdi binh vdi nhung nhu cdu ddi thudng nhu ydu thuong, lo lang, gian hdn chii khdng ehi mdt chidu anh hung trong suy nghT, trong hanh ddng, trong chid'n da'u, trong san xua't dii dd la phdm chat dep nha't trong thdi chid'n

Niia cudi nhiing nam 80, khi dat nude dat ra ydu edu phai ddi

mdi vi moi phuong didn, cdng cude cai each gido due dugc dat ra va

tridn khai mdt each khdn truong, trong dd, cd vide cai each mdn van trong nha trudng phd thdng

L4 Tho Viet nam hien dai trong bo sach giao khoa trung hoc

pho thong nhurng nam 90 va bo sach giao khoa chinh ly hgp nhat ndm 2000

vao ddu nam hoc 1990 - 1991, bd sach giao khoa Idp 10 CCGD chinh thiic dugc dua vao giang day va hoe tap trong nha trudng trung hoe phd thdng Lidn tue trong ba nam hoe : 1990 - 1991, 1991 - 1992,

1992 - 1993 thdy va trd khdi trung hoc phd thdng da ldn lugt ddn nhan

mdt hd thdng SGK van ed nhilu di^u mdi, khac so vdi hd thdng SGK van da ed tii ma'y ehue nam ve trude ;

cai mdd va khac dugc bi^u hidn d nhidu phuong didn Trude het la

mdd, khac trong each bd tri chuong trinh tap trung Tho Viet Nam hidn dai

trude day dugc bd tri hoe rai rac trong ea ca'p hoe nay ehi tap trung d hoe ky

n nam Idp 11 ddn hd't Idp 12 theo diing trinh tu van hoe six vdi ki^u phan ky

nit gon theo ba thdi ky ldn : tir thd ky X ddn hd't thd ky XIX (goi tdt la thdi

trung dai), tiir ddu thd ky XX ddn thang 8/1945 (goi tdt la thdi hien dai), tir thdng 8/1945 ddn 1975 (goi tat la thdi duong dai)

Thiif hai, mdi va khac d each bd tri hd thdng bai khai quat Ne'u d hai

bd sach trude, ridng phdn van hoe hidn dai dugc gidi thidu trong sau bai khai quat thi d bd sach nay, theo phan ky mdi chi ed hai bai khai quat ve giai

doan van hoc la bai "Vdn hoc Viet Nam tit ddu theky XX den thdng 8/1945"

va "Vdn hoc Viet Nam ti^ thdng 811945 den 1975"

Thuf ba, mdi khac d each bd tri hoe tac gia, tac phdm Chuong trinh cu ciing nhu mdi cai each d^u ehia ra hai miie hoc : 0 miie tac gia thi cd gidi thidu chung mdt ddn hai tid't rdi mdi hoe tac phdm (eua tac gia dd) 6 miie tac phdm thi ehi hoc tac phdm eu th^ ma khdng gidi thidu chung ngodi Idi tidu ddn don gian Xet trong toan c^p hoc, sd lugng tac gia, tac phdm duge chon Igc giam dang kd so vdi bd sach diing trong nhiing nam 1980 Chuong trinh mdi, quy thdi gian gianh cho phdn van hoc Vidt Nam bj giam di kha nhidu Tdng sd gid eiia ea ca'p hoc trude day la 254 tid't nay ehi edn 198 tid't Trong chuong trinh eii sd tid't gianh cho mdn Tid'ng Vidt - ehi ed 13 va mdn Tid'ng Vidt cdng lam van chid'm ty Id hon 1/3 tdng sd tid't eua ehuong trinh thi nay chid'm 1/2 Cung trong chuong trinh eii, phdn van hoc nude ngoai chid'm ty Id 19/254 tid't nay trong ehuong trinh mdi ty Id la 46/198 tid't

Sd lugng tac gia va tac phdm tho hidn dai duge chon loe ciing ed six thay ddi dang k^ O bd SGK nhiing nam 1980 so tac phdm chon giang van la

28 thi nay edn 22, sd tac phdm chon doe thdm la 31 thi nay con 20, sd tac gia ed tdc phdm dugc chon giang la 26/29 thi nay la 16/19, sd tac gia dugc chon hoe vdd tu each tac gia la 3/29 thi nay la 3/19

Nhin ehung, thue hidn muc tidu eua cdng cude cai each giao due

bd mdn van : "pha'n da'u bin bi, lidn tue de nang cao tinh nhan ban eiing tinh da dang va dich thuc eua mdn Van [149, 9], SGK cai each giao due da kd thiia duge bd sach trude dd, giii lai nhiing tac gia tac phdm van hoc ed gia trj nhan ban cao dep va gia trj Van chuong dich thue tii lau da duoc chon loe Bdn canh dd lua chon va manh dan dua

vao chuong trinh nhiing tac gia, tac phdm thuc six tidu bidu va ed gia trj

ddp ling muc tidu giao due thdi ddi mdi Ro net nha't cd le phai ki ddn

bd phan Tho mdi Ndu trude day Tho mdi ehi duge gidi thieu trong bai

khdi quat vdi nhiing nhan djnh nang nl, "eo ban la suy ddi" thi nay trong chuong trinh mdi nd dugc tra vd diing vj tri - La mdt bd phan khdng thd thidu ciia tho Viet Nam hien dai - danh da'u qua trinh hien dai hda thi ca Viet Nam

Ciing theo six thay ddi nay, hai tac gia ldn la Hd Chi Minh va Td Hiiu vdn dugc chon giang vdi tu each tdc gia, nhung Phan Bdi Chau "dinh cao nh^t cua van tho yeu nude va each mang ddu thd ky XX", thi ehi edn duge chon giang vdi tu each tdc phdm Thay vdo dd la Xuan Dieu - nha tho mdi nhd^t trong cac nha tho mdi Vdi mdt quy thdi gian thu hep, ed le six chon lua nhu vay la tuong ddi hgp ly bdi nd dap ling duge tinh da dang eiia phong each va thi phap tho hien dai

Cd th^ ndi bd SGK cai each giao due la bd SGK hoan chinh nha't tinh cho ddn nhung nam 90 Nhung eiing ed mdt thue td la : SGK cai each giao due duge soan va in thanh hai bd dung cho hai midn Nam Bde dua tren mdt can eii chung la khung chuong trinh eua bd Song viee lua chon hoe cac tac phdm eu th^ lai ed six khac nhau Dilu dd gay nen nhiing ban khoan trong du luan xa hdi Ddng thdi vdi hai bd SGK cai each giao due vao nhiing nam 90 edn cd hai bd sach phan ban : Ban Khoa hoe xa hdi va Ban Khoa hoe tu nhien - ky thuat diing cho nhung trudng thi diem phan ban eiia bae trung hoe phd thdng Nhiing ddng gdp eiia cae bd sach phan ban da duge ghi nhan day

dd trong eae hdi thao khoa hoe Song, hien tugng qua tai eiing duge du luan

va nhiing ngudi ed trach nhiem len tidng Chinh vi vay ehuong trinh phan ban da phai tam diing cdng viee thi didm

Bd sach giao khoa chinh ly hgp nha't nam 2000, hien nay duge dua vdo su dung chung trong ea nude kd tiT nam hoe 2000 - 2001 ed mdt y nghTa quan trong Nd dap ung six mong mdi eua thdy ed gido va hoe sinh cua ca'p hoc nay eiing nhu du luan xa hdi

Vd CO ban nd bde Id diing vdi tinh thdn ciia bd sdeh la hgp nha't hai bd sach CCGD va chinh 1^ nhfing sai sdt da dugc du luan gdp y trong nhiing nam qua

Cu thd vd bai khai quat chinh thiic diing bai KJidi qudt Vdn hoc Viet

Nam tut 1945 den 1975 va bai gidi thieu tac gia : Nguyen Ai Qudc - Ho Chi Minh ciia Giao su Ha Minh Diie (nhu da chinh ly d bd SGK CCGD vao cudi

nhiing nam 90) Bai gidi thieu tac gia )Qidn Dieu chon tuydn bai eiia giao su

Hoang Nhu Mai

Wi cac tac phdm eu thd eiing cd six diiu chinh trong viee lua

chon giang van va doc them Song vdi phdn tho Viet Nam hidn dai thi SIX didu chinh khdng ldn Chang ban : Thdi ky Van hoc Vidt Nam tir ddu thd ky XX ddn nam 1945 :

- cac bdi doe thdm vi tho Phan Bdi Chau khdng duge chon niia thay vao dd la hai bdi tho eua Phan Chau Trinh : Cdn ldn tifc canh va Dieu Duong

Trudng Dinh

- Tho Duyen ciia Xuan Didu trong bd SGK CCGD do trudng Dai hoe

Su pham Ha Ndi I bidn soan di trong phdn doe thdm nay ehuydn sang Giang

Thdi ky Van hoe Vidt Nam tir 1945 ddn 1975 chi cd Bai tho Len niii

eua Hd Chi Minh duge bd sung vao phdn doc thdm, edn ta't ea eae tac phdm khac giii nguydn

Chi ed mdt diiu ehung tdi mud'n luu y la six chinh ly duge bde Id

ro nha't la d vide diiu chinh cac cau hdi hudng ddn hoc bai theo hudng tich cue, sat vdi trinh dd ciia hoc sinh hon va ciing phii hgp vdi qua trinh tid'p nhan van chuong

Tdm lai, tidp xuc du mdt ldn hay ed didu kien lam vide nhieu ldn vdi

cac bd SGK bae THPT tii khi ehung ra ddi ddn nay khdng ai ed the phu nhan

dugc nhiing ddng gdp thue su eiia bd SGK cai each giao due va nhirng dieu chinh kip thdi ciia bd SGK chinh ly hgp nhdt nam 2000

Chuomg 2

TiM HI^U NHUNG NHAN DINH CHUNG CUA SACH GIAO KHOA

V^ THO VlfiT NAM HIEN DAI

2.1 Quan diem phan ky va phan dong trong cac bai khai quat

2JJ Quan diem phdn ky

cac thdi ky van hoe thude mdt trong nhung khai nidm vi su van ddng

ciia lich sii van hoc Khi nghidn curu Ijeh sir phat triln eiia van hoc ciing nhu khi tidp nhan van hoe ngudi ta khdng thd khdng quan tam tdi khai niem thdi

ky van hoc

Trong SIX phat triln ciia minh, ndn van hoc nao eiing ed nhiing cai

mdc Ijeh Sir nha't djnh Nhiing mdc nay ed thi triing vdi diim mdc trong lich sir xa hdi nhung ciing ed thi khdng Thuc td cho tha'y vide phan ky van hoc

la mdt cdng vide khdng don gian Mdt sd ngudi phan ehia Ijeh six van hoe dua vao edt mdc eua Ijeh six dan tde Mdt sd khac ddi hdi phai tinh ddn dae trung eiia van hoe, ddn van ddng bdn trong ciia sang tac.Nhung ai ciing hiiu

van hoc ed Ijeh s\l ridng eiia minh Ljeh six dd ddng hanh vdi Ijeh su ehung

nhung khdng trung kbit va ed nhiing net ridng Vi vay, mdi thdi ky van hoe, cho dii ed triing hay khdng triing vdi ljeh six ehung, cai chinh la vdn phai ed ndi dung phat triln ridng ddnh da'u six phat triln hay mot bude ngoat trong tu duy nghd thuat, trong ddi sdng van hoc hay ddi sdng tinh thdn cua xa hdi

Ca hai hd SGK trude cai each diu thi hidn each phan ky dua trdn eae mdc ljeh sii xa hdi Vi vay ljeh six van hoe vidt Viet Nam duge ehia lam bdn thdi ky Cu thi:

- 'Thdi ky thd nhdt, bat ddu tif.xUa den theky XV la luc che do phong

kien thinh tri nhdt

- Thin ky thd hai, tic theky thdWl la luc che dp phong kien bat ddu

suy tan cho den ndm 1958 Id ndm thUe ddn Phdp bat ddu xdm luge nude ta

- Thdi ky thA ba, tCt ndm 1958 deh ndm 1930 la ndm thanh lap Ddng

cdng san Ddng Duong

- Thdi ky thictu, tut ndm 1930 den nay.'' [152,11]

Cdng cude ddi mdi ciia dat nude da khid'n cho ITnh vixe nghidn ciiu ljeh sii van hoe ciing cd six ddi mdi ro rdt Mdt quan diim hgp ly trong phan ky van hoe dugc cac nha nghidn cihi xem xet va cdng nhan K l tii bd SGK cai each gido due ddn bd SGK chinh ly hgp nha't nam 2000 dIu ndu ro quan nidm va can cur d l phan ky van hoe Vidt Nam Ca hai bd SGK dIu xac djnh:

"Ljeh sii van hoc gdn chat vdi ljeh sir xa hdi, ljeh sir chinh trj eua ddt nudc Tuy nhidn, khdng ndn ddng nhdt ljeh sir van hoc vdd ljeh sir chinh trj, xa hdi Chd phan bidt d day la ddi tugng khac nhau cua mdi bd mdn ljeh sir: ddi tugng ciia ljeh suf chinh trj, xa hdi la nhiing six kidn chinh trj xa hdi, cdn ddi tugng eiia lich sii van hoc trude hd't la eae su kidn van hoe, tiie la nhiing dng van, nhung nhd van, nhGng trao luu van hoc, va bao triim hon ca la tu tudng thdm my ehi phd'i hd thdng thi phap ehung eiia ea mdt thdi ky ljeh six van hoe" [25,5]

Theo quan diim a'y, ljeh sir van hoe Vidt Nam tii thd ky X ddn nay (tinh ddn nam 1975) dugc ehia lam ba thdi ky ldn:

7 Thdi ky tir theky Xden het theky XDC

2 Thdi ky tilt ddu theky XX deh cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945

3 Thdi ky tut sau cdch mgng thdng Tdm 1945 deh nay

Six phan ky van hoe khdng ehi la nhiing don vj do thdi gian ton tai cua van hoe ma edn la khai nidm ndi ldn six van ddng, phat triln cua sang tac va eiia tu duy nghd thuat

Vide cung cdjp nhiing kidn thiic vd six phat triln eua ljeh six van hoc

qua cdc thdi ky dua tren su van ddng ndi tai cua nd se mang lai cho hoe sinh

nhidu didu bd ich Nd trang bi cho cae em mdt each nhin khoa hoe vao ddi

tugng Nd giup cac em hinh dung van hoe khdng phai nhu cai gi xac djnh liie

ndo ciing nhu vay, ma nhu mdt hien tugng ludn ludn bidn ddi va cd ljeh sir

cua chinh minh Didu do gdp phdn vdo viee phat triln tu duy bien chung ddi

vdd hoe sinh Bdn canh dd, nhung kidn thiic vi cdc thdd ky van hoc theo qua

trinh van ddng ljeh sir eua nd eiing giiip cho hoe sinh cd cai nhin ehung vi

todn bd nhung tac gia, tdc phdm dugc hoc trong chuong trinh, gdp phdn bdi

dudng tu duy, khdi quat cho cdc em

Do cdch phan ky khac nhau, dua trdn nhiing van cii khac nhau ndn eae

bd SGK trude cai each dua ra nhilu tdn goi khdc nhau dl gidi thidu van hoe

cdc giai doan thude ndi hdm vdn hoc Viet Nam theky XX Chang ban Vdn tho

til ngay hod binh [54,136] duge diing dl chi mdt sd sdng tdc ra ddi sau nam

1954, Vdn tho hien dgi (chu dl vi each mang va khang chid'n ehdng Phap)

[152,14], Vdn tho hien dgi (van tho ehdng my eiiu nude va xay dung chii

nghTa xa hdi) la nhiing tidu dd, dl muc ldn trong cac bd sach giao khoa Tat

ea cdc tidu dl trdn dIu chi duge dua ra ma khdng ed bai khdi qudt hay Idi

giai thich, gidi thidu kem theo, do dd ngudi tidp nhan ehi hiiu d mure dd so

luge

Ddn bd SGK cai each va bd SGK chinh ly hgp nha't nam 2000 thi khdi

nidm van hoc Vidt Nam hidn dai mdi duoc xac dinh rd " khai nidm hidn

dai hoa duge hi^u theo nghia: van hoe thdi ky nay thoat ra khdi hd thdng thi

phdp eiia van hoe thdi phong kidn trung dai" (26, 64) Dae bidt trong phdn

kd't luan bdi Khdi qudt vdn hoc Viet Nam tit ddu theky XX den 1945, SGK

da dua ra kd't luan: "cdn thdy, nd da ke thiia tinh hoa cua truydn thdng van

hoc dan tdc, khep lai sau lung minh ea chin thd ky van hoc di md ra phia

trude mdt thdi ky mdi vdi nhiing thanh tuu va kinh nghidm se edn anh hudng

lau ddi trong tuong lai: thdi ky van hoc hien dai trong quan he rdng rai vdi nhi^u n^n van hoa trdn thd gidi" [26, 80]

2.1.2 Quan diem phdn ddng:

Khai niem ddng van hoc dugc su dung chii ydu trong hai bd SGK trude cai each xua't phat tir quan nidm phan ky va phan ddng gdn vdi dae di^m lich sir xa hdi cd nhilu thay d6i, hai bd SGK trude day da phan dinh ro cdc bd phan van hoe thanh cac ddng van hoc 6 bd SGK nhiing nam 60 - 70 nhan dinh van hoc Vidt Nam tii ddu thd ky XX ddn 1930 duge sang tac theo

ba xu hudng chinh: xu hudng van ehuong ydu nudc, xu hudng lang man, xu hudng hidn thuc; giai doan van hoc Vidt Nam tii 1930 ddn 1945 da dugc

phan biet thanh cac ddng van hoe : van chuong lang man tiiu tu san, van hoc

each mang di ddi vdi cude each mang do giai cdp vd san lanh dao va giiia ddng van hoe tu san va van hoe vd san lai ed ddng van hoc hidn thuc phd binh Tii each mang thang Tam trd di, van hoe vd san ngay mdt phat triln

Bd SGK nhiing nam 80 chi phan loai ddng van hoe d giai doan 1930

-1945 va su phan loai nay duge in dam trong mot luan diim thude phdn danh

gia tinh hinh vdn hoc Vide phan ro ba ddng van hoe duge SGK ly giai: "Van

hoe giai doan nay dugc ehia lam ba ddng ldn, bieu hien nhiing y thiic giai cdp khac nhau eiia nhiing ngudi diing d vi tri khac nhau trong cude ddu tranh ehdng bon thdng tri

"- Ddng vdn hoc cdch mgng (hay diing hon la bd phan van hoc each

mang) la eua cae chid'n sT va qudn chiing each mang diing d miii nhgn ciia cude da'u tranh Nha van ed y thufc "dung but lam ddn xoay che do" van tho each mang la eiia giai cdp vd san va cd tac dung manh me den qudn chiing tid'n bd

- Ddng vdn hoc hien thuc phe phdn phdn ldn la cua eae nha van tilu

tu san Idp dudi Ho khdng diing d vi tri tiln tuydn, nhung ho thdng cam vdi ndi kh6 eiia qudn chiing va biet oan ghet che do duong thdi Tac phdm eia

ho, tuy miie dd, cd Igi cho phong trao da'u tranh ehdng ap biic bde Idt ciia qudn chiing tuy khdng tranh khdi nhirng ban chd

- Ddng vdn hoc lang mgn la tid'ng ndi eua y thiic tu san va tidu tu san

Nha van khdng dl cap ddn mau thudn trung tam eua thdi dai Tac phdm cua

ho ndi ehung khdng cd Igi cho cude da'u tranh ma lai cd hai" [154, 7]

Ro rang nhiing nhan djnh trdn xudt phat tir mdt quan nidm giai ca'p va Igi ich d^u tranh giai ca'p eua toan dan tdc ta thdi dd Didu ma SGK nhdn manh khdc sau cho hoe sinh chinh la su ehi phd'i eua tinh giai ca'p vao van hoc van hoc la tid'ng ndi cua cae giai ca'p trong nhiing vj tri da'u tranh khac nhau Tinh giai ca'p anh hudng true tid'p vao six phat triln van hoe Tao ndn nhiing xu hudng, nhiing ddng van hoe

Ddn bd SGK CCGD va bd SGK chinh ly hgp nha't nam 2000 thi quan

nidm vi SIX phan ddng van hoc khdng edn m dam niia Khi danh gia vi dae diim van hoc Vidt Nam tir ddu thd ky XX ddn 1945 trong luan diim ''Su

phdn hod phiic tgp thanh nhieu xu hudng trong qud trinh phat trien' [26, 71]

SGK da tach van hoe thanh hai bd phan dl xem xet danh gia Do la "bd phan

phat triln cdng khai, hgp phap" trong dd ndi ldn hai xu hudng chinh: xu hudng lang man chii nghTa, xu hudng hidn thue chu nghTa va "bd phan phat triln hgp phap hoac nira hgp phap" san phdm ciia nhung nha van - chid'n sT ydu nude - coi van tho trude hd't la vii khi da'u tranh each mang Dung lugng cua phdn ndy eiing chi ed 4 trang trdn 16 trang eua toan bai khdi quat (Trong khi d nhiing bd SGK trude day thi mdi ddng van hoe ngoai phdn gidi thidu ehung trong bai khai qudt cdn gidnh ca mdt ehuong vidt cho mdi ddng)

Cd le, ngay nay, khi cd six hdi nhap cua van hoc toan thd ky theo mot quan nidm chung: Van hoe hidn dai thi vide phan ddng, khdng cdn ddng vai trd quan trong djnh hudng tu tudng nira Vi chiing ta quan nidm, van hoe

ciia todn dan tdc trong thdd budi dau thuong va ngat ngheo dd Mdi trang vidt, mdi cau tho nhu "linh hdn dan tdc Vidt Nam ta trong nhiing truyin

thdng dao 1^ nhan ban dugc phat huy, trong tiing canh vat binh dj, duge md

ta trong nhiing phong tue ngan xua dugc tai hidn trong nhiing guong mat, nhiing dang net, nhiing tinh each than thude dugc khdc hoa." [26, 75]

Tinh ydu qud huong dat nudc la mdt ngudn tho khdng bao gid voi can trong van hoc Vidt Nam ta Tiiy theo hoan canh ldn eiia ljeh six dan tdc va hoan canh nhd cua ddi sdng mdi ca nhan ma cd ndi dung va sdc thai khac nhau Tho ea Vidt Nam hidn dai duge vidt ra chii ydu trong nhiing nam khdi

\\ta chidn tranh ac lidt d ea hai miln Nam Bde, vi vay tinh ydu qud huong dat

nude trong eae sang tdc nay vufa chan that, sau sdc, viia cd ndi dung va sdc thdi eu thi, ed thi SGK van hoc Idp 12 - tap 1 - sach chinh ly va hgp nha't

nam 2000 vdn tid'p tue chon giang ba bai tho Ben kia sdng Dudng eiia Hoang Cdm, Ddt nude cua Nguydn Dinh Thi, trieh doan Ddt nude trong trudng ea

Mat dudmg khdt vgng cua Nguyin Khoa Diim Va ea ba tdc phdm trdn thi

hidn ro nhiing dae diim dd

O tac phdm cua Hoang Cdm, dat nude la qud huong Kinh Bde ed kinh, tinh dat nudc la ndi tide thuong va cam gian trude nhiing gia trj van hda eua dan tde, nhiing canh sinh boat ydn vui ciia nhan dan bj giae tan pha, la ndi xdt xa dau ddn trude nhiing sd phan bat hanh eua nhiing eon ngudi dang ydu, dang quy trdn qud huong minh

0 tde phdm eiia Nguydn Dinh Thi, tinh dat nudc gdn vdi tinh cam each

mang vdd nilm vui giai phdng, vdi y thiic tu hao eua ngudi lam chu va quydt tam chidn da'u ddn ciing bao vd qud huong da't nudc minh

Bai tho eua Nguydn Khoa Didm ra ddi trong cao trao ehdng My eiiu nudc Trong cude dung dd quydt lidt vdi tdn triim dd qudc nay, tu nhidn bude

ngudi ta phai suy nghT rat nhidu, rat manh vi eon ngudi Vidt Nam, vd lich sir

Vidt Nam Id mdt nin van hoe thdng nhdt dat tdi nhilu gia tri cao quy: giau 16ng ydu nudc va dam tinh thdn nhan ban

2.2 Nhiimg nhan djnh ve cac gia tri cua tho Viet Nam hien dai

2.2.1 Tha Viet Nam hien dgi vdn tiep tue truyen thong yeu nudc,

nhdn dao vd chu nghia anh hiing:

Trong SGK Van hoc 10 - tap 1- Sach chinh ly va hgp nhdt nam 2000

cd ndu ldn nhan dinh: "nin van hoc Vidt Nam tir thi ky X ddn hit thd ky XIX ed hai ndi dung edt loi la cam hiing ydu nude va cam hiing nhan dao

B6 eiing la hai chu dl ldn nhdt va cung la hai ngudn cam hiing trii tinh ldn

nhdt ciia van hoc dan tde" [25, 86]

Khi danh gia thanh tuu van hoc Vidt Nam tir ddu thd ky XX ddn each mang Thang Tam nam 1945, SGK van hoc 11 - tap 1 - sach chinh ly hgp

nha't nam 2000 cung ed nhan dinh dugc in dam: ''Truyen thdng tu tudng ldn

nhdt vd sdu sdc nhdt ciia vdn hoc ta Id Idng yeu nudc, tinh thdn nhdn dgo vd chu nghia anh hung'' [26, 75]

Bao quat toan chuong trinh van hoc Vidt Nam hidn dai va cu thi trong phdn tho Vidt Nam hidn dai (thude pham vi tho Vidt Nam thd ky XX) chiing

ta cung cd thi nit ra duge tinh thdn danh gia vl tho VNHD trong bd SGK

hidn nay £>6 la tho Vidt Nam hidn dai vdn tiep tue truyin thdng ydu nude,

nhan dao va chu nghia anh hiing

Trude hd't, tho VNHD da kd thiia truyin thdng ydu nude trong van hoc dan tde ta vdi nhirng ndi dung eo ban: y thiie tu eudng dan tde, tinh thdn quydt chid'n quydt thdng ke thii xam luge, bao vd den ciing non sdng gdm vde Vidt Nam, chii quyin Viet Nam, tinh thuong dan, Idng cam thii thii giae, nilm tu hao vl lich sir, gidng ndi, vl van hoa dan tdc nhung mat khac nd ciing "dem ddn cho truyin thdng van hoc nhiing thd ky trude ndi dung dan

chu sau sdc" [26,75] Nd tuf bd ddn chii nghTa tdn quan ma xet cho ciing chinh la tii bo ^ thiie hd phong kidn tiing ehi phdi chu nghTa ydu nude trong thdi tmng dai d l gia nhap anh hudng eua y thure hd tu san, va sau dd la y thiic hd vd san Phan Bdi Chau quan nidm: "Dan la dan nudc, nude la eua dan", v a qua tac phdm tho ca eua minh Phan Bdi Chau cung da bd Id ro tinh ydu nudc sau nang thdm thidt, liie lac quan, hao hung trong mdt y thire mdi, mdt quan niem mdi:

"Non sdng dd chet sdng them nhue

Hien thdnh cdn ddu hoc cUng hodi"

{Xudt Duong luu biet - Phan Bdi Chau)

Khi xdt xa, thidt tha, giue gia, sdi trao:

'Then cdng sdng, buon cung ndi, tui cung trdng

Hai muoi ndm le dd tdng bao chua vdi xdt

Ai hiiu chi tut nay xin gang goi

Xep but nghien md tu dudng lay tinh thdn

Dutng ham choi, dvtng ham mac, dvCng ham dn,

Dung gan oc len ddnh tan sdt Ida

Xdi mdu ndng rda vet nhond le *'

{Bdi ea chde tet thanh nien - Phan Bdi Chau)

Ben canh nhirng ndi dung truyen thdng da thi hidn trong tho ea ydu nude each mang theo xu hudng dan chu cii, mot net dae trung mdi me eua six thay ddi y thiie hd (y thiie he vd san) thay ddi ly tudng chinh trj xa hdi ( ly tudng xa hdi chu nghTa) dua trdn mdt eo sd triet hoe la chii nghTa Mae-Ldnin, Nguyin Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh va cdc nha van vd san da gdn chu nghTa ydu nude vdi ly tudng xa hdi chu nghTa Khuynh hudng ydu nudc nay da mang ddn cho tho ca ndi ridng ciing nhu van hoe ndi ehung mdt giong didu mdi, mdt khdng khi lac quan each mang mdi, dugc coi la tidn quydt, la bdn viing tham chi cd liie, ed ngudi da hdn nhidn, don gian nghT rdng van hoc each

mang vd san thi khdng cd cai bi ma ehi cd cai hiing Song cude ddi se diiu chinh lai moi didu cdn diiu chinh Nhung six that da mdt thdi, chu nghTa ydu nude trong tho ca each mang vd san ludn trdn ddy khdng khi lac quan phoi phdi Dang ndi hon d day la tinh thdn lac quan each mang da gdn vdi y thiic

vd Idng quydt tam d^u tranh each mang va cudi cung trd thanh hidn thuc chidn thdng chur khdng chi la lang man sudng Nhiing cau tho kdt thiie trong

bai tho Tdy Tien cua Quang Diing nhu nhiing Idi thi khdng nan long sdn ehi

quydt tam thue hidn ddn eiing ly tudng each mang eiia nhiing ngudi chidn sT

vd qudc quan Cho ndn dii da nga xud'ng trdn dudng hanh quan, hdn thidng (tinh thdn cua cac anh) vdn di viing ddng ddi, vdn sdng trong long ddng ddi:

''Tdy Tien ngUdi di khdng hen ude Dudng len thdm thdm mot ehia phdi

Ai len Tdy Tien mua xudn dy Hon ve Sam Niia ehdng ve xudi'

Chu nghTa ydu nudc duge thi hidn vd eiing rue rd trong tho ca ydu nude va each mang d ea hai khuynh hudng (dan chu tu san eii va dan chu mdd) ddng thdi nd eiing edn thi hidn mdt each kin dao hon qua bo phao van hoc hgp phap Ngoai nhiing ndi dung tinh cam ydu nude theo quan nidm thdng thudng (dT nhidn mure dd bilu hidn cd thdp hon so vdi van hoe true tid'p da'u tranh each mang), dieu dang ndi la six bilu hidn long ydu nudc d chinh vide sang tao van hoe nghd thuat Nhu mot nha nghidn eiiu tiing ndi: "Mdt dan tde mat chu quyIn thi edn ed nhilu eo hdi gianh lai chu quyln Chiif da mat ddn ca nin van hoa, nin van hoe, mat den ea tidng ndi me de thi ban la

se mat vTnh viln" Phai chang hiiu tha'u didu dd, cac nha tho thude bd phan hgp phap da ddn tat ca tinh ydu nude vao tinh yeu tid'ng Viet Vi vay ho da ddn hdt tam huydt eua minh lam cho van chuong tidng Vidt hay thdm, tidng

Vidt van chuong dep thdm £>6 khdng ehi la hanh ddng van chuong don

thudn ma edn Id hanh ddng ydu nude, eiiu nudc ndm trong six trdi day chung