Phát ngôn như là đơn vị giao tiếp trong tiếng Việt hiện đại : Luận án PTS. Ngôn ngữ học: 62 22 01 01

quan trong ,thuong du^c dao len dau phat ngon , con nhung thanh phan xt quan trgng, nhung nji dung da duyc biet do ngu canh, du;*c day rajt each ty niiien xudng pti^ cv.8i cua phat ngon.

•* \

BO 5IA0 DUC 7A DAO TAO • * THtfcJuiG DAI HOC TONG HdP HA NOT

NGUYEN CHI HOA

PHAT ITGON NHT* LA DCfe v i GIAO TIBP TRONG TIENG VTET H I M DAI

Chuy§n nganh : l f l u g n ngon ngu*

Ngtzod hirong dan khoa h9c:

Pho t i e n s i Hoang - Tr9ng - Phi3n

'•iO

Hc-V.LXlW

E i ; i 1992

I C a c Iliac , k h i n o i v^ v a i t r o oua ao"! quan 'i^ ^ i u a c o n ni3ur)'i

v o i con n^uoi t r o o g qua t r i n h san : a i a t , d a v i e t : iV^n son loiat

cua mjt con nguoi t a c h r a k h o i xa h f i t h l cuag v6 n g h i a ahu

sy p h a t t r i ^ n oua n^on ngu n^a khons co ahung ca n h a n c u a g

Chung song va a o i aiing v o i ahau Ilhu vJy,iTJot each

i a n t i e p Mac da khaag d i n h r a n g , a g o n agu p h a i duyo xem :cet

^

t r o n g moi quan h^ g i a o t i e p cua ahung a g u o i oung c h u n g sffng

ITguoi con aoiilTgoa ngv: v o i t i n l i e a c h cua mft nguod r i S n g l e

l a vo n g h i a D o do , c a n p h a i n s h i e n cuu agon agu o bxnh d i g n

n o i n a n g ciia con Otii^d v o i con a g i r o i

Nhu raji nguoi d^u b i e t , n g o n nga t S n t&i duoi h a i h l n h

thucrlTgoa ngu n o i v a ngoa agu v i e t , m a t r u o o h ^ t l a ngon nga

a o i j b o l l e txong I j c h su phat t r i e a cua l o a i n g i r o i , n g o a ngu

a o i l a c a i dl truo*c v a ngoa az\J! v i e t l a c a i t h e o 3au.IA|.t k h a c ,

t r o n g qua t r i a h p h a t t r i e n cua moi ca a h a n , n g o n ngv n o i duyc

o i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n som han agon ngu v i e t c u a c h x n h 0 9

"^gon ngu not l a ilm t h a n h nzon ngu duqc p h a t Im tr^f'c t i e p C h u c

nang c o baui cua no l a t h o a man nhu c a u g i a o t i e p h a n g ngay cua con n g u o i

Ugay t u nhung nan) dau t i e n cua t h e kx n a y , n h a ngon n^

hpe A.!! BOGALrjBOV,trong t a c phaxn"ve n g h i e n cuu ngon ngu "

da oho r a n g , d a o n g ahu co sy khu b i ^ t r o r a n g [^aa agon ngu nil

va ngon agu v i e t C o c a u ngu phap c u a ng3n n^ n o i phy t h u f c r a t

n h i ^ u v a o hoan canh n o i nang va vao nhung nguoi dffi t h o ^ C h i n h

2

-v i -v ^ , c S n phai rao t a duqc "co cau ngu phap"cua agon ngu not

va t i n r a dug^c nhung dieu ki^n ma co cau ngu phap nay ph^i

thufc v a o

U^t khac,v? mglt thye t i 5 n , c a n phai xay dyag mft hg thong

mo hxnh ou phap co kha nang phan anh duiyc nhung d$c thu cua ngon ngu giao t i e p , d e giang dgy t i e n g Vlgt cho hoc s i n h Vigt

aaia cung nhu cho nguoi nuoc ngoai voi t u each agon ogu thu

hai.Do l a y g^hia va cung l a l i do can t h i e t phai t i e n hanh

nghiSn cuu de t;ai:"Phat ngon nhu l a dan vj giao t i e p trong

tieng Vigt hifn d§,i"

2.D$c diem cua giao t i e p khau agu qiii diah d^c trung ngu phap

va ngu aghia cac don vj cua no.Dnc trung l o ^ i b i ^ t cua cac don v j g i a o t i e p l a t i n h khong day du,du!g'c the hign bang syr vang mjlt cac thanh phan trong no va stf vang m^t oua cac

phut^ng t i ^ n l i e n k e t cac don v± v i txnh t r o n g cac phat agon

da v i txnh.Lx g i a i nhung Ix do cho phep cac dan v i nay tSn

tax voi tu each l a do*n v i giao t i e p l a nhigm vu thu nhat cua

l u ^ an.Duti'ng n h i e n , k h i Ix g i a i khong t h e khong txnh den cac

djc t r u n g ngu phap va ngu aghia cua cac don vj nay.Hign nay, v^ phTO'ng di^n i f l u ^ , n g u ^ i t a con chua g i a i qu^^-et t r i ^ t ds hign tmyng "txnh lu?yc";"3ero cu phap";"vi t r £ khong b l e u dgtt"

trong cac dan vj g i a o tiep.Day l a nhung van de Ix lu§ii,nguoi

v i e t phai de c^p den k h l g i a i quyet hg th^f^^ cac do*n v i giao

ti5n t a x r a t nhi^u nhung dan v i " l x s i n h " k i e u :"Chj l a H o a > ^ a n

^Qa ?";"Con nha t o i / t o i d§.y chuga: no ha t i g n t u b e " ; " D u n g

ban / 35n^ o i ! W Cac phan du- nay co mang 1 ^ h i g u qua

nao do t r o n g g i a o t l S p hay kh8ng ?

I^hl xem x e t c a c dan vi co h a i hay n h i e u dan v l v i t x n h ,

* •

k i e u : " C h ? t / t a o cung khong theo";"Anh r a ngoax / em t h a y d5

u o t " , d e t h a y r a n g , c h u n g co kha nang t u o a g ung v o i c a u phuc co

l i e n t u : " D u c h e t / t a o cung khong theo";"Sm r a n g o a i ^ era t h a y ^ ^ ^

d8 u a t " G i a x quyet c a c dan v i khong co t u n o i l a mft hay h a i

don vj.?TT?u t h u a n h ^ chung l a mft dan v i t h x phuong t h u c nao

l a phuRyng t h u c l i e n k ? t chung v o l ahau ?Day l a logii vSh de con

n h i e u y k i j n Ix g i a i khac nhau.Dya t r e n co s o ngu l i g u t i ? n g

V i g t , n g u o i v i e t t h u Ix g i a i h i g n t u y a g a a y nhu mft dan vi cua hg

thong g i a o t i f p t i e n g Vlgt.DBag t h o i , v o i v i g c t h u a nhgn cac to

bfgp nay nhu raft dan v j va chung rainh su t 5 n t a x h i e n n h i e n oua

chung l a v i g c xac d j n h cac dac t r u n g ngu phap va ngu nghxa cua

l o ^ don v i n a y D ^ t r a nhung nhxgm vu nhu t r e n , n g u o i v i e t huong

den h a i mye dxch co bauiduoi day :

-4Ixeu t a c a c dan vj d | c t h u cua g i a o t i e p khau agu

-Lx g i a i cac dx?u k i g n tSn t a i cua c h u n g

3.Vxgc n g h i e n cuu khau ng,u g|Lp r a t n h i e u kho khan.Khau ngu ho§it

dang aho vao cac don v j cua l o i n o i T i e n hanh phan ctaia h§ thffng

nay khong p h a i l a v i g c lam de dang.Da khoag x t cac nha ngon agu

hpc cho r a n g j k h o n g t h a mieu t a c a c don v i c u a khau

agu(KOZEV!II-KOVA,1971.15.;IKREaTEV.l975.115.).Song,oung co nguoi t i e n hanh

t r a c nghigm b i n g e a c h g h i c a c cufc d o i t h o f i va cho t h ^ : C h i co

6 doen t r o n g aS 15 dojin t u o a g ung v o i e a c h d i n h n g h i a c u a chung

+So doan tuxj*ng ung vol cau hoi :34 = 2 8 , 4 fj

-^oo dogii t u o n g ung v o l cau cau

k h i e n va niaung ca-x nxy dau khong

p h a i l a c l u h o i :26 = 21,6 ^

+ S ^ doan l a c a u t r a l e d >44 = 3^ f^ %

+3o d o ^ l a cau h o i l&x» : I 6 = 1 3 , 3 fS

Bx^u nay c h u n g t o : S o do^m v o i t u e a c h l a cau phat* vSn

^jong pnax oao gxo^ cung l a c-j.u nox.oo ao^in l a c a u pnan ung

nhung khong p h a i l a c a u t r a l o i chiem mjt t x I g khong nho

TrOTc t i n h Iixnh n a y , c h u n g t a g i a i l u y e t nhu bhe nao?

" ? u khong roieu t a , l x g i a i cac dan v j nay l a bo t r o n g mft thi!PC t h e c u a hg t h ^ n g C a c p h a t ngon tuo*ng ung vai cau dan

va c a u g h e p , k h o n g p h g i l a t a t cacac don v i cua Ichau ngu,cung

nhu t r o n g khSxi n g u , k h o n g p h a i chx t o n t a x c a u h o i , c a u t r a i o i

va c a u ragnh I g n h s t h e o each quan nigra t r u y ^ n t h o a g C a c doa v j

khong CO h i n h t h u c nhu each -uan nigra c i a chung t a v? cau nam

t r o n g moi quan h^ c h a t che v o l cac don v j " d a bay vao khong

k h x " , v o i "raoi truo'ng xuag quanta na con nguoi co hogit dSag t r a o

d o i " , v a o ahung t r i t h u c chung oua nhung ngi?oi dffi thogix

Nhu t r e n da n o i , h x n h thuc cua g i a o t i e p bang mi^ng l a

long 'ira t h a n h CT^a ngfin n^mlioag Sa t h a n h n a y , c 6 t h e l a cua

h a i nguoi t r a o d o i tryre t i e p ( d o i t h o ^ ) , c o t h e l a c u a raft agiJoi n o i v a nhung n g u o i khac cung nghe ( d j e t h o e i ) va cua

n h i ^ u n g u o i cmig n o i v^ mft d^ t a i (dam t h o i j i i )

na no dug'c t a c h r a k h o i dong l o i n o i , c o t h e duoc zera l a nhung

don v j cu p h a p T r o n g h o j t d^ng g i a o t i e p , c h u n g khong b j co l ^ p , log.i t r u nhau na nhu l a mgt b© phan cua t c hop ngon agu phuc

t a p ho*n.Chung co moi quan h$ hen t r o n g bang nhung quan hg nhat dinh.Mot rag^t,do l a nhung quan he ngGn ngu dya vao nhung qucn

hg ?u ;.'ihap pho^g phu cua cac dan v j duj'c l i e n ket;raHLt k h a c ,

do l a nhung quan he t h u a n t u y ve ra^t n 5 i dung t r u y e n d i c a c

« «

thong bao.(lTgu' phap t i e n g I'Tga.1S60.83-^4) Cac t a c g i a nay con

khang d j n h r P h a t ngon l a mgt c h x e t d o a n t r o n g ingt t i n h huon^r ngon ngu nao do th]fc hx}n chuc aSing g i a o t x e p v e j^ft di"?u gx

d o ( S D D 8 3 - S 4 ) ,

Quan diem moi n h a t cua cac t a c g i a t h u f c vxgn loan lam khoa hgc l i e n xo l a : " P h a t ngon l a don v j g i a o t i e p cua lod n o i

? a a t ngon du^c xac d i n h t r o n g moi quan hg vox khax algm cau"

(Tu d i e n b a c h khoa ngon agu h g c 1 9 9 0 5 5 8 ) Theo quan diem cua

ngu phap chue nang t h l p h a t ngon duwc xac dinJi l a dan v^ cua l o i

noi.Uo CO t h e t u o n g duong vox c a u , t r o n g s y phy t h u j c t r y c t i e p

vao ngu c a n l i

Trong l u a n van n a y , p h a t n^on duoc h i a u l a dan v i g i a o t i e p

cua l o i n o i N o co t h e t u o a g ung v o i c a u - t u ; c a u rajt t h a n h phan; c a u

don; cau dan co ohan d u ; c a u t r t i n g g x a n ; c a u phuc co l i 5 n t u va khong

CO l i e n t u P h a t ngon gan l i ^ n vox n^ canh va co vy^c dxch thong

"bao n h a t d i n h

P h a t agon l a d o i tuan/;; cua l u ^ van t r o n g e a c h h i e u n a y

4.De n g h i e n cuu d^c t r u n g n^ n g h i a , n g \ r phap c u a cac p h a t a g o n ,

ma d»c b i g t l a nhung p h a t ngon khong t u o n g ung v o i cac quan diero t r u y e n th<?ng v'% c a u , n g u I x ^ u t r o n g l u ^ n v i a nay duqc t h u

6 th^p t u h a i nguBn olixnh :

Hgu5n thu nhat:CMix l ^ i nhung cujc n o i chuygn cua nguod

7 x ^ t n o i t i e n g 7 x g t

- TT.prulSn t h u hai:?Tr.on n^ cua cac nha v a n du^'c t h e hxyn

t r o n g c a c doan d o i tho^x cua cac nhan v j t G a c t a c phara van hge

nay,dutfc v i e t troftg khoang t h o i g i a n t u 1930 d'^n n a y

\ ' ^ 0 ^

Cac ngu l i g u diwc phan t i c h , c h i a lam h a i logii:

•f-Loal t h u nhat :Cac pliat azon c^ng nliat v o l cau dan chan chxnh va nhung don v i co kha naag tucrng \xng v o i no.(Vx d^i :

-Ax danh vc ooc ? - T r a n g " T r a n g danh vo coc" J

-hLoai t h u h a i ; C a c p h a t ngon taxing ung vol c i u t r u n g g x a n , cau phu'c co l i e n t u va nhung dan v j co kha nang tuong duo'ng

v o i ch^ing(7x dy rl^ang qua / t o i Lihong chju dug'C?

'?uong ung v o i cac biKrc phan l o » l t r e n , l u j n van duvc c h i a

lara h a i phan : P h a t ngon dan va p h a t ngon da v j txzih Vx t|.p

t r u n g chu yeu vao v i ^ c khao s a t nhung don v j djic t h u cua khau

ngu^aen l u g n van duyc phan bo t h a n h nam chii^'ng ahu s a u :

PhSn ii'ot, : P h a t ngon dan

9 , ^

•Chuo*ng raft : Die t r u n g chung cua nhat ngon danm

9huong h a i : P h a t ngon agu c a n h

Ghuo^ng ba : P h a t ngon dan co p h ^ d u

Phan Hai : P h a t ngon da v i t x n h

«

Ghuong m^t: Dae t r u n g chung cua p h a t ngon da v i t x n h

Ghuong h a i : D^c t r u n g cau t r u e va ngu nghja cua cac logd

p h a t ngon da v i t x n h

K h i n g h i e n cuu cac nhat ngon da v i t f n h , d o yeu c l u c'Sn phai k h a n g djnh p h a t ngon da v i t x n h khong t u n o i nhu mjt dOn

ket trong cac phat ngon da vl txnii nay,chung toi da tien hanh niiung trac nghigm ngOn n^u bang phu'ong phap doi thosi trtfc tiep.Trong l u ^ van con su d^ng phep cai bxen hoan toan va phep cai hien khong hoan toan de txm hxeu bien the cua cac cau true-nhung don vj tuong duo^ng

\ u _ ^

0.^i^± dung cua l u ^ n van nay l a c j t phan t r o n g de t a i r N g u phap

khau ngw%.duvc chung t o i nghien cuu t a x khoa ngu van t r u o n g

dax hoc t o n g hop Ha n o i va truo*ng d a i hoc t o n g boo au^c g i a

M a t x c o v a , t r o n g t h o i g i a n t u 1987 den 1 9 9 1

0 " 0 9 am

Hign n a y , v i g c n g h i e n ctru ngu phap khau ngu t i e n g 7 i g t

voi t u e a c h l a d o i tuwng djc l J p , o h u a co ducpc nhung t h a n h tyru dang k e l l e u co c h i l a m§t so phac t h a o t r o n g cac bao cao khoa hgc va t r o n g rajt s ^ sach phong e a c h h g c J ) o v ^ , c h t u i g

t o i khong thara g i a t h a o l u a n nhung van de l x l u $ n ma chx chgn

nqt 30 quan nigra ma chung t o i cho l a hg^ l x de khao s a t c a c don v i dac t h u cua g i a o t i e p khau n g u

Ph5n Mot

P H A ' T N G O N D ( / N

C h u o n g m j t

DAC TRinJG CHUNG CUA PHAT NGON DdN

I.Nhun^ hieu b i e t can yeu

1 Cau,khidu7e xem z e t ve m^t giao t i e p cua no , dtrop gyi l a

p h a t n g o n • Chung t o i gj>i nhung phat ngon tuong ung voi c a u - t u , c a u m j t t h a n h p h ^ n , c a u

dan V a cau dan 06 ohan d u l a p h a t n g o n

d o n Phat ngon dan khong doi hoi co to chuc c h | t che theo ahung qui t a c n^ phap gi^ng nhu cau don

Ranh g i o i giua pxxat ngoa dan va cau don khong trung nhau Moi mjt cau don co t h e tach r a hang log-t phat ngon dan r i e n g

b i g t Chang han , cau don: ''Ngay horn qua , o giang dtrong Ion

t o i da t^og CO ay,m9t quyen sach chuyen mon , bang each cho

vao C|LP"» CO the tach thanh cac phat ngon don duoi day :

- 1 - Anh t^ng co ^ bao gio? -Ngay hom qua

- 2 - Tjng o dau ? - 5 ' g i a n g duong Ion

- 3 - T^ng bang each nao ? -Bang each cho vao c^p

- 4 - T^ng quyen sach gi ? -Sach chuyen roon •

- 5 - Al t^ng ? -Toi

- 6 - Tfng a l ? -Co gy

- 7 - T|ng CO ay c a i g l ? -Quyen sach

- 7 7

Nhu vSy, myt cau don co the t a c h r a thanh ahi^u phat ngon

don khac nhau Song khong the c o i nhScng p)&t ngon t r a l a i ( 1 ) ,

C 2 ) , ( 3 ) f ( 4 ) > ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) l a nhung c4u»dOn chan chxnh

Chxnh v l the , cac phat ngon dan khoag co hlnh thuc dSy du cua cau don.ITo co the l a nhung l o i d6i t h o ^ co chuc nang bieu

t h j t i n h t h a i kieu :Eo o i G i o d j Cha mg od chu khong mang

noi dung th5ng bao ve ni|t ngu nghxa nhu cau dan *

% 0 * 0

Tuy nhien,cau dan la phat agon dan day du ve cau true

Cau don , voi tu each phat ng5n truoe het phai co mgt ng^i

0

digu xac dinh ITo co the phan c h i a thanh DS va Thuygt - cac thanh

phan Can yeu cua phat ngon^xet t r e n l$p truong ngu-rnghia va ngu-'

dung

De l a 'diem :aiat phat cua phat ngon de truyen di mjt thong bao Do do, de xt co y nghia can t h i e t hon thuyet.Trong cac phat

ngon, no co the hi txnh luyc De thuong mang thong t i n cu ma

ahung nguoi dSl thojii da b i ? t , l a c a i da duqc bao truoc bang ngu canh Chxnh nho d^c diem do , de co the lam chuc nang l a c a i

l i e n k e t phat ngon dang xet voi phat agon truoc do

Thuyet l a b j p h ^ mang n9i dung thong bao cho c a i d^ b i e t

-tuc de va l a c a i roang n§i dung chinh oua thoag b a o , l a trung tarn

thoag t i n cua phat ngon • Chxnh v l v^y^ thuyet co m^t thuong xuyen trong phat ngon va l a dieu kign tBn t a i t i e n quy^t cua phat ngon

2 Sq phan c h i a phat ngon thanh d^ va thuyft khoag co sijr tuoag ung vol each phan c h i a ngu phap.Dieu do^trmJc het^duqc b i e u h i g n

o cho :S^ phan chia phat agon thanh d§/thuy?t thuong xuyen co

txnh luong phan.TTong k h i do^sy phan c h i a ngu phap diayc xac djnh

theo thanh phSn cau • D? hojic thuy?t co the l a m§t to hg^ gBra

myt v a i thanh phSn cau :

7i d\i :-Con R6 dau ma c h i co con 5ia t i e n chu no nhi ?

-•;c

-Dang khoc a t r e n k i a chu dau

M|Lt khac , d? va t h u y e t co t h e l a nhung t h a n h phSn khac nhau c u a c a u :

+Thuyet l a v j ngu :

Vx du : - C h u n o i t h a n g Mao l a con a i ?

-Con bac i^ai c a

+Thuỷt l a chu ngu :

Vx dft : - Con g l nhay t h e niil ?

- Con ech j

Nhu vSy^ d? va t h u y e t kh3ng thuóng xuyen gan bo vcd t h a n h phan

caụSon^r.chu ngu chu yeu co chuc nang cua d e , con v j ngu chu

yeu giir c h & n a n g cua t h u y f t Sy phan c h i a p h a t agon t h a n h d?

v a t h u y g t l i e n qiian d^n t o chuc agu n g h i a cua p h a t ngon

De t h u o n g dong v a i t r o chu t h e t a c n h a n , chu t h e t r a n g t h a i

ThuySt chu yeu dong v a i t r o v j t h e hanh dqng , t r ^ n g t h a i 3.IIgu d i e u va t r i t t^^ t u l a phuong thuc chu y^u phan anh a\f

phan c h i a p h a t ngon t h a n h de va t h u y e t • Thoag thuong , t r o n g

ngon ng^ v i S t , trjjgig am rod vao phan cuoi cua c a u TuoT-g uag

v o i d i e u do , t r ^ t t y thong thuóng l a DE -THUYET , Day l a trglt

t u t u k h a c h Quậ l a t r g l t t y cua c a c phat ngoa t r u n g hoa De

b i e u t h j s a c t h a i b i e u cam khac n h a u , t r ^ t t y t r e n co t h e du^rc dao t h a n h CTHDYST - D S T r ^ t t y n a y , duye g©i l a t r ^ t t y chu quan •Trj.t t^f chu quan t a o r a sur t h a y d o i t r ^ n g am cua p h a t

ngoxuNhu v§y^ thuyfft t h u o a g dxsjc nhSn m^nh bang t r p n g am

4 T r o n g t i e n g V i g t , t r a t t y t u dong v a i t r o quan t r j n g Thanh

D h ^

quan trong ,thuong du^c dao len dau phat ngon , con nhung thanh phan xt quan trgng, nhung nji dung da duyc biet do ngu canh,

du;*c day rajt each ty niiien xudng pti^ cv.8i cua phat ngon

7i du : -U5ng di em !

-irSn^ /"khong uflng dtnjrc ( Khong uffng du^'c vx n o n g )

Trong g i a o t i e p , thuong co nhung trg.t t y t u dge t h u duoi day :

+Gac danh t u , danh ngu , duqo d^t t r u o c djng t u chx phffi:

-Xe cua t o i / quan Han cu dung • -Tay a a i cua t 5 i / t o i bo l§d

- T r a n Due Thua / t a o b i e t

+Troag p h a t ngon co h a i d^ng t u (ho|.c doan ng^ ) , djng t u

t h u i a i CO t h e du^'c dao l e n t r e n de t a n g them sac t h a i b i e u cam:

- LSy chBng / con khong muSn

- Cuoi may / no muSn

- Ga con cho t h a n g khong xu dxnh tiSi / ma I h o n g t h e

+Gac pho t u t h u o n g duyc dua l e n dau phat agon t r o n g chuc

nsng t h u y e t de t a o du^c y n g h i a b i e u can , khang djnh t h a i dq

cua ns^i not :

-NhSt d:^nh / con Ihong t i e p no dau

+ ]^Igoai r a , eon co t h e t h ^ sy chuyen d o i g i u a cac danta

t u va dgix t u CO dBng n g h i a b i e u v | t :

- T o i ^ g u y e n Hoai Nam day

- rlguyen Hoai Nam - t o i day

Nhung h i g n t u y n g da dtojrc t r x n h b t y a t r e n , c h i l a nhung khuynb huong r i e n g c u a khau ngu No hoan t o a n khong co tinh

b a t bu§c •

5 Cac phat agon tBn tgl trong ra^t ng:u canh nhSt djnh Go

nhung phat ngon ma ca ngu phap Ian ngu nghia bj chi ph^i hoan toan boi ngu canh Ngoai n^ canh , y nghia cua phat ngon khong

0

duqc xac djnh.Chung t o i g y i nhung phat ngon nhu t h e l a p h 4 t

n g o n n g u c a a h

Trong g i a o t i e p thuo'ng :cuat h i g n nhung don v j k i e u :

a ) - G o n nha t o i / t o i dgy chung no ha t i g n t u be

Phat ngon nay dBng n g h i a vox p h a t ngon k i e u :

b ) - Toi dgy con nha t o i ha t i g n t u be

P h a t ngon (fc) tuong ung v o i cau dan chan ciixnh So vox phat ngon (h) , p h a t ngon ( a ) cc du myt thanh phan d:8ng chuc nang:

" Gon nha t o i VChung t o i g g i cac phat ngon logii nay l a p h a t

n g o n don ^ o o h ^ n - u •

IThu v | y , p h a t ngon co cac don v j ngoai t h a n h phan nong c ^ t chung khong tham g i a vao p h a t ngon vox t u e a c h t h a n h phan cau

duqc ggi l a p h a t n g o n dan o 6 o h 'Z a d u

T r e n day l a nhung k h a i nxgm xuat p h a t v a nhung d^c t r u n g

CO ban cua p h a t ngon don Duoi day l a sq cy t h e hoa nhung d^e

diem do

I I D a c tri?n,3 chung cua n:iat :icon h o i , p h a t nzon t r a l o i , ^

T h a t ngon cau kliiehj-iTu^'c jh^i^ lojix tHeo muc dxch : i a o t i e p

Co t h e c h i a cac p h a t ngon r a cac logd s a u :

1 P h a t ngon h o i

1.1 Moi mot phat agon cc nqt ahigra vy giao tifp khac nhau.Gan

cu vao nhigm vy, giao tiep ,chung duyc phan chia thanh nhung

e|p dS / thuyet khac nhau a^t phat ngon co cung mgt rao hlnb

cu phap va duyc lap d^ bang cung m^t sS dan v j t u vyng , co

the CO d e / t h u y ? t khac nhau.Shang hgm , cung rajt phat ngon :

- Anh Thua cuoi c6 Doc

CO the thoa man nhung cau hoi khac nhau :

- 1 - Chuygn gx the ?

- Anh Thua cuoi co Dgc

- 2 - Quax / a x cuoi co Dffc the nlil

- itnh Thua cuoi co Dfle

- 3 - L§ nhx / Axih Thua cuoi co Doc a ?

- Anh Thua cuoi co D5e •

- 4 - Anh Thua co vy ma l§.i cuoi co DS'c a ?

- Anh Thua cuoi co BSc •

Nfi dung thoag t i n , trorr^ phat ngon t r a l o i (1) , thong

bao V? mft ay k i g n day du Dc l a m$t thong bao hoan toan moi

d5i voi nguod hoi Con nhung _aat ngon sau do thSng bao v§

nhung thong tin khac nhau

Nguod hoi , trong phat ngon (2) , da bi?t co D5c 1 ^ chong nhung muffn giai dap cai chua biet la : riguod cuoi co DJfc la

ai ? Thong tin ma anh ta c ^ oiet chi la mjt 09 p h ^ trong

phat ngon tra loi

Ilguoi hoi , trong phat ngon (3) da bietrHlnh nhu <^nh Thua

cuoi CO Dffc Anh ta rauon khang dinh t£nh chfah xac cua thoag tin

•

do

Nguod hoi , trong phat agon(4) , muon khang djnh l^i sy

nghi ago cua ralnh : TIguod cuoi co Dffc co phai la anh Thua khong ( vl ant ta biet Tran Due Thua da co vy )

Vx nhung lx do ncu nghxa nliu da neu tren ma trong cau true cua phat ngon tra lod , co thl co nhung bien the khao nhau :

+Phat ngon tra loi thu nhat bat buje phai la cau day du

thanh phan

+Phat ngon tra loi thu hai co hai bien the cau true :

-Anh Thua cuoi co Dffc

- Vang / Anh Thua -i-Phat agon tra loi thu ba co the co nhieu bien the :

- Anh Thu'a ovxfl co DCc •

- Vang / anh Thua •

- Tang (Dung v ^ ; Chxnh the ; Qui v|y •) +Phat ngon tra loi thu tu co cac dang khac nhau :

- Anh Thua cuoi co DCc •

- Vang / anh Thua

- Vang / ( Dung v ^ ; Chxnh the ; Qua v$y ) Hhung dieu phan txch t r e n day chung to :

a- Sy t a c d^ng giua ngu nghxa va cau t r u e l a het sue chjlt

day t u vyng cua no, co mjt sS luyng huu hg.n cac b i e n t h e , chung

duyc to chuc de thyc hign nhifm vy giao t i e p Do do , no co qui tac nhat djnh Can cu vao phat ngon t r a l o i , t a eo the co cac

l o ^ phat ngon hoi sau day :

1) Phat ngon hoi sy kign day du Trong l o § l nay nguod hoi hoan toan chua b i e t gi*v? sy kign da xay r a Ho thuong huong '2~n

noi dung toan the cua phat ngon tra lod

2) Phat ngon hoi sy kign by p h ^ Trong loji nay , nguoi hoi neu ra cai chua biet co tfnh chat bv p h ^ cua sy kign va huong d^n rojt b§ p h ^ thong tin chua trong phat ngon tra loi

3) Phat ngon hoi tinh thai day du • '^ong IOJLX nay , nguoi hoi biet m§t each dly du sy kign nhung chua ro rang , chxnh xac Ivlyc dxch cua phat ngon nay la ::ac d^nh tinh dung dan cua thong tin da co

4) Phat ngon hoi txnh thai bj p h ^ • Trong lo§i nay , n^uoi hoi nghi ngo nyt og p h ^ cua thong tin da co luyc d:xch cua no

la xac dinh l^ii txnh dung dan CUB h§ phgn thong tin nay

1.2 *rong tieng Vigt , phat ngon hoi khong chx di txm cai khong

ro ma chung con nhung chuc nang gian tiep khac.:

Xet ve hlnh thuc, phat ngon hoi tBn t^d duoi hai dang :

+Phat ngon hoi dung tu hoi +Phat ngon hoi dung agu digu I'Tgoai ra , phat ipgon hoi con dug^c cau to-o bang sy tuong tac

y nghxa giua cac don vj tu v^jng trong phat ngon :

- Anh mnSn noi toi t6 cao cgng san 4;ruoc quoc t^ ?

Cac don vj kieu : Go le , chac cung eo kha nSng cung voi ngu digu cau thanh phat ngon hoi :

- Ghac ong d ^ su vua long ?

- Co le , tong thong cung hai long ?

IThung cau hoi nay thuong la nhung cau hoi l§.x Chung du^^c

to chwc de khang dinh y nghi ago cua nguod d6i thogl :

- Theo anh thl nguod M T bo cu§c ?

Da khong li tac gia de cgp toi chuc nang nay cua phat n.^on hoi ,

Sonz h day , can nhan m^inh rang : Phat n^on hoi ^trong cac truong h^'p nay phan anii thu b^c cua quan Jzg xa hji • ITguoi cap du5x, con cai , hgc tro khong the su d^^ng phat ngon kieu duoi day dCfi voi b3 mg , cap tren , thay giao.:

- Sao ? khoe ca chu ?

2) Yeu cau ^

- Go v a o duyc khCng day ?

Thu§c ve l o g i nay , p h a t ngon ;:oi co t h e co h l n h thuc phu d j n h :

- Chang Le , Le khong den nha anh duqc s a o ?

3) 3ac bo

P h a t ngon h o i vox chuc nang bac bo tBn t a i duoi n h i e u h l n h thuc khac nhau :

+Lap I j d p h a t agon d i t r u o c , t a o t h a n h phan de :

-A- Thoi Mo» / t h a cho no

- 3 - Tha g l ? danh cho t i g t giffng V i g t g i a n d i

+ P h a t ngojj l a l o i c h ^ i nhu d i n h g i a t r i c h a n l x c u a p h a t ngon d i t r u o c :

-A- Con da bao U dung lo

-B- Dlu ? ^ CO lo dau ?

gian t i e p :

0 9

-A- luua thuc an cho Vigt minh phai khong ?

-B- Vigt luinh a dau ra ma mua ?

+Trong m9t chuox gBm nhJ.'^u phat ngon co the co phat ngon hoi

nhara myc dich bac bo n^x dung hojc thai d9 cua ngi?ox d?x thoai :

- Do khon ngn / Cha may dun^^ la thang gt§c // May con phan

nan noi gl ?

4) Phe phan , che trach , mang rao.:

IT^i dung phe phan mang rao thuvng huong den nguoi dSi t h o ^ trwe

tiSp.IIo CO the kem theo than tu , tyc tu , ho^c nhung to hjp

CO txnh bieu cam cao :

- Du rag Ong Ly / ong Ian gl kl v|y ? Di khong bao 1 ^ ragt

tieng

- Troi oi / lam sao em tan nhin thS ?

5) De dpa , thach thuc • • Shat ngon lo^i nay, co the duyc no dau bang danh tu ggi ten,

nhara tang cuong txnh bieu cam cua phat ngon va huong nguwi nghe

chu y vao no.:

- Ty / t ^ sao may ^^hung bang long no ? khong bang long no

thl bang long ai ? Hay la phai long phai b? thang nao rBx ? Thang

0 ^ % % I

TuSn , no bo bua me thuffc gi?ng cho may phong ?

Cac d§l tu chi ngoi kieu: Tao , may ,«•• cac danh tu kieu:

Con , cai , thang , dua , thuong d^sqc au dang trong cac phat

ngon kieu nky :

- Con k i a / May khong dxsqc mat net / / Ivlay khong coi mg may

uu

- Sao ? Sao ? Ai cho phep c a c anh r u t ? Ai cho phep ?

- Co bao ax an cap ? Ai an cap ha ?

G'ling di vc'i k i e u p h a t ngon log^i nay con co t h e co c a c p h a t ngon mgnh I g n h cau Idiien :

- Oon khoc a ? Ira ngay ! Ira !

6) Phan anh su np-.^c nhl^n OFhl P.^~^X^

P h a t ngon t r o n g t r u o n g h9'p nay l a p h a t ngon t h y dgng, b i e u

t l i j sy nz^o n h i e n triroc v a n de duqc neu r a :

- A - Bac s i Hgo / x i n cam an ong da cuu aSng t o i

(b) -A- Gon trai co ay len soi n^ng !

-B- Con trai co ay len soi n^ng ?

Tren day la nhung chuc nang gian tiep cua phat ngon hoi , con V? djc trung ngu phap va ng]x nghia cua chung se du^c khao sat trong tung logl don vj cy the o nhung phan tiep theo

2 Phat ngon tra lod •

Phat ngon tra lod co the dufc phan logd theo cau true ho^c theo phat ngon hoi Can cu vao 4 l o ^ phat ngon hoi da neu o

tren , co the co 4 lo^i pliat n^on tra lod tuvng ung :

1) Phat ngon tre lod sy kign day du Phat ngon lo^i nay

ham chua nhung thong tin day du, thuong co txnh dgc l^p cao tuc

xt phy thujc vac ngu caak :

Vx dy : - Ghuygn gl the ?

- Inh Thua cuoi co D^c 2) Pliat n^on tra lei sy kign bg ph^ Phat ngon nay thoa man ngx dung co txnh chSt by p h ^ ma ngu'od hoi con chua biet :

vi dy :-Ai cuoi co DCc the nhji ?

-Anil Thua 3) Phat agon tra loi txnh thai day du Day la phat ngon

thoa man nhu cau cua phat ngon hoi tinh thai day du • ITo khang dinh ':inh chat dung dan hay kliong dung dan cua thong tin trong phat ngon hoi Cac phat ngon lo^d nay,khong nang nqi dung thong tin moi ma chi mang thong tin txnh thai : Khang djnh ho^c phu

djnh ngi dung cxxa phat a^£on hoi

Chxnh vl nhung lx do ngu nghia noi tren , phat agon tra loi txnh thai co the co cau true day du :(Anh Thua cuoi co BGc ) ;

cau true raio rjng :( Vang , Anh Thua ^uoi co DCc , hai nguoi co tinh 7 voi nhau tu lau rBi ); ho|c la cau true tCi thieu :(vang)

4) Phat agon tr^ lod tinh thai bg ? h ^ Day la phat ngon thoa man nhu cau cua phat ngon hoi tinh thai b9 p&gn • No khSng

djnh ho^c phu dinh nqi dung co tinh chSt by p h ^ duqc neu ra

- Anh Thua co V9' ma 1 ^ cuoi co DCc a ?

- Vang / anh Thua

2 2 Trong n h i e u t r u o n g Iiijp , phat ngon t r a lod co the bao ham

nhung t h o n g t i n b a t buyc ilo dug*c xac d i n h bed t f n h tuo^ng ung

cua p h a t ngon t r a l o i dCi v o l p h a t ngon hoi va b o i kha nang

0

h i e u b i e t cua nguoi t r a lod t a i t h o i diem n o i • I^goai r a , no

CO t h e du^c mo xing k i e u : - Vang , anh '^hup :^uod co BCc/ Hai

n g u ^ i CO t x n h y v o i nau t u l a u rox raa « Dieu do co n:;hia l a ,

niiung t h o n g t i n nam n g o a i yeu cau cua nguod h o i duvc dua vao

n £ i duiig cua phat ngon t r ^ l e d Co t h e g o i nhung p h a t ngon k i e u

nay l a p h a t a.i'un mo r $ n g T r a i 1 ^ , t r o n g c a c p h a t ngon t r a

0

lod, CO the CO phat ngon tra led tCi thieu So sani:: (1) va (3)

voi cac phat ngon khac :

- Ai dinh vo cCc d^ Trang ?

1) Trang (con )

2) GCc van con nguyen dSy chu • 3) Gon khong biet

4) Trang danh vo oCc luc rang uong nuoc •

5) Ty nhien *rang danh rox cCc -<uCng nen nha ( Trang

danh vo ) •

6) GCc van 0 t r e n ban k i a raa ( GCc khong vo )

«•

7) Horn nay , c o n d i hgc ca ngay ( Gon khong b i C t v l oon

khong CO nha % hora nay )

2 3 T r o n g hang log.t p h a t ,xnson t r a lod o t r e n , co t h e t h a y

r a n g :De t h o a man mgt p h a t ngon h o i , co n h i e u e a c h trac l e d khac

nhau Thong thuong nguod du^c h o i , t r u o c k h i tree l o i co t x n h

nguod nghe ti?p nhin vol sw nhin thuc co suy nghlva tren co so

nh^^ thuc !ly , vox chxen lug'c giao ti?p cua mlnh , no co the co thai dj phan ung khac nliau bang each lya chpn phat ngon tra lod^ Xet phat ngon (B2) va (A3) trong doyn thojx sau :

-Al- Ai dan Phu^'ng di ? -31- B^n be

- A 2 - Khong co b^in be nao ^an cung mlnh h e t

- 3 2 - 3B, du^c khong ?

- A 3 - Phuyng GO b8 , t r o d o i o

Phat ngon (32) duvc liieu l a :" 3B dan Phuyng d i , co dutyc khong ?"

ITgircd h o i su duiij: p h a t n^on nay , vcd myc dxch thach thuc n:^ucd dCi t h o ^ i Hieu duQ'c myc dxcli nay , A dua r a p h a t ngon t r a l o i

nhu m9t phan ung dCi v o i myc dxch v a c h i e n lusyc cua 3 : P h a t n^on

t r a lc*i (A3) mang myc dxch mxa mai , deu cg't , chu khong p h ^ i

p h a t ngon t r a l e d vol y n g h i a kha n^.ng , tuc*ng ung vol h i n h thuc cua p h a t ngon h o i l^o (A3) mang myt y n g h i a ngam i n , phu dinli

g i a t r i c h a n l x cua p h a t nzon (32) :"Fhu9'ng ma co oB ! "

IVau t h e , n ^ u o i t r a l e d dinh hur?n.:^ myc dxch v a c h i ^ n luqc cua nguoi hoi , t r e n co so* do , vcd myc dxch v a c h i ? n lu^'c cua mlnii

t § o r a p h a t ngon t r a l o i hor t a c va -phat n;^on t r a l o i khong hop

t a c

L§d :cet do§n d o i t h o g l duoi day, b i e t r a n g :

-A rauCn b i e t : C h B n g mlnh co p h a i l a chu r e t r o n g dam c u o i

nha ben hay khong

- Gva 3 deu b i ? t chac chan :GhBng A l a chu r e t r o n g dam

c u o i n a y

• -A- Anh Zi t h % the nao 7

-B-T6i cung khong •

Nhung phat ngoa tra loi cua C va 3 la ahung phat ngon kh6n£

hTp tac vl chung d?u tu choi myc dfch cua phat ngon hoi dat

" 0

r a MSt khac , do con l a nhung phat ngon t r a lod khong chxnh

xac - nhung l o i noi doi v l no s a i 1§LC voi hign thye khach quan

va n h ^ thuc cua nguod noi

2o4 Ktaai nigra phat ngon t r a lod chxnfe xac Xa phat ngon trS lod

0

khong chxnh :cae la nhung khai nigra tuong dCi, bod kho co the

xac d^nh gia trj dich thyc cua no ^tjy nhien,ve m|t hxnh thuc,

CO the thSy myt sC truong hyp sau :

Phat ngon hoi " ThaJ Tai bay gio lam vigc o dau?" co the

eo nhung phat ngon tra loi duoi day :

- 1 - Thay lam vigc a truong dg,i hoe Tong hyp Ha nql

- 2 - Thay bay gio khong lam vigc o dau ca

- 3 - Go le ,Thay dang lam vigc o co quan nao do nhung toi

khong biCt

- 4 - Nghe dau , Thay dang lam vigc o truong d ^ hjc Tong

hyp Ha n§i

- 5 - Hlnh nhu , Thay bay gio khoag lam vigc

Trong moi myt thoi diem cy the, sy hieu biet cxia moi nguoi d?u

cc hai kha naag :

+Anh ta nam dug'c thong tin chxah xac ,nghia la thong tin nay nay, theo chu quan oua nguoi dCi tho^i la dung vol hi^n thyc

+Anh ta co nhung thong tin khong chfnh xac, thong tin dang

bj nghi ngo

Khi duqo hoi, nguod trp loi bu^c phai su dyng thong tin ma anh

ta CO va theo do, co the co phat ngon tra lod chxnh xac va

phat ngon tra loi khong chxnh xac • Theo dglc trung nay ,co

nhung kieu phat ngon tra lot sau :

1) Phat ngon tra loi co thong tin chxnh xac :

- Anh Sy v^ chua ?

- Anh gy ve rBi • 2) Phat ngon tra loi chxnh xac phu dfnh gia tri thong tin cua phat agon hoi :

dlah gia tri thoag tia cua phat agon hoi.:

- Thang San a ngoai ay a ?

- ^hoag/ CO nhe , cai loan •

Cu^i cung , xet them do§n dCi thofd sau day :

2 4

A 3 a c » bay g i o a dau ?

- 3 1 - Kg em , bay g i o a ha song , khong lam g l

- 3 2 - iJi c h a , l u c o bo song v ^ con nay , l u c o 8 Ddng Mac vox con no

Phat ngon tra loi(31) thoa man yeu cau cua nguoi hoi djt ra Day la phat ngon tra loi h ^ tac - chfnh xac

Nhu vay , co the can cu vao moi quan hg giua phat ng3n

hoi va phat ngon tra loi de tim hieu chung •

3 Phat ngon cSu khign

Trong giao tiep, nguoi ta thuong dung phuong thuc cu phap ngu digu va hu tu de phan anh y nghxa cSu khien Ve sC lU9*ng , cac hu tu cau tao dgjig thuc ragnh Ignh , cho den hign nay v ^ chua

CO sy thCng nhat Chang hgn Hguyen Kim Than chi quan tarn den : hay va dl ;(1977.215-216); 3ui Due Tjnh l§i dua ra 6"try dyng tu" :Hay , nen , sin , cu , phai , di ; con dCi voi Hoang Trgng Phi^n thl p6 luqng^ nay Ion hon : Hay , dung , nhe , cu,cho , nao , (1980.289)

Gac hu tu , trong giao tiep , dug^e su dung khong deu nhau Txnh khong d^u duye bieu hign a ch5 , tan sC su dyng cua chung khong giCng ahau Vf du ,Trong myt Ian thCng ke , chung toi

t h ^ : Di = 31,90 % ; dung » 17,00 % ; nen =10,63 % ; Phai =

8,50 r ; nhe = 8,50 ^ ; hay = 4,25 % ; cu = 4,25 f^ ( Neu coi Xin cung thu^c l o ^ nay nhu 3ni Dire Tjnh ttal xix^ 17,00 JS)

SC ligu nay chung to :

+Di la hu tu dxeqc su d»ng n h i ^ nhat +Hay ii dxtqc dung trojig giao tiep thuong nh§i

Tuy n h i e n , t r o n g t u l i g u co duy^c , co t h e n o i myt e a c h

ohac chan rang"rauCn d y t nhung cau khuyen I g n h " , nguoi t a khong

ctal dung nhung tvtj dBng t u nhu da neu Theo sC l i g u cua chung

t o i t h l :

- SC p h a t ngon cau k h i e n co hu t u chx chiera:48,45 %

•» 38 p h a t ngon khong co hu t u chiero : 5 1 , 5 5 ?3

Di^u do chung t o : Trong phan Icfi cac p h a t ngon cau k h i e n , aguoi

t a su dyng c a c phuong t h u c khac chu khong c h i dung hu t u nhu

cac t a c g i a thuong quan nigra Chang h ^ , t r o n g nha buu d i ^ n , chung t o i da g!ii duvc cac phat n,3on k i e u duod day :

- Ban cho h a i tem

- Ghc tarn c a i phong b i khong

- Cho dang kx n o i chuygn v o l Matxcmra

Cac p h a t ngon c^u k h i e n co t h o co chu nsa va cung co t h e khong co chu n^u :

- Tu nay^-khong k h i ? n chan hy nua / t h a o thung r a i

- Doc t o l e n cho mg may nghe !

- G h i g h i vao o h i e u nay !

- Ghj r a ghe ngBx cho myt t y !

Gac dong t u ragnh Ignhco t h e duyc t a n g cuo*ng nho ngu digu v a nho

i> 0

t h u phap IjLp :

- Ra/ r a d a y ! Ehi phat ngon voi y nghia ragnh Ignh thl chung thuong duoc rut ngan 1 ^ , con khi phat ngon voi myc dfch thlnh cSu thl chung

thuong duyc kBo dai ra, nghia la chung thuoag co cau true cau vol d3y du thanh phUn.: So santa :

-Ra! va,- Thua ba, ba 15n tham ong rBi ba xuCng xoi com gi !

^26

I I I P h a n l o a i r>hat n^-.on t h e o cau t r u e

Vigc phan l o ^ phat ngon t h e o myc dxch g i a o t i e p da t r l n h

bay a t r e n khong t r a n h khoi myt nhuj'c diera r a t can ban l a khong

phan anh dt^'c day du d i e t r u n g ngu phap va ng^ nghxa cua c h u n g

Duoi daj'- l a each phan l o y i t h e o cSu t r u e

T i e u chx dau t i e n l a can cu vao sv dBng nhat g i u a p h a t

ng^n don v a cau don ( K h a i nigra"cau don " duyc dung dBng n h a t

v o i k h a i nigm " nong cCt cau don " t h u ^ t u y cua Luu Van L a n g )

T i e u chx nay cho phep c h i a p h a t ngon don thanh h a i l o ^ :

A - P h a t ngon don dBng nhat v o i cau dan

3 - P h a t ngon don khong dBng n h a t v o i cau don

Trong nhom ( 3 ) , can cu vao d^c t r u n g t h i e u / t h u a de t a c h

t h a n h h a i nhoA :

3 1 - P h a t ngon khong day du t h a n h phan Trong nhom nay c a n

cu vao n^u canh c h i phCi , gBm co cac l o ^ :

^ 9

+Phat ngon agon canh : ^

Vx dy : -Ai danh vo cCe ? - Trang I

Can cu vao dgc t r u n g c a u t r u e , p h a t ngon ngon caah du^c c h i a t h a n h :

- P h a t ngon ngon canh l a myt t u ( p h a t ngon ngu c a n h - t u )

Vx dy : - i*Iay con t h a y , u , ^ o , b a e may khong ?

- Moi

- P h a t ngon agon cQjah co quan hg myt c h i § u :

Vx dy : - Gon Ro dau ma c h i co con Ma d i t i e n chu no t h o i ?

- Duong khoc o t r e n k i a chu dau !

o

-Phat agon ngon canh co quan hg hai chi^u:

v£ dy:- Toi khong eo l?{Ux , ruyi che , thuCe phign thuCc sal

-vl sao anh tj voi toi ?

-Toi khong duQc bang anh •

nay co hai tieu lo§,i :

-Trong phat ngon chx xuat hign thanh phan phy 32- Phat ngon co yeu tC du

u>,

Gan cu vao tu lojd cua phan du va m^t khac can cu vao phuong

0 ^ 0 0

thuc hinh thanh chung , co the co cac lo^d sau:

chi quan tam den loyi phat ngon nay )

vi du :-Chi la Hoa / ITgan Hoa

+Phat ngon du voi thu phap chera :

+Phat ngon du vox thu phap l|p :

Vx dy : T3i / toi rSt yeu Le

o

Os c^

H-O P>

'

Ghuo*ng h a i

P H A T i: G 0 :i T: G D* C A N H

I Vai n e t v^ " cau dgic b l ^ t " va cac khuynh hi?:rng ^ i a i avcr^t n o

Gac nha n g h i e n cuu v^ ngu phap t i e n g Vig-f"cau d^c b i g t " ,

" c a u duoi bj^e ^^ f^n^ t r y c t h u y e " nhung p h a t ngon ma,ve m|lt

c a u t r u e , c h u n g chua du t u e a c h l a myt c a u S o n 4 , n h o co h l n h t h u c hoan chxnh cua myt p h a t ngon ma chung duyc d^c e a c h hog.t dyng

n^ng hang vcd cau

Go be khuytih huong co ban k h i g i a i quyet l o y i phat ngon nay: -Khuynh huong t h u nhat:Khong t h u a nh^ sy tBn tgii c u a

c a u age b x g t •

-Khuynh huong t h u h a i : Thua nh^n sy tBn t a i cua " c a u dSc

bigt!J nhung xem x e t chung t a c h k h o i d i e u k i g n tBn t a i cua c h u n g

-Khuynh huong thu ha: Thua nhan sy tBn t a i cua " c a u djlc

b i g t "Ta xera x e t chung t r o n g ngon canh va b o i canh tBn t y i c u a

c h u n g

V.Trong cac cong t r l n h n g h i e n cuu ngu phap t r u o e day(ngu phap

t r u y e n t h o n g ) , nguoi t a khong de c^p t o i h i g n tug'ng nhung cau

raa t r e n ngon baa.i c h i do myt t u hay myt ngu chxnh phy t y o thnnh « Khuynh huong ngu phap nha t r u o a g cho r a n g : Cau it n h a t l a myt mgnta d e , b a o gBm chu n^ v a v j ngu •

Trong "7Sn phjm V i g t nam", 3 4 i Dwc Tjnh djnh nghxa m§t e a c h don g i a n : " Gau don g i a n nh2t l a cau co myt mgxih de " ( 1 9 6 6 1 3 4 -

135 ) 3 ^ i v o i Nguyen Lan t h l : "Co t h e co nhuag c a u c h i eo myt

t i r , n h u a g t u ^ p h a i l a myt v j ngu " , c o n nhiSfng truujig b^rp khac t h l

^30 ''chx hoy^c l a nhung t r y n g ngu,nhung than tUjhogc l a nhung ho

-ngu.Tac g i a nay cho rang:"Khong the coi nhung t u ho^c nhom tu

Sy l a c a u " ( 1 9 7 0 4 6 )

2 Trong sy phat t r i e n cua ngu phap t i e n g V i g t d y i da sC cac tac gia khong ne t r a n h thyc tC.Cac tac gia thuo'ng thua nhyn truo'ng

hy^ noi t r e n l a cau va gyi chung la:"Cau dye bigt".Tuy nhien,each

g i a i quyCt cua hy khong hoan toan giCng nhau:Mot sC nguoi zero

xet kfeu cau d^c b i g t khong co gl l i e n quan t o i cau blnh thuong Voi Le Van Ly t h l 94 k i e u cau ma ong neu r a l a 94 kieu cau r i e n g

b i g t V? m§t cau t r u e Trong do,co kieu cau myt t u hay myt ngu dam nhgn.Gac t a c g i a Nguyen Kim Than,H8 L e t r o n g cuCn:"!Toi va

v i ^ t dung t i ^ n g Vigt",c5 Igp cau d^c b i g t vat cau blnh thuong,

xem cau d^c b i g t va cau blah thuong tach r o i nhau,chung khoag

Luu Van Lang , t r o n g b a i "5"ghien cuu ve ngu phap tiing Vigt

t r e n quan diem ngu dogn tang b ^ c " , g y i l o ^ i cau nay l a cau

chi CO thuyCt ngu hoflc l a cau an de n^ mo dau cho myt khuynh

huong moi t r o n g nghien cmi n^ phap t i e n g V i g t

Trong tta^p n i e n 80,nho ay phat t r i e n cua i f thuyet ngon agu hoc,cac t a c g i a da dua r a nhi^u each i f g l ^ i khac nbaxuMyt sC tac g i a co y k l e n roai v§ l o j d phat ngon dang x e t

Trong bang phan l o y i cau don tieng V i | t , H o a n g Tryng P h i ? n

da dua r a 12 l o y i mo hxnh cau don,raa t h e o chung t o i , x e t v? ra§t

c3u t m i c , d a phan anh duqo rayt each t u o n g dCi da;'- duhg thCng raau

cau t r o n g t i e n g V i g t h i g n d a i V e l o y i c a u d i e b i g t , t a c g i a phan

b i ^ t t h a n h ba l o ^ :

1 - Loyi cau myt t u : ^ h o n g co chu ngu,khong co v i ngu

2 - L o y i cau 0 - V :Vang chu ngu , v j ngu dyng t u •

3 - Loyi cau 0 - V :ZER0 chu ngu , v j ngu dyng t u

Khong ne t r a n h h i g n tuy^ng cau-rayt t u , t a e g i a v i e t : " G a u myt

t u cung l a myt dyng cua cau khong day du nhung khac vod cau co

chu ngu hoyc vang chu ngu a cho cau myt t u b i e u t h i txnh cam "

(Hoang Trpng P h i e n 1 9 8 0 1 7 5 ) Tac g i a cho r a n g : " G a u K3t t u co

>

t h e do myt danli t u , m y t dgng t u da t i S t daa nhigm nhung danh t u

nay ,doag t u nay khong co chuc nang chu ngu hay v j ngu cua cau"

( S S D 1 7 5 )

Tac g i a HBng Dan t h l l y i gan c a u dye b i g t v o i cau b l n h t h u o n g

Trong b a i " T r o l y i v a n de cau dye b i g t t r o n g t i f n g V i g t " , t a c g i a

cho r a n g :"Qua co n h i e u c a u d | c b i g t co l i e n hg v o i cau b l n h

thuo'ng,thong qua t h a n h phan v j ngu"»(HBng D a n 1 1 4 ) Myt m^.t t a c

g i a cho r a n g co nhung cau raa"ehx co by p h ^ v j ngu hay t h u y e t ngu

_ j ^ % 0 9 0 w» ^ oBng thoi tac gia lyi neu ra "nhung co nhung cau djc bigt hxnh

nhu 1 ^ lien h^ voi cau bxnh thuong thong qua thaxoh phan chu n^i^^^

So dx tac gia nay da lung tung khi giai quyet cau dye bigt la

vl ong da tach cau dac bigt ra khoi dieu kign tBn tai cua chung

Do ton trong tfnh he thCag,Digp Quang Ban da dua ra khai nigm

"cau dual bac ".Hyt m§t,tac giathua nhan tu each cau cua phat ngon

dang xet,myt khac, tac gia van ^oi loyi phat ngon nay la"bien the

3 2

duoi b$c cua cau" Lf do de chung la cau theo tac gia la"bcd vl

no con giu myt vai dac trung qxian trong cua cau dien the va ro nhSt la ngu digu cau"

Tac gia cung da nhSn mamh vao mCi quan he cua cau duoi bye voi nhuag don vi xung quanh no,nghia la gan cac bien the duoi

bSc voi ngon canh Tren co so na;r,tac gia da di den sy phan loyi dya tren co so tinh vi ngu cua cau duoi bac.Theo do, co loyi cau

" ty no d^ co tfnh vi ngu " doi Igp voi loyi cau "cau duoi bye khong chua txnii vj ngu " va duyc gOi la "cau duoi bf.c co txnh

vi ngu lam thoi " (Digp Quang 3an 1989.203)

Tac giacung thua nhan sy chi phCi cua ngu canh,theo tac gia

"chu ngu trongjkieu cau nay khong ni|n dign nhung xac djnh duyc thong qua boon canh cua cau( 1989.209) Tren co so do ,tac gia tach thanh cau khiay^t ehu ngu va cau an chu ngu

Ilhu Vyy,Digp Quang Ban voi khai nigra "cau duoi bye" voi tu each la "bien the duoi bye cua cau " "co n^ digu ket thuc " nhung

"khoag ty lyp v? cau tao ngu phap va agu nghia"da lx giai hign

tuyng dang xet vua dam bao txnh hg thong vua khang dinh sy chi phCi cua cac dieu kign tBn tai cua cau dac bigt Song, tac gia

da khong di sau vao cac dieu kign chi phCi cua hoan oanh giao

tiep dCi voi cac phat ngon nay

3.Khuynh huong moi ahSt la khuyah huoag lx giai cau dye bigt

trong chxnh dieu kign tBn tjii cua chung Tuy nhien,hai tac gia se duyc neu ra o duoi day l§d di theo bai htrong khac nhau:Myt ben , TrSn Ugyc Them xem xet cau d|c bigt trong van ban,myt ben Cao

Ziuan Hyo xem xet cau trong tinh huCng tBn tfd cua chung

Hgon ngu tBn t y i o h a i dyng v i ? t va n o i ^^ghien cuu cac

;^hat ngon khong t h e t a c h r o i h a i dyng nay • Tran Hgyc Thera nghien

cuu ngu phap van ban v a da co nhung li giai moi v? t o chuc cau cung iiliu Gao Xuan Hyo v o i ngu phap chuc nang da l x g i a i va mieu

t a t h a n h cong txnh da d^ng cua hoyt dyng ngon ngu

3 1 • De t r a l o i cau co p h a i l a don v j cuCi cung de n g h i e n cuu

ngon ngu hay khong ? va de g i a i dap nhung nhu c a u ve nghien cuu

ng3n ngu , T r a n Hgyc Them da d | t van de cho v i g c n g h i e n cuu cac

don v j s i e u cu phap t u c l a vuyt r a n g o a i d i a hyt cSu Tac g i a

n g h i e n c u u t r o n g myt chxnh t h e van ban n o i chung Tren co so d o , cau duyc h i e u l a " p h a t ngon hoan c h i n h v? c a u t r u e " ( 1 9 8 5 5 7 )

De g i a i c^lyet " c a u d^c b i g t " , t a c g i a dua r a k h a i nigm ^ngu

trwc thuyc " ITgu t r y c thuoc duyc h i e u l a p h a t ngon khong day

du ve cau t r u e • T r e n co so nay , t a c g i a phu djnh k h a i nigra

9

"cau dSc bigt " - " ngu tryc thuyc khong phai la nhung cau djc bigt hay truong hyp ngoyi Ig ".Day la nhung phat ngon irieng bigt tBn tai h^n cynh cau Chung co nhung qui luyt cau tyo rieng cua raxnh

3 2 Xuat p h a t t u quan diem cho r a n g : " Myc dxch c u o i cung cua hoyt dong ngon ngu l a thi/c h i g n sy g i a o t i e p g i u a nguoi va nguod

t r o n g xa h y i " ,Gao Xuan H§,o da d^.t cho minh nhigm vy mieu t a v a

g i a i t h x c h nhung qui t a c c h i p h o i hoyt dyng agon ngu t r e n cac

bxnh d i g n cua rayt hinn tbiio va n^i dung trwng m5i quan h§ o6

tann chuc nang thong qua r i ^ quan s a t cacn au d ^ g ngon ngu

t r o n g nhung t x n h huCng g i a o t i e p h i g n t h y c v o i y t h u c khoag p h a i

chx de l y p danh s a c h c a c don v i agoa agu ma con de t h e o r o i

r 3 4

-cach hanh chuc cua ngSn ngu qua nhung bxeu h i g n s i n h dqng oua

no k h i du-yc su dyng

Tu e a c h quan nigm nhu v g y , t a c g i a da n h i n n h | n " c a u dye

b i ^ t " myt each r a t b l n h thuong.Tac g i ^ g » i chung la**"cau clii

CO phan t h u y e t t r e n b? myt " Giai t h x c h cho h i g n tuij'ng:Tyi

sao cau c h i co phan t h u y e t ,ma van duyc cam t h u nhu nhung cau

t r y n vgn , v a n co g i a t r i thong bao,v^.n dug'c dung thuong xuyen

t r o n g s i n h hoyt hang n g a y , t a c g i a v i e t : " T7eu t a t h u h i n h dung cac t x n h huCng t r o n g do t a co t h e nghe t h a y nhung c a u c h u khon^

p h a i t a doc t r o n g v a n bannao d o , t h x t a co t h e nli£n r a myt dye

dit?m c h u n g 1^hung cau n o i nhu vyy deu l a nhung nlayn d i n h vl?

myt c a i g i do dang d i e n r a , d a n g co rayt ngay l u c do duyc phat

ngon,ngay a n o i co duyc phat ngoa neu khong p h a i nhyn djnh ve

•bqji t h a n nguoi p h a t ngon hay v^ nguod t i e p chuygn U( Gao Xuan

H y o 1 9 9 1 1 4 8 - 1 4 9 )

Tac gia xuat phat tu dieu kign tBn tyi cua cac phat ngon

de lx giai chung Do la huong di dung Trong luyn van nay ,du

co nhung khac bigt nhat dinh va ket qua khac nhau,chung toi

cung dung ve rayt huong voi tac gia nay ^dSl lyp vol rayt sC ngucd cho rang :Cai gl da o ben ngoai ngon n^ thx khong the coi la

00

t h a n h phaa cu phap duyc Thyc r a , c a c h l y p l u y n n a y , r a t vung

chac nhung dung nhu Gao Xuan Hyo da n o i "co phan qua cung r ^ "

4 K h i xem x e t cac v a n ban h y i t h o y i va n g h i e n cuu agu phap cua cac p h a t agon troxjg khau ngu,chung t 5 i t h ^ r a n g : Trong g i a o

t i ? p , p h a t agon tuang ung vai cau d i e b i g t chiem s^ lipiyng kha

I o n Truoc t i n h h i n h do , chung t a aen hay khong a e a phan t f c h nhung c a u t r u e nay ? Ifeu khong mieu t a , l f g i a i chung t h l khSng

thay dug'c txnh phong phu,da dayg cua hoyt dong ngon tu Glixnh

vl vay , CO the nhat trf vod y kien cho rang : "Thua nhan sy

tBn t ^ khach quan cua cau dye bigt trong tieng Vigt la myt thai

dy thyc sy c^u thj." (HBng Dan 1986.113) Song ,hieu duyc ban chat cua loyi phat ngon nay khong de dang.Duoi day,chung toi,

buoc dSu thu dua ra each lx giai ve dc*n vj dye bigt nay •

II.Ngu canh va chuc nang cua ng:u canh trong ouan he vol ohat nron 1.1.Hoi toi cau tr^ac la noi ted cac thanh tC va cac quan hg cua

raCi quan hg nao ? Xet phat ngcn(B) trorig doyn dCi thoyi sau:

-A- Ai di Ha nyi ? - 3 - Toi

Ro rang "toi" trong phat ngon (3) khac voi "toi" dyi tu^ngoi

thu nhat trong tu dien "Toi" vod tu each phat ngon tyi(3)du(i'c hieu la "toi di Ha nyi".Trong do^toi la chu the hanh d^ng va

vj giao tiep co ouan he true tiep voi r>hat ngon di truoc no

1.2 Lyi xet phat ngon(31),(A2),(32) trong doyn thoyi :

-A^^^on nhau chua ? (— [

- 3 1 - iBi ( '—J

-32- nhu dign giyt — '

Nho quan hg ngu nghia voi(AI) ma (31) dusyc hieu la"chung t o i

dia hon nhau rBi " J I h u t h e , ngu nghja cua (BI) phy thuyc vao ( A l )

Phat ngon hoi (A2) tuong ung voi myt cau khong day du,nghia dSy dfi cua no phai la " hon nhau anh cafli thay the nao ?" Dieu do

J 6 ::nc nhyn rang (A2) -*) (31) ^)(A1) 'S^^^'ng ty/B2) khong chi phy

thuyc vao phat ngon di truoc no ma con phy thuyc vao

(A1)-(31)-(A2) Do do,CO the t h ^ quan he phn thu^e cua cac phat ngon

nhu so dB tren

1.3 *^g6n ngu gan lien vod bCi canh giao tiea.chxnh vl v|y,n?u

0

khong tham gia vao hoan c^nh giao tiep thl aguod aghe kho co the

hieu dug'c nSi dung thong bao duoi day :

-Truyen len/tat ngay/tham bao phyc kxch hai ben duong

Dong tu "tat" a tren doi hoi ngu tri :"ai tat?" , "tat cai gl?"

Ga hai dan vx thoa man cac ngu trj cua dyng tu nay khong hign

dign trong phat ngon.Tuy vyy , no van duvc tBn tax trong r±Lung

dan vj giao tifp Cai gx da cho phep chung tSn tgi nhu vSy neu

khong phai la ngu cacnli voi tu each la hSl cacnh giao tiep: 3oi

canh giao tiep cua don vi dang xet la : Tieng dai cua ai do dang

keu to trong dSi hlnh hanh quan cua dan vi by doi chien dau

1.4 Lyi nua,chung ta thuong g^p nhung phat ngon nhu duoi day :

-A- Mai mlnh an com m ^ gio anh ?

-3- Mai , CO ^a !

Phat ngon (3) duong nhu khong co lien quan den phat agon hoi,va

kho CO the Iiieu duwc myt each dung dan neu nam ngoai sy hiei biet

CO txnh chat h^p cua nguoi doi thojl.Chi co the hieu duyc no

khi biet rang cap vg* chBng giao su A-3 nay thuoag co thoi quan

an con vao luc 7 gio moi khi ong ccLn di day a truong dyi hfc

2 Nhyng dieu d5 neu a tren chung to rang :

-iwoi phat ngon co the phy thuoc vao phat ng5n dung ngay

truoe nOy

-Phat ngon ccnco the phn thu5c vao nhung phat ngon di truoc

-Phat ngon co the phu thuoc vao dxcU kign hoan canh giao tiep hay noi each khac,chung phythuyc vao cac yeu to phi ngon

ngu

- Nyi dung cua cac phat ngon con co th-^ phy thuyc vao

tri thuc chung cua hni hay nhieu nguoi dCi thoyi trong myt

cong dBng hay tap the nho nno do

Ngoai ra,con co the thay rang,moi phat agon la myt dan

vj cu phap,chung co cac thanh to va cac quan hg cua mlnh

7gy,giai quyet nhung van de da de cyp a tren nhu the nao ?

Dya tr£n co so lx luyn nao ? Quan h^ giua cac phat ngon duqo

giai quyet nhu the nao ? Quan hg giua cac yeu to ngon ngu va ngoai ng3n ng^ nhu the nao ? anh huong cua nhung tri thuc chung

den cau true va ngu nghia cua phat ngon nhu the nao?

Do la nhung v & dl ma tung buoc chung se duyc giai quyet duvc trlnh bay 'nhu rayt huong co th^ co trong l u ^ an nay •

2.1.Nhung van de neu tren gan lien vox van de n^ c^nh Trong nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu ,nguoi ta da de cap den ban chat cua ngu canh va chuc n^ng cua no trong boat deng lod noi

Trong myt vai cong trlnh,ngu canh duyc coi la hign tuyog

co quan he< den one, trlnh :<iaQ tiep cua loi noi.Chang TEPNIA coi khai nigm ngu canh la khai nigm cixa agu phap-ngu nghxa,khai nigm dye trung cua loi noi doi lyp voi ngon ngu Trong cong trlnh cua A^A REPHOMATXKI^ngu canh da dxaqc djnh nghfa myt each oy the hon: "Ngu canh la linh vyc 3\i dyng tur, Ixnh vqo loi noi"(1967.147).Song,theo y kifn cua cae tac gia

h|Ln,PO-khac thl ban chSt cua ngu canh phuc typ h6n Chang h|ui 7.1

KODUKHOV ,cho rang :"Vigc nghien cuu ngu nghia chi ra rang,

38

-.aCt mat,ngu canli tBn t a i nhu mot don v j ngon ngu,va myt myt k'.iac,

no tBn t y i nhu myt mang ngoai ngon ngu " ( 1 9 7 3 8 )

Ngu canh co quan hg v o i cac dan v j ngon n^ hoyc njoi myt each

chxnh xac hon,no can co c o i qxii uoc chung cua ngon agu giao t i e p

v l t h e , e o the dBng y v o l 7 1 KODUKHOV,khi ong cho rang:Khi phan

t f c h cac hoyt dyng lod noi va l o i noi nhu myt sy hign thyc hoa cae kha nang cua hg thCng ngon n g u , t h l ngu canh cy the nhung to

h^^p t r u u tuyng cua hg thCng.Day cung l a quan diem chung v? ban chSt ngu canh.Dieu kign t i e n quyet cua sy tBn t y i va hoyt dyng

cua n^ canh l a sy cSn phai hign thyc hoa nhung kdi higu ngon ngu

v o i y nghia cy the cua no nham dyt dtayc nhung t r i thuc dung va

t h f c h hyp t r o n g qua t r l n h san sinh r a lod noi.Song,co n h i ^ tac

g i a xem xet ngu canh o nhung myt khac nhau cua no.Chaag hjn.G.V KONXANXKI quan tam t o i myt ngu nghfa caa ngu eanh.Vl V9y,ong da dinh i3gtaia ngu canh khojag phai c h i l a myt thyc the v^t chat ma con l a toan by di^u k i g n qui djnh co tfnh chSt hlnh thuc,nho do,

nyi dung cua myt dan v j ngon n^ nao do co duqc myt y nghxa nhSt

djnh.KOBUKHOV co each g i a i quy?t khac dCi voi vgn dS nay.DCi voi ong t h l , n g u canh co tfaJi chSt vyt chSt va cau t r u e nhat djnh* Ngu c^nii l a n ^ t d o ^ vSn lian duyc phan c h i a va dtayc l i e n ket

bang nhung don v j ngon ngu,ma nhung dOn v j nay hojit ^n£ t r o n g van ban vol v i g c xuat hign y nghfa cua mlnh.Ngu canh l a hign txsqng

djc b i g t cua hoyt dyng l e d n o i , l i e n k?t cac don v j agon ngSttjto dlBu kign cho v i g c xuat h i g n chung

Theo quan diem nay,ng5 canh l a rayt hy thCng bao gBm trong

no niiung don v j ahSt djnh,nh5ng dcm v j nay nhu l a thanh tC cua

ngtr canh.Qua v i g c hieu biCt v? y nghia cua ctaung,ngir canh dxsjc

hieu l a phuong t i g n t r u y e n dyt co i f do,nhung thong t i n ngoai ngon

ngu Nhu vyy,thanh tC cua ng^ canh la:To hyp t u , c a u , c a c chiCt

doyn nhu myt don v j giao t i e p Nhung don v j nay,khi dua vao ng^

m

caxilitae dyng l a n nhau,nho chuc nang cua mlnh tyo r a cau t r u e

cua ngu canh

Ngu oanh l a hign tuyng dye b i g t cua hoyt dong l o i noi.Do

vyy^can phai tfnh dCn nhung chuc nang co ban,cv t h l cua no.Tuy

nhien,nguoi t a hieu ve dieu nay r 2 t khac nhau.KCNSANXKI thua

nhyn chuc nang thCng nhat nghla(xac djnh myt nghfa) cua cau va

cua tu,cung nhu thua nh^ kha nang khac phye tfnh da nghfa va

cac dye trung co txnh qui Ittyt ngu nghfa cua cac don v j n^on

ngu Tuy nhien,con co khong.ft cac t a c g i a kliac hieu chuc nang

oua ng)^ canh voi nyi dung phojjg phu hon,ch4t che hon.:

-nTgu canh hoyt dyng de phye vy cho vigc hign th!|jc hoa cac

dieu kign va hign thyc hoa y nghia cxia cac dan v i ngon ngu

-Sy san sinh r a ni^ oanh cho phep khu b i g t y nghia ngon

ngu va y aghia ngu canh.Chung tao dieu kign cSu tao nen co cau

t u v)eng ngu nghia.Do k e t qua do,nay sinh nhung dan v j moi,nhung

rao hxnh mod cua myt don v j ngon ngu,tu myt van ban cv the •

00 7 f

-Ngu canh duyc vyt chat hoa truyen dat va phan anh nhung

tu tuong cy the va thong tin nao do ngoai ngon n^

Trong luyn van nay ,chung toi hieu:Ngu canh la toan hg di^u

kign qui dinh nyi dung dung va thfch hyp cua cac dan vj ngon n^

No CO the la don vj trong hg thong ngon nguJIo co the la myt

mang cua hign thyc khach quan.No cho phep truyen dyt nhung thoag

tin ngoai ngon ngu.Trong myt sC truong hyp,ngu canh la tri thuc