Nữ giới chung - Tờ báo phụ nữ đầu tiên ở Việt Nam (1918)

Sam nhat, trong cuon Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam, tu: khai thuy den 1930, Trf Dang xuat ban, nam 1973, Nir Gidi Chung dugc Huynh Van Tong gi6i thieu la mot trong sau to bao dugc xuat ban

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN

"e6 y j c ^ "

Nguyen Thj Tuong Khanh

NU G l d l CHUNG - Td BAO PHU NU^

DAU TIEN () VIET NAM

(1918)

Chmeu iigcmlv Lich sii' Viet Nam

Md so-.5.03A 5

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC LICH SIT

NsuM hu&no dh^ khoa hoc: PGS.TS Pham Xanh

OAl HC: 0:.!;;r " l i ^^ vy

HA NOI-2001

l i _ =

LOI CAM OOAN

T6i xin com doan day la cong trinh nghien cuu cua rieng foi Cac kef qua neu frong luqn van nay la trang thuc va chua fang dugc cong bo frong bdf ky cong frfnh nao

Tac g i d lugn v a n NGUYEN THi TUONG KHANH

MUC LUC

1 Tinh ci'p thiet cua d6 tai 4

2 Doi tugfng va pham vi nghien cuu 7

3 Nguon tu Ueu va phuong phap nghien cuxi 8

4 Dong gop cua luan van 10

5 Bo cue cLia lu|n van 10

CHUONG MOT

1 1 Tinh hinh bao chf Viet Nam d^u the ky XX 12

1.1.1 Nhung to bao dau tien 12

11.2 Bao chi Viet Nam 6iu the ky XX 16

i.2 Su ra dai ciia NO Gioi Chung, to bao phu nu diu lien a Viet Nam 18

i.2.1 Dieu kien ra dai Nu" Gioi Chung 18

£.2.1.1 Dieu kien lich su - van hoa a Nam Ky 18

L2.1.2 Che do bao chi o Nam Ky 20

i.2.1.3 Bao chf iheo chii thuyet cua Toan quyen Dong Ducfng 22

A Sarraut 4.2.2 Sir ra doi bao Nu Gioi Chung 24

4.2.2.1 To bao phu nu diu tien xual ban a Phap 24

(L2.2.2 Y tuong xuat ban mot to nu bao 0 Viet Nam 24

/i.2.2.3 Nu Gicfi Chung ra dai 26

i 3 Khai luge Nu Giod Chung 33

4.3.1 Cac chuyen muc 33

1.3.2 Vai net vt tac gia 37

i.3.3.Hmhthuc 39

1.3.4 Ngon ngu, van phong 41

CHUONG HAI

N C Si SUONG NGU YET ANH, CHU BUT NlT GlOl CHUNG 43

1.1 So luge cupc doi Suong Nguyet Anh 43

2-2 Suano N^uvet Anh mot nu si noi tiene Nam Kv ddu the kv XX 46

9.-3 Suong Nguyet Anh vai Nu Gi6i Chung 55

3 3.i Vai tro ciia Suong Nguyet Anh vai Nu Gioi Chung 55

%3.2 Suong Nguyet Anh qua cac bai viei tren Nu Giai Chung 58

CHUONG BA

3.1 Van de phu nu 63

3.1.1 Van d6 phu nir tren Dang Co tiing bao va Dong Duong tap chi 64

3.1.2 Van de phu nu tren Nu Gidi Chung 70

3.1.2.1 Dia vi, vai tro ngucfi phu nu 70

3.1.2.2 Va'nde nuquy6n, nam nubinhdang 77

3.1.2.2.1 Khai niem nuquyln nam nubinh dang 78 3.1.3.2.2 Noi dung nu quy6n, nam nu binh dang 79 3.1.2.3 Phephanhutuc 84

3.2 Van de chinh tri 89

3.2.1 Ggi lai truy^n thong dau tranh yeu nuac cua dan toe 89

3.2.2 C6 vu ung ho phong trao Duy tan 92

3.2.3 Keu ggi hop quan Bic-Trung-Nam 95

3.2.4 Kin dao phan doi chinh phii Phap 97

3.3 Nu Gicfi Chung voi viec pho bien kien thuc cho nguoi phu nu 98

3.3.1 Trong sinh boat gia dinh 98

3.3.2 Nhutig kien thuc khoa hoc tu nhien xa hoi 99

3.3.3 Nhirng nghe m6i 100

3.4 Mot so van de khac 100

3.4.1 Van hoa - xa hoi 100

3.4.2 Tin, quang eao 101

KET LUAN 102 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 106

MO DAU

I - TINH CAP THIET CUA f)i TAI

Bao chi la mot bo phan nim trong kien true ihuong tSng cua xa hoi

Nghien cuu bao chf giiip chiing ta c6 them hieu biet v6 qua khii, dai song

chinh tri, kinh te, xa hoi, dac biet ve nhung cuoc canh tan trong he tu tuong qua timg thai doan lich sir Dong thdi, qua lugng thong tin, cac su kien tren bao chi, chung ta c6 each nhin tong quat, toan dien han trong viec nghien curu lich sir, xa hoi cung thcfi

Nam 1865, duac coi la nam khai sinh ciia bao chi Viet Nam b^ng viec

xu^'t ban t6 Gia Dinh bao, ta bao dSu tien dugc viet bang chu quoc ngu So

vai nhidu nuac khac, bao chf Viet Nam sinh sau de muon ban cac nuac chau

Au hang may tram nam

Ra dai cung vdi su thiet lap che do thuoc dia cua thuc dan Phap a

Dong Duong, do nguai Phap mang den va la san pham cua qua trinh tiep xiic van hoa Dong - Tay, thuc dan Phap su dung bao chf Viet Nam nhu mot cong

cu huu hieu phuc vu cho cuoc binh dinh, dan ap va boc lot nhan dan ta Nhung mot he qua ngoai y muon cua ho, chfnh bao chf lai dugc nhung nguoi Viet Nam yeu nu6c su dung nhu mot phuong tien cot yeu chong lai su c6

mat cua thuc dan Phap a Viet Nam, diing bao chf de tuyen truydn, truyen ba

nhung tu tuong each mang nh4m dat dugc muc dfch cuoi eiang - giai phong dan toe

Dii theo khuynh hudng nao, nim trong tay giai cap nao, bao chf nuac

ta cung da mang lai nhung dong gop nhat dinh tren nhi6u linh vuc Va tat nhien, bao chi luon phat tri6n theo qui luat noi tai cua no

Thdi ky dau, bao chf nuac ta thuc chat la "nhirng ca quan de thong tin tiic va dat dao y hucmg" [14-419] cua chinh phii Phap

Den nhiing th^p nien dSu the ky XX, theo each ggi cua ba Doan Thi D6, la thcfi ky "no hoa" eiia bao chf Viet Nam, bao chf nuac ta eo buac phat trien m6i

Co the noi, liic nay, da dinh hinh mot nen bao chf Viet Nam Ben canh nhirng td bao thai su chfnh tri xa hoi, da c6 bao chf van hoa van nghe, bao

chf kinh te, bao chf chuyen nganh v v Trong do, viec xuat ban bao Nir Giai Chung nam 1918 da danh da'u su khai d£u cua mot dong bao m6i, dong bao chuyen biet danh cho phu niJ a Viet Nam

M6t trong nhung ta bao Viet ngii hiem hoi dau the ky XX, Nu Gidi Chung la t6 bao phu nQ ddu tien trong lich su bao chf Viet Nam Ta bao cua

phu nu, do mot nguai phu ni: lam chii but - ba Suang Nguyet Anh va chfnh

ba lai la nguai phu nu Viet Nam dSu tien buac chan vao nghe lam bao

Tuy nhien, cho den nay, c6 rat ft cong trinh nghien curu quan tam den

bao NUGidi Chung

Sam nhat, trong cuon Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam, tu: khai thuy den

1930, Trf Dang xuat ban, nam 1973, Nir Gidi Chung dugc Huynh Van Tong

gi6i thieu la mot trong sau to bao dugc xuat ban theo chu thuyet ciia Toan quy6n Dong Duong A Sarraut a Nam Ky va la to bao d^u tien cua dong bao chuyen biet danh cho phu nil Cuon sach chfnh la ban dich til luan an tien sT ciia tac gia tai Dai hoe Sorbonne, Paris Sau nay Huynh Van Tong c6 bo sung

them den nam 1945 va tai ban tai thanh pho H6 Chf Minh, nam 1994 Cuon sach m6i dugc tai ban gan day nhat tai thanh pho H6 Chf Minh vao thang 3-

2000

Den 1988, tac gia Ngo Ha danh han mot trang gi6i thieu so luge noi

dung bao Nir Gidi Chung trong bai "Luge su bao chf thanh pho 1945)", Dia chi Van hod Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh fTap 2 Van hoc) NXB

(1865-TPHCM, 1988 Cuon sach m6i dugc lai ban lai nam 1998

Trong cuon Thu tich bdo chi Viet Nam, To Huy Riia chu bien, nam

1998, trang 334, phan v^ NuGidi Chung nhu sau:

"Nil Gicfi Chung, Sai Gon Ca quan pho bien ngon ngii, thuang mai, ky

nghe va cac van di phta nix Xuat ban hang tu£n vao ngay thii sau So 1, ngay

Co thing bdo, Dong Duang tap chi Nam Phong, Phu nir tan van

Ngoai ra, chiing toi cilng b^t gap dau do tren mot so tap chf chuyen

nganh (chu yeu la tap chf Xua Nay) mot so tac gia ciing giai thieu NU Gidi Chung Cling ba Suang Nguyet Anh, nir chu but to bao

Nam 1995 truang Dai hoc Cornel! cua My xuat ban cuon sach c6 ten:

Essays into Vietnamese pasts {Nhiing bai luan ve Viet Nam xua) do K W Taylor va John K Whitmore chu bien Trong cuon sach nay c6 bai Printing and power: Vietnamese debates over Women's place in society, 1914-1918

{An pham va quyen luc: hoi thdo ve vi tri ciia nguai phu nir Viet Nam trong

xd hoi 1918-1934) cua Shawn McHale Mot phan cua bai luan nay, tac gia c6 noi v6 bao Nir Gidi Chung va cac van de phu nu tren Nir Gidi Chung, nam

1918 Bai luan cua Shawn McHale b^ng tieng My la ngu6n tu lieu nu6c ngoai duy nhat ma chiing toi dugc biet den

Nhin chung, cac tac gia gidi thieu ve Nir Gidi Chung vdi mot lugtig

thong tin rat ng^n ggn, c6 tinh chat ggi md hoac ed ngudi chi khao cuu mot

van de nao do tren Nir Gidi Chung

Viec chgn mot td bao lam dt tai khao sat la hudng nghien c\xu gan day

dugc nhi6u ngudi chii y B^ng each nay, mot mat gop phSn vao viec nghien cuu Uch su bao chf lich su noi chung, mat khac neu bat duac nhirns net riene biet cua timg td bao, ca nhirng dong gop va han che cua no

Ve td Nii Gidi Chung, cho den nay chua c6 tac gia nao nghien cuu

trong mot cong trinh rieng biet

Do do chgn de tai Nir Gidi Chung - td bdo phu nir dau tien a Viet Nam (1918) nhu mot chuyen khao dau tien ve bao Nir Gidi Chung, vdi tu

each la mot de tai nghien cuu doc lap, n^m trong mang de tai lich su bao chf noi chung, chiing toi mong muon: gidi thieu mot diSn dan cong khai dau tien cua phu nil Viet Nam vao dau the ky XX do mot ngudi phu nil di6u hanh

va d do, ngudi phu nil khdng nhiing dugc quyen luan ban ve nhirng van d6

cua chfnh minh ma con an y nhiJng n6i ni^m cua nir gidi vdi ''van nude",

"van giang san"

II - DOI TUONG VA PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU

Toan bo cac bai viet tren 528 trang cua 22 so bao Nir Gidi Chung, vdi

luan van nay, dugc coi la doi tugng nghien cuu chfnh

La mot td bao thuge dong bao chuyen biet, lai ton tai trong mot thdi

gian rat ng^n, gk\ 6 thang (tir thang 1.2 den thang 19.7.1918), dd la mot

thu^n Igi cho phep cac thao tac nghien cuu ciia chiing toi dat dugc ket qua mong muon Qua viec khao sat tir tri tiet den tdng the td bao, luan van chi gidi han d may phuang dien sau:

- Lam ro mot so dac diem ciia Nir Gidi Chung tir hinh thiie den noi

dung dugc phan anh tren cac trang bao Dac biet, chiing toi t$p trung khai

thac van dt nh^n su cua NUGidi Chung: chu biit, nhiing cay biit chfnh, cong

Nir Gidi Chung cung dugc chiing toi tham khao Qua day, thay dugc dac

diem cua van de phu nil trong buoi giao thdi d Viet Nam, khi " n6n hoe cii da suy ma nen hoc mdi con chua thinh" [ NGC, sd 1]

n i " Neuon tu lieu va phirong phap nghien cmi

Trong qua trinh thuc hien di tai nay, cac thu tich bao chi nhu: Le Journalisme au Vietnam et les Periodiques Vietnamiens de 1865-1944 {Nghe bdo va bdo clw Viet Nam 1865-1944), Doan Thi D6, Thu vien qude gia Phap, 1958 ; Muc luc bdo chi Viet ngir, Tong bg Van hda xa hdi, Sai Gdn,

1966 ; Thu tich bdo chi Viet Nam, To Huy Riia chu bien, 1998 ; cac cong trinh nshien cuu lich su bao chi Viet Nam nhu: Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam cua Nguy6n Viet Chude (1974); Bdo chi each mang Viet Nam 1925-1945 cm Nguyin Thanh (1984); Tim hieu lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam cua Hong Chuong (1987); Lich su bdo chi Viet Nam tir khai thuy den 1945, Huynh Van Tong

(1994); Lich su bdo chi Viet Nam 1865-1945 do D6 Quang Hung chu bien (2000); bai Cdm nhan ve bdo chi Viet Nam the ky XX ciia Phan Quang tren bao Nhan Ddn, so ra ngay 8, 9-9-2000 v v la ca sd de chiing toi cd mot nhan thiie tong quan vi lich sir phat tridn ciia bao chf Viet Nam

Mot sd cong trinh chuyen khao v6 mot td bao hay mot dong bao ciia cac tac gia trong va ngoai nude, cac bai nghien curu tren cac tap chf chuyen nganh, mot so luan an, khoa luan tot nghiep v v cQng la nguon thong tin bo trg rat hiiu fch cho chiing toi

Nguon tu lieu chii yeu ma chiing toi di sau nghien ciiu la toan bg cac

sd bao NUGidi Chung in bang tieng Viet (bao ra dugc 22 sd) Ngudn tu lieu

nay chiing toi khai thae tai Thu vien qude gia Paris, Cong hda Phap^' Ky hieu microfilm Jo 92.696 Nhung rat tiee, thu vien chi luu dugc 20/22 sd Ni?

Gidi Chung (thieu sd 2 va 19) Hien nay chiing toi da chuyen 20 sd bao nay

thanh van ban de ed the su dung mot each dl dang

Tuy nhien, de ed dugc ket qua nghien cuu nhu mong muon chiing toi cdn gap mot sd khd khan sau:

- Cac sd bao Nir Gidi Chung luu giir dugc d trong nude eon rat ft di

Chung toi da tra tim tai cac thu vien, trung tam luu trir d Ha Noi nhimg khong ed ket qua (ed the thu vien thanh pho Ho Chf Minh cdn liru dugc mot

vai sd) Vi the, viec tiep can vdi cac sd bao NU Gidi Chung cd tfnh chat

nguyen gdc la mot di6u khd cd th6 thuc hien

- Nir Gidi Chung ra ddi va tdn tai trong mot thdi gian ngan va each day

da han 80 nam Nhiing ngudi "trong cuoc", nhiing nhan chung song la rat quan trong, den nay da qua ddi nen tac gia chiu mot thiet thdi Idn khi muon

Trong viec tiep can nguon tu heu nay, tac gia da nhan dugc su giiip da quf gia ciia

Tien sT sir hoc Phan Thi Minh Li (Paris, Phap)

biet dang sau nhiing hang chii in tren trang bao cdn cd nhiing chuyen gi de

cd thi hiiu sau han vd bai bao, Ichong dugc chi dan de lam sang to

Ddi vdi luan an, cac phuang phap truyin thong ciia khoa hoe lich su dugc triet de ton trong (lich dai va ddng dai, 16 gfe va so sanh lich sir ) ddng thdi - do yeu eau cu the ciia de tai ddi hoi chiing toi phai khao sat ky ludng

timg bai, trang bao Nir Gidi Chung di lis dd di den phan tfch, mo ta, danh gia

cac quan diem dudi nhidu dang thong tin khac nhau ciia td bao nhu xa thuyet, tap trd, van uydn nham dat dugc ket qua nghien cuu chfnh xac va dii

do tin cay

IV - DONG GOP CUA LUAN VAN

- Luan van da c6 gang dung lai dien mao Nir Gidi Chung, td bao phu

nii dau tien trong lich su bao chf Viet Nam mot each tuong ddi day du chan thuc va khach quan nhat Tir dd, giiip ngudi doc cd mot hinh dung tuang ddi

cu the vd td bao

- Ben canh cac van dd vd noi dung cua Nir Gidi Chung, luan van da

lam ro quan didm vd van dd phu nii ciia td bao, ma cu the d day la quan diem ciia tang Idp tu san Viet Nam ; danh gia khoa hoe han, bien chung han ve van de phu nii, ve chfnh ngudi phu nii trong lich su cQng nhu trong su nghiep phat tridn da't nude hien nay

- Tir dd, luan van gdp phan b6 sung day dii, toan dien han trong vide

nghidn eiiu lich su bao chf Viet Nam, cung nhu trong nghidn cuu lich sis tu

tudng Viet Nam, dac biet tu tudng vd nu quydn nhiing nam dau the ky XX

V - BO c u e CUA LUAN VAN

Ngoai phan Md dau, Ket luan, Luan van gdm 3 chuong:

10

Chuong Mot: Khai luge bao NUGi&i Chung trinh bay vai net ve bao

chf Viet Nam diu the ky XX, vd su ra ddi cua Nir Gidi Chung, td bao phu nir

dau tien trong lich su bao chf Viet Nam Cung trong chuong nay, luan van

gidi thieu cu the vd Nir Gidi Chung, tir cac ehuydn muc trdn td bao, hinh thuc

trinh bay, ngon ngii van phong va dac biet ve doi ngii tac gia ciia td bao

Chuong Hai: Nu si Suotig Nguyet Anh, chu biit NikGi&i Chung

Trong chuong nay, luan van tai hien lai chan dung ngudi nii chu biit

NQ Gidi Chung - ba Suong Nguyet Anh, mot van si noi tieng dat Nam Ky cudi the ky XIX, diu thd' ky XX ; vai trd va anh hudng ciia ba ddi vdi NU Gidi Chung

Chucmg Ba: Mot sd noi dung cua Nir Gidi Chung

Ben canh cac van de ve chfnh tri, van dd ph6 bien kien thiie cho ngudi

phu nii, luan van tap trung di sau nghien citu van dd phu nir tren Nir Gidi Chung va quan didm cua td bao vd van de nay Vdi tu each la td bao hgp

phap dau tien dugc ban luan cong khai ehuydn ve phu nii, nhiing thanh cong

va han che ciia Nir Gidi Chung cung dugc danh gia mot each khach quan

nhat

11

CHirONG MOT

KHAI LUpC BAO NIT GIOI CHUNG

i.L TINH HINH BAO CHI VIET NAM DAU THE KY XX

d.1.1 Nhirng to bao dau tien

- Cong bao ciia chfnh phii Phap

Ngay 1-9-1858, thuc dan Phap no siing d ban dao Son Tra, Da NSng chfnh thiie md dau xam luge Viet Nam Cung vdi qua trinh danh chiem Nam

Ky, bao chf da dugc thuc dan Phap sir dung nhu mot cong cu hiiu hieu phuc

vu qua trinh chinh phuc thuge dia ciia ho Ban dau bao chf ra ddi chi vdi tu each la cac tap tin, ky yd'u cong vu thong bao cac boat dong, thong tin cua chfnh phii Phap Td dau tien thuge loai nay xuat hien d Viet Nam la td

Bulletin ojficiel de I'Expedition de la Coehinehine (Ky yd'u cong vu cuoc vidn

chinh xu Nam Ky) bang chii Phap, phat hanh tai Sai Gdn, sd 1, ra ngay

29-9-1861 Td bao nay do Bonard, Thdng ddc Nam Ky dau tien lap ra No dat ndn mdng cho cac td cong bao chinh thiic ve sau ciia chfnh quyen thuc dan Sau

khi thdn tfnh xong 3 tinh cdn lai cua Nam Ky, nd ddi tdn thanh Bulletin ojficiel de la Coehinehine francaise (Ky yd'u cong vu xu Nam Ky thuge

Phap) Nam 1899 khi ndn thdng tri cua Phap dugc xac lap trdn loan coi

Ddng Duong thi bao lai dugc doi ten la Bulletin ojficiel de llndochine francaise (Ky yeu cong vu xu Dong Duong thuge Phap) Nam 1902, mot Ian niia nd lai dugc doi ten thanh Bulletin Administratif phat hanh khap 5 xu

Dong Duong

Nam 1863, thuc dan Phap cho ra td bao chii Han Bulletin des Communes (Ky yd'u lang xa) dd pho bien nhiing quyet dinh, mdnh lenh cua nha cam quydn tdi dam chuc sac ban xu cong lac \ai Phap

Mot hinh thiie cong bao niia dang tai lugng thong tin ngan ggn, cd tfnh thdi su, noi dung md rgng ban, luu hanh rgng rai hon, dd la nhiing td Journal

officiel Td bao dau tidn thuge loai nay mang tdn Le Courrier de Saigon (Tin Sai Gdn) ra ddi ngay 1-1-1864 Den 1879 ddi thanh Journal officiel de la Coehinehine (Cong bao Nam Ky) va cudi ciing doi la Journal officiel de llndochine (Cong bao Dong Duong), nam 1889

Con dudng xam luge ciia thuc dan Phap di tii Nam ra Bac va cuoc hanh trinh ciia bao chf cung tuong tu nhu vay Nam 1883, sau khi Hidp ude Harmand (Ac - mang) dugc ky ket, Bac Ky va Trung Ky nam dudi che do

bao ho ciia thuc dan Phap thi tap Bulletin officiel du Protectorat de I'Annam

et du Tonkin (Ky yd'u cong vu cua nen bao ho xu Trung va Bac Ky) ra ddi Nam 1887, nd trd thanh phan hai ciia bg Bulletin de I'lndochine francaise thdng nhat trdn toan Dong Duong Tiep do, nam 1884, la cac bao LAvenir du Tonkin (Tuong lai Bac Ky); L'lndependance tonkinoise (Bac Ky doc lap)

- Tap chf khao cuu

Ngoai cac td bao mang tfnh chat cong bao, thuc dan Phap cdn cho ra ddi loai bao ehuydn dang nhiing bai nghidn eiru vd cac linh \arc, tim hieu vd tinh hinh kinh te Viet Nam, nham muc dfch khai thae, bde lot thuge dia Tieu

bidu la td Bulletin du Comite Agrieole et Industriel de la Coehinehine (Ky

yeu eiia Uy ban Canh nong va ky nghe xii Nam Ky) xuat ban nam 1869 Sau

dd, cd cac td: Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Indoehinoises, Revue Indochinoise

- Bao tu nhan chii Phap

Hinh thiie, noi dung nhiing td bao loai nay cd tfnh each truydn thdng cua bao chf chfnh qude Cd nhiing td bao thuan tuy van chuong, boat kd nhu:

Margouillot (Con ran mdi, 1880) ; Le Moustique Indochinoise (Con mu6i Ddng Duong, 1887) d Nam Ky ; bao giai trf nhu: La Vie Indochinoise (Cuoc song Dong Duong, 1887) d Bac Ky ; bao chfnh tri thuong mai nhu: Le Gong (1879) d Nam Ky va Le Courrier de Haiphong (Tin Hai Phong, 1886) d Bac

Ky Nhin chung, cac bao tu nhan xuat hien phan Idn d Nam Ky (chu yeu tap trung d Sai Gdn) Ddng bao nay d Bac Ky cd phan ft di ban

- Nhiing td bao Viet ngii

Gia Dinh bdo la td bao tieng Viet d^u tien d Viet Nam Gia Dinh bdo

ra sd dau tidn ngay 15-4-1865, mdi thang mot sd, mdi sd 4 trang, kho 25 x 32cm Liie nay bao do mot ngudi Phap ten la Ernest Potteau chiu trach nhidm xuat ban, den nam 1869 dugc giao cho Tniong Vinh Ky lam giam ddc va

Huynh Tinh Cua lam chu biit Gia Dinh bdo tdn tai den 1-1-1910 thi ddng

Nam 1888, 5 nam sau khi Phap chid'm dugc Bac Ky, td bao dau tidn

ciia xii nay ra ddi la td Bdo ho Nam dan Day la td tudn bao in bang chii Han,

Viet dat tru sd tai Hai Phong, do mot ngudi Phap ten la De Cuers de Cogolin

lap ra Ong nay cilng la giam ddc td Le Courrier de Haiphong

* Tac gia Qude Anh (biit danh cua Duong Trung Quoc) trong bai 'Luat qua mot the ky\ tap chiXixa Nay sd 71, thang 1.2001, tr 8 cho lb Nong Comin dam (1901) la id

bao quoc nguf tu nhan dau tidn

Den 1892 *, td Dgi Nam Dong van nhat bdo, td bao dau tien xuat ban

d Ha Noi cung do mot ngudi Phap la Francois Henri Schneider lap ra Td bao nay la mot cong cu ngon luan ciia nha nude bao ho, ddi tugng chfnh ciia nd

la cac nha nho va "chi phat hanh trong quan gidi" Den 1907, td bao ddi

thanh Dgi Nam Ddng co titng bdo

Xii Trung Ky la noi bao chf ra ddi muon nhat Ngay 1-4-1919, Toan

quydn Ddng Duong A.Sarraut giao cho L Marty lam chii nhidm td Viet Nam thdi bdo, xuat ban d Hue Nhung cd le td bao nay khong ra mat dugc, vi

trong Danh muc cac an pham nop luu chidu ciia Phu toan quydn Dong Duong thdng kd 6 thang mot Ian, khdng thay cd td bao nay

Nam 1922 td tap chf Lai tham cdc thay gidng - td tap chf tieng Viet

dau tidn d Trung Ky dugc xuat ban d Qui Nhon

Theo nha nghien ciiru Nguydn Thanh trong cuon Lich sir bdo Tieng Dan NXB Da NSng, 1992 thi trdn thuc te Tieng Dan la td bao Viet ngu dau

tidn xuat ban d Trung Ky thuge the loai chfnh tri-xa hoi do Huynh Thiie Khang va Phan Bgi Chau sang lap, sd 1 ra ngay 10-8-1927 Bao dinh ban nam 1943

Nhu vay, cung vdi qua trinh xam luge va binh dinh Viet Nam eiia thuc dan Phap cac bao tieng Phap, tieng Han va tid'ng Viet, thuge cong bao, ban cong bao hoac tu nhan Ian lugt xuat hien d ca 3 xii, tir Nam ra Bac va Trung

Ky Viet Nam

^> Nha sir hoc Duong Trung Quoc cho rang td bao nay ra sdm hon, tiic la nam 1891

Theo Lich sir bdo chi Viet Nam 1865-1945 D6 Quang Hung chii bien NXB

DHQG.'HaNgi, 2000,tr40

]5

1.1.2 Bao chi Viet Nam dau the ky XX

Sang dSu the ky XX, qua trinh do thi hda cung nhu su phat trien ciia tang Idp thi dan, Idi sdng thi dan, nhiing boat dong cong thuong nghiep da tao dieu kien cho bao chf phat trien phong phii hon

Trao liru tu tudng dan chu tu san phuong Tay tran vao nude ta, rdi nhiing phong trao Dong Du, Dong kinh nghia thuc va Duy tan noi day da anh

hudng vao bao gidi Viet Nam Dien hinh la td Dgi Nam Ddng co tiing bdo xua't ban tai Ha Noi (1907) kd' thiia td Dgi Nam Dong van nhat bdo "Mang

hoi thd eiia phong trao Dong kinh nghia thuc, td bao ed nhiing Idi ho hao thuc nghiep, ehdng nhung thdi hii tuc, me tfn di doan, kdu ggi hgp quan hgp tac" [ 1 9 - 4 5 ]

Bao chf thdi ky nay khdng cdn la cua ridng chinh quydn thuc dan niia

ma da xua't hien nhieu td bao tu nhan eiia ca ngudi Phap va ngudi Viet

Nhiing td bao vd gidi, bao ehuydn biet cung da xuat hien: Nam Ky dia phan (1908), NUGidi Chung (1918)

Vd noi dung, cac bao cung khong don thuan la nhirng td cong bao niia

ma phan anh quyen Igi eiia gidi kinh doanh cong thuong ciing nhu phan anh nhirng ehuydn bien trong kinh te chfnh tri, van hda va xa bgi Viet Nam

duong thdi Su xuat hien d Sai Gdn td hao Nong co min dam, mot phan nao eiia Luc tinh tdn van ro rang la khong xa la vdi vide nhoi Idn cua tu san ban

xii va eiia dia chii tu san hda

Chid'm ddng chii luu, bao chf thdi ay van la nhiing co quan chuyen lo viec tuyen truydn, to didm cho che do thuc dan, keu ggi nhan dan hgp tac vdi nha cam quydn, ho hao "Rdng Nam phun bac danh dd Dire tac" Td bao dau

tidn phai kd den, dd la tap chf Nam Phong (1917) "May nhdi noi dau" cua Nam Phong sd 1 da khang dinh:

i6

Muc dfch ciia Nam Phong la the cai chii nghia khai hda cua nha nude di xudng len mot cai tu trao mdi hgp vdi tinh than ciing

trinh do dan ta hieu ro cai nghia \ai ciia ta ddi vdi nude ta, ddi vdi cai dai qude da nhan trach nhidm bao ho cho ta ma day cho ta biet cai hgc thuat sinh tdn trong the gidi bay gid [19 - 59]

Til 1865 den cudi nam 1918, cd khoang hon 20 td bao tieng Viet xuat

ban trong ca nude, gdm cac td nhu: Gia Dinh bdo (1865-1910), Nhat trinh Nam Ky (1883 - ?), Thong loai khoa trinh (1888-1889), Dgi Nam Ddng co tiing bdo (1892-1907) Phan Yen bdo (1898-1899), Nong cd min ddm (1901- 1924) Dgi Viet tdn bdo (1905-1908), Nhat bdo tinh (1905 -?), Luc tinh tdn van (1907-1944), Nam Ky dia phan (1908-1943), An Hd nhat bdo (1917- 1933), Dong Duang tap chi (1913-1919), Trung bac tdn van (1913:1941), Cong luan bdo (1916-1939) Nam trung nhat bdo (1917-1921) Nam Phong tap chi (1917-1934), Nam Viet te gia nhat bdo (1917-1918) Dgi Viet tap chi (1/1918-7/1918) NU Gidi Chung (2/1918-7/1918), Quoc dan diin dan (10/1918-10/1919), Den nha Nam (12/1918-1/1919)

Bao chi Viet Nam tii giiia the ky XIX den hai thap nidn dau the ky XX,

_ J"

theo nha nghien ciiai Nguydn Ngu Y la giai doan Id thuge (do ngudi Phap chu truong) [ 8-26 ] Dd la each danh gia chinh xac Bdi vi luat phap thuge dia liic bay gid khdng cho phep ngudi ban xii dumg ten ra bao Nhung khong vi thd' ma bao chf Viet Nam luon "yen phan" Da cd nhiing tid'ng noi phan khang cat Idn, mac dii van cdn rat yd'u dt va luon bi nha cam quydn bop

nghet Phan Yen bdo bi ddng cua, nha bao chii biit td Luc tinh ran van Trdn

Chanh Chieu bi thuc dan Phap bat giam la nhiing minh chiing cu thd

T^l;Nl~TA^^l^IGM':ri^:.Twt^v:f.,; y

i.2 SV RA Ddi N C CI(3I CHUNG,

TCI BAO PHU N C D A U T I £ N 6 VIET NAM

i.2.1 Dieu kien ra ddi Nu* Gidi Chung

1.2.1.1, Dieu kien Ijch su -van hoa d Nam Ky

Thang 8-1858, thuc dan Phap no siing xam luge Viet Nam 6 thang sau, Phap nhanh ehdng chid'm cii thanh Gia Dinh Nam 1862, trieu dinh Hue' ma't 3 tinh midn Dong Nam Ky Den nam 1867 toan Luc tinh Nam Ky da thuge Phap Nam Ky la thuge dia dau tien, la xii true tri duy nhat ciia thuc dan Phap d Dong Duong Dd chfnh la tidn dd de Luc tinh Nam Ky, trong dd thii phii Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh trd thanh noi dau tien tiep nhan van hda, van minh Tay phuong, van hda van minh Phap

Trudc khi thuc dan Phap danh chid'm B k Ky Ian thii hai (1882-1883), gidi thugng luu Sai Gdn da ban dd Tay, an banh m\' sang vdi sCra A'ao tiem sach Catinat mua nhiing bao sach truydn tho van dich tu chii Han chii Nom, chu Phap ra chii qude ngii dd thuong thiic

Tuf cuon tidu thuyet dau tidn dugc viet theo phong each tieu thuyet

Phap la cuon Truyen thay Lazaro phien (1887) ciia Nguydn Trgng Quan, bg

phim dau tidn dugc trinh chid'u vao 1898 den nhirng chiee xfch 16 dau tidn deu xuat hien d Nam Ky

Dac biet, Sai Gdn-Nam Ky la cai noi dau tidn eiia nen bao chf Viet

Nam, til nhiing td cong bao dau tien ciia Phap den 1865, td Gia Dinh bdo

xuat ban - td bao tieng Viet dau tidn, rdi nhung td bao tu nhan sdm nhat ciing

d xii nay Vi sao Sai Gdn-Nam Ky lai la cai noi dau tidn cua bao ehi Viet Nam?

Sau cuoc chinh phuc bang quan su, bao chf dugc nha cam quydn thuge dia sir dung nhu mot cong cu tuyen truydn hiiu hieu nha't trong vide on dinh Nam Ky - manh dat ma ho vira chid'm dugc Cung chfnh noi nay, nhirng dieu kien can thiet cho su ra ddi cua bao chf da xuat hien

Ve chii qude ngii Cudi the ky XIX, dau the ky XX, trong khi Bac Ky

van six dung chii Han, chii Nho trong cac khoa thi thi chii qude ngii "van tu

nude nha" theo each ggi ciia cac nha Duy tan, da thinh hanh d Nam Ky Qua

la "ludng sdng van Han, van Nom da di tir Bac v6 Nam Bay gid ludng sdng quoc ngii lai di nguge tii Nam ra Bac" * Trudc khi thuc dan Phap chid'm Nam

ky Luc tinh (1867) loai chii nay da hoan chinh vd co ban va cd kha nang di vao cuoc sdng Hon niia, vide doc ton chii Phap, chii qude ngii ciing nam trong am muu xam lang van hda ciia thuc dan Phap O Nam Ky, tit 1888 sir dung qude ngii va Phap ngii la bat bugc

Vd dieu kidn kv thuat Nghe in chu rdi, in boat ban la yeu td rat quan trgng de dam bao tfnh dinh ky eiia bao chi Theo sau dgi quan xam luge cua

Do ddc Phap Bonard, nhiing phuang tidn dau tidn cua ky thuat in boat ban

dugc nhap vao Sai Gdn "Xudng in nay dua lis Paris sang, gdm, may chii,

muc, giay in va 4 cong nhan Phap" [13 - 631] An pham tidng Phap dau tidn

la Bulletin ojficiel de I'Expedition de la Coehinehine nam 1961 Xudng nay

ciing in cong van, giay td quan ly, sach mdng phuc vu chfnh sach xam luge

ciia chiing Theo Hoa Bang, Gia Dinh bdo la "td bao quoc van in bang Idi

boat ban dau tidn d Nam Ky" [5-4] Nhu vay, nha in dau tien thanh lap d Nam Ky vao nam 1861

Truong Son chf Ung Ngoc Ky Bao Thanh nien so 39 ra ngay 2-9-1944 tr 8,

Ve ngudi lam bao Ciing vdi chfnh sach giao due ciia Phap, d Nam Ky, mot dgi ngu trf thiic Tay hgc da xuat hien, tieu bieu la: Truong Mnh Ky, Huynh Tinh Ciia, Hd Bieu Chanh Hg truyen ba van hda Phap va la nhiing nha bao Viet Nam dau tidn viet bang tid'ng Phap

Vd doc gia Chii qude ngii dd hgc, chi can may thang la dge dugc Hon niia chii nay xua't hien va hoan chinh d Nam Ky tir kha sdm, ndn sd ngudi dge dugc ngay cang nhidu hon

4.2.1.2 Che do bao chi d Nam Ky

Vdi Hidp ude Ac mang (1883) va Pa to not (1884), Nam Ky thuc su la

xu thuge dia, true tri, mot "hat" eiia nude Phap d Vidn Dong Nhu vay, end'

do bao chf d Nam Ky dugc thuc thi theo dao luat ngay 29-7-1881 vd tu do bao chf do Qude hoi Phap quyd't dinh (Loi du 29 juillet 1881 sur la liberie de

la Presse) Dao luat nay ban hanh d Phap ngay 29-7-1881 va dugc ap dung d Nam Ky kd tir ngay 22-9-1881 Theo dd, vide an hanh sach bao d Nam Ky dugc hoan loan tu do, du bao chii Phap hay bao chu* Viet Dao luat nay cdn dugc ap dung cho vide phat hanh tat ca cac loai bao

Theo dao luat 29-7-1881 thi:

Didu 5: Tat ca cac loai bao hoac an pham dinh ky se dugc phat hanh khong can su cho phep trudc va khong can ky qui tidn sau khi dugc cong bd diing theo dieu 7

Didu 6: Mdi td bao hoac an pham dinh ky phai cd mot ngudi quan

ly Ngudi nay phai la ngudi Phap, thanh nidn, cd dii quyen Igi dan

su, khong bi mat quydn cong dan bdi mot hanh vi pham phap Didu 7: Trudc khi phat hanh, cac bao hoac an pham dinh ky phai duoe khai bao d Sd Bien Iv nhiing muc sau:

20

1 - Ten bao hoac an pham dinh ky va loai phat hanh

2 - Tdn hg va dia chi ngudi quan ly

3 - Ghi ro noi in bao

Tat ca nhiing thay doi ve nhiing dieu bat bugc trdn ddu phai dugc khai bao trudc 5 ngay [ 45 ;7 - 8]

Sau khi da thda man cac dieu kien tren thi td bao nao ciing dugc tu do phat hanh trdn toan lanh thd thuge dia Ngugc lai, neu nhiing didu kien tren chua dugc thda man, luat phap se cd mot sd hinh phat truy td nhiing ai phami phap

Khong day hai thap ky sau, thuc dan Phap som nhan thay su "nguy hiem" ciia dao luat 1881 Trong khi Phap van thira nhan bao chf tid'ng Phap dugc tu do xua't ban thi mot sac lenh khac dugc ban bd vao ngay 30-12-1898 Thuc chat sac lenh nay chi nham vao bao tid'ng Viet

Theo ong Huynh Van Tong, ly do chfnh ciia vide khai sinh sac luat

trdn la do td Phan Yen bdo, mot td bao Viet ngii da dang mot sd bai co lien

quan den tinh hinh chfnh tri trong nude cd y ehdng lai su hien dien eiia ngudi Phap d Viet Nam

Theo sac lenh ngay 30-12-1898:

Ta't ca nhiing td bao in bang chii qude ngii (Viet Nam), bang Hoa ngii hay bang ba't eii mot thii tid'ng nao khac ngoai tid'ng Phap phai

cd su cho phep trudc cua quan Toan quydn sau khi Toan qu}-dn hoi

V vdi Ban Thuong true Thuong hoi ddng Dong Duong (Section permanente du Conseil superieur de T Indochine) [ 13 - 480]

21

Vdi sac luat nay, Toan quyen Dong Duong cd quydn cho phep hay khdng cho phep, lam khd dd hay cam chi cac bao chf tid'ng Viet lam trai lai sac luat nay, td bao phai ra toa tieu hinh

Xet vd phuong dien phap ly, mot sac lenh ed thd buy bd mot dao luat

do Qude hoi ban hanh Cd y kien cho ring, day la hien tugng "quai thai" trong lich sir luat phap tu san Chfnh vi the, sau nay tu do bao chf luon la muc tieu dau tranh cua bao chf Viet Nam ndi chung, bao chf Nam Ky noi rieng Va d Nam Ky, nhidu td bao ddu do ngudi Phap diing ten Phai chang,

dd "la su khdn kheo ciia nhiing ngudi ydu nude khi ra bao"[19-17] Nir Gidi Chung la mot trong nhirng truong hgp nhu vay

4.2.1.3 Bao chi theo chu thuyet cua Toan quyen Ddng Duong A.Sarraut

A.Sarraut lam toan quydn Dong Duong hai nhidm ky 1911-1914 va 1917-1919

La mot ngudi thong minh, qui quyet va cd tai my dan, A Sarraut trudc khi bude vao con dudng chfnh tri, da timg la mot nha bao, la bien tap vien

thudng true cho td La Depeche du Midi a Toulouse A Sarraut timg ndi trong

mot bai didn van khai mac bu6i hgp cua nghiep doan bao chf thuge dja ngay 8-9-1917 tai Sai Gdn "Mot td bao ! Mot cay viet! Qua la mot sue m.anh phi thudng" Do dd, trong sd nhiing vidn Toan quyen Phap d Dong Duong Igi dung bao chf cho muc tidu chinh tri qua la khong ai ban Sarraut

Khi A Sarraut den Viet Nam, tinh hinh chfnh tri he't sue sdi dong: su ehdng ddi ciia cac si phu Viet Nam su tan cong d at cua Diic dudi mgi hinh thiie: giiip dd quan su ciing nhu tuydn truyen chinh tri ehdng Phap A Sarraut mudn tao su dge ton eiia ndn van minh Phap va tach rdi cac nha trf thuc Viet Nam ra khdi anh hudng cua Trung Hoa de Phap hda hg Nham dat dugc muc

tidu nay, vdi A Sarraut khong gi hay hon la tuydn truydn bang bao chf Bao chi theo chii thuyet ciia A Sarraut ra ddi nhu the

Theo Huynh Van Tong, loai bao nay, d Bac Ky dau tidn la td Dong Duang tap chi { 1913-1919), sau la Nam Phong (1917-1934) Ca hai td nay

cd vai trd chfnh tri gidng nhau: ca tung ngudi Phap, ndn van minh Phap, ehdng Diic va bai xfch cac phong trao chfnh tri khang Phap Tuy nhidn, td

Dong Duang tap chi, chu biit Nguydn Van VTnh la "mot nha bao co tai

nhung lai la mot nha chfnh tri \aing ve" [40 - 56], ndn trong vai trd nay, tap

chf Nam Phong dugc chfnh quyen thuc dan dac dung hon

Cdn bao chf Nam Ky liic dd dugc nham vao mot chfnh sach ngan ban hon: ehdng Diic va ca tung chid'n thang eiia ngudi Phap trong chien tranh the' gidi thii Nhat, 1914-1918 A Sarraut da cho xuat ban 6 td bao d Nam Ky:

Nam trung nhat bdo d Sai Gdn (1917-1921) sau nhap vao td Luc tinh tdn van, An Hd bdo d Can Tho (1917-1933), Dgi Viet tap ehi d Long Xuydn (thang 1-1918 - thang 7-1918) Quoc dan diin dan d Sai Gdn (thang 10-1918

- thang 10-1919), NUGidi Chung a Sai Gdn (thang 2 -1918 - thang 7-1918)

va Den nha Nam {Ihang 12-1918 - thang 1 -1919)

Nhin chung, nhiing td bao nay van luon mang nang nhiing "cong lao, sii mdnh khai hda ciia ngudi Phap" chii yd'u nham vao ddi tugng tri thiie Nam

Ky Trong dd, A Sarraut khong qudn mot thanh phan khac von tir lau khong dugc chii y trong xa bgi Viet Nam - ngudi phu nu

23

d.2.2, Su ra ddi bao Nii Gidi Chung

1,2.2.1, Td bao phu nOr dau tien xuat ban d Phap

Nam 1631, Le Gazette - td bao cd tfnh dinh ky (Periodique) dau tidn xuat ban d Phap O Viet Nam, 234 nam sau, td Gia Dinh bdo xuat ban vao

nam 1865

Ve bao phu nii, cuon Lich su bdo ehi Phdp (cuon 1) tir khdi thuy den

1814 cho biet td bao dau tidn xuat ban tai Paris la Journal des Dames

(1759-1779) Noi dung td bao ed de cap den thdi trang giao due phu nii, van dd vd

sinh va binh dang nam nii Cham hon 159 nam so vdi bao Phap, Nir Gidi Chung - td bao phu nii dau tidn eiia Viet Nam xuat ban tai Sai Gdn, nam

1918 Ly giai su muon mang ay khdng khd Ndn bao chi Viet Nam, trong dd

CO ddng bao phu nii chfnh la eon de ciia su tiep xiic van hda Phap - Viet Chi sau khi thuc dan Phap den Viet Nam, ndn van minh Phap, mac du cd tfnh chat cuong chd', mdi bat dau du nhap, anh hudng den manh dat nay, ma Nam

Ky la trudc bet

i.2.2.2 Y tudng xuat ban mot td nii bao d Viet Nam

Trudc khi Nir Gidi Chung ra ddi, ngay dau the ky XX, nam 1907 mac

dii liic dd bao tid'ng Viet ehi ed vai td, da xuat hien muc "Nhdi dan ba" trdn

Dgi Nam ddng cd tiing bdo, do chii biit Nguydn Van Vinh phu trach vdi biit

danh Dao Thi Loan Sau khi td bao nay dinh ban, "Nhdi dan ba" dugc tai

hien trdn Dong Duang tgp chi, van do Nguydn Van VTnh chu biit phu trach,

vdi biit danh Dao Thi Loan Nguydn Thi Bong *

* Tong tap van hgc Viet Nam (tap 20) Van bao chi Viet Nam 1900-1945

Nguydn Thanh NXB Khoa hgc xa hoi, H 1997, tr 274

Ngay tir nam 1914, chfnh Nguydn Van Vinh la ngudi dau tien dua ra y

tudng lap mot td nii bao Trdn "Nhdi dan ba", Dong Duang tgp ehi sd 35, ra

ngay 8-1-1914, ong ed viet: "Gia thir ehi em ta nhii nhau dugc lay ram ba ngudi nhu chi Bong em niia, thi dd chiing ta lap ndi dugc mot td phu truong ridng cua bao Dong duong tap chf ggi la Nii bao

Vdi 6 ngudi phu trach cac muc:

Chi em * thi giii bai dai luan dau bao, em thi xin nhan muc tap luan mot chi niia thi giii muc "Cong kich rau may" Mot chi niia mdi tuan dat mot chuyen cho dan ba, em tre xem tieu khi en Mot chi niia coi cac vide tap su ve nii gidi ta, nhu truydn cudi xin, sinh

nd, hg hang, trau cau, banh trai, c6 ban, khan ao, theu thiia, va may, chiia chidn, dien phu, bgi he, dan hat, trang diem, hgc hanh

Cd chi nao tai tinh thinh thoang ta lai dua dudng thi may thii vao muc "Tho phii" no ciing them xoii

Nguydn Van Vinh ciing dinh ra each thuc:

" trudc bet mdi tuSn hay thu dd ridng cho chiing ta 4 trang cudi bao sau nay bao quan quf chii nhan xet, hd chi em minh giu dugc phan vide cho deu, ky nao cung cd dii cac muc, thi xin ngai md cho ban mot phu truang."

Viec lap nii bao dugc nhae lai trdn "Nhdi dan ba" ciia 3 sd Dong Duang rap chi tie'p sau: sd 36, 37, 40

The nhung, "Nhdi dan ba", Dong Duang tgp chi sd 39, ngay

12-2-1914, cd dang:

Nguydn Thi Bong 6 day chfnh la Nguydn Van Vinh

25

"Cdn nhu vide lap nii bao phu truong, ban quan cdn phai dgi ft lau niia,

vi ngudi soan bao da vay, lai cdn phai cd ngudi xem Nay cac ba mua bao cdn ft qua, chang le lap mot truang ridng cho vai muoi bai"

Nhu vay, y tudng lap NO" bao phu truang ciia cac tac gia Dong Duang tgp chi ro rang khong thanh cong Va khdng phai "dgi ft lau niia" ma phai 4

nam sau, td bao danh ridng cho phu nii mdi xuat hien

1.2.2.3 Nu Gidi Chung ra ddi

- Vd ton chi, muc dfch, ngudi sang lap, quan ly

NUGidi Chung ra sd dau tidn vao thii sau, ngay 1-2- 1918

NU Gidi Chung la mot trong 6 td bao xuat ban theo chii thuyd't cua

Toan quyen Ddng Duong A Sarraut, thuge ddng bao chf cong khai hgp phap

Day la td bao phu nii dau tidn d Viet Nam Vi the, vide NuGidi Chung ra ddi

la mot didm mde quan trgng trong lich sir bao chf Viet Nam Tuy nhien, bao sdng khdng lau Sd cudi ra ngay 19-7-1918, nghia la td bao chi tdn tai dugc 5 thang 19 ngay ra dugc 22 sd

NQ Giai Chung la td tuan bao, xuat ban ngay thii sau Hau bet cac sd NU: Gidi Chung ra diing ky (sd trudc each sd sau 7 nga\') Tuy nhidn vao

nhirng dip Id, tet, ngay qude khanh mot sd nude bao nghi an hanh (xem bang dudi)

26

chiing toi thieu sd nay

20

21

22

28-6-1918 5-7-1918

12-7-1918 19-7-1918

nghi mot ky, quoc khanh HoaKy

Mdi sd NuGidi Chung cd 24 trang, kho 29 x 41 cm Bao in typo, mdi

sd in 4000 ban, dac biet sd 4, 5, 6 in thdm 2000 ban de giii tang

Bao in tai Nha in Alberd PORTAIL, dudng Rudyard Kipling (nay la Nguydn Sidu), Sai Gdn [ 13-656 ]

Ten ggi eiia td bao - Ni/ Giai Chung, nghia la tid'ng chuong ciia gidi

phu nii Trong "Ldi lira dau" sd 1 Suong Nguyet Anh neu ro ly do td bao

mang tdn NuGidi Chung:

Ngudi xua cd cau tho dd chuong rang: "mot tieng khua vang nam

hd bdn bien" Bon bao tai nho siic mgn dau dam tu phu nhu ed nhan, nhung cung chang den ndi qua lidu nhu ldi tuc ndi: "\'ae chieng di danh nude ngudi, chang keu ciing danh mot bdi la'y danh" Nghia chi cd y mudn ty minh nhu chuong bao thiic, kd tai

may tid'ng, kdu nhau trong ehi em nha Bdi the ndn lay tdn NUGidi Chung ma dat hieu bao

Muc dfch, ton chi

Cung trong "Ldi tua dau", Suong Nguyet Anh bay to muc dfch ciia Nir Gidi Chung la:

Dd xudng vide nii hgc, chang dam can thidp den ca chanh tri, ciing ch^ng dam dua tranh vdi buc tai trai" de, trudc, "giiip trong ban gai gay cai ndn tii diic" ; sau, "gay lay hai buc Mot "pho thong", hai

"thiet nghiep" Pho thong la bat cii giau, ngheo, sang, hen, ai cung

cd chiit hgc thiic trong nao Thiet nghiep la nhiit thiet ddn ba con gai ai cilng cd mot nghe nghiep trdn tay *

Suong Nguyet Anh ndi rd 4 tdn chi ciia td bao:

1 - Vun trong gdc luan ly - Til each an thdi d cac ba hien trid't ddi mot Id, diic cai guong dao diic, soi chung vdi ban ma dao

2 - Trau ddi le biet thudng - Luge dai khai nhiing hgc thuat xua nay, cac hien trang trong ngoai, cuoc ddi bid'n doi lam sao, than ta quan he the nao, lay ldi gian di, td nghia eao sau dang thfeh hidp vdi trinh do ddn ba nude ta, ma ed cai kien thiic tuong duong vdi ngudi nam tu

3 - Gay dung cuoc cong thuang - Didn cac khoa chuyen mdn thiet dung, ta nhirng su chid'n tranh vd hinh, kdu nhau dem nghe tay dua bai vdi dd may, trgng thd hda vira giii lay Igi quydn

4 - Lidn lac mdi cam tinh - Td cai nghia chiing toe ke't mot giai ddng tam hidp ca Bac, Trung, Nam, lam mot doan the Idn cho rgng dudng pho thdng, mau ebon tan bg.[NGC, sd 1]

Chu nhan: Henri Blaquiere Ong nay cilng la Tong ly td Le Courtier Saigonnais ( 1889; -), mot td bao tid'ng Phap tu nhan d Sai Gdn va cd ciing tru

sd vdi NU'Giai Chung Blaquiere la chii nhan Nir Giai Chung va la ngudi chiu

trach nhidm trudc nha cam quydn Phap vd td bao chi tren danh nghia Bdi \'i

Chiing toi dan nguyen van Nir Gidi Chung, sd 1 ra ngay 1-2-19-8

29

lo vide cho td Le Courrier Saigonnais, trong coi ma'y bee ta ca phe d Deng Nai khid'n cho Blaquiere qua ban rgn, khdng cdn thdi gian danh cho Nir Giai Chung

Tong ly: Tran Van Chim, mot van si Bac Ky vao Nam lap nghiep

Thuc chai, Tran Van Chim la ngudi trong coi chfnh td Nir Gidi Chung, kd ca

ve tai chfnh dd td bao tdn tai

NS Gidi Chung la td bao Viet ngii tu nhan, de cd thd sdng dugc, mot

phan do Igi nhuan ciia chfnh td bao dem lai nhung phan Idn do Tran Van Chim cap vdn Blaquiere "khong bd ddng nao v6 vide mua giay, vide tra tidn cho nha in" [37-149]

Chu biit: Suong Nguyet Anh, ngudi trong coi toan bg bai vd Nir Gic/i Chung, giii cho td bao luon di diing muc dfch tdn chi

Trong coi vide phat hanh: Le Diic

Gia bao duoe dans nsav d trang bia Gia ban le la 10 xu; 1 thane la 50 xu; 6 thang la 3 dong; mot nam la 5 ddng, vdi hoc trd binh linh dugc giam

la 4 ddng/nam; ngudi Phap la 25 f Cho den so cudi ciing gia bao Nii' Gidi Chung khong thay doi

Gia rao hang trdn NUGidi Chung: vide cong, mdi hang gia 1 ddng; Ldi

bd eao va truydn tin 1,2 ddng Bao cung dang ro: "rao vd viec buon ban nghiep nghe, thi den thuong nghi vdi bdn quan"

Ve vide phat hanh

- Pham vi: khong chi bd hep trong Sai Gdn - Nam Ky Nir Gioi Chung

dugc phat hanh rgng khap loan Dong Duong

- Phuong thiic phat hanh: pho bien nhat, Nir Gidi Chung dugc phat

hanh theo dudng buu didn Trang dau sd 1, ed ddng: "Vi nao chid'u cd mua bao, xin dd ro chd minh d thuge ve nha day thep nao, dang sau gdi bao cho khdi lam lac"

Ngoai ra, bao Nix Giai Chung den tay dge gia qua cac dai ly ban sach,

bao tren dudng pho Sai Gdn nhu: dudng Chamer (Nguydn Hud hien nay), dudng Macmahon (Nam Ky khdi nghia hien nay) v v Neu bao khong ban he't, cac chii sap cd the giri tra lai tda bao

Mot sd lugng dang ke dge gia Ni? Gicn Chung dat mua bao trudc mot nam Ve sau, khi gap khd khan, td bao dang lidn tuc trdn 6 sd {Nir Giai Chung sd 13 14, 15,16, 17, 18) nhan dge gia gui mandat tra tidn bao

Doc gia ed thd dang ky mua bao gdp nam, niia nam, ridng gdp thang, toa bao ehi ban trong cac sd d chau thanh Sai Gdn ma thoi

Tru sd bao NUGidi Chung dat tai sd 15, dudng Taberd, Sai Gon (Nay

la dudng Nguydn Du)

•) ^

Anh hudng cua NUGidi Chung vd mat van hda-xa hoi

Khao sat tren mat bao NUGidi Chung, chiing ta thay rat ro van dd nay

NU Gic/i Chung ra ddi - "tir may ngan nam", Ian dau tidn ngudi phu nii ed mot

CO quan ngon luan ridng eiia minh Day qua la mot su kien quan trgng ddi vdi dan chiing liic bay gid dac biet ddi vdi phu nii Viet Nam Td bao nay, theo mot sd nii ddc gia "da mang lai hoac ft hoac nhieu, nhung bien ddi manh

me trong ddi sdng tinh than va vat chat ciia phu nii Viet Nam tir xua yh\ bi

sdng rang bugc trong nhiing nguyen tac ciing nhae cua Khong Manh" [40 64]

-/

Tu nhan la "cham nom vd vide quang khai nii trf" [NGC, sd 6], NUGidi Chung xet tren mgi phuong didn la mot td bao rat hiiu fch cho ngudi phu nii Tat nhidn, khong phai toan phu nu Viet Nam nhung chf ft, NUGidi Chung cd

anh hudng Idn den Idp phu nu trung, thugng luu sdng d cac trung tam va dd thiIdn

Nu Gidi Chung dugc danh gia la "giao due phuong cham dd nhiit

sach cam bang mot pho sach" [NGC, sd 14]; la "su nhat dung thiet thuc bgn ta can phai xem den, biet den " [NGC, sd 10]

Theo tac gia Thanh Huong d My Tho:

" NUGidi Chung la trai rat quf hda, rat thom tho, rat nggt ngao, rat bo

fch cho bgn nO luu ta" ; " la cai linh bdn ciia ban nii luu ta, la cai guong rat sang lang nhu mat trang trdn de cho ta chung soi, la ngudi thii hg dat ra de binh vuc Igi quyen cua chi em ta " [NGC, sd 3]

Vdi mot tac gia Bac Ky NUGidi Chung nhu mot thii thude mau nhiem giiip hg doi ddi: " Tii khi nhan dugc 8 ky NUGidi Chung xem di xem lai

den gid thi cai tu tudng chan ddi ciia em phai bd, lai mudn chen vao trong cai lac quan the gidi (coi vide gi ciing \aii) ma thd the ldi oanh " [NGC, sd 10]

Mot bai khac, ky ten Tidn nu Hi Di, tac gia viet:

" tdi lien di bdi tien ca'y, di may, ban cudi, midn cho dii sd 5 nguon bac, dang mua nhut bao mot nam ma xem"

Cung tac gia trdn, neu dge NUGidi Chung: " cai hii tuc phai tieu trir

ma dudng van minh lai cang tan bg" ; dd la mot each "diip nude, dd nha' va tac gia cho rang "chang bao lau thi dan toe ta ciing md mang nhu nude Nhat" [NGC,sdl4]

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Cdn tac gia Tran Thi Thinh de xuat: sau khi mua, dge NUGidi Chung

"mdi nam ddng lai mot quyen dd danh sau cho con chau" [NGC, sd 6]

Vai trd va anh hudng ciia mdi td bao, ta't nhidn, hoan loan phu thuge

gidi dge gia Vdi NUGidi Chung, chfnh nhiing ngudi cong tac, nhiing tac gia

viet bao, mot Ian niia lai khing dinh didu nay

4,3 KHAI LirOC N0 GI(3l CHUNG

4.3.1 Cac chuyen muc tren Nur Gidi Chung

Thdng thudng mdi sd NUGidi Chung gdm 8 ehuydn muc: "Xa thuyet",

"Hgc nghe", "Gia chanh", "Van uyen", "Tap trd", "Thdi dam", "Truydn ky",

"Tieu thuyd't" Sd ehuydn muc nay khdng cd tfnh chat cd dinh, ed sd bao ehi

cd 5 trong sd cac chuyen muc trdn [NGC sd 16], cd khi lai xuat hien thdm

ehuydn muc mdi: "Ddng thoai" [NGC, sd 18] Nhu the, trdn cac sd NUGidi Chung, ft nhat ed 5 ehuydn muc va nhidu nhat cd tdi 9 ehuydn muc

1 - Xa thuyd't:

Cd tdng sd 21 bai xa thuyd't dang trdn 20 sd NUGidi Chung Dugc coi

la ehuydn muc tao ndn "tinh than eiia bon bao", noi dung cua cac bai xa thuyet chinh la ndi dung Idn nhat, chfnh yd'u cua td bao Chu yd'u cac bai nay

de cap den:

- Vi trf, vai trd cua ngudi phu nii

- Van de nii quyen va nam nii binh quydn

2 - Hgc nghe: 19/20 sd NUGidi Chung ed chuyen muc nay

Hgc nghe pho bid'n nhirng nghe nghiep ehuydn mdn Qua 28 bai thuge

chuyen muc nay, NUGidi Chung da pho bid'n dugc 19 thuat nghd: nghd dat

dau thom, nghd lam^ tra tau, lam mudi lam mam, lam nga gia lam rugu bgt,

lam giam, lam xa bong, each la'y hoi thom trong cac thii bong, lam dudng, nghd nudi ca, chup hinh, lam phd mach (tromage), lam phao, nghd nhugm, che to gia tu chi chudi, che tac san hd - ho phach, bao che thude tri ngc ran, lam dd hop

Cd nhiing nghd ngudi phu nii Viet Nam da biet (lami mudi, lam mam, giam, nuoi ca ) nhung mot sd nghd lai hoan toan mdi dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam (chup hinh, lam dd hop, dat dau thom )

3 - Gia chanh: NUGidi Chung sd 1 viet rat rd: "Pham nhiing vide can

diing hang ngay trong gia dao nhu may va, na'u nudng, tfnh toan thude thang, each nuoi day con, chi bao diia an ke d, cho ed ky cang, cd ne nfp thi thuge vemuc Gia chanh"

Day la ehuydn muc dem den cho dge gia nhung kinh nghidmi hieu bid't, each sdng hang ngay ; each ling xtr trong gia dinh ciing nhu ngoai xa

hoi Tong sd 105 bai trdn chuyen muc nay, NU Gidi Chung sd nhieu nha't

dang 9 bai [NGC sd 3] ; ft nhat 3 bai [NGC, sd 1] ; trung binh mdi sd dang 6 bai

4 - Van uydn: gdm 102 bai tho, ca, vinh, phii, van te, cau ddi, dugc chia thanh cac muc nhd:

- Tho xua (tho cua Hd Xuan Huong, Ba Huydn thanh quan )

- Tho ciia cac tac gia Bae-Trung-Nam (tho mung NU Gidi Chung,

tho tang Suong Nguyet Anh, tho thdi su )

Dae biet NU Gidi Chung cd gidi thieu the tho Tap kieu, nghia la "lay

nguyen cau trong chuyen Kidu, nhap cau ng vdi cau kia (khdng dugc lay lien cau) dd lam mot bai tho cho hidp canh" [NGC, sd 8] va nhiing sang tac tho mdi

34

Ngoai "Xa thuyet", "Van uydn" la ehuydn muc thii hai dugc ba chii biit Suong Nguyet Anh r^t quan tam True tiep lam tho dang bao dong thdi, ba chgn Igc, kien quyd't khdng cho dang neu chua tim dugc nhiing bai tho "hay",

ed y vi "Hay" d day, theo ba ed nghia phai giiip ngudi phu nii hidu van nude; tiif dd kdu ggi, thiie tinh tinh than dan toe eiia hg

5 - Tap trd: chuyen muc dang sd lugng bai nhidu nhat tren NU Gidi Chung: 150 bai " khdng vao mdn loai nao, khdng cd thd Id gi, nhu bai "Lai

kidu", ldi "Cach ngon", ehuydn "Khdi hai", cau "Thai dd" va cac cuoc chai tidu khien, ma ed fch trf khdn" [NGC, sol]

Mot sd noi dung ciia NUGidi Chung nhu: van de phu nii, chfnh tri, van

hoa - xa hoi, kien thiic mdi ve khoa hgc tu nhidn va xa hoi ciing dugc tim thay dday

6 - Thdi dam: xuat hien tren NUGidi Chung tir sd 5 Chuydn muc nay

dang tin thdi su d Sai Gdn, Luc tinh Nam Ky Tir sd 18 cd thdm phan "Tin the gidi" Qua khao sat chiing toi thay mot sd tin dang chii y nhu:

- "Bai vu dich bao qude ngii ra chu" Lang sa"[NGC, sd 5 ra ngay 3-1918.tr 12]

8 Ld mung bao Dgi Viet tgp ehi tai Long Xu\dn nga}' 238 2 [NGC,

15 Biii Quang Chidu dugc thang Giam ddc hang Nhi Toa Canh nong [NGC, sd 11, ra ngay 19-4-1918, tr 12] va la Hoi trudng Hoi khuyen hgc Nam Ky [NGC, sd 21, ra ngay 12-7-1918, tr 9-10]

- Lap Hoi khuyen hgc Vinh Long [NGC, sd 18, ra ngay 14-6-1918, tr9]

- Vua Khai Dinh lay ngay 2-5 am lich - ngay Gia Long len ngdi lam ngay ky niem nude Nam [NGC, sd22, rangay 19-7-1918, tr 11]

Vdi ehuydn muc nay, nguydn tac cua ban bao la "cii trgng su thiet, hay khen hen chd, nhu the la lam nha su vay" [NGC, sd 1]

7 - Truydn ky: vdi muc dfch "lam tap kidu thom, lam bia ky niem, lam guong cho khach hong quan" [NGC, sd 1], 13 guong lidt nii, phu nii diic tai

trong nude dugc NUGidi Chung chgn dang trdn ehuydn muc nay

8 - Tidu thuyet: Tir sd dau den sd cudi, NU Gidi Chung dang lien tuc hai tieu thuyd't: Bang thuyet nhan diiyen (dich tidu thuyd't Tau) \'a Truyen mar ngan vd mot ngay (co Buu Trugng d Tra Vinh phdng theo truyen Ngan le mot dem cua phuong Tay)

Den sd cudi ciing, sd 22, NU Giai Chung van chua dang hd't hai tieu

thuyd't trdn

9 - Ddng thoai: 4 sd trudc sd cudi cimg eiia NuGidi Chung, tiie la tir

sd 18 chuyen muc nay mdi xuat hien nham "lua chgn nhiing truydn trong sach Tay sach Tau hay truydn xua truydn nay d nude ta dd cdng hien cho cac ban thieu nidn cua bon bao" do Nguydn Manh Bong (biit danh Nguydn Song Kim) phu trach vdi nhiing ldi ban day ham y va sau sac

'<fs

Ngoai ra, muc "Can eao" (hay c6 sd ggi la "Kfnh khai", "Can khai"

hoac "Ldi rao can kid'p") ban bao thdng tin vd: viec thay doi ky bao, thay doi cac chuydn muc, dd nghi dge gia tra tidn bao gdp nam

d.3.2 Vai net ve tac gia Nu Gidi Chung

Thdng ke 20 sd NUGidi Chung, ket qua: 94 tac gia, cong tac vidn vdi

458 tac pham, bai viet cac thd loai Qua con sd nay, chiing tdi xin ed mot sd nhan xet nhu sau:

- Trong sd 94 tac gia, vdi sd bai nhidu ft khac nhau, chii yd'u la nii (sd tac gia nam gidi chi chid'm khdng qua 10 %), tieu bieu nhu: Suong Nguyet Anh, Tran Thi Dao, M"Tidu, Thien Huong, Le Ai Kidu Didu dd cho thay, phu nii la ngudi tao nen didn mao chfnh cua td bao phu nii dau tidn trong lich sir, va rd rang chfnh ngudi phu nii da tu nhan thiie dugc van dd ciia minh tu ndi Idn tid'ng noi eiia minh - mot quyen Igi chinh dang ma den bay gidhg mdi ed dugc

- Dgi ngii tac gia cua NU Gidi Chung trai rgng trdn pham vi ca

nude Ddng gdp cho td bao, sd dong (chid'm 84 % tong sd tac gia) la cac tac gia Sai Gdn, Gia Dinh, Chg Ldn va Luc tinh Nam K}' nhu: Tra Vinh Bien

Hoa Long Xuydn, My Tho, Vinh Long Tir NUGidi Chung sd 10 trd di,

trdn mot sd chuydn muc xuat hien cac tac gia Bac Ky (chid'm 8%) nhu: Ha Ndi, Nam Dinh, va Trung Ky (chid'm 8%) nhu: Nghd An, Ha TTnh, Hue, Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Thiet Dac biet, mot tac gia ngu tai Pndmpdnh giri

bai dang tren NUGidi Chung rat ddu dan

- Thanh phan cac tac gia Cac tac gia NUGidi Chung thuge tang lap tu

san, tieu tu san thanh thi Ten tac gia ky dudi cac bai bao thudng xuydn cd nhiing tir tid'ng Phap diing trudc nhu: Madame (quf ba) Mademoiselle (quf

cd) Hg la nhiing van si, trf thiic tan hgc nha tho, dich gia, nhiing vien ehiie cua chfnh phu, vg cua nhung ngudi lam vide trong sd cong hoac tu, nii hgc

sinh v v Do vay, quan diem cua NUGidi Chung cung chfnh la quan didm

cua cac tac gia diing tren lap trudng giai cap cua hg

- Cac tac gia NUGidi Chung deu ky ten that (ed khi kem theo dia chi)

Sd ft ky biit danh: Nguydn Van Vinh, biit danh Nguydn Thi Bdng ; Nguydn Manh Bong, biit danh Nii sinh Nguydn Song Kim, Ai Hoa, Man Chau * Tim

trdn NUGidi Chung, sd tac gia viet 1, 2 bai, tham chf cd tac gia ehi xuat hien

duy nha't mot Ian, sd nay chid'm da sd Nhidu tac gia viet ft bai, cdn lai, ft tac gia nhung lai viet nhieu bai nhu: Nguydn Manh Bong ^ara viet xa thuyd't, tho, lai dich tieu thuyet Hay cd Thidn Huong, ed Ld Ai Kidu \ara dam trach chuydn muc "Hgc nghd", "Gia chanh", vira lidn tuc tham gia nhirng muc nhd trdn chuydn muc khac Sd tac gia viet nhieu bai, nhieu thd loai bai gdm 3 nhdm dac trung:

Nhdm xa thuyd't, nghi luan: hg la nhiing cay biit ciing cua NU Gidi Chung gdm: Suong Nguyet Anh, chu biit ban bao (1864-1921), Nguydn Van

Vinh (1882-1936) chu biit Ddng Duong tap chf, B k Ky ; Nguydn Manh

Bong (1897-1951), ngudi dugc coi la "trgbiit NUGidi Chung' [NGC, sd 16], mot trong nhiing bidn tap vidn chinh cua tap chf Nam Phong, Bac Ky; TrSn

Thi Dao, Trung Ky ; M"^ Lidu, Nam Ky

Nhdm pho bid'n tri thiic, nang eao nii tri Cdng lao chfnh thuoc ve cac tac gia Nam Ky nhu: Thidn Huong, Ld Ai Kidu, Tran Thi Tram qua chuyen muc "Hgc nghd", "Gia chanh", "Tap trd"

* Theo Ddn luan ve Nam Phong, chuong II "Cac bien tap vien chfnh" Pham Thi

Ngoan (con gai Pham Quynh) Luan an d Trudng eao hgc thuc hanh Dai hoc Sorbonne Paris 1972

38

Nhdm phu trach mang van hgc cua td bao Gdm nhiing nii van si nhu: Nguydn Thi Quynh (Bac Ky) ; Nguydn Thi Hoai (Trung Ky); Nguydn Chau Lan (Pndmpdnh); Hai Nam Doan Nhu Khud (Bac Ky); Bim Trugng (Tra Vinh, Nam Ky)

NUGiai Chung qui tu gan 100 tac gia tu khap Bac - Trung - Nam., day

la mot con sd khdng nhd neu nhu chiing ta nhin lai thdi gian va sd lugng bao

da ra Su cdng tac cua hg da gdp ph£n lam cho didn mao cua td bao them phong phii, da dang

i.3.3 Hinh thiic Na Gidi Chung

NU Giai Chung in kho 29 x 41 cm, "cd kho tuong tu cac td tuan bao

sau nay, chi ddng dinh lai bang mot sgi chi to tam" [15-144] Mdi sd bao cd

24 trang (tfnh tir trang bia den trang cudi cimg) trong dd, trang dau tien dugc

sir dung lam bia va 10 trang danh cho quang eao Rieng NUGidi Chung sd 1 ehi ed 8 trang quang eao Nhu vay, thdng thudng NUGiai Chung ed 13 trang

chfnh Sd trang dugc danh tir 2 den 13 (trang mot khdng danh sd trang) d gdc trdn (ben trai cho sd trang chSn, bdn phai cho sd trang le)

Trang bia dugc trinh bay ggn, can ddi, la trang cung cap nhieu thdng tin can thiet cho dge gia

Nam tren mot fild chay ngang phfa trdn ciing cua trang bia la dong thdng tin vd: sd bao, ngay ra bao, nam ra bao

Phan dudi fild, giiia trang, la tdn bao NUGiai Chung bang chii Viet in

to, dam, giiia mdi tir ed gaeh ndi; chii Phap (Femina Annamite) va chii Han

Bdn trai, ngang vdi ddng tdn bao chii Han la gia bao ban le bang tid'ng Phap va tid'ng Viet bdn phai Ky xuat ban bao "Mdi tuan xuat ban ngay thii sau" dugc ghi ngay dudi ddng tdn bao chii' Han nay

39