So sánh cấu trúc và phương tiện biểu hiện câu hỏi chính danh trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

Mat khac, nha sir tac dong cua hoan canh, tinh huong va thong qua cac vong chuyen hoa khac nhau, cau hoi co the thuc hien nhung kieu chiic nang giao tiep, nhirng hanh vi tai loi rat da d

TRAN C H I IVIAI

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SO snNH cnu TRUC vn P H I / O N G TICN BICU HI€N

cnu HOI CHINH DRNH TflONG TIC'NG ANH vn TIC'NG VI€T

Chuyen nganh : Ly luan ngon nguf

Ma so : 50408

Luan van Thac sT Ngon ngu hoc

Ngu&i huong ddn khoa hoc P.Gido sir Tieh si Hoang Trong Piiien

yjm xi/n cum rtoo/H dd/u (a cmui hlmi ^to/hiSn c/^fs^ ctm tiS^ia iSL jV^M^i^ia ^6 lieUf k^t aud neu hot^m /USH toun la /md/n t^id/H f/^^4/^ia tJif^ tm cm^a tt^^ta xud^ mmi t^na nd^ ku nwi emm f/ilmi fi^/MSn cfhe ndo Mide

/f^i/i dd/u f/S, c/u Ado c/w em i^io^ia (ueS/ flw« l/ti^^tJi /wr ta^i ^m lAr/r /uen rte Idr n^4(J^/yf cf?M,

(7

Phuofng phap nghien curu 2

Bo cue cua luan van 3

Mot so van de chung ve cau hoi va cau hoi chinh danh 4

Vai quan ni6m hien nay ve cau hoi 4 Phan loai c^u hoi 8 C^u hoi trong tieng Anh 8

Cau hoi trong tieng Vi6t 31 Cac nghia bo sung cua cau hoi 34

Quan niem v6 cau hoi chinh danh 37 Tieu ket 38

Mieu ta cau true va phuffng tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet 40

C&'u true va phuang tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh trong tieng Anh 40 Cau hoi c6/kh6ng (Yes/No Question) 41

Cau hoi CO tu" hoi bat dau bkig WH- (WH-Question) 50 Cau hoi lua chon (Alternative Question) 57 Cau tnic va phuang tien bieu hien cua cau hoi chinh danh trong

tieng Viet 58 Cau hoi lira chon, 58

Cau hoi khong lua chon 66 Tieu ket • ' 72

Nhutig net tuong dong va khac biet ve cau triic va phuang tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh giua tieng Anh va tieng Viet 73

Nhiing net tuong dong va khac biet ciia cau hoi c6 chira dai tir

Hoi v6 nguyen nhan

Hoi ve thoi gian

Hoi ve dia diem - hoi ve huang chuyen ddng

Hoi v6 each thirc hanh dong, tfnh chat hay dac tnmg cija su vat

NhGng net tuofng ddng va khac biei cua cau hoi c6/kh6ng tieng Anh trong su so sanh vdi lieng Vi6l

(Ai) CO khong?

Co phai khdng Kieu cau hdi duofc khdng, cd duac khdng, cd dugc khdng

Cau hdi cd/khdng trong lieng Anh ngam an dai liJ nghi van

Nhiing net tuong dong va khac biet ciia cau hdi lua chon tieng

3.5 Mot giai phap kh^c phuc nhung kho khan trong giang day v6 cau 117

hoi

Ket luan 123 Phu iuc cac bang thong ke 126

I- Bang thong ke so lieu cac tiir hoi trong tieng Vi6t tuang utig vdi cac dai tir nghi van trong tieng Anh 127 II- Bang thong ke so lieu cac tir tao cau hoi trong tieng Viet

tuang ling v6i c^u hoi lua chon va cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh, 131

ni- Bang thong ke so lieu cac tir trong cau hoi tieng Viet tuong

ling voi cau hoi cO/'idiong trong tieng Anh 132 IV- Bang thong ke vi tri cac tir hoi trong tieng Viet tuang umg

vai dai tir nghi van trong tieng Anh 135 V- Bang thong ke vi tri cac phuang tien trong cau hoi tieng Viet

tuang ling vai cau hoi lua chon va cau hoi duoi trong tieng Anh 139 VI- Bang thong ke vi trf cac khuon hoi trong tieng Viet tuang

ling vai cau hoi c6/kh6ng trong tieng Anh 140

Phu luc ve ngtt lieu so sanh 143 Cac nguon tu lieu trich d^n 192 Tai lieu tham khao chinh 194

Cau hoi noi chung va cau hoi trong tieng Viet noi rieng la mot dang cau co t^n so sir dung nhieu trong giao tiep C^u hoi la cau true cu phap bieu hien hanh

vi ngon ngu Ddi vai nguoi hoc ngoai ngu, thuc hien hanh vi nghe hoi va hoi thuc

su gap nhidu kho khan Ngay ca cac giao vien cung nhi6u khi lung tung tru6c viec giai thfch va huong dan sinh vien su dung Tnuc te cho thay cac sinh vien Vi6t Nam rat boi roi trong dich thuSt khi chuyen tu" cau hoi tieng Anh sang cau hoi tieng Viet, va ngirgc lai Thiet nghi, d6'i vofi nguai nuac ngoai hoc tieng Viet,

kho khan nay cung khong phai la ngoai le Chon ten de tai: So sanh cau true va phuong tien bieu hien cau hoi chinh danh trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet,

chung toi mong muon gop them mot tieng noi cua minh vao thao ga vaii de nay,

va vdi hy vong nhung van de nghien ciiu se duac ling dung trong cong tac giang day tieng Anh cho nguai Viet, va giang day tieng Viet cho nguai nu6c ngoai noi tieng Anh

Tir truac den nay, viec nghien ciiu cau hoi da dugc quan tam nhieu nhat tir goe do ngon ngu hoc va logic hoc Pham vi va miic do quan tam chu y dang ngay cang dugc ma rgng

Hoi la m6t dang hanh vi ng6n ngir pho bien, mot thanh to tham gia thuang xuyen vao cac cau tnic doi thoai Mat khac, nha sir tac dong cua hoan canh, tinh huong va thong qua cac vong chuyen hoa khac nhau, cau hoi co the thuc hien nhung kieu chiic nang giao tiep, nhirng hanh vi tai loi rat da dang, Vi the viec nghien curu cau hoi chang nhung gop phdn vao viec nghien ciiu mieu ta lai noi d6'i thoaj, nh^m hinh thanh ky nang giao tiep b^ng'm6t ngon ngu (vai tu each tieng me de hay ngoai ngu), ma con giai dap rat nhieu van de co y nghia ly thuyet va thuc ti6n ciia ngu dung hgc

m6t trong nhung va'n de rat dang dugc quan tam cua ngii dung hgc Van dt

nghien curu cau may chuc nam gan day da co nhung buac phat trien quan trgng Trong cac hanh vi ng6n ngu, con nguai la hat nhan cua hanh vi do Cac hanh vi ngon ngu (tai idi hoac mugn lai) ma nguai noi thuc hien thuc su la mot bg phan ca'u thanh binh dien cua cau, la muc dfeh huong tai cua cac cugc giao tiep ngon tir hien thuc Va, chfnh no la nhan to chi phoi toan bg cau true ngir nghia - ngii dung cua cau nhu m6t chinh th6 thong nha't ben trong, d6ng thai gdn no vai cau khac, cac hanh vi ngon ngu khac trong lai noi

Nghien ciiu cau vai tfnh each la sir the hien hanh vi ngon ngir, tiic la nghien ciiu no trong cac dong tir hanh chiic, gin lien vdi ngu* canh, vai dieu kien su dung hien thuc cac hanh vi ngon ngu Nhirng nhan to ca ban dugc chu y tai la:

a Nguai noi, nguoi nghe (hay nhung nguai tham gia giao tiep)

b Thai gian, dia diem phat ngon

c Nhiing dac trung di kem cua nhan to do nhu y do, muc dfeh giao tiep, von tri thiic nen, tinh cam y chf, thai do danh gia gan vai tirng kieu di6n ngon

Cai doi tugng ma ngii nghia - ngu dung quan tam khong phai chi la noi dung menh d6, cai loi mieu ta cua cau gin vdi ben ngoai ma con la trinh bay ngii nghia - ngu dung cua no trong thanh phan cua hanh vi ngon ngir

II Pham vi doi tugng nghien ciru

Trong pham vi luan van nay, chiing t6i chi khao sat hinh thiic va noi dung cac loai cau hoi chfnh danh trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet, chi ra cac phuang tien tao lap cau hoi trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet, tii do rut ra dugc ke't luan ve nhimg dac diem tuang ling va kh6ng tuang ling giira cau hoi chfnh danh trong hai ngon ngir do

III Phuang phap nghien ciru

tfch nay doi hoi mot su phoi hgp linh hoat giira cac mat sau day:

- Quan sat cac loai hinh cau hoi chfnh danh mot each khach quan

- Phan tfch va so sanh cau hoi chfnh danh giiia tie'ng Anh va tie'ng Viet qua

su phan tfch va t6ng hgp cac dac trung cua doi tugng, lay tieng Anh lam ngon ngii goe, va tie'ng Viet lam ngon ngir dfeh

- Su dung cong cu mieu ta ngon ngu' hgc mot each co dinh huong

- So sanh m6t so ti6u thuye't van hgc va truyen cuoi thai ky hien dai bao gom ban gdc tieng Anh va ban dich tie'ng Viet,

- Khao sat cau hoi qua cac giao trinh giang day tie'ng Anh hien dang thinh hanh va trong thuc te giao tiep hang ngay vai nguai noi tieng Anh va tieng Viet

* Tu lieu diing de khao sat, mieu ta la cac cau dugc trfch dan td* mot sd tac pham song ngir Co the trong lai dich chua that dugc Viet hoa, nhung de dam bao tfnh trung thuc ciia van ban, chung toi trfch nguyen

IV Bd cue cua luan van

Luan van se dugc cau true thanh ba chuang vai noi dung ca ban nhu sau: Chuang 1 Mot sd van de chung ve cau hoi va cau hoi chfnh danh,

Chuang II Mieu ta cau true va phuang tien bieu hien cau hoi chfnh danh tidng Anh va tieng Vi6t

Chuang III Nhirng net tuang ddng va khac biet ve cau true va phuang tien bieu hien cau hoi chfnh danh giira tie'ng Anh va tie'ng Viet

Ngoai ba chuang chfnh, luan van con co phan md dau, phan ket luan, phu luc cac bang thdng ke, phu luc ve ngir lieu so sanh, cac ngudn tu lieu trfch din va tai Ii6u tham khao chfnh

1.1 Vai quan niem hien nay ve cau hdi

Noi nang la mot hoat dong giao tiep Moi cau ndi la mot hanh dong co chiic nang nha't dinh Khi ndi ra mdt cau, ngudi ndi da thre hien mot hanh dong nha't

dinh, nghia la xac nhan mdt menh de, nhung '^di-ig hoi cung thuc hien mot hanh

dong cd muc dich giao tiep nao dd nhu trinh bay, ke lai, hdi, tra Idi, phu dinh, khang dinh phan bac, ra lenh Dd la mot hanh dong tai Idi Cach nghi truyen thdng la khi ndi ra mdt cau, ta chi cd the thuc hien dugc mot trong ba viec:

1 Tran thuat

2 Hdi

3 Cau khien (ra lenh hay nhd va)

Sd dl nhu vay la do trong nhi6u ngon ngG cd su phan biet rat ro ve hinh thiic ngir phap giiia ba loai cau nay Can cii vao hinh thiic de phan loai cau la can thiet, song khong the coi day la su phan loai theo muc dfeh ndi nang, vi khdng dung vdi thuc te su dung (Theo tac gia Cao Xuan Hao - [9-tr.211] ),Hay so sanh ba cau dudi day:

a Anh co thera hanh lang dm mot lat duac khong?

b Chung toi mod anh ra hanh lang dai mot lat

c Phien anh ra hanh lang dai mot /iir.(*Cac vf'du lay tii "So thao ngir phap

chiic nang"- Tap I cua tac gia Cao Xuan Hao.)

Tuy nhien, each trinh bay thuan Igi nha't cd le vln la can cii vao hinh thiic ngir phap, va coi gia tri tai Idi nhu mdt tinh thai (ciia hanh ddng phat ngon) long vao cau hdi vdn cGng chiia dung mdt menh de

Ddi vdi tie'ng Viet, can cii vao mdt sd thudc tfnh v6 cau true cu phap, cd the phan loai cac cau thanh hai loai ldn: cau ke va cau hdi, va can cii vao hinh thiic

ma coi loai cau m6nh 16nh nhu mdt ti^u loai cua cau ke khac vdi cac tieu loai khac ve tinh thai

Trong khudn kh6 cua luan van nay, va de so sanh cau hdi chfnh danh trong tieng Anh va tie'ng Viet, chung tdi tap trung trinh bay ba quan niem tieu bieu: quan niem ciia tac gia Cao Xuan Hao, quan niem cua tac gia Hoang Trgng Phien

ve cau hdi tieng Vi6t va quan niem cua tac gia Simon C Dik v6 cau hdi tieng Anh

Quan niem cua tdc sid Cao Xuan Hao:

"Cau hdi cua tieng Viet ciing nhu nhieu thii tie'ng khac, ngoai cac gia tri hdi (yeu cau thdng bao) la gia trj tai Idi true tiep cua nd, cdn cd the cd mot (hay nhieu) gia tri tai Idi phai sinh khac nhu phu dinh, khang dinh, nghi nga " (9 -tr.212)

Nhu vay, theo tac gia Cao Xuan Hao, cau hdi cd gia tri dua mdt an sd, mot cai chua biet trong menh d6 Mdi cau hdi cdn cd cac gia tri tai Idi phai sinh, va day lai chfnh la cdng dung va muc dfeh cua cau ndi

Nhirng cau hdi trong tie'ng Viet ngoai ddng gdp sic thai tu tir cho cau ndi cdn cd ra't nhi6u cac hinh thiic hdi khac nhau Ngudi nghe cam nhan dugc dd la nhiing cau hdi nhd ngir dieu cau, trgng am vao tieu diem nghi van, cac cung bac

Quan niem cua tdc sid Hodns Trons Phien:

"Cau hdi la mdt the cau thugc pham trii phan chia cau theo thuc tai hoa Neu cau ke thudc pham trii cau hien thuc, thi cau hdi thugc pham trii kha nang cho dii dudi dang nao, trong ndi dung cau hdi d6u lam cho noi ro mot "cai khong ro"

ma cau tra Idi can hudng de'n " (13-tr.274)

Theo tac gia Hoang Trgng Phien, cau hdi nham dat de'n su* ddng tinh ciia ngudi nghe la loai cau hdi tu tir Cau hdi cd mdt qui dinh cho td chirc cii phap rieng biet la "cai khdng ro" Muc dfeh cua chu the la mong tim dugc cau tra Idi

ve "cai khdng ro" nay, va ngudi tra Idi dap ling bang each cung cap mot thanh phan tuang ling Va tieu diem tu duy ciia ca ngudi hdi va ngudi tra Idi deu tap trung vao "cai khdng ro" ay

Ndi dung ngir nghia ciia cau hdi dugc tao thanh nhd hai nhan td:

1 - Su cd mat ciia "cai khdng ro"

2 - Nguyen vgng, y dinh cua ngudi hdi

O day ngudi hdi phai tac ddng de'n ngudi tra Idi, sao cho ngudi tra Idi tap trung va y thiic dugc de tra Idi cho cai khdng ro Neu bi6u dat cau hdi bang cdng thiic: X + Y, thi X bi6u thj "cai khdng ro", va nguyen vgng, y dinh ciia ngudi hdi bifeu thi bang Y Cdng thiic nay chi ro ndi dung ngir nghia cua cau hdi X lam chiic nang khu biet cau hdi vdi cac th6 cau khac, va Y lam chiic nang lien ket cau hdi vao pham trii ngir phap

Quan niem cua tdc sid Simon C.Dik:

S.C.Dik dt cap den chiic nang cau hdi va de cap den cac kieu tra Idi khac

nhau cd th6 ap dung tra Idi cho cau hdi Cac kieu cau hdi cd th6 phan biet theo:

noi bat nhat, cu the la trong mdi tuang quan, mot mat vdi ddng tii han dinh, cdn

mat khac vdi cac cau tnic khuyet, c6 the tach ra dugc, cd the bien ddi dugc "

(24-tr.258)

Nhiing cau hdi cd dai tii hdi cd mdi quan he vdi cac ddng tii han dinh theo

kieu chiing c6 the dugc hieu theo nghia ciia mdt hoat ddng cau triic ciia cau hdi

nay, cd the la mdt ca'u tnic trung tam, mot cau tnic chfnh, trong dd thanh td nghi vail trong cau hdi cd tir hdi mang chiic nang chfnh, xet ve ban chat

S.C.Dik md ta cau tnic chung ciia cau hdi nhu sau:

Int: X : Extended Predication (Int: cau hdi; Extended Predication: vi ngir md rgng)

Trong dd tac tir (Operator-/OP/) nghi van, vt mat ngir nghla va ngii phap cd

the chuydn hoa thanh cau cau khien, cau hdi tu tii hay cau cam than

Tac gia S.C.Dik quan tam de'n khfa canh kieu cau tra Idi cho cau hdi Can phan biet ro cau tra Idi (answer) va Idi dap (response) cho mdi cau hdi Tac gia S.Dik cho rang vdi mgi cau hdi d6u cd Idi dap, nhung chua chic tat ca nhirng Idi dap dd d6u la cau tra Idi Thf du:

Cdu hoi: Where's Peter's office? - Van phdng cua Peter d dau?

Ldi dap: a -1 don't know (tdi khdng biS't)

b - 1 can't tell you (tdi khdng the ndi cho anh dugc)

c - That's none of you business (khdng phai viec ciia anh)

Trd loi: d - It's on the second floor (tren tang hai kia)

e - It's over there (d dang kia)

Cd the tha'y: ta't ca nhirng cau tra Idi dtu la Idi dap, nhung khdng phai Idi

dap nao cung la cau tra Idi Nhung Idi dap (a) (b) (c) cho cau hdi tren trong mdt chiing muc nao dd mang tfnh giao tiep vi nd lien quan den su phii hgp, kha nang

tra Idi hoac trong nhirng hoan canh nhat dinh ddi vdi kha nang tra Idi Nhir vay, cau hdi la nhimg hanh vi Idi ndi ban dau dien hinh Va cau tra Idi la hanh vi dap lai can thiet Cau hdi cd the tao ra mdi tru'dng cho bude giao tiep tiep theo, va cau tra Idi la thanh vien cua cap di ddi vdi nhau : hdi - tra Idi

1.2 Phan loai cau hoi

1.2 J Cdu hoi trong tieng Anh

12.1.1 Ve khdi niem cdu hoi

Ciing nhu cac ngdn ngir khac ,trong tie'ng Anh cd hang loat cac hien tugng khac loai dugc gdp vao mot cai ten chung la cau hdi (Question) Tuy nhien di sau

vao khao sat, cd the tha'y cdn nhidu van di can thao luan, chang han trudc he't ''cdu hdr khdng phai la thuat ngir chfnh thiic bao gdm nhiing cau thudc mot so

kieu loai khac biet nhau mdt each rd rang Cai gi da ket hgp nhiing cau nhu the

di cho cd su kien la "v6 mat ngii nghia chiing va trong mot chirng muc nao dd,

chiing tuong ddng vdi nhirng cau cdu khien, vi cac cau hdi la mot loai yeu cau dac biet Song cau hdi khac cau cau khien, la nhiing cau ddi hdi hinh thiic cua hanh vi hoac hanh ddng phi ngdn ngir hgc nao dd Cac cau hdi chu yeu gin li6n vdi phan ling ngdn ngii." (Katz va Postal - 1964)

DT nhien cd mdt sd cau ciu khien ddi hdi phan ung ngdn ngii' nhu ''Hay noi ten anhV Nhung binh dien ngdn ngir ciia nhiing cau ciu khien nhu the ro rang gan li6n vdi ye'u td phi cau khien cd trong nhiing cau ay va khdng phai la van di

dac biet Tuang tu nhu vay "mdt sd cau tra Idi bang cu chi nhu nhiin vai, chi trd, ham hir ddu la hanh vi phi ngdn ngir Nhung nhirng hanh vi viia ke ciing cd the coi la dugc phat sinh va thudng di kem vdi nhirng cau tra Idi bang Idi." (Katz va Postal - 1964) Nhu vay nhiing kieu cau hdi khac nhau dugc thdng nhat lai bdi viec ngudi ndi n6u chiing ra nham gay phan ling ngdn ngir d ngudi nghe, va anh

ta lam viec dd ma khdng van dung den hinh thiic cau cau khien ciia ddng tir nhu

say, tell

a Did you see Michael? ^ Anh cd trdng thay Mai can khdng?

b Have you cleaned your room? T Con dgn nha roi phai khdng?

Hoac ngir dieu se bat dau tir cao d diu cau hdi xudng thap gigng d cudi cau hdi trong cac thf du:

a What are you doing? T Anh dang lam gi day?

b Where does he live now? ^

Cau ta dang sdng d dau?

Trong cac phat ngdn kieu nay ,ngudi nghe se nhan ra tieu diem cau hdi chii yeu thdng qua ngir dieu va sir nhan manh vao trgng am cau

1.2.1.2 Cdch hieu truyen thong ve cdu hoi

Do nhan djnh ve mdi tuang quan mdt ddi mot cua truyen thdng giiia ndi dung va hinh thiic cua mdt phat ngdn, ngii phap truyen thdng da cd each nhin kha gian dan v6 cau hdi Ngir phap truyen thdng cho ring tieng Anh cd ba loai cau hdi sau day:

1 - Cau hdi tong quat (cau hdi cd/khdng - Yes/No question)

Loai cau hdi nay ddi hdi cau tra Idi cd hoac khdng, va khi ndi, ngu dieu len cao cud'i cau hdi Loai cau hdi nay dugc ca'u tao bing each chuyen mdt phan vi ngir, nhu tac tir (Operator) len trudc chu the gay ra hanh dong cua cau Thf du :

a - Do you like art?

b - Can you speak English?

Ne'u ddng tii vj ngir dugc bieu thi bing ddng tir BE hay ddng tii cd hai thanh phan thi d dang cau hdi, ddng tii BE va thanh phin trg tir ciia ddng tii vj ngir

dugc chuyen len trudc chii the gay ra hanh ddng Cung cd trudng hgp cac tac tu

bj tinh luge (khdng cd tac tu diing trudc chii the gay ra hanh ddng) Thf du :

You got many English books?

Ddi khi nhirng cau hdi nhu vay cd dang phu djnh de bieu thj su nghi ngd hoac ngac nhien.Thf du :

Haven't you seen him yet?

- CAVi hdi dudi (Tag Question)

Loai cau hdi nay ddi hdi cau tra Idi co hoac khong, va gom mdt ve la dang

cau phii djnh, diing sau la trg tur dang khang djnh, hoac mdt ve la dang cau khing djnh, diing sau la trg tur phu djnh, ciing cac dai tir nhan xung Ngir dieu cau len gigng d ve trudc va xudng gigng d ve sau

a.You are tired, aren't you?

b You speak English , don't you?

2 - Cau hdi dac biet (cau hdi chiia dai tir nghi van - WH-Question)

Cau hdi nay bit diu bing mdt tir hdi vdi ngir dieu cau xudng gigng d cudi cau Trat tu tii ciing gid'ng nhu cau hdi t6ng quat, nhung tii hdi dugc dat trudc tac

tir (operator), ddng tir tinh thai (modal verb) hoac ddng tir BE true tiep lam vj

ngu

a - Where do you live?

b - When did he go there?

Khi tii' hdi (dai tu nghi van WH-) la chii ngii* hay la bieu trung ddi vdi chii ngir, thi trat tu tir trong loai cau hdi nay gidng nhu trat tu tii' ciia cau kd, va khdng

cd tir dao vi tri trong trat tu cau

a - Who lives in this room?

b - Whose pen is on the table?

3 - Cau hdi lira chgn (Alternative Question)

Loai cau hdi nay bad hieu su* lua chgn mdt trong hai ddi tugng trong cau hdi

va ngii di6u cau len gigng d phan dau, xudng gigng d phan ke't thiic cau

Do you live in the town or in the country?

4 - Cau hdi cd gia trj gian tiep

Ngoai ba loai cau hdi ke tren, trong tieng Anh, cau hdi cd gia tri gian tiep

chiem mdt tan sua't ldn trong giao tiep hang ngay Do la nhiing cau hdi cd tfnh

ciu khien hoac tfnh cam than ^ co tfnh khing djnh hoac tfnh phii djnh Thf du:

a - Can you help me?

Anh cd the giiip tdi dugc khdng?

b - Would you like a cup of tea?

Cau mudn diing mot tach tra khdng?

c - Would you mind giving me a hand?

Khdng phi6n gi neu anh giiip tdi mot tay chii?

Nhiing cau hdi kieu nay dugc diing trong each giao tiep Ijch su, bay td su nha nhan, Ijch thiep, bay td siic manh, trach nhiem hay dja vj xa hdi giira cac thanh vien tham gia cudc thoai Khdng chi cd vay, k^ ca each ndi Idng, bit Ijch

su ciing dugc sir dung trong cac ciu tnic tham thoai Ta hay xem miic do cua mdt hanh ddng dugc the hien nhu the nao:

a - Get up!

b - Get up will you ?

c - Would you please get up?

d - Would you mind getting up?

e - Do you think you could get up?

f - Would you mind if I asked you to get up?

g - Wouldn't it be nice if you could perhaps get up?

Ciing mdt hanh ddng danh thiic ngirdi nao dd ngu day, ngudi phat ngdn cd the dung cau ciu khid'n (dang menh lenh) hoac cac cau hdi cd gia trj ciu khien Miic do trong cac thf du tren co hieu lire giim din tur (a) den (g)

Loai cau hdi cd gia trj gian tie'p khdng nim trong pham vi khao sat cua luan van nay

12.13 Vdn de cdu hoi trong tieng Anh

1.2.1.3.1 Nhan xet chung

Neu gap nhirng cau hdi nhu:

1 a I should go the housing office now?

Tdi phai den phdng nha cira bay gid sao?

b Go you to school here?

' Do cung la ly do vl sao lu^n van nay sir dung thu^t ngu cSu hoi c6/kh6ng cho loai cau hoi nay Va tu day chung toi sii dung thuat ngu nay cho loai cau hoi nay

2.a Should I go to the housing office now?

b Do you go to school here?

Chiing tdi cho ring neu ca hai dang cau hdi nay diu diing ngir phap di chang nira thi ngudi (la) da khdng tuan theo qui tic chuyen djch ddng tii* thfch hgp

quanh chii thi ciia hanh ddng (trong trudng hgp nay la should) Cdn ngudi (lb)

thi da van dung qui tic chuyen djch ddng tir qua miic bing each ap dung sai qui

tic ddi vdi vj ngir chfnh ciia cau O cau phu djnh, trg ddng tir do-^not dugc sir

dung khi khdng dimg cac trg ddng tii khac Thay vi ndi:

I go not to school here Ngudi ta lai ndi :

I do not (don't) go to school here

Rat khd doan bie't ngudi thii* nhat da hinh thanh cau phii djnh nhu the nao,

nhung neu ngudi thii II nhat quan thi tir not nay se diing sau ddng tir vi ngii' chfnh

Nhu vay khdng diing

Trong cac cau hdi, tit ca cac menh de nghi van va phu djnh cd ddng tii chia theo ngdi va sd d6u cin mdt ddng tir cd chiic nang nhu mdt tac tir trong bg phan bien doi de trd thanh cau hdi hinh thiic Ne'u bd phan bien ddi bao gdm mdt ddng

tir tinh thai kieu nhu should hay will thi ddng tii tinh thai ay chfnh la tac tii' Neu menh di cd dang phii djnh, tieu txx not bugc phai di theo tie tu nay, va thudng gin lien vdi nd bing dang nit ngin - n't Trong cau hdi, tac tu trd thanh trg dong tir

diing trudc, di chuydn quanh chu ngii* Neu bg phan bien doi gdm ddng tii* d thi

qua khii hay hien tai thay the cho ddng tii tinh thai, thi mot ddng tii khac {did/do)

dugc dua vao vj trf tac ttr Ne'u cum ddng tii gdm trg ddng tii thi hoan thanh nhu

have, hay trg dong tir thi tiep dien be, dang bi dong be, hay dong iii chinh he, thi

ba't ky tir nao trong s6 cac tii- do dung ben trai dong tir chinh deu dugc di chuyen

vao bd phan bie'n doi de trd thanh tac tii' Tac tu kei hgp vdi yeu td chi thi ddng tii' trong bd phan bien doi Neu khdng cd ddng tii tinh thai va cum ddng tii khdng cd

ddng tu ket hgp, thi trg ddng tir do se dugc dua vao vi trf tac tu Tac tii' do nay ciing bie'n doi theo ddng tu, va trong cau phii djnh, tac tu do diing trudc ti6u tir phu djnh not, hoac dugc gin lien vdi dang nit ggn -n't (don't/didn't) Khi cau hdi la mdt cau hdi phii djnh, dang ngan -nt thudng hay dugc su dung han so vdi dang nguyen not, va nd dugc di chuyen ciing tac tir

Cau hdi dudi bao gdm menh d6 trin thuat va phan dudi dugc lay tii* mdt phin cau hdi cd/khdng sang Tie tu va thi ddng tir trong menh de trin thuat dugc nhic lai d phin dudi cau hdi Neu menh d6 tran thuat khdng cd tac tu, do dd thi

ddng tir dugc in djnh len vj ngir chfnh, thi do ciing bie'n ddi theo thi ddng tir dugc

sir dung d phin dudi cau hdi Trong nhiing cau hdi dudi diing de hdi, neu ddng tu thudc menh de trin thuat d dang khang djnh thi phin dudi cau hdi d dang phii

djnh va ngugc lai Phin dudi phu djnh dugc diing d dang ngin -n't Ddi khi dang diy dii cua tieu tir phii djnh not dugc diing vdi ham y nhan manh Neu menh de

trin thuat d dang khang djnh, ngudi ndi chd dgi cau tra Idi khang djnh Neu menh de trin thuat d dang phu djnh, ngudi ndi chd dgi cau tra Idi phu djnh Thf

d u :

a - You can't speak English, can you?

- No J can't

b - They will come to us, won't they?

- YeSy they will

Tieng Anh cd he thdng cau tnic cau hdi dudi phiic tap

Cau hdi lira chgn la cac menh di nghi van dugc nd'i vdi nhau bang lien tii' or Nhiing menh di nay cd the giam sd lugng tir, giim tit ca cac tii' trong menh d6 sau lien tir or, tru' nhiing tir mang thdng tin ddi lap

Tdm lai, trong tie'ng Anh cd nhiing qui tic hinh thiic thi hien tinh diing ngir

phap ciia mot cau hdi chfnh danh Nhirng qui tic nay bao gdm: cac tac tir, khung

so dd chung va cac phep chuyen djch ddng tii

1.2.1.3.2 Tac tir

Tac tir (operator) la mdt loai cdng cu dugc dung de the hien cac hien tirgng ngii nghia hoac ngii phap da dugc ngii phap hoa Trong ngir phap hoa cau hdi tieng Anh, cac tac tir cd nguon gdc tii ddng tir nhung dd la loai ddng tir ba chiic

nang

Ti'uac het, trong cac dang cau phu djnh, loai ddng tu nay diing trudc not hoac ke't hgp vdi not khi da bj nit ngin thanh n't nhim the hien y nghia phu

djnh Thf du: • -

a - O'Connor will not agree to this,

b - O'Connor has not agreed to this

c - O'Connor wouldn't agree to this

Thu hai, trong dang cau hdi colkhong, loai ddng tir nay cd kha nang chuyen

djch quanh chu ngii* va chiem vj trf diu tien ciia phat ngdn Thf du:

Will O'Connor/OP/ agree to this?

Has O'Connor/OP/ agreed to this?

Wouldn't O'Connor/OP/ agree to this?

Ghi chu: Tir day/OP/trong cac thf du dung de chi lot cu cua tac tir trudc khi

chuyen djch ve vj tri diu tien trong phat ngdn khi da tra thanh cau hdi

Tru' su khac nhau ve ngii' dieu, su xuat hien ciia mdt ddng tii' (nhung khdng phai la ddng'tii' chfnh) trudc chii the ciia hanh ddng la mot dac diem chfnh de

phan biet cdu hoi cd/khdng vdi cac cau hdi tudng thuat khac ciia chiing

Ddng tir vdi tu each mdt tac tir ciing cd the xuat hien d dudi cau hdi Thf du

O'Connor will not agree to this, will he?

O'Connor has not agree to this, has he?

O'Connor would agree to this, woudn't he?

Dd chfnh la loai cau hdi duoi (tag questions) Ddng tir vdi cuang vi tac tir ludn dugc chia theo ngdi, sd trong cau Nd hoac la mot ddng tir tinh thai hoac la mdt ddng tir dugc chia d cac thi hien tai hay qua khu'

Chi cd mdt ngoai le trong tie'ng Anh My (American English) va hai ngoai le

khac trong tieng Anh Anh (British English) Do la khi chiing ta khing djnh ddng

tir da la tac tir thi khdng the diing vai trd nhu mdt ddng tir chfnh trong cau (vi

ngir) Chang han cau: He goes to Margate tonight co nhiing dang cau hdi

cd/khdng, cau phu djnh, va cau hdi dudi tuang ling sau day:

a Does he go to Margate tonight?

Anh a'y den Margate chai tdi nay a?

b He doesn't go to Margate tonight

Anh ay khdng den Margate choi tdi nay

c He goes to Margate tonight, doesn't he?

Anh a'y den Margate chai tdi nay phai khdng?

Khi khdng cd mdt ddng tir khac ddng vai trd tac tir thi do dugc dimg thay

the' Do dd nd cd chiic nang nhu mdt loai tac tir dugc dua vao khi khdng cd tir giii

chiic nang nay Ngudi ta ndi dd la cac trudng hgp ngdai le: tao sinh dang phu dinh va cdu hoi colkhong khi dieu kien la mdt menh de khdng cd kha nang chiia

mdt ddng tir nira mdt each phii hgp cho vai trd tac tu

1.2.1.3.3 Cac tac tii' va cau tnic so dd cau hdi chinh danh

1- Cau hdi cd/khong (Yes/No Question)

Nhu da trinh bay d tren, trong cac cau tnic so dd, bat ky tac tu nao ciing nim trong mot ket cau cd bien td va deu phai chia theo ngdi va sd Neu bien td ay bao gdm mdt ddng tir tinh thai, thi dd chfnh la tac tir Neu bg phan bao gdm chi

cd ddng tir d thi hien tai hay d thi qua khii, thi nd khdng cd ddng tir phii hgp ddng vai trd la tac tir Va thi cua ddng tii' chi dan gian dugc ket hgp vdi ddng tir di sau

nd Tuy nhien, ne'u cum ddng tir bao gdm cac ddng tir khac ben canh ddng tir lam

vj ngir chfnh, thi ddng tir d vj trf diu tien dugc chgn va trd thanh tac tir Do dd,

neu cum ddng tir bao gdm ddng tii the hoan thanh have, ddng tir the tiep dien be hay ddng tir the bj ddng be, thi ddng tir nay phai bien dang theo thi cua ddng tir

neu nd diing d vj tri diu tien ciia cum ddng tir

Trong cau phu djnh, ddng tu* - tac tir chi dan giin chuyen djch tir cum ddng tir den vj tri trong bd phan bien dang theo thi va nhu vay, nd chuyen djch ve phfa

trai ciia tieu tir phu djnh not Dudi day la ciu tnic so dd dugc dan gian hoa ciia cau Has he visited Snodgrassl

Do ta can phai phan biet cau hoi voi cau tuong thual thong IJTU'ong, nen

chiing toi da su dung mot cai nut moi Q (danh cho cau hoi) va dai no vao vi irf mot true S cao hoii Nut moi nay rai can thiei cho cac loai menh de khac Co the cho r^ng tat ca cac menh d6 deu co nut moi nhu vay ma nhung nut nay con chua

CO ky hieu trCr khi su dung cho cau hoi

Vi khong co tac tu trong bo phan bien to doi voi cau duoc mo ta trong so 66 tren, nen trg dong tir have dugc chuyen den bg phan nay, tro thanh tac tu, nhu

dugc mo ta trong so do duoi day:

S'

Comp

S'

NP /+Finite/ N'

di chuyen len vi tri phfa trudc dugc Dd chfnh la nguyen nhan tai sao cau hdi

cd/khdng chem (Embeded questions) khdng cd ddng tir - tac tir diing trudc chu ngii cua chiing: Bo sung td whether xuit hien trong cau hdi cd/khdng gian tiep da lam cho ddng tir - tac tir could khdng the chuyen len phfa trudc Thf du:

The witness asked whether he could look at the drawing once more

Dd la ly do tai sao cau dudi day lai la cau klidng diing ngir phap:

The witness asked whether could he look at the drawing once more

Tuy nhien, ban than cau "Could he look at the drawing once more ?" lai vin

la cau diing ngir phap khi nd khdng chem vao m.dt cau nao khac

C) nhirng cau ma mot ddng tir phii hgp cho vai trd tac tir khdng the xuit hien,

tham chf ciing khdng cd ca den hai ddng tii hay gap nhat la have va be thi vai trd tac tir se dugc do dam nhiem Thf du:

a Was the world economy seriously affected by the new tariffs'^

h Were the economists honest'^

c Were the economists honest people?

Thf du (a) de hieu, d day ddng tir he la thanh phan ket hgp trong dang qua

khii phan tir trong cum ddng tir d the bi ddng da dugc bien doi dang va dugc di chuyen len vj trf diu ciia cau hdi Cdn vf du (b) va (c) thi sao? Trong nhirng cau

nay, ddng tir be bit huge phai di vdi tfnh tir honest (d cau b) va danh ngii honest people, (d cau c) Be la mdt ddng tir duy nhat va do vay no la ddng tir chfnh Vay tai sao ddng tii be a day lai la tac tir? Cau tra Idi la, mac dii be la ddng tir chfnh,

nhung nd vin ro rang khdng phai la vj ngii chfnh Ndi dung chfnh cua vj ngir da

dugc bieu thj bing tfnh tir honest hay danh ngu* honest people Vi vay, chiing hoat ddng vdi vai trd la vj ngir ciia cau, cdn ddng tir BE la he tir lam dau chi ngir

phap cua vi tir

2 - Cau hdi phu djnh

Mot menh de phu djnh cd tieu tir phu djnh not hay n't ngay sau thanh td bieu thj thi ddng tir hoac ddng tir tinh thai, nhu vay nd diing sau Idt (khe trdng) cua tac tir Neu dang ngan n't dugc dua vao, nd se ludn gin lien vdi phin cud'i cua tie tir Dieu dd co nghia la dang ngin trd thanh thanh phin cua tac tir va dugc

chuyen len phfa trudc cimg vdi tac tir neu menh de la mot cau hdi, nhu cau:

Hasn't Curtis been baking goosebenjpies?

So" dd cau hdi tren nhu sau :

Trong da sd trudng hgp, tir phu djnh cd the dugc nit ngin tdi miic sao cho

nd cd the di chuyen de dang ciing vdi tac tir That han hiiu vdi trudng hgp khi nd khdng dugc nit ngin va tac tir djch chuyen ciing khdng di ciing vdi nd, kieu nhu:

Has Curtis not been baking gooseberry pies? Mdt sd ngudi ndi, dac biet ngudi

ndi tie'ng Anh Anh (British English), da khdng nit ngin tieu tir phu djnh not di cd

the ket hgp vdi tac tir Cach sir dung nay thudng xuat hien trong nhiing ngir canh trang trgng, dac biet la trong nhiing Idi phat bieu mang tfnh nghi le Mot cau hdi nhu vay thudng cdkha nang la cau hdi tu tir nhieu han la cau hdi tim kie'm thdng tin,

Nhu vay, ndi tdng quat, su nit ggn -n't dugc sir dung thay the' cho not trong

cau hdi phu djnh vi cac ly do thuin cau tnic

3 - Cau hdi dudi

Cau hdi dudi dugc cau tao bdi mdt ve cd dang menh de trin thuat di kem

mot phan cua cau hdi cd/khdng, kieu nhu: Curis has been baking gooseberry pies

di kem la has he? hay hasn't he?

Trong ve cd dang menh de tran thuat, have dugc bien ddi theo thi ciia ddng tir Do dd nd se cd mat d Idt (khe trdng) cua tac tir Phin dudi cd lap lai cua tie tir trong menh de trin thuat, has, va mdt dai tir bieu thi chii the hanh ddng Neu

ve cd dang menh de thdng bio khdng cd ddng tir phu hgp lam tac tu*, thi diu hieu bieu hien dugc gin vao deng tir chfnh Phin dudi, do khdng cd tac tir khac, nen

trg ddng tir do <iugc dua vao Thf du :

Curtis baked a gooseberry pies, didn't he?

Quan sat hinh thiic cua hai cau hdi sau day:

1 Curtis has been baking a gooseberry pie, hasn't he?

2 Curtis hasn't been baking a gooseberry pie, has he?

Cd the tha'y rang: neu ve cd dang menh de tran thuat la dang khang dinh, thi phan dudi cau hdi thudng d dang phu djnh; neu ve cd dang menh de trin thuat la dang phu djnh, thi phin dudi de hdi d dang khing djnh Dang phii djnh d phin

dudi cau hdi bao gid cung d dang riit ngin -n't Ddi khi ngudi ta cho ring phin

ve cd dang menh de va phin dudi cau hdi cd the ddi lap khing djnh thi phin dudi

cau hdi d dang khang djnh va ngugc lai Neu khdng the hien dugc han dinh nay

thi cau dang xem xet cd the dugc hieu la cau khdng phai diing de diln dat mot cau hdi ma cd le la de dien dat mot tuyen bd ddi vdi mdt ngudi nao dd, hoac cd

the la mot nhan xet cham chgc hoac de doa: Curtis has been baking a gooseberry

pie, has he?

Nhirng cau hdi dudi thuc su thudng it dugc sir dung nhu nhiing phuang tien dimg de tim kiem thdng tin, ma cd le diing han, dd la nhirng Idi de nghj xac nhan nhirng gi ma ngudi ndi cdn nghi ngd su tdn tai ciia su tinh mdt each tong quat Neu ve cd dang k^ la khang dinh, thi ngudi-ndi chd* dgd cau tra Idi khing djnh Ngugc lai, ne'u la phu djnh, thi ngudi ndi cung mong mudn cau tra Idi la phu dinh

Thf du:

He studied for that exam, didn'l he?

{Cdu trd lai chd dai: Of course he did!)

He didn't study for that exam, did he?

{Cdu trd lai chd dai: 1 know he didn't !)

Do cd su khac nhau ve dang cau hdi giiia cac ngdn ngii , ngudi nudc ngoai

khi hgc tieng Anh thudng c6 xu hudng gian tien hoa ciu tnic nay bing each dan gian hoa phin dudi Thf du: You like foreign movies, yes ? Dieu nay ciing cd ca

sd thuc te' cua nd Trong giao giao tiep than thien, chfnh nzud'i ban ngu tieng Anh

cung cd xu hudng dan gian hoa cau tnic cua cau hdi kieu nay: Is that right ? hay ehl cdn Right ? nhu trong:

Torik won't leave the palace, right?

4 Cau hdi lua chgn

Cau hdi lua chgn la cau hdi dua ra sir chgn lua mdt dieu gi dd de de nghi

ngudi tie'p nhan cau ndi phat bieu chfnh kien cua minh Vf du: Will Mabel talk to

me or will her brother go to the police?

Xet ve mat ngir phap, nhiing mfnh nay dugc lien ket vdi nhau dan gian bing

lien tir or Ciing nhu trong cac trudng hgp ket hgp khac, cac tir trong menh de ket

hgp cd the dugc gian luge di den tdi giin, trii' nhiing tii* chiia thdng tin ddi lap

nhau (de ngudi nghe lua chgn) Bdi vay mot cau hdi diy dii nhat kieu: 'Are you coming today or are you coming tomorrow?" cd the dugc gian luge thanh: 'Are you coming today or tomorrow?"

Cau hdi lua chgn, da sd trudng hgp, chfnh la dang cau hdi cd/khdng dugc the hien mdt each he't siic rd rang: cau hdi phii djnh di lien theo la cau hdi khing

djnh Chang han: Are you coming or aren't you coming? Nhung dang nay ft

diing Nd chi xuat hien khi ngudi ndi qua thie'u kien nhin do chd ngudi nghe

ngap ngirng qua lau Thi du hay gap han la dang nil ggn: Arc you comin;^ or aren't you ? hoac tham chf chi cdn mdt tii' not thay cho ca ve di sau: Arc you coming or not ?

De xem xel cau hdi cd tir hdi dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao, irudc tien chimg

ta hay xet cau ke: Joseph will bring Stella's mother from Spain Gia sii' ngudi hdi khdng biet Joseph se mang ai den, mot cau hdi dugc hinh thanh de hdi ve thdng tin nay, Cau hdi thoa man nhu ciu thdng tin nay cin mdi tif hdi co wh- Thii tue tiep theo la thay the' vj trf cua Stella's mother trong cau nguyen ban bang tii' who hay whom, ta cd; Joseph will bring who(m) from Spain?

Nhu da ndi tren, dieu kien de hinh thanh cau hdi ndi chung la: phai cd mot tac tir, mot tu chiic nang lam chi dau cho cau hdi Trong trudng hgp nay, ta tim

dugc ddng tir tinh thai will cd chiic nang nhu mot tac tu Bdi vay, tac tu will se dugc chuyen djch quanh chii the ciia hanh ddng: Will Joseph lOPI bring who(m) from Spain? Nhung cau nay vin chua du dieu kien de tao thanh mot cau hdi cd tir hdi thdng thudng Bude tiep theo la cho tit hdi cd wh- di chuyen den vi trf

trdng cua bo tiic td (complementizer) Bude nay, trong ngii* phap ggi la bude

chuyen djch tu'hoi co wh- Ket qui, nhan dugc cau:

Who(m) will Joseph /OP/bring /OP/ from Spain?

Trong SO" dd hinh cay, chiing ta se gin tit hoi co wh- vao true S cd nut cao

nhat kieu nhu:

Co the hinh dung thu tue tao sinh ra cac cau hdi cd tir hdi cd wh- khac mot

each tuang tu nhu da lam vdi cau hdi vira trinh bay Thf du : cii cho rang ngudi

ndi biet ring Joseph dang dua me cua ai do tit Tay Ban Nha den, nhung lai khdng bie't dd la me cua Stella Chiing ta cd the dua tir hdi d dang sd hiru vao chd

ma ngudi ta thudng ggi la vj tri trdng ciia tir han djnh trong danh ngii, Bdi vay,

thay the' vao vj tri Stella's mother se la danh ngii whose mother: Joseph will bring whose mother from Spain? Tie tir dugc chuyen vao vj tri trdng trudc chu ngii: Will Joseph /OP/ bring whose mother from Spain? Sau khi tac tu dugc

chuyen len trudc, tir hdi phii dugc chuyen ra ngoai vj tri ciia nd, Liic nay, vi nd dang d vj tri trdng ciia tir han djnh trong danh ngii, nen toan bd danh ngu* phii

dugc di chuyen: Whose mother will Joseph /OP/ bring /OP/ from Spain?

Tac tir phfa trudc va hoat ddng djch chuyen tir hdi dugc trinh bay trong sa

do hinh cay sau:

dja diem, cd mdt cum tir hdi la cum bd ngii trong dd cd gidi tu from: Joseph will

bring Stella's mother from where? Tie tir dugc chuyen len phfa trudc theo each

thdng thudng: Will Joseph /OP/ bring Stella's mother from where?

Luu y la d day chiing ta cd hai su lua chgn cho su chuyen djch cua tir hdi Su

lua chgn thii nha't la di chuyen tir hdi ma thdi: Where will Joseph /OP/ bring

Stella's mother from /OP/? Su lua chgn thir hai la di chuyen toan bd cum gidi tir

bao gdm ca tir hdi I6n phfa trudc: From where will Joseph /OP/ bring Stella's

mother /OP/ ? Cum tur hdi cu the han ki^u nhu From which country dugc dung

thay the': From which country will Joseph /OP/ bring Stella's mother /OP/? Khi mdt su vat khdng dugc xac djnh rd bieu thi chu the, tit hoi co wh- khdng phii di chuyen xa, Sau trg ddng tir phfa trudc, cau hdi Who will bring Stella's mother

from Spain? co dang giong cau sau: Will who I OP I bring Stella's mother from Spain? Tu^hoi co wh- dugc chuyen len dau cau de lai them mot ch6 trong niia ciia

tir da dugc di chuyen di: Who will I OP 11 OP I bring Stella's mother from Spainl

nhu so do sau day:

6, Cau hdi vdd tu each mdt menh de chem - dang Idi gian tie'p:

Trong tie'ng Anh ciing nhu nhieu ngdn ngir khac, cd su phan biet giiia Idi true tiep va Idi gian tie'p Trong khung cua ngii* phap truyen thdng, chiing la hai dang ngii' phap khac nhau cua hanh vi Idi, Tieng Anh cd nhii'ng dau hieu hinh

thiic de phan biet hai dang nay Phan nay ban ve su bien ddi cua dang vd y nghia

cua mot cdu hoi khi bj long vao mdt cau tnic ldn han,

De thdng bao ve mdt hanh ddng hdi, thudng ngudi ta phai cau tao hai cau

nhu sau; He said, "Where is she going?" Trong khi cd mot each cau tao khac, hay dung han, ngudi ta thudng gdp chiing lai thanh mdt cau: He asked where she

was going Cach ndi ke't nay tao ra su nhit nguyen giira hanh vi tudng thuat va

ca'u tnic mot cau Trong loi ndi gian tie'p {indirect speech), ndi dung cau hdi vin

dugc bao toan nhung chfnh cau tnic thi bi giang xudng mdt bac: chiing khdng cdn ciu tnic vj tfnh nua ma trd thanh mdt bo td cho ddng tir cua vj ngii chfnh

Do khudn kho cua mdt luan van thac sT , nen loai cau hdi nay khdng phai la ddi tucmg khao sat trong luan van ,

1.2.L3.4 Tien gia djnh trong hai loai cau hdi cd/ khdng va cau hdi cd tir hdi

wh-

Mdt ngudi ndi dua ra cau hdi cd ttr hdi: Who did Marlon meet ? va cho ring phin xac nhan chinh - rang diing la Marlon da gap ai dd - va hdi ngudi nhan

thdng tin xac nhan dung la ngudi dd Tuang tu, mdt ngudi ndi thdt ra cau hdi

nhu: Whose car did Louella wreck ? se cho ring Louella da pha hdng mot cai xe dtd va mudn biet chi tiet han, thi nhit thie't phai cd them mdt tit hoi co wh- nao

dd, thf du d day la {cdi 6 to) "cua ai" {whose) Do dd cau hdi dac biet gia djnh

ring, su* xac nhan tong quat la diing va chi ddi hdi thdng tin ve mdt su vat da

dugc bieu thj bing fz? hdi co wh-

Ciau hdi cd/khdng khac vdi cau hdi mang tir hdi Chiing thudng khdng gia djnh, su* xac nhan chfnh ham chiia trong cau hdi ma thay vao dd la hdi ve su diing

- sai Do dd cau: Is it possible for those journalists to get visas? khdng phdng doan la cac nha bao se nhan dugc hay khdng nhan dugc thi thuc, hay hg cd kha nang (hay khdng cd kha nang) de nhan dugc thi thuc Tuy nhien, cd nhiing cau hdi cd/khdng mang chirc nang tuang ddi gidng cau hdi cd tir hdi wh- ve ngii

nghia, khi ngudi hdi khdng cin xac djnh thdng tin diing - sai cua toan bg phat ngdn, ma chi mudn hdi ve thdi gian, nai chdn, va nhiing pham vi khac thugc ve

chiic nang cua cau hdi c6 tir hdi wh- thudng dam nhan Dieu nay dugc thuc hien

bcri viec dinh ro co the co m6t cau tra lai cho cau hoi co tiif hoi trong cau hoi

c6/kh6ng Bai vay thay the cho viec hoi cau: Will those elections take place this

year? ngudi hdi, hoac dac biet mudn nhin manh thdi gian xay ra cua hanh ddng,

hoac cho ring hg da biet thdi gian xay ra cua hanh ddng, nhung mudn xac nhan

rd, cd the hdi the nay: Will those elections take place this year? vdi trgng am nha'n manh vao "this year-ndm nay" Cau hdi cd/khdng, gid'ng nhu cau hdi cd tit

hdi wh- phdng doan ring cac cugc biu cir se dugc tien hanh va don gian hdi khi

nao hg se tien hanh biu cir Di^n hinh trong cau hdi cd/khdng kieu nay, thdng tin

khdng mang tinh phdng doan diing cudi cau hdi, nai thudng Id vi tri thuan lai

cho xuat Men thong tin mdi

Tuang tu, ai dd mudn xac nhan vu am sat tong thdng Lincoln cd the dung

mdt cau hdi cd tu' hdi: Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln? Nhung ai dd, ngudi

nghi ngd rang John Wilkes Booth da am sat Lincoln, thi cd the sir dung mdt cau

hdi bj ddng de de cap dugc thdng tin dac biet nay Do dd, John Wilkes Booth phii diing d vj trf cudi: Was Abraham Lincoln assassinated hy John Wilkes Booth?

1.2.1.3.5 Ve dung hgc cua cau hdi

O tren, chiing ta da ban den cac cau hdi cd chiic nang duy nhat la dua ra lugng thdng tin, nhu cac thf du sau:

a Is that the Vietnam Memorial?

Do chinh la ddi tudng niem Viet Nam?

b Where can 1 get a good vegetarial meal?

Toi CO the ddng biia dn kieng a ddu?

Nhung trong thuc te, cau hdi cd the cd cac muc dfeh su dung khac nhau De dua ra mdt yeu ciu, cd the sir dung loai cau hdi kieu nhu:

Mr Washington, will you come here for a moment?

Ngdi Oasinhtan, ngdi den ddy mot chut duac khong?

Cdn cau sau day lai diing de mdi mot ngudi ban den du mdt cugc hgp:

Janet, do you have anything you have to do tonight ? Joan Humphries is speaking at the Winton Centre

Janet, co co ban viec gi tdi nay khong ? Joan Humphies se noi chuyen d trung tdm Win tan ddy

Nhiing cau hdi trong doan hdi thoai sau dung de bgc Id cac bude di den mdt

hanh vi cdu hon:

- Elvira, do you really like me?

Elvira, em co thuc su thich toi khong?

-1 think I do Yes, I do; 1 like you a lot!

Co, em nghT Id co , em thich anh

' Elvira, what 1 want to say is, well, what I mean is

Elvira, nhihig gi toi mudn noi Id ,

- Yes, Jack?

Sao ca, Jack?

- Then, why don't we get maried?

Sao chung ta lai khong lay nhau nhi?

Nhiing cau hdi ke nhau cd cau tnic nhu mdt Idi yeu ciu cung cap thong tin

lai dugc diing trong hoan canh nay vdi mot chiic nang hoan toan khac Khi Jack

thdt ra cau hdi cudi ciing, anh ta rd rang la dang rat sdt rugt ve chien luge ciu

hdn cua minh Nhirng gi dang ban d day khdng thudc ve cdu true hinh thuc cau hdi, ma chfnh la viec sir dung chiing nhu the' nao - cac hanh vi ngon ngu khac

nhau cua mdt hinh thiic cau hdi Nhiing y djnh yeu ciu, mdi moc hay de

doa*^ la nhiing chiic nang khac ma cau hdi cd the thuc hien dugc trong cac

chie'n luge giao tiep co thuc trong thuc te

Tom lai: Cd the nit ra dugc nhiing nhan dinh sau day :

- Cau hdi cd dai tu nghi van hdi ve mdt phin Idi xac nhan da dugc dua ra, cd

the la hdi true tiep cho thanh phin vj ngir, hoac cd the ve linh vuc ngir nghTa nhu thdi gian, nai chdn hay each thiic ciing nhu cau hdi cd/khdng, trg ddng tir diing trudc chu ngii dugc dua vao sau cum tir hdi hoac tir hdi xet ve ngii nghia, mot cau hdi cd tir hdi phdng doan su thuc cua mdt phin ldn Idi xac nhan va tim kiem

thdng tin ve cum tir cd tir hdi wh-

- Cdn cac cau hdi cd/khdng thudng cd ging xac djnh su diing - sai cua toan

bg Idi xac nhan dugc dua ra, nhung ddi khi chi cin nhirng thdng tin ve thdi gian, nod chdn, va ve cac mdi quan he khac,

- Cau hdi lira chgn yeu ciu tra Idi cho mot trong hai thanh phin dugc hdi Cau hdi dudi tim su ddng tinh cua ngudi nghe trong cau tra Idi, Cau hdi d dang chuyen Idi (reported question) da bien thanh mot thanh phin phu (menh de hdi), vin bao luu dugc cac y nghia dung hgc ciia nd

1.22 Cdu hdi trong tieng Viet

Hien nay cd rat nhieu each phan loai cau hdi trong tieng Viet Can cii vao muc dfeh phat ngdn quan he vdi su* tra Idi, chiing tdi chia cau hdi chfnh danh lam hai loai chfnh nhu sau:

1 - Cau hdi khdng lua chgn

2 - Cau hdi lua chgn

Cau hdi lira chgn cdn cd the chia lam hai tieu loai la:

2a, cau hdi chgn lua xac djnh (mang tfnh chat khing djnh hoac phu djnh) 2b Cau hdi chgn lua khdng xac dinh

De doa kieiu nhir cflu sau d&y: Do you think you will get away with this?

Theo tac gia Hoang Trgng Phien (13 -chuang V) cau hdi dugc phan chia thanh cac kieu nhd dua vao tfnh chit cua cau hdi, hoac tir cau tra Idi Dii xuit phat tir tfnh chat cua cau hdi hay tir cau tra Idi, thi cau hdi vin dua vao ''cai khdng ro" de tdn tai, Va chfnh dieu nay qui djnh viec tim cau tra Idi

7.2.2.7 Cdu hdi khong chgn lua

Cac dai tir nghi van ai, the ndo, di ddu, bao gid la nhiing dai tir chuyen

dung cho loai cau hdi nay, Ngudi ndi xac lap ndi dung m.enh de ciia cau hdi tren

ca sd da du tfnh rang, cd mot kha nang nao dd de ngudi nghe thiet lap dugc cau tra Idi Muc dfeh phat ngdn cua cau hdi la hudng tdi nhan cau tra Idi cua ngudi ddi thoai, bdi vay vdi nhirng tii hdi nay, cau tra Idi ludn dugc chi ra mdt each rd rang Thf du:

a - Ai dang d ngoai vudn day?

- Chdu day, ba a

b - Anh di ddu ma gid mdi ve? Mudn qua rdi diy,

- Anh sang ong Todn, xem hd con Ign bj dm,

Tren binh dien thdng bao, tir hdi nay trd thanh tieu diem cua cau hdi va cau

tri Idi Do la cai cin thdng bao trong cau hdi, hudng ngudi nghe va ngudi tra Idi

VaO ciing mdt thdng bao cin thie't Trat tu tir cua cau hdi cd the tuong ling vdi tiimg thanh phin cau nhu:

a - Ai dang den? {Ai d vj trf chu ngii),

b - Anh den ai bay gid? {Ai a vj trf bo ngu)

c - Anh da doc hire thu nay chua? {doc chua d vj trf vj ngii),

Nhu vay "khdng nen can cii vao trat tu tir cua cau hdi ma phan loai va ciing khong nen nhim lin nhirng cau hdi cd thanh phin cau ling vdi tir hdi rieng, cdn cau hdi chung thi tii de hdi quan he den toan cau Nhu da xac djnh, ''cai khdng

rd" cd the nim d bit cii thanh phin nao cua cau hdi, va chi cd mdt "cai khdng ro mathdi"(13-tr.278),

7.2.2.2 Cdu hoi chon lua

Hay so sanh cap cau sau:

a - Ai dua nd di hgc bay gid ?

b - Ai dua nd di hgc bay gid, tdi hay cd ?

Rd rang d cau (a) ngudi tra Idi bugc phai dua ra mdt cau tri Idi khdng chgn lua nhu:

- Toi (dua nd di) hoac - Anh (dua nd di)

Nhung vdi cau (b), ngudi tra Idi da dugc djnh san mot trong hai kha nang de lua chgn: "tdi hay cd" nen ngudi tham gia cudc thoai cd the tra Idi:

- Toi, hoac - Anh

1.2.2,2.1 Cau hdi chgn lua mang tfnh chit khang djnh hoac phu djnh„

Kieu cau hdi nay thudng cd hai ve: mdt ve' khing djnh va mot ve phu djnh Thf du:

a - Anh ta la ngudi tir te hay khdng phai la ngudi tir te,

b - Cd B la sinh vien hay khdng phai la sinh vien

Thudng vc phu djnh de bj nit ggn lai, chi de tir phu djnh Hai vf du tren cd the dugc nit ggn lai nhu sau:

a - Anh ta la ngudi ttr te hay khdng? - Khdng tir te

b - Cd B la sinh vien hay khdng? - La sinh vien

Hoac kem Idi xac nhan co hoac khong, phdi hay khong phdi, dung, hay

khong dung Thf du :

c - Cd phai anh da den day hdm qua?

- Vang, diing day a (xac nhan hdm qua cd de'n nai day),

d - Anh se di ciing tdi chii?

- Khdng, tdi ban lim (tii chdi khdng the di dugc)

Theo tac gia Hoang Trgng Phien, day thudc loai cau hdi lira chgn ddi nhau (13"tr.276)

1.2.2.2.2 Cau hdi chgn lua khdng xac djnh

Day la loai cau hdi dua ra hang loat kha nang lua chgn khac nhau kieu nhu:

1 - Anh ta cd di dugc xe may hay lai dugc dtd khdng?

Cac kha nang tra Idi la:

la - Anh ta chi di dugc xe may thdi (khdng lai d td dugc)

lb - Anh ta di dugc ca xe may lin lai dugc dtd

Ic - Anh ta khdng di dugc ca xe may lin lai dtd

Vdi dang cau hdi chgn lua khdng xac dinh nay, ngudi tra Idi cd nhieu kha

nang trd lai, tuy thudc vao kha nang ma anh ta (cd ta) cd the lua chgn

Trong tie'ng Viet, ngii dieu cau giii vai trd quan trgng de tao cau hdi Ngir dieu cau.thudng bj qui djnh bdi ndi dung y nghia va muc dfeh phat ngdn Ngu dieu cau la cdng cu bieu dat tinh thai tfnh cua cau hdi va cac sic thai bieu dat Idi ndi Kem theo ngu dieu la rit nhieu tieu tir hay to hgp tir trong cac cau hdi tieng

Viet bieu dat sac thai hdi, Chiing tdi se xem xet \BI\ de nay d chuang IL

1.23 Cdc nghla bo sung cua cdu hdi

1.2.3.1 Cdu hdi co gid tri khdng dinh

Nhiing cau hdi nay tuy cd hinh thiic la mdt cau , nhung cd gia trj khang dinh cho mot hanh ddng nao dd hoac bieu hien hanh ddng ngdn trung khac Thf du:

a - Thi anh noi vdy chitai?

h'Bd lai le la ke chuyen nhd a ben dy chik gi?

Nhung y6u to hoi dumg cuoi cau nhu" chi( gi, chu sao niia, chu khong u , luon diing a cuoi cau, va co gia ti-j khang dinh tai lai Mot loai cau hoi khang

dinh khac la dugc cau tao ttr mot cau phu dinh nhu: