Life cycle assessment of Air conditioner and pro-environmental behavior analysis on Air conditioner user in office buildings in Hanoi.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM – JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THANH HUYEN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONDITONER AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONER USE

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VIETNAM – JAPAN UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN THANH HUYEN

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF

AIR CONDITONER AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONER USER IN OFFICE BUILDINGS IN

HANOI

MASTER THESIS

Hanoi, 2019

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

VIETNAM – JAPAN UNIVERSITY

NGUYEN THANH HUYEN

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

OF AIR CONDITONER AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONER USER

IN OFFICE BUILDINGS IN HANOI

PROGRAM: MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CODE: PILOT

SUPERVISOR

Dr JUN NAKATANI

Hanoi, 2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Before studying at Vietnam Japan University (VJU), I have been an official who has stable occupy in a government agency However, I always remind myself must to study as much as possible I searched a lot of the master’s programmes but only the syllabus of VJU impress me with international environment of studying I have decided to take a break from work for two years to apply to master programme

at VJU This is one of the right decisions in my life During near two years studying

in VJU, I always try the best to comprehend all teacher’s lectures By the funding of JICA and the assistance of Professors and Teachers of Master’s programme in Environmental Engineering Master (MEE), I had a chance to internship at the University of Tokyo in two months, where has a lot of famous Professors, excellent students and perfect environment for studying Where gave me a lot of the best experiments

Thesis is the final subject of the master program, and the topic of Life Cycle Assessment is quite new knowledge to me To finish my thesis, I have had to try a lot but I will not be able to finish my thesis without the guidance my supervisor and the support from Professors, Teachers of MEE

I am very appreciated to Dr Jun Nakatani and want to give my special thanks to my supervisor who gave me the best conditions to search and study effectively, also spend time to give comments for my thesis Besides that, I also want to give my special thanks to Prof Jun Nakajima, Assoc Prof Katayama Hiroyuki, Dr Nguyen Thi An Hang who helped me a lot from begin days for the selecting thesis’s topic I want to give my thank to Dr Yoshikawa (at Ritsumeikan University) who helped and gave me comments in implementing my thesis Also, I want to say thank to Assoc Prof Kasuga Ikuro, and Assistants of MEE’s program who support me to finish the procedure’s thesis

Finally, I want to give my special thank to my family who spent me the best conditions to focus on studying at VJU I would like to thank to The Japan International Cooperation Agency, The University of Tokyo, Vietnam Japan University to give me this great opportunity in which I could develop myself both academically, professionally and socially

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES 1

LIST OF FIGURE 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Research goals 6

1.4 Scope of research 8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY 10

2.1 Literature review 10

2.1.1 Life cycle assessment of air conditioner 10

2.1.2 Pro-environmental behavior analysis 15

2.2 Methodology and materials 18

2.2.1 Life cycle assessment 18

2.2.2 Methodology for pro-environmental behaviour analysis 22

2.2.3 Data collection 23

CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 25

3.1 Assessment of life cycle of air-conditioner 25

3.1.1 Determine function unit and system boundary 25

3.1.2 Life cycle inventory analysis 26

3.1.3 Lifecycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 29

3.2 Pro-environmental behavior analysis 34

3.2.1 Determine factors and sub-factors that influent on the target behavior 34

3.2.2 Determine the local weight and global weight of factors and sub-factors 36 3.3 Summarize the results and discussion 41

3.3.1 Impact of air conditioner life cycle on global warming and the solution to reduce that influent .41

3.3.2 The factors and sub-factors dominate the behaviour of “energy-saving” in air conditioner service stage 44

3.3.3 Limitations of thesis 46

4 CONCLUSION 46

LIST OF REFERNCES 48

APPENDIX A 50

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 The scales for importance 23

Table 3.1 The quantity of greenhouse gases emitted from AC production process26 Table 3.2 Raw basic database of air conditioner and refrigerant 27

Table 3.3 The result of inventory greenhouse gases emission in AC’s operation 28

Table 3.4 The result of inventory GHGs emission at disposal stage 29

Table 3.5 The amount of GHGs emission in production stage 30

Table 3.6 The amount of GHGs emission at operation stage 31

Table 3.7 The GHGs emission in disposal stage of air conditioner 33

Table 3.8 Pairwise comparison matrix and local weight of factors 37

Table 3.9 Pairwise comparison matrix and local weight inside internal factors 38

Table 3.10 Pairwise comparison matrix and local weight inside external factors 39

Table 3.11 Global weight of sub-factors 40

Table 3.12 Total amount of GHGs emission in Air conditioner’s life cycle 42

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1 The ilustrated image of split air conditioner 8

Figure 2.1 Factors influence on behavior 16

Figure 2.2 The relative importance scale 23

Figure 3.1 Boundary system of air conditioner’s life cycle 25

Figure 3.2 The portion of GHGs emission in production stage 30

Figure 3.3 The GHGs emission in operation stage of air conditioner with R22 and R32 at the value GWP20 and GWP100 32

Figure 3.4 Total amount of GHGs emission in disposal stage of air conditioner 34

Figure 3.5 The hierarchy of influent factor and sub-factors 35

Figure 3.6 The portion emission of each stages in air conditioner’s life cycle 41

Figure 3.7 The amount emission of air conditioner life cycle at GWP20 and GWP100 43

Figure 3.8 The global weight of sub-factors 45

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AC: Air Conditioner

AHP: Analysis Hierarchy Process

BTU: British thermal unit

Eq: Equivalent

GHGs: Green-house gases

GWP: Global Warming Potential

GDP: Gross domestic product

GIZ: German Agency for Development Co-operation Gesellschaft

Technische Zusammenarbeit

HP: Horse power

IDEA: Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis

IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

MOIT: Ministry of Industry and Trade

MONRE: Ministry of Natural, Resource and Environment

LCA: Life Cycle Assessment

LCC: Life Cycle Cost

LCI: Life Cycle Inventory

LCIA: Life cycle Inventory Assessment

SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency

ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential

PEBs: Pro-environmental behaviors

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Being a developing country with a long coastline, Vietnam is one of the countries that suffered strongly by climate change Belong to tropical climate region, Vietnam has four distinct seasons with the summer is very hot According to IPCC, with climate change, the global temperature will rise progressively, the predicted results is an increase about 2-2.5°C in 2100 (IPCC, 2014) That makes the summer

is becoming hotter, the rest seasons are also warmer than before significantly

In recent years, the growth of economic and the development of society in Vietnam is increase rapidly The GDP growth of Vietnam is assessed be among strongest compared with other countries in the same region [1] In 2011, the GDP growth is about 6.2% [2][3], the GDP per capital in USD is 1,402 [4][5] Till 2017, the GDP per capital increase about 1.4 times compared with that in 2011 at 2,010 USD and the GDP growth at 6.8%[2][3] The urbanization is developed widely in Vietnam The gap between city and countryside is shrinking Based on that, the living’s standard of each person is also greater

Due to the growth of socio-economic and the climate change, the demand of air cooling using is becoming more necessary and popular in Vietnam It is expressed clearly through the development of air conditioner market in recent years According to the results of GIZ, the number of split air conditioner in 2010 was about 0.79 million units, and this number increased about 3.6 times in 2016 with 2.9 million units The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is evaluated approximately 24%, in 2025, the total of spilt air conditioner can be more than 40 million units [5]

Nowadays, almost air conditioner are using mainly the refrigerants of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC or R22, R410A), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC

32 or R32) [5] The coolants HCFC and HFC are considered to be two type of

green-house gases Refrigerants contain atoms of chlorine and bromine that relate to ozone depletion and warming up the earth Due to that, using of air-conditioning has strongly impacts on environment, especially global warming

The significantly impacts are considered to derive not only from the release directly of the refrigerants but also indirectly through electricity consumption Because of the operating of combustion at power plant to produce electricity also emit the significant amount of green-house gases [6] The research of Hanoi University of Science and Technology in 2007 showed that the amount of electricity consumption used for cooling making occupy approximately from 30% to 60% of the total electricity consumption for all activities in Vietnam It means the emission from electricity consumption for cooling is extremely big

Relate to energy-saving, Vietnam has issued Law of saving and efficiency energy using on 2010, in which requirement of the energy saving have to be conducted in all sectors (construction, agriculture, trade and industry) Based on that, all sectors have built for their-self the legal documents under Law and action-plan

to guide and require stakeholders to implement Besides that, by the assistance of international organizations, NGOs, Vietnam has the research projects relate to energy saving and using efficiency In which, the projects focus mainly on macro issues such as technology revolution, architecture adjustment, technical improvement, awareness raising There are not any projects focus on analysis the behavior of people in energy –saving

Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam where focus many government offices, sates agencies and international organizations…According to Hanoi Department of Planning and Investment, in 2018, the GDPR of Hanoi is 02 times higher than mean value of the country at 4.080 USD/person/year, about 1.12 times higher compared with that in 2015 Due to that, the demand of AC’s using in Hanoi is consider higher than other provinces execpt to Ho Chi Minh city

Almost state agencies and government offices in Hanoi are old buildings that were contructed for at least 5-10 years ago, with the cooling system is mainly split residential air conditioner with old refrigerants Officials and employees are main persons who use and control directly air-conditioner system in office buildings Due

to that, the employee’s behavior influence significant on the operation process of air conditioner and electricity using At the present, there is no research relates to LCA

of air conditioner at office buildings, also analysis the AC user’s pro-environmental behavior in Vietnam

From that, the study “Life cycle assessment of air-conditioner and

pro-behaviour analysis of air-conditioner user at office buildings in Hanoi” is the

neccessary and new topic This research will show that the impact on global warming that occur in all stage of life cycle of air conditioner, each stage has distinct influences at different level Moreover, the analysis of pro-environmental behaviour of air conditioner user will figure out the most important factor that have influence on their behaviour of energy saving

1.2 Research goals

The general goals of thesis include two main goals The first is life cycle assessment of air conditioner In which, focusing on assessment the impact of AC's life cycle on the warming up global For that, thesis just focus on calculating the amount of green-house gases that emit from all stages of Air conditioner’s life cycle Through the calculated results, showing what is the stage has the biggest amount of GHGs Comparing the amount of emission GHGs in two case of air conditioner use the coolant R22 and R32, figure out which refrigerant is more environmentally friendly Besides that, calculating the amount of GHGs emission at different rates of recovery of coolant, the result will figure out how many percentage of GHGs emission can be reduced at each rates of recovery

The second goals is pro-environmental behaviour analysis of air conditioner user There are some PEBs that relate to using air conditioner, but thesis just

focuses on the behaviour of energy-saving in operating process of air conditioner

In which, the influence factors on the behaviour are analysed and assessed The most important factor dominates the behaviour of energy-saving in AC using at

office building in Hanoi will be found

For detailed, goals include:

+ Calculate the GHGs emission in all stages of AC’s life cycle in case of AC

is used at office buildings of state agencies Determine the impact of AC’s life cycle

1.3 Research subjects

There are two main subjects that are studied in thesis The first subject is split air conditioner that is one of unitary air conditioners The split air conditioner consists indoor units and outdoor units In which, outdoor units consist of the compressor, condenser and capillary tubing that installed near exterior wall of the room Indoor units consist of evaporator and an air filter is firmed in the room [8] The setting up of split air conditioner is simpler than other type of air conditioner Indoor and outdoor units are connected together through tubing without ductwork

as traditional The outdoor are located outside the room will reduce the major sources of noise

This type of AC usually is used in state agencies in Hanoi Normally, each working rooms are installed one split air conditioner and the total of AC in one state agency will be similar number with rooms In the thesis’s content, all word “air conditioner” in general is understood as "split air conditioner" type

Sources: [19][20]

Figure 1.1 The ilustrated image of split air conditioner

The second subject for pro-environmental behavior analysis is employees and officials who directly use and control air conditioner in their offices Normally, almost employees work for state agencies have been trained at the universities or colleges Compare to other agencies, they are higher in education They are first persons who approach with the approved policy of national Their salary is usually increased automatically as each level based on the fixed scale The reward or discipline factor impact less on their salary

1.4 Scope of research

The scope of research is working offices of state agencies in Hanoi Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam that has big growth both of economic and society State agencies which are placed at Hanoi include mostly government offices, ministries, agencies, departments…Almost of working offices were constructed for at least 5-

10 years ago with old architect The model of working room in state agencies is often small room from 15m2 in area where has from one to five employees who work in

The assessment of life cycle AC is implemented from mining to disposal phase The system boundary includes “mining – production/using process–

operation/ recycle/disposal stage” In which, thesis just focusing on calculating the amount of green-house gas that emit from production to operation and disposal of

AC In other hand, the emission from recycle operation of materials of AC and the emission from transportation of refrigerant and AC are ignored

With the objective of compare the amount GHGs emission between two type

of refrigerants, R22 and R23 is selected to compare Based on the result of the Montreal Protocol, R22 or F-gas (HCFC-22) is currently used widely for air-conditioner in developing countries It has a high value Global warming potential

In other hand, R32 (HFC-32) is considered a substitution gas that has a lower GWP This gas often is used for air conditioner in developed countries [9]

The pro-behavior analysis of AC user in office buildings focus mainly on officials and employees who work at the state agencies They are the people who use ad control directly air-conditioner in offices In which, the internal factors and external factors that impact on user’s behavior are taken to be considered Based on Steg and Vlek (2009), internal factors and external factors includes sub-factors, however, with the main objective above, thesis just focus on analyzing six sub-factors For detailed, internal-factors includes knowledge; attitude; cost and benefit, beside that external factors includes policy; product characteristic; surrounding conditions

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Literature review

2.1.1 Life cycle assessment of air conditioner

In general, life cycle assessment is considered as one effective tool for identifying quantitatively environmental impacts All life cycle of a product or a process are evaluated from "cradle to grave" In which, all stage of product's life cycle is evaluated with the perspective they are interdependent Through LCA, the environmental impacts that cumulated in all phase of product's life cycle are also calculate, which include the impacts relates to resource exploit or raw material There are some definitions about LCA, however, there two definitions that accepted widely in the world as below:

According to Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment, 1993, LCA is defined as follow: “The life cycle assessment is an objective process to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, process, or activity by identifying and quantifying energy and material usage and environmental releases, to assess the impacts of those energy and material uses and releases to the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to effect environmental improvements The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the product, process, or activity, encompassing extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing transportation and distribution; use/re-use/maintenance; recycling, and final disposal.” [22]

In other hand, based on ISO 14040, LCA is defined as: "LCA is a technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product by (1) Compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a product system; (2) Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs; (3) Interpreting the results of the inventory analysis and impact assessment phases in relation to the objectives of the study LCA studies the

environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout the product's life (i.e cradle to grave) from raw materials acquisition through production, use and disposal The general categories of environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and ecological consequences” The main stages of LCA consists of goal and scope definition (determine aims, function unit, boundary system); life cycle inventory (calculate all input, output of all material during all life cycle); impact assessment (the results of inventory is analyzed relates to environment); interpretation (assess the results regard to the LCA’s goals) Nowadays, LCA is applied widely by companies, organization, environmental groups with the goals of reducing environment impacts

The state of Life cycle assessment of air conditioner in the world

Air conditioner is considered to be as popular and necessary equipment in the world, there are some researches about Life cycle assessment of air conditioner

In which, almost researches apply LCA to compare between two system of air conditioner, two type of refrigerants For detailed, in Daikin Air-Conditioning R&D

Laboratory, they do the study of “Life cycle assessment study of air conditioners

with an alternative refrigerant”, to compare two types of refrigerants of HCFC22

and HFC410A that used for cooling making The result show that compare to HCFC22, using HFC410A will eliminate the impact on the ozone-layer depletion and the global warming, also, the impacts on global warming will be reduced if the refrigerant is recovered after using [22] The research also show that HFC32 has the potential to reduce the impact on global warming more than HFC410A Practical solutions to reduce the environmental burden due to the refrigerants are figured out from the research, that are increasing the high ratio of the used refrigerant and decreasing the volume of the refrigerant used in air conditioner but still keep maintaining high performance of the product Besides that, Daikin Europe also do LCA for air conditioner and heat pump to give experiences in production process

In which, they focus on refrigerants assessment to global warming The factor of seasonal energy efficiency is included The author also mentioned to direct emission

and indirect emission in the study Their results showed that among refrigerants, HFC 32 or R32 is the most balance with characteristics as Zero ODP; high energy efficiency, small GWP, small conversion cost, supply capability is sufficient That means R32 is ideal option for air conditioner to reduce the impacts on environment [26]

In the other hand, in the study of “Environmental impact and life cycle

assessment of heating and air conditioning systems, a simplified case study” [23],

Matjaz Prek applied LCA to compare three designs of heating and air conditioner system in order to show the best option for product In this study, the author applied Eco-indicator 95 method to permit assessor can integrate environmental factor to industry and science into the design process Three systems were considered in all life cycle, in which all elements are assessed in the same procedure The problem was evaluated weighting factors The results showed that the different of Eco-indicator value of each designs The results show that in three systems, copper pipes and other copper parts has the biggest impacts on environment The floor heating system give the lowest impact

In other hand, in the study of “Design and construction for Hydroxides

based on air conditioner system with solar collector for confined roofs”, LCA is

applied to compare the environmental impacts of solar air conditioner system (ACASS) and conventional system (CAC) in term of CO2 equivalent In this research, the boundary system not include the assessment of disposal stage The software SimaPro 8 is used to assess the impacts of two systems The results show that, during the construction of CO2 eq is higher 14.05% than CAC’s system But in the operation stage, the ACASS system just emit 5.37% CO2 eq, while CAC system emit about 100% CO2eq Because in operation stage, the ACASS system use totally solar energy for service, while CAC system use electricity for service That demonstrated that installation of ACASS system will reduce significant amount of emission due to energy consumption [25]

Besides that, LCA is also combined with Life cycle cost analysis to give out the assessment of not only environmental impacts but also economic performance

The study of Kamel Almutairi is good example The study has title as “Life cycle

assessment and economic analysis of residential air conditioning in Saudi Arabia”

In which, the function unit is determined as the climate control of 1m2 of living area with the maintained temperature at 75F in one year The boundary system is from manufacturing and using to disposal stage The software of Sima-Pro 8 is used in this study The results showed that using phase has the largest impacts on environmental, the level impact on each region is influenced by type of used primary fuel Compared to environmental concerns, the economic factor is more important than environmental concerns in developing country [24]

Besides the LCA studies, the content relates to estimate the emission from

air conditioner also is implemented in other studies In the study of “Reduction of

potential greenhouse gas emissions of room air-conditioner refrigerant: a life cycle carbon footprint analysis, the author used life cycle CFP method to calculate the

global warming effects, from that assess the potential reduction of GHGs emission

of room air conditioner refrigerant To give the solution for GHGs reduction, the author assessed four type of refrigerants as HCFC-22 (R22), HFC-410A (R410A); HFC-32 (R32), HFC- 161 (R161) and HC-290 (R290) In which, HCFC-22 and HFC-410A are the popular refrigerant in the present, HCFC-22 has been used mainly in developed countries, while R410A is refrigerant that replaced for R22, that used widely in developed countries The results showed that refrigerants as HFC-32 (R32), HFC- 161 (R161) and HC-290 (R290) are new applicants for replacement for current refrigerants in the future In which, R32 is considered as transitional product To reduce the GHGs emission from room air conditioner, need

to improving the recycle rates of used refrigerants, the amount of reduction can reach at 21.6% Moreover, when replacement low GWP refrigerants for high GWP refrigerant, the amount of GHGs emission can be decreased about 55.9% The authors showed that the main direct source of GHG emissions was found due to the

release of refrigerants in the process of disposal, and the major indirect GHG emissions related to energy consumption during the process of service However, because the structure of the energy production in China is quite difficult to be changed or improved in short term, so that reduction of indirect GHGs emission is not easily

The state of Life cycle assessment of air conditioner in Vietnam

The definition of Life cycle assessment is introduced in Vietnam from 2000s

To apply this useful tool widely, in 2009, Ministry of Science and Technology approved and published the national standard TCVN ISO 14040:2009 about Environmental management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework From that, LCA has been applied widely in Vietnam There are a lot of study, projects relate to Life cycle assessment in Vietnam However, the LCA study in Vietnam major relates to contents of infrastructure, agriculture For detailed, the

study about “Life cycle assessment and environmental improvement of residential

and drinking water supply system in Hanoi, Vietnam” is written by Kathihanna

Homaki et al The main object of research is drinking water supply system in Hanoi

Besides that, in the study “Life cycle assessment of Biogas Production in

Small-scale Household Digesters in Vietnam” of T.K.V.Vu, D.Q.Vu et al, Biogas

production is main objective for assessment In which, the authors applied the

ReCiPe 2008 method to assess Other study is “Life cycle assessment of Municipal

Solid Waste Management towards Sustainability in developing countries: A case study of Hanoi City, Vietnam”, this study focus on environmental impact that relate

to waste disposal, leachate treatment, BOD and GHGs emission In the study of

“Life cycle assessment of biochar application in Vietnam using two pyrolysis

technologies”, Ali Mohammadi et al applied LCA to analysis and compare the

environmental impact of biochar system using household scale with that using district scale pyrolysis technologies

Associate to life cycle assessment of air conditioner in office buildings Vietnam, there is still no study However, relating to inventory GHGs emission of

air conditioner, there are the project of “Greenhouse Gas Inventory of the

Refrigeration and Air conditioning sector in Vietnam” under the Programme “Cool

Contribution fighting Climate Change (C4)” This programme is implemented in

2019 by the cooperation between GIZ in cooperation with Department of Climate Change of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Vietnam In this project, the GHGs inventory is conducted with all refrigeration and air conditioner currently available in Vietnam From that, the report of the type of refrigeration and air-conditioner, their energy consumption and the amount of GHGs emission of each type RAC are presented clearly To determine the potential reduction of GHGs for Vietnam, the authors compared the current RAC technologies and high technologies in the world Based on that, potential trends in each of the RAC types are analysed at both scenarios BAU (business as usual) and MIT (Mitigation)

2.1.2 Pro-environmental behavior analysis

According Kiyo Kurisu, there are no definition and way to categorize environmental behavior, some alternative terms for PEBs are considered as environmental behavior, ecological behavior, environmentally responsible behavior, environment-friendly behavior Basically, there are two ways to determine PEBs, PEBs is understood in narrow purpose as “actually contributing to or perceived to contribute to environmental conservation” and in widely purpose as “contribute to cultivation of environmental consciousness”

pro-However, based on Krajhanzl, pro-environmental behavior is understood as

an individual’s behavior, which is “generally or according to the knowledge of environmental science, judged in the context of the considered society as a protective way of environmental behaviour or a tribute to the healthy environment” (Krajhanzl, 2010, p 252) In the model proposed by Clayton and Myers, all factors influence on individual’s behavior are categorized into two groups internal factor and external factors This model is figured out as below:

Source: Conservation Psychology

Figure 2.1 Factors influence on behavior

PEBs is concerned by many subjects as economic, anthropology, ecology, sociology, psychology In which, psychologists and sociologist pay the most attention on PEBs They research on PEBs to find the reason for why do individuals act pro-environmentally and what is the barrier of PEBs (Kollmuss and Agyeman,

psychology developed such as NAT - Norm-Activation Theory (Schwartz, 1070,

1973, 1977), Planned Behavior – TPB (Ajzen, 1991) and VBN – norms theory (Stern et al., 1999) In which, Planned Behavior –TPB is used the most to clarify pro-environmental behaviors

Value-belief-The state of analysis PEBs in the world

In the study “Determinants of Consumers’ Pro-environmental Behavior-

Toward an Integrated Model”, Octav-Ionut Macovei applied theories Schwartz’s

Norm Activation Theory (NAT), Stern’s Value-belief-norms Theory (VBN) and Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to clarify consumers’ pro-

Knowledge Responsibilit

Goals Prompts

environmental behavior The authors analyzed its direct and indirect predictors The variables were considered as normative beliefs, awareness of the consequences of environmental issues, attitude toward a pro-environmental behavior and intention to behave in a pro-environmental The quantitative survey is employed to validate all above variables For detailed, each variable is measured based on Likert Scale and divided into 5 point such as: 1 – Strongly Disagree, 2 – Disagree, 3 – Neither agree

or disagree, 4 – Agree to 5 – Strongly Agree Similar to variables, each environmental behavior is measured based on 5 point of frequency level: (1) never; (2) sometimes; (3) often; (4) very often; (5) always

pro-In the study of “Understanding pro-environmental behavior: A comparison

of sustainable consumers and apathetic consumers”, the author Joohyung Park et al

personal norm, and behavioral intention, cognitive attitude in order to consider the differences in basic psychological features linking to pro-environmental behaviors Two compared consumer groups are green product purchasers and green product non-purchasers The author used web-based survey to collection consumer’s opinion The method of Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was applied to check the proposed hypotheses in the research

Besides that, through studying “Encouraging pro-environmental

behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda”, Linda Steg and Charles

Vleck showed that factors influencing environmental behaviors such: Motivational factors (weight cost and benefit; moral and normative concern, affect); Contextual factors; Habitual behavior In other hand, in the paper “Environmental Attitudes and Behavior: Measurement”, authors Sebastian Bamber and Jonas Ree mentioned about the approach to measure behavior In which, the intent-oriented is used person’s standpoint to define their behavior From that, an action is considered as pro-environmental behavior when it brings the benefit to environment However, the impact-oriented approach related to people’s activities impact more or less on environment It means this approach associate to the level of impact on environment

In this study, authors took survey face to face with 2307 persons from German population A list of 16 questionnaires relates to environmentally relevant behaviors were conducted The results demonstrated that the role of environmental psychologist is very important in order to improve behavioral change A proposed general framework to increase the effective of behavioural interventions such as: (1) determine the behaviour need to be changed, (2) analysis of the main factors under this behavior (3) develop and using interventions to change the behavior (4) assessment of the effectual of interventions.

The state of PEBs analysis in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the research topic associated to pro-environmental analysis are

limited Specially, the study of “The factors influent on the behaviour of green

consumption of people live in Nha Trang” is one of studies about PEBs In which,

the authors applied theory of planned behaviour (TPB) of Ajzen with two extra

consumption behaviour The authors took survey with 250 consumers in Nha Trang Applying SPSS method to evaluate The results showed that there are five factors (emotion, knowledge, social, behavior control, risk and trust) have positive impacts

2.2 Methodology and materials

2.2.1 Life cycle assessment

Thesis just focus on calculating the amount of GHGs emission from each stages of life cycle In calculation, the amount of GHGs emission are expressed to expressed as CO2 equivalent to impact assessment The amount of GHGs emission

of each phases are determined as below:

In the production of air conditioner

Consulting the database inventory of IDEA (Japan), the emission is

In which:

Emission: the amount of GHGs emission that be expressed as CO2 equivalent (CO2/CO2eq (kg));

Gas emission: the amount of emission of Gas;

GWP: Global warming potential value with GWP20 (at 20 years) and GWP100 (at 100 years)

In the operating/using air-conditioner

At the operating stage, the sources emission of GHGs are divided into two types, direct emission and indirect emission In which, the direct emission derived from the release of refrigerant In other hand, the indirect emission comes from electricity consumption (Calm, 2002) According to Linjia Zhao et al, the general formula for estimating life cycle CFPs of coolant is as follows:

( ) ( )

In which:

GWP: the value of global warming potential of refrigerant j;

mref: the direct emission of refrigerant at production stage (1);

mAC: the direct emission of refrigerant at fillings of refrigerant (2);

mser: the direct emission of refrigerant at serving or operating stage (3);

mrec: the direct emission of refrigerant at disposal stage (4);

nref, nAC; nser; nrec: the indirect emission of similar stage from (1) to (4) as above;

E: the emission factor of electricity

For detailed, the direct emission of refrigerant in using stage is calculated based on the amount of refrigerant required by each AC's cooling capacity, the emission rate of the refrigerant during using time, and time life of AC

In which:

• E direct: total direct emission;

• a: cooling capacity of AC;

• M: amount of refrigerant required to product unit cooling capacity in unit AC;

• C: annual emission rate of the refrigerant during using time of AC (%);

• T: time life of AC;

• GWP: global warming potential at 100 years and 20 years

The indirect emission in using stage is calculated based on the amount of electricity that is used to operating AC in all life time and the emission factor of electricity of Vietnam

• EF: emission factor of electricity

In the disposal stage

In disposal stage, a unit air conditioner often collected to recovery; recycle or disposal So that, the GHGs emission includes the emission from the release of coolants and the energy consumption for transportation of coolant to the disposal

process, also energy consumption to recovery refrigerant in recycle process

The direct emission derives from the release of coolants that is calculated as below equation:

( ) ( )

In which:

• E direct: Total direct emission of refrigerant;

• M: amount of refrigerant required to product unit cooling capacity in unit AC;

• a: cooling capacity of AC;

• R: recovery rate (%);

• T: time life;

• C: annual emission rate of the refrigerant during using time of AC (%) The indirect emission derives from energy consumption for abandoned air conditioner that is calculated as equation below:

( )

In which:

• E indirect: Total indirect emission of energy utilize;

• M: amount of refrigerant required to product unit cooling capacity in unit AC;

• a: cooling capacity of AC;

• R: recovery rate (%);

• er: the energy consumption for recycling of unit refrigerant

2.2.2 Methodology for pro-environmental behaviour analysis

With the objective of analysis and figure out the most important factors that dominate the user’s behaviour of energy–saving in using air conditioner, the method

of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied AHP is one of the multiple-criterial decision – making methods that was developed by Prof Thomas L Saaty in 1977 [10] The fuzzy AHP is extended method is developed by Chang [6,7] At this method, the priorities level of factors and sub-factors is determined through using triangular fuzzy numbers The factors and sub-factors are compared in pairwise comparison between factors and sub-factors to the factors and sub-factors preceding them, respectively, in the hierarchy [11] Triangular fuzzy numbers is considered as pairwise comparison scale and used for pairwise comparison matrices [6,7] Thesis applies the fuzzy AHP method to implement the goals because it’s easy and convenient for decision maker when using pairwise comparison Because it is the comparison between only two objects, which makes their opinion avoid to outside influences

The detailed steps is below:

- Step 1: Determine the factors and sub-factors that can influent on the behaviour

- Step 2: Building the AHP model hierarchically based on the factors and factors that determined above

sub Step 3: Using pairwisesub comparison matrices to estimate the local weights for the factors and sub-factors Apply the fuzzy scale that is proposed by Kahraman et al [8] The fuzzy scale concerning relative important to determine the weights is given in Figure 1 and Table 1 as below:

Source: [12]

Figure 2.2 The relative importance scale

The linguistic scale for importance as below:

Table 2.1 The scales for importance

Linguistic scales for important Triangular fuzzy scale

Triangular fuzzy reciprocal

(1,3/2,2) (1/2,3/2,2) Strongly more important (SMI)


(3/2,2,5/2) (2/5,1/2,2/3) Very strongly more important (VSMI)

(2,5/2,3) (1/3,2/5,1/2) Absolutely more important (AMI)

(5/2,3,7/2) (2/7,1/3,2/5)

- Step 4: Calculate the global weight for each sub-factor It is calculated by multiplying the local weight of each sub-factors with local weight of factor that it belongs

Detailed for calculation is presented at Appendix A

2.2.3 Data collection

At the present, Vietnam has six domestic producers that supply about 30% demand of AC and the rest 70% of demand of AC is imported from other countries