Nghiên cứu ngữ pháp và ngữ nghĩa của giới từ tiếng Anh, đối chiếu với tiếng Việt : Luận văn TS. Lý luận ngôn ngữ: 5 04 08

Nhtang phat hien, tim tdi, kien giai ve mdi quan he giira ngu nghia va tu duy va ve phan tich diln ngdn - dung hoc se giiip chung ta nhin nhan gidi tir trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet khon

— g o •;• G3 —

NGUYEN CANH HOA

GI6I Tir TIENG ANH, 0 6 I CHIEU V6l TIENG VIET

*^\ *^\ *^\ *^\ ^^\ f^\ 0^\

LUAN AN TIEN ST N G Q VAN

Chuyen nganh: Ly luan ngon ngu

Ma so: 5 04 08

Nguoi hirdug dan khoa hoc:

Gs.TS NGUY£N MINH T H U Y E T PGS.TS IRAN HlTU MANH

HA NOI-2001 L _:

,'l I

Vi ngir Thanh Ndi vdi Trdng, tinh luge Khac vdi

Tuang duang vdi Ddi lap ve y nghia

Cd the phat then thanh Bang

Va Bang Anh Cau true khong the cd

'^ Trang phu bia

* Ldi cam doan

* Giai thich chir viet tat va ky hieu

^ Muc luc

MO DAU

Trang

1 Gidi thieu de tai ciia luan an , 1

2 Tinh thai su ciiade tai 1

3 Cai mdi va y nghia ciia luan an 1

4 Muc dich va ddi tugng nghien ctin ciia luan an 2

5 Phuang phapva tu lieu nghien cuu 4

6 Pham vi nghien cuTJ va cau true ciia luan an 6

Chuong 1

KHAI MIEM Gl6l Tl/

1.1 VAN O E G I C J I T Q TRONG LY LUAN NGON N G Q HOC 9

1.2 G I 6 | T Q TRONG TIENG ANH HIEN OAI 12

1.2.1 Vail de xac dinh diic die'm ciia gidi tir 12

1.2.2 Phan biet gidi tir vdi mot so tir loai khac 19

1.3 Gidl T Q T R O N G TIENG VIET HIEN DAI 29

1.3.1 Van de xac dinh dac diem ciia gidi tir 30

1.3.2 Phan biet gidi tir vdi mot so tir loai de nham iSn 38

1.3.2a Phan biet vdi lien tir 38 1.3.2b Phan biet vdi tir chi hudng van dgng 38

Tieu ket

ChuoTig 2

b6\ CHIEU Gl6l VJ TIEMG AMH vai Giai TU

TIEMG VIET VE bkc DIEM MGU PHAP

2.1 DO! CHliU VE CHLfC NANG N G Q PHAP 46

2.1.1 Nhirng diem gidng nhau 46 2.1.2 Nhirng diem khac nhau 48

2.2 OOI CHIEU VE HOAT DONG TRONG LCJl NOI 50

2.2.1 Nhung die'm gidng nhau 50

2.3.001 CHIEU VEVITRI CUA GlOl TU TRONG CAU 74

2.3.1 Nhung die'm gidng nhau 74

2.4 o 6 l CHIEU VE CAU TAO 78

2.4.1 Cau tao ciia gidi tii'trong tieng Anh 78

2.4.1a Gidi tir dan 79 2.4.1b Gidi tirkep 83 2.4.2 Cau tao cua gidi tir trong tieng Viet 96

2.4.2a Gidi tir dan 96 2.4.2b Gidi tirkep 110

Tieu ket

Chuong 3

DO! CfUlU Gl6l TU TllMG AMH V6l Gidl VJ

TIEMG VIET VE i>AC DIEM MGU MGHIA

3.2 Do'l CHIEU CAC NHOM GICJl TQ CU THE 115

3.2.1 Gidi tir chi dja diem 116

3.2.1a Gidi tir chi dia diem tieng Anh 116

3.2.1b Gidi tir chi dia diem tieng Viet 127

- 3.2.1c Tdng ket 130

3.2.2 Gidi tir chi thai gian 13

3.2.2c Tdng ket 141

3.2.3 Gidi tir chi nguyen nhan 141

3.2.3a Gidi tir chi nguyen nhan tieng Anh 142

3.2.3b Gidi tir chi nguyen nhan tieng Viet 146

3.2.3c Tdng ket 147

3.2.4 Gidi tir chi muc dich 148

3.2.4a Gidi tir chi muc dich tieng Anh 148

3.2.4b Gidi tir chi muc dich tie'ng Viet 152

3.2.4c Tong ket 153

3.2.5 Cac nhom khac 154

3.2.5a Nhdm gidi tir chi each thtic 155

3.2.5b Nhdm gidi tir chi cong cu 155

3.2.5c Nhdm gidi tir chi sukich thich 157

3.2.5d Nhdm gidi tir chi sir ling ho, phan ddi 158

3.2.5e Nhdm gidi tir chi su nhuang bo 159

3.2.5f Nhdm gidi tir chi sir qui chieu 160

3.2.5g Nhdm gidi tir chi ngoai le 161

3.2.5h Nhdm gidi tir chi chu de 163

3.2.5i Nhdm gidi tir chi thanh phiin 165

3.2.5J Nhdm gidi tir chi phan ung 166

Tieu ket

UMG DUMG KET QUA MGHIEM CUU V A \ 0 VIEC

I>HAM Tieu lOI cilA MGU6l VIET MAM Kril HOC

GlOl VJ TIEMG AMH

4.1 CAC LOI VE cXu TRUC 171

4.1.1 Ndi, vie't thie'u hoac thira gidi tir 171

4.1.2 Sap xe'p sai vi tri ciia gidi tir 174

4.1.3 Dimg sai dang thiic cua dai tir nhan xung sau gidi tir 175

4.1.4 Sir dung khong phan biet gidi tir dan va gidi tirkep 176

4.2 CAC LOI VE NGHTA 177

4.2 L Chgn khong dung gidi tir can dung 177

4.2.2 Dich sai nghia cua gidi tir • 178

1 Gidl THIEU DE TAI CUA LUAN AN

Luan an dat van de ''Nghien ciru ngir phap va ngir nghia cua gidi tir tie'ng Anh, ddi chieu vdi tie'ng Viet" Day la mot cong trinh ngdn ngii hoc ddi chieu, lay tieng Anh lam ngon ngir xua't phat de ddi chie'u vdi tieng Viet

2 TINH THdl SU CUA OE TAI

Trong qua trinh nude ta hoi nhap kinh te', giao luu van boa vdi cac nudc^

so ngudi Viet hoc tieng Anh cung nhu ngudi cac nude ndi tieng Anh hoc tie'ng Viet ngay cang phat trien So sach bao tieng Anh vao Viet Nam va sach bao tieng Viet xua't sang cac nude cung nhieu Mot trong nhung cai khd ddi vdi ngudi hoc va ngudi dich tie'ng Anh cung nhu tie'ng Viet la gidi tir Tuy nhien, den nay van chua cd cong trinh nao ddi chieu gidi tir cua hai ngon ngii Anh, Viet

Viee nghien cuu, ddi chie'u gidi tir tieng Anh vdi gidi tir tieng Viet chang nhung la yen cau cap thiet ciia thuc tien ma con la yeu cau cap thiet ciia

ly luan ngdn ngii' hoc

3 CAI M 6 | V A Y NGHTA CUA LUAN AN

3 1 Ve tndt khoa hoc:

nghia cua gidi tir tieng Anh vdi gidi tir tieng Viet Trong luan an ciia minh, Ian dau tien chung tdi se liet ke tat ca cac gidi tir dan va cac kieu ket hgp cua gidi tir vdi gidi tir, hoac gidi tir vdi cac tir loai khac de tao thanh gidi tir kep va cum gidi tir (prepositional phrases) trong tieng Anh cung nhu trong tieng Viet

3.2 Ve mat ung dung ket qua nghien ciru;

Ket qua nghien cuu cua luan an cd the dugc ung dung trong viee giang day, bien soan cac giao trinh tie'ng Anh cho ngudi ndi tie'ng Viet va tie'ng Viet cho ngudi ndi tieng Anh Thanh qua cua viee nghien cuna ciing se dugc ung dung trtjc tie'p trong cong tac bien dich va phien dich, gdp phan xay dung ca

sd ly thuyet cho viee dich Anh - Viet, Viet - Anh Ngoai ra, ket qua nghien cuu cua luan an cung se gdp phan it hay nhieu vao viee nghien cuu gidi tir ndi chung Nhtang phat hien, tim tdi, kien giai ve mdi quan he giira ngu nghia va

tu duy va ve phan tich diln ngdn - dung hoc se giiip chung ta nhin nhan gidi tir trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet khong chi nhu nhung cong eta ngu phap boat dgng d cac cap do cau va cum tir ma edn d nhung cau true tren cau (vai trd lien ket van ban - cohesive devices)

4 MUC DICH VA DOI T U O N G NGHIEN CCfU CUA LUAN AN

Bat cu: ai it nhieu biet tieng Anh deu thira nhan mot thuc te khach quan a hiiu hei cau trong tieng Anh deu cd gidi tir

Vidu:

tir

no speeches" [Bernard Shaw, AC, tr.80] (Bai dien van hay nhat tren ddi cung cd the doc theo mot each khien cho khan gia phi cudi Chiing toi

da biet ro dieu dd lam rod Vi vay, tir nay ve sau khong dien van gi het)

Cd cau cd mot, hai, ba gidi tir va tham chi cd cau cd de'n ngdt mudi gidi

Vi du:

"Our way wound through pleasant looking bush U£ and out into the open between the two mountains and an a half 0 / a mile (o a mud and thatched village on a little low plateau" [Hemingway, ST, tr.35]

(Con dudng cua chiing tdi udn lugn qua nhiing bui ram, ngugc len, di vao khoang trdng giira hai ngon nui, chi each nira dam thi de'n ngdi lang nha tranh vach dat nam tren mgt'cao nguyen nhd)

Trong tie'ng Viet cung vay, trong mot cau, mot doan van, gidi tir cung dugc sir dung vdi tan suat rat cao

V i d i j :

"Ho treo tdd mot lang Meo nam a khua't du&i chan mot dam may tren dinh nui Nhung sot rugt qua khong the d tren dd dugc Cac chi ban nhau, rdi chi cd bon Ifnh d Iqi, con cac chi chia nhau mdi ngudi mot ngii tim dudng ve dudi lang de don tin" (To Hoai, Truyen Tay Bac, tr

54)

Trong cii hai ngdn ngu Anh va Viet, ngoiii chirc nang ndi ciic thanh phiin trong cum tir, trong cau, gidi tir con cd kha nang the bien va khu biet cac mdi quan he ve thdi gian (time), dia diem (place), sd hiru (geniti\e), nguyen

biet, gidi tir trong ca hai ngon ngir tao ra kha nang md rong thanh phan cau, lam cho cau van mem mai, uyen chuyen ban

Gidi tir quan trong nhu vay nhung tie'c rang chua cd nhieu tac gia di sau nghien cuu mot each hoan chinh, toan dien ve dac trung ngir phap, ngir nghia ciia gidi tir tieng Anh, tieng Viet, dac biet d llnh vuc ddi chieu Anh-Viet

Chinh vi le dd, trong luan an ciia minh, chung toi cd nhiem vu di sau nghien ciin ban chat ngir phap, ngu nghia cua gidi tir tie'ng Anh tren ca sd ddi chie'u vdi gidi tir tie'ng Viet Thong qua nhiing nghien cuu ciia minh, chiing toi mong mudn neu len dugc nhung dac diem tuang ddng, di biet giira hai ngdn ngu

Trong luan an, chiing tdi ciing se c6 gang quan tarn xem xet van de dich

cac gidi tir va gidi ngu xuat bien trong cau, trong van ban, phan tich nhung khd khan ngudi Viet Nam thudng gap va l5i thudng mac phai khi hgc va sir diing gidi tir tieng Anh Day se la mot ung dung thuc tien giup cho ngudi ndi tieng Viet hgc sir dung gidi tir tieng Anh va ngudi ndi tieng Anh hgc sir dung gidi tir tieng Viet trong cac phat ngdn dung va phii hgp vdi quy tac, bdi canh ngon ngu

5 PHUONG PHAP VA TU UEU NGHIEN CQU

5.1 Phuong phap nghien ciru:

thii phap: thay the, tinh luge, cai bien v.v khi can thiet Viec sir dung cac bien phap thay the, tinh luge hoac cai bien khi nghien ciru se giup chiing tdi tim hieu, nhan biet dugc ban cha't, y nghia hay phan loai gidi tir

Chung tdi se khao sat, phan tich gidi tir dua tren ca cau true cu phap cung nhu trong phat ngdn Dan vi nhd nhat chiing tdi diing de khao sat la tir va cum tir; dan vi Idn ban la cau va van ban

Trong cac cau dich, chiing tdi se cd gang chuyen tai nghia bieu vat hoac nghia ngir dung cua ca cau hay doan van phii hgp vdi muc dich nghien cuu ban la viec cd dich that chinh xac, that hay cac vi du, hay doan van dd

Vi day la mot nghien ciiu, theo chting tdi, dau tien ve viec ddi chie'u gidi tir trong hai ngdn ngii: Anh va Viet d dac diem ngu phap va ngir nghia nen

luan an se chi tap trung vao nghien cun, ddi chie'u cac dac diem ca ban nha't

ciia gidi tir chu khong nghien cun, ddi chie'u tat ca cac dac diem ngir phap cung nhu ngir nghia cua gidi tir tieng Anh va tieng Viet

5.2, Nguon tulieu:

Trong nghien cun, chiing tdi chii yeu sir dtang cac ngudn tu lieu trich dan tir nguyen ban va ban dich cac tac pham van hgc, chinh tri, bao chi tieng Anh va tieng Viet xuai ban tir dau the ky XX den nay Chung tdi cung se sir dung mot sd vf dii trong ngdn ngir hang ngay va trong mot sd cong trinh nghien cuu ve gidi tir tieng Anh va tieng Viet, mot sd tir dien song ngu Anh -Viet, Viet - Anh, tir die'n tieng tudng giai tieng Anh va tieng Viet, tir dien thuat

ngii' ngon ngu hoc, tir dien tir cong cu tieng Viet, tir dien giai thich hu tir tieng Viet v.v

5.3 Ky thuat phan tich va xir ly tu lieu:

Khi phan tich va xir ly tu lieu chung toi se ap dung phuang phap phan tich dien ngon (discourse analysis) xuat phat tir sir boat dgng ciia cac yeu to ngon ngir lam muc tieu de xem xet Ngoai ra, chung toi edn sir dung linh boat cac thii phap quan sat, thong ke, he thong boa, so sanh tuang phan de qua dd thay dugc tan sua't va mtic do sir dung gidi tir trong cau va trong van ban Cac ket qua phan tich dugc chiing tdi xep theo nhung nhdm van de nham tao dieu kien tien Igi cho viec mieu ta, so sanh, ddi chieu

Ve ca ban, trong luan an ciia minh, chiing tdi sir dung cac thuat ngu* vdi each hieu da dugc cac nha ngdn ngu hgc thd'ng nhat Trong trudng hgp de xuat thuat ngu mdi hoac cd each hie'u rieng ve nhung thuat ngu truyen thong, chiing tdi se giai trinh day du

Sau mdi chuong ciia luan an, chung tdi se rut ra cac tieu ke't va cudi luan an se rut ra cac ket qua nghien ciru chung trong luan an

6 PHAM VI NGHIEN CQU VA CAU TRUC CUA LUAN AN

Viec nghien cuu, ddi chieu gidi tir tieng Anh va tie'ng Viet cung nhu gidi ngu la mot cdng viec duoc chung tdi tien hanh trong luan an nav Khi nghien cuu, ddi chieu gidi tir d binh dien ngu phap va ngu nghia luan iin se cd

gang de cap den hau bet cac khia canh, dir kien dua den sir khac nhau cung nhu net tuang ddng ciia gidi tir trong hai ngon ngu

Luan an, ngoai cac phan Muc luc, Tai lieu tham khao va xuat xir dan chiing minh boa, gom cd phiin Md dau, phan Ket luan va bdn chuong cu the nhu sau:

6A,Mdddu

Nhiem vu cua phan nay la gidi thieu de tai ciia luan an, tinh thdi su cua

de tai, cai mdi vii y nghia ciia luan an, muc dich va ddi tugng nghien ciin ciia luan an, phuong phap va tu lieu nghien ciin, pham vi nghien ciin va cau true cua luan an

6.2 Chuong 1: Khdi niem gidi tit

Chuong nay trinh bay quan niem ve gidi tir, viec nghien ciin gidi tir trong ngon ngii hgc ndi chung, ciing nhu trong tieng Anh va tieng Viet; xac dinh vi tri ciia gidi tir Anh va Viet trong he thd'ng tir loai, phan biet gidi tii' vdi mot sd tir loai de nham lan nhu lien tir, tie'u trang tir, tir chi hudng van ddng v.v

6.3 Chuong 2: Doi chieu gidi tit tieng Anh vai gidi tit tieng Viet ve dac diem ngit pJidp

Ngi dung ciia chuong nay hi ddi chieu gidi tir ciia hai ngdn ngir ve chii'c nang ngir phap, boat dgng trong ldi ndi, vi tri ciia gidi tir trong cau, ca'u tao Khi xem xet chirc nang ngu' phap ciia gidi tir, chung tdi se chu y phan tich cau

ngon ngu

6.4 Chuong 3: Ddi chieu giai tit tieng Anh vdi gidi tit tieng Viet ve dac diem ngit nghia

Trong chuong ba, chung tdi ddi chie'u gidi tir ciia hai ngdn ngir ve pham

vi nghia ma gidi tir the bien va ddi chie'u nghia ciia cac nhdm gidi tir cu the: gidi tir chi dia diem, chi thdi gian, chi nguyen nhan, chi muc dich va cac nhdm nhd khac

6,S Chuong 4: Ung dung ket qua nghien citu vao viec phan tich ldi cua nguoi Viet Nam khi hoc gidi tit tieng Anh

Day la chuong cudi cua luan an, phan tich cac ldi ciia ngudi Viet Nam khi hgc va sir dung gidi tir tieng Anh, cu the la cac ldi ve cau true, ldi ve nghia, ldi ve tu tir v.v

Ket luan

Trong phan ket luan, chung tdi tong ket cac phan tich va nhan dinh ve sii tuong ddng, di biet dugc rut ra qua viec nghien cun, khao sat, phan tich va ddi chie'u gidi tir Anh - Viet, d cac chuong tren

KHAI MllM GI61 rut

1.1 VAN DE GICJI T Q TRONG LY LUAN NGON N G O HOC

Trong ngdn ngu hoc dai cucng, va'n de phan dinh tir loai gidi tir da dugc

de cap de'n tir thdi c6 dai Hy Lap Protagonas, mot trong nhung nha nguy bien the ky V trudc cdng nguyen, sdm nhat va cd anh hudng nhat, dugc cdng nhan

la ngudi dau tien phan biet tir loai trong tieng Hy Lap Cung thdi vdi Protagonas, Platon (khoang 429-347 trudc CN) cung la mot trong nhung ngudi dau tien phan biet minh bach tir loai trong ngdn ngii hgc nhirng dng mdi chi phan tir loai thanh hai Idp chinh: dgng tir va danh tir Theo dinh nghia ciia Platon thi cac lap ngii: phap chu ye'u "danh tir" va "ddng tir" dugc xac dinh nhu nhiing thanh to ciia menh de Nhiing tir loai ma bay gid ta ggi la ddng tir va tinh tir deu dugc Platon dat chung vao mot Idp Ngay ca khi nhung nha ngir phap Hy Lap ve sau bd di each phan loai ciia Platon, hg cung khong thay the'

nd bang mot he thd'ng tam phan gom danh tir, dong tir va tinh tir quen thugc

ma chi thay the nd bang mot he thong ludng phan khac, gop chung nhung cai

ma ngudi ta ggi la danh tir va tinh tir

Mai de'n the' ky IV trudc cdng nguyen, van de gidi tir mdi dugc de cap de'n trong nghien ciru ngdn ngir hgc Ngudi diiu tien de cap de'n gidi tir la Aristotle (nha triet hgc cd Hy Lap, 384 - 322 trudc CN) Dua tren cac ca sd logic hoc ngii pbiip hoc Aristotle phan dinh tir thanh cac loai tir ndi, danh tir

dgng tir, tinh tir v.v Tir ndi ma dng de cap bao gom lien tir va gidi tir (preopositic) Axistotle ciing de cap den bien tuong nhung tir "cd nghia" va nhung tir "khong cd nghia" ma ngi dung ciia chiing tuang duang vdi khai niem thuc tir - hu tir (Dan theo Nguyln Kim Than, [63,151])

Mot trudng phai khac ciia triet hoc Hy Lap la trudng phai Stoic Nhiing thanh vien cua trudng phai nay phan biet bdn thanh phan ldi ndi (danh tir, ddng tir, lien tir va mao tir)

Ve sau cac hgc gia thugc trudng phai Alexandria dua tren cac cdng trinh ciia cac nha ngii phap Stoic ve tir loai xep cac lap tii: thanh tam tir loai khac nhau, trong dd cd gidi tir Theo dd gidi tir dugc dinh nghia nhu sau: "Gidi tir la nhiing tir phu dung trudc cac tii' khac" (Dan theo Dinh Van Due [23,10]) Ngii phap cua Dionysius Thrax (cudi the ky II trudc CN) thugc trudng phai Alexandria la bang mieu ta ngir phap bao quat va cd he thd'ng dau tien dugc cdng bd d phuang Tay Ngoai bdn thanh phan ldi ndi cua trudng phai Stoic,

"Dionysius edn nhan thay cd trang tir, phan tir (dugc ggi nhu the vi sir "tham du" cua nd vao cac dac trung cua ca danh tir lln dgng tir), dai tir, va gidi tir" [142,30] Thanh qua nghien cun ve tir loai ciia Aristotle, Platon, trudng phai Stoic va trudng phai Alexandria ve sau dugc cac nha ngdn ngii hgc La Ma tiep tuc phat trien

Dieu dd chung to rang, tir nhiing bude di ban dau cua viec nghien cuu tir loai hgc, cac nha nghien ciin xua kia da gdp cac tir loai vdi nhau de nghien ciru, dan dan quan die'm, phuang phap dd da thay ddi va hg da phan tir loai ra thiinh cac nhdm hay don vi rieng le dua tren dac die'm ngu phap, ngu* nghia de nghien cu:u Tir dd da hinh thanh cac khai niem rieng biet ve tir loai

C) cac nude cong boa thugc Lien Xo cii va d Nga, tir loai da dugc trudng phai ngir phap truyen thong tap trung nghien ciiu trong mot thdi gian dai, tieu bieu la cac cdng trinh cua M.V.Lomonoxov d the ky XVIIl, L.V Sherba, A.A Reformatkiy, lu.X Xtepanov, V.M Xolxev, A.I Xmimitxkiy v.v trong the kyXX

Nhu chung ta deu bie't, viec nghien cun ngon ngii hgc da trai qua mot qua trinh phat trien rat manh me trong the ky XX, va dac biet trong nhung thap nien cudi the ky nay 6 cac nude ndi tieng Anh nhu Hoa Ky, Anh, Canada, Austraha v.v da cd hang loat cac cdng trinh khi nghien ciin ve ly thuyet ngdn ngii deu cd de cap, it hay nhieu, den gidi tir O cac nude cdng boa thudc Lien Xd cu va d Viet Nam cung da xuat bien nhieu cong trinh nghien cun de cap den llnh vuc nay

Mot trong nhung tac gia tieu bieu dd la J Lyons Ong la ngudi chii y nghien ciin mot tap hgp cac dac trung ciia gidi tir Theo dng, hai chuc nang cu phap va dinh vi la nhiing chuc nang ca ban ciia gidi tir Trong khi phan tich dac trung khai quat cua tir loai gidi tir J Lyons da nhan manh rang hai chuc nang tren cua gidi tir tuy doc lap nhung bao gid cung lien ke't chat che vdi nhau Trong cudn "Introduction to theoretical linguistics" (Nhap mdn ngdn ngir hgc ly thuye't), dng neu len nhan dinh ciia minh ve gidi tir nhu sau: "Mac

du pham trii each bi han che' theo truyen thd'ng vao sir thay ddi bien hinh, nhung ro rang la ca chuc nang "ngir phap" lan chiie nang "dinh vi" deu doc lap mot each hgp ly trong cac ngdn ngir cu the Cac chirc nang "ngir phap" va

"dinh vi" cd the dugc thuc bien trong ciing mot ngdn ngu mot phiin do cac bien hinh each va mot phan do cac phuang thu:c khac-hiiu nhu thong thudng nha't la do gidi tir hay hau tri tir, bay do triit tir tir Trong ly thuyet truyen thd'ng

ve "cac thanh phiin ldi ndi'\ nhu da dugc trien khai de mieu ta cac ngdn ngir

CO dien chau Au, thuat ngu "gidi tir" dugc dimg de chi mot Idp tir khdng bien ddi, hay la tieu tir cd chuc nang "ngu phap" hay "dinh vi" va, nhu da xay ra trong tie'ng La-tinh va Hy Lap, cd xu hudng xuat hien ngay trudc danh ngir ma chiing bd nghia" [142, 479]

Tdm lai, viec phan dinh cac tir loai ndi chung va gidi tir ndi rieng trong ngdn ngii hgc da dugc cac nha ngdn ngu: hgc nghien cun tir rat sdm va da cd kha nhieu cong trinh de cap den van de nay Tuy nhien, viec phan loai cho den nay vln chua phai da nga ngu, hoan tat, edn cd kha nhieu y kien tranh luan Van de nay van da va dang tiep tuc dugc cac nha nghien cun quan tam giai quyet

1.2 Gidl TO TRONG TIENG ANH HIEN DAI

1.2.1 Van de xac dinh dac diem cua gidi tir

Trong tieng Anh, gidi tir (preposition) la lap tir dugc xac dinh va nghien Clin tir rat sdm trong lich sir nghien ciin ngii phap tieng Anh ndi chung va tir loai ndi rieng

Khi nghien ciin ve gidi tir tie'ng Anh, cac nha ngii phap hoc nhin chung deu xep gidi tir vao loai tir chuc nang (function words), tir ndi (linking words) hoac tir trdng (emty words)

Cac nha ngu phap hgc hien dai cd each quan niem khac nhau, dii it hay nhieu, ve gidi tir trong tieng Anh hien dai Nhung nhin chung, hg deu cd nhiing diem chung nhat va dua ra nhan xet ciia minh ve gidi tir nhu sau:

H.A Gleason nhin nhan '^Gidi tir la nhung tir chirc nang ma pham chat ngir nghia cua nd bi y nghia ngir phap lam lu md" [121, 215]

J.H Heaton da danh trgn ca cdng trinh ciia minh de nghien cun ve gidi tir va tieu trang tir trong cudn "Prepositions and adverbial particles" (Gidi tir va tieu trang tir) Ong nhan xet ve gidi tir nhu sau: "Gidi tir la mot tir loai chi mdi quan he giira danh tir hay dai tir vdi nhiing tir khac trong cau Gidi tir thudng diing trudc danh tir hay dai tir ma nd chi ph6i"[129, 1]

Trong cudn "Living English Structure" (Cau true tieng Anh hien hanh), tac gia W.S Allen xac dinh rang "Gidi tir luon dugc dat trudc tir ma nd chi phdi, chi ra mdi quan he giira cac tir hay cum tir, ma thong thudng la cac mdi quan he ve thdi gian, vi tri va phuang hudng, cac quan niem ve tinh than hay xiic cam Gidi tir cung dung sau cac tir ma nd chi phdi, dac biet la trong cau bdi va cac menh de quan he hoac nghi van" [93, 292] Rd rang rang, trong dinh nghia nay, ngoai viec neu len each dimg khac nhau cua gidi tir ,W.S Allen con chi ra cac kieu nghia khac nhau ton tai trong gidi tir

Mot dinh nghia khac ve gidi tir tie'ng Anh tuy ra't ngdn ggn nhung ham chua day dii y nghia va chuc nang ciia gidi tir trong tie'ng Anh Dd la dinh nghia ciia Penelope Choy va James McCormick trong cudn "Basic Grammar and Usage" (NgQ phap ca ban va each diing) Penelope Choy va James McCormick quan niem nhu sau: "Gidi tir la nhiing tir ngan trong ngdn ngir ciia chung ta dugc diing de chi vi tri va mdi quan be ciia mot tan ngir nao dd vdi tan ngir kia Vi du, neu nhu ban mudn didn tii quyen sach nam d dau, ban cd

the ndi: Quyen sach tren ban/ trong ngan keo/ canh ban/ ditdi quyen vd/ sau

ban Nhirng tir in nghieng la gidi tir Chung chi vi tri ciia quyen sach trong mdi quan he vdi ban/ ngan keo/ quyen vd/ va anh ta " [107, 25]

Khac vdi cac tac gia vira dan ra d tren, P Choy va J McCormick chu y nhieu ve mat quan he ciia gidi tir vdi cac tir loai khac trong cau Nhung chung tdi cho rang viec phan tich va ly giai ciia P Choy va J McCormick ve phan cau tao va boat dgng ciia gidi tir lai qua it di va so sai

Cudn "Tir dien tieng Anh hien hanh" ciia cac tac gia A.S Hornby, E.V Gatenby va H Wakefield (ban in lan thu hai ciia Oxford University Press) tai London dinh nghia ve gidi tir nhu sau: "Gidi tir la mot tir hay nhieu tir dugc diing vdi mot danh tir hay dai tir de chi mdi quan he ciia nd vdi nhung tir khac" [133,763]

Cdng trinh "A comprehensive grammar of the English language" (tam dich "Ngii phap tieng Anh tudng giai") [156] ciia R Quirk, S Greenbaum, G Leech va J Svartvik xuat ban tai Luan Don (Anh) nam 1985 danh dau mot bude tien bg mdi ve viec nghien ciin tir loai deng Anh ndi chung va gidi tir ndi rieng Ve mat phuang phap, cac tac gia R Quirk, S Greenbaum, G Leech va

J Svartvik chii yeu van theo H.A Gleason, J.B Heaton, W.S Allen, A.S Hornby, E.V Gatenby, H Wakefield , nhat la J.B Heaton, va W.S Allen Dieu dang mimg la cac tac gia ciia cdng trinh nay da danh cho viec nghien cun gidi tir mot vi tri kha quan trong (62 trang trong tong so ban 1000 trang ciia cdng trinh) Uu diem chu ye'u ciia cdng trinh la cac tac gia tim ra nhung tieu chi khach quan de phan biet gidi tir vdi cac tir loai khac trong tie'ng Anh

R Quirk, S Greenbaum, G Leech va J Svartvik neu dinh nghia ve gidi tir nhu sau: "Theo each ndi khai quat nhat, gidi tir bieu thi mdi quan he giira hai tong the, trong dd mot dugc diln ta bang bd ngir gidi tir (prepositional compliment)" [156, 657]

Sau khi xac dinh dugc khai niem gidi tir, cac tac giii phan chia gidi tir thanh cac nhdm theo dac diem ngu: nghia: nhdm gidi tir chi dia diem, chi thdi

gian, chi nguyen nhan, chi muc dich, chi each thu-c, chi ket qua, chi nhugng

bd v.v Dac biet, trong cdng trinh ciia cac tac gia nay, viec phan loai gidi tir don va gidi tir kep dugc tien hanh kha ti mi, cdng phu Cong trinh ciia R Quirk, S Greenbaum, G Leech va J Svartvik vdi tinh chat sau rgng va khoa hgc cua nd, nhu chung tdi da nhan xet, da danh dau mot bude ngoat mdi tren con dudng nghien ciiu ban chat, dac diem ngO: phap va dac diem ngu: nghia ciia gidi tir tieng Anh

Theo chiing tdi, day la dieu dang tran trgng, bdi vi ddi vdi gidi nghien Clin cung nhu sinh vien, hgc sinh hgc tieng Anh cdng trinh nay da dem lai cho chiing ta mot su chung minh chat che, khoa hgc ve su ton tai cua mot tir loai trong tie'ng Anh hien dai: gidi tir Ndi mot each khac, lan dau tien mgi ngudi, bat cu: ai quan tam den tieng Anh ndi chung va ngir phap tie'ng Anh ndi rieng, dugc tra ldi mot each thda dang nhung cau bdi nhu la tai sao lai phai phan biet rach rdi giira gidi tir dan vdi gidi tir kep, cd tat ca bao nhieu gidi tir dan va gidi tir kep trong tieng Anh, van de xac dinh vi tri, dac die'm ngir phap va ngu nghia cua gidi tir tieng Anh v.v vdi nhung ly le xac dang, khoa hgc va day sue thuye't phuc

Viec phan tich ngdn ngir khdng cd gi khac la kham pha ra nhirng ye'u to

da ddng vai trd gi trong cau triic ciia tieng ndi Do dd, chuc nang thong bao cua ngdn ngii dan den cau true va ngugc lai cau true dam bao cho chuc nang thong bao dugc thuc hien Ca hai mat nay gan bd bien chung vdi nhau, khdng tach rdi nhau M.A.K Halliday la mot trong nhirng ngudi dau tien de xudng

md hinh chu:c nang he thd'ng (functional-systemic model) Theo quan niem nay, mot he thd'ng ky hieu la mot he thd'ng tao nghia ma cac ky hieu cua he thd'ng nay la cac phuong tien truyen dat nghia Ve mat ngir phap hgc, kha nang ke't hgp va boat dgng ciia gidi tir se tao ra cum tir, cum tir ciing cac tir loai

khac tao ra mot kieu dien ngdn (discourse type), rdi tir dd, kieu dien ngon lai dugc hien thuc boa thanh van ban (text) thong qua su to chuc tir vung - ngu* phap (lexico-grammar) Trong cudn "An Introduction to Functional Grammar" (Nhap mdn Ngii phap Chirc nang) [127] M.A.K Halliday nghien Clin gidi tir theo dudng hudng ngii phap chirc nang (functional grammar) Ddng gdp noi bat ciia M.A.K Halliday trong cdng trinh nay la phat hien ra nhiing mdi quan he cua gidi tir va ca'u triic ngi tai ciia nd Theo dng, gidi tir khdng tach rdi khdi cac tir loai khac ma ludn dugc xep dat, ket hgp, su dung trong tinh hudng (situation), ngii canh (context), trong mdi quan he tang bac gom ngii canh (context), ngii nghia (semantics), tir vung-ngii phap (lexico-grammar) Day la mot each nghien ciin boat ddng cua gidi tir dudi gdc do chiic nang va dung hgc (pragmatics) Vdi phuang phap nay, M.A.K Halliday khdng nhiing da chi ra cac dac diem hinh thuc cua gidi tir ma edn giai thich vi sao, cai gi da tao ra nhung net nghia dd, ca che' td chuc, boat dgng cua gidi tir trong cum tir, trong cau ra sao v.v M.A.K Halliday cho rang: "Gidi tir khdng phai la lap nhd ciia phd tir (sub-class of adverbial), gidi tir cd quan he vdi dgng tir, va lam chuc nang la tir ndi" [127, 212]

Gan day, R Huddleston trong cudn "Introduction to the Grammar of English" (Nhap mon Ngir phap tieng Anh) [134] ddng quan diem va phuang phap nghien ciin vdi M.A.K Halliday, ciing dua vao ca che td chuc boat dgng

va sir ket hgp ciia gidi tir de tim ra nhung tieu chi khach quan xac dinh gidi tir

Ve mat ngir phap, R Huddleston chu yeu dua vao tieu chuan va kha nang ket hgp dugc hay khdng ciia gidi tir vdi cac tir loai khac de tao thanh cum tir Ong dac biet chii y nhieu den viec md ta , xac dinh vi tri ciia gidi tir trong cau Va sau vi tri cua gidi tu, mot van de quan trong khac la mdi lien he giua gidi tir va lien tir (conjunctions) [134, 337-341] hay la mdi quan he giira gidi tir vdi dgng tir, tinh tir va trang tir [134, 346-349] cung dugc nghien cuu rat chi tiei vii cdng

phu Theo chiing toi, nhiing ket qua nghien cuu dat dugc ciia R Huddleston trong cdng trinh nay la nhung dieu mdi me Va dl nhien, cong trinh ciia ong

da ddng gdp nhieu va cd y nghia nhat dinh ddi vdi viec nghien ciin llnh virc gidi tir trong tieng Anh hien dai R Huddleston dinh nghia ve gidi tir nhu sau:

"Gidi tir la tir chi quan he giiia danh tir, dai tir ma nd chi phdi va nhiing tir khac, cd the la dgng tir, tinh tir, hoac danh tir va dai tir khac" [134, 336]

Collins Cobuild trong cudn "Prepositions" (Gidi tir tieng Anh) [12] thi nhan manh rang "Gidi tir dugc dimg lam tir dau tien trong mot nhdm tir, nhdm nay cung cap thong tin ve noi chdn, hay thdi gian, hoac bang mot each trim tugng ban, ve cac mdi quan he giiia ngudi va vat Gidi tir cd chiic nang ve ngdn ngii ban la cd y nghia rieng Trong mot sd trudng hgp, nghia ciia cau cd the vSn dugc hieu ngay ca khi cac gidi tir dugc luge bd

VD: Many them are used to provide information Nhieu (nhdm gidi tir) dugc diing de cung ea'p thong tin place or time noi chdn hay thdi gian,

or hoac, a more abstract way mot each trim tugng ban relationships cac mdi quan he, people or thing ngudi hay sir vat" [12, 3]

Chiing tdi khdng cd tham vgng dua ra mot dinh nghia mdi ve gidi tir de'ng Anh Thuc ra, nhiing nhan xet neu tren chi la mot su lugm lat, due ket cac nhan xet, quan niem ve gidi tir ciia cac nha ngu phap hgc, ngdn ngii: hgc the gidi nghien cuu ve gidi tir tieng Anh ma thdi

Qua cac cong trinh ndi tren, cd the rut ra nhung dac die'm sau day ciia gidi tir tieng Anh:

1) Ve mat hinh thuc:

- Gidi tir khdng cd kha nang true tiep, doc lap lam thiinh phan ciia cum

tir va cau ma chi cd kbit nang ndi ket cac thanh phan ciia cum tir vii thanh phan cau

L

- Gidi tir thudng dirng trudc danh tir (hoac dai tir) de tao thanh mot cum tir goi la "gidi ngir" Chinh vi ly do nay ma gidi tir trong tieng Anh dugc ggi la

"preposition" (pre; trudc va position: vi tri)

Cum tir cd the la mot trang ngir bd nghia cho dgng tir

VD: - The rain poured through a hole in the roof [12, 135]

(Nude mua do xudng qua cai Id ciia mdi ntid ),

- The teacher always speaks in a loud voice [83, 139]

(Thay giao ludn luon noi to)

Cum tir cd the la mot dinh ngii (attribute) bo nghia cho mot danh tir

VD: -1 don't like the sound of a jet engine [83, 139]

(Toi khong thich tieng may bay phan luc)

- The lady with a child in her hand is my wife's sister [27, 64]

(Ngudi dan ba be' diia tre tren tay la em gai vg toi)

Tuy nhien, theo cac tac gia thugc mot sd trudng phai ngdn ngir hgc mdi xua't hien trong nhung nam gan day nhu trudng phai Cognitive Grammar (Ngii phap tri nhan) Functional Grammar (Ngir phap chtic nang) tieu bieu

la M.A.K Halliday [125], Hasan R Halliday [126], A Herkovits [130] v.v thi:

1 Sau gidi tir khong bat bude phai cd bd ngii' (complement) them vao

VD: - They came into (the classroom)

(Hg bude vao (phdng hoc))

- The passengers got off[{\\z bus)

(Hanh khach bude ra (xe buyt))

Theo cac tac giii tren thi trong cac vi du da dfm, dang sau gidi tir "into' {vao), "off {ra klidi) cd the cd danh tir lam bd ngu hoac khdng the cd danh tir

bd ngir ma cau viin cd the hieu va chap nhan dugc Nhung ta cd the bieu la sau

cac gidi tir ''into'' va ''off trong cac vi du tren cd ngiim an mot danh tir nao

dd Danh tir dd cd the la: house (nha), hall (hoi trudng), office (ca quan), room (phdng), carriage (toa xe) hoac xe buyt (bus), did (car), xe dien (tram) v.v

2 Bo ngu* cho gidi tir khdng nha't thie't phai la mot danh tir hay dai tir ma

bo ngir dd cd the la mot tir loai khac hay cung cd the la mot gidi tir

VD: He couldn't walk as fast as the others because of his bad leg

[133,80]

(Anh ay khong the di nhanh nhu nhirng ngudi khac dugc bai vi mot chdn bi dau)

2) Ve mat y nghia:

Xet ve mat y nghia tir vung, gidi tir khdng phai la dan vi dinh danh, tuc

la khdng bieu thi sir vat, su kien, hien tugng, dai lugng, hanh dgng v.v , ma chi cd tac dung xac dinh mdi quan he giua cac tir ma chung lien ket Quan he dugc de cap de'n d day chii yeu la quan he chinh phu

VD: -This hook is about death [12, 13]

(Quyen sach nay ndi ve cai chet)

- They did not recommend journeys by car [12, 58]

(Hg khdng de nghi di bchig xe hai)

1.2.2 Phan biet gidi tir vdi mot sd tir loai khac

1.2.2a Phan biet vdi tieu trgng tiY (adverbialparticle)

Tieu trang tir (adverbial particle) la tir cd ciing dang nhung khiic ve chirc nang cu phap so vdi gidi tir Ve mat y nghia ngu phap, tie'u trang tu khdng chi

mdi quan he giira danh tir hay dai tir vdi mot sd tir loai khac Chuc nang chinh cua tieu trang tir la lam trang ngir (hay lien ngir) de bd nghia cho dgng tir Tieu trang tir cd the dung mot minh lam chirc nang dd ma khong cd danh tir hay dai tirkem theo sau

VD: - A car drowtpast [27, 50]

(Mot cai xe chay qua)

- The book I wanted was out [133, 688]

(Quyen sach tdi can khong con nua)

Vay tieu trang tir la mot bd phan kha khang kbit cua dgng tir ghep hay ddng tir lien ket (phrasal verb hoac two word verb) trong tieng Anh Tieu trang tir ke't hgp vol dgng tir tao thanh dgng tii* lidn ket se khien dgng tir thu nhan mot net nghia mdi hay nghia phu Day cung la mot dac trung ca ban ciia tieu trang tir tie'ng Anh Khong phai tat ca cac tieu trang tir deu gidng nhau Cd mot sd dac tinh cd the nhan thay d tieu trang tir nay nhung lai khdng cd d tieu trang tir khac Nhin chung, chiing ta cd the nhan biet cac dac tinh dd trong cac cau true cii phap sau day:

a, Tieu trang tir cd the khie'n dong tir tao ra mot nghia mdi

VD: - Let's take a rest, I'm done for [27, 53]

(Nghi ty da, tdi het hoi roi)

- My brother can not do away with his bad habits [27, 53]

(Em toi khdng the via bo cac thdi hu tat xau ciia minh dugc)

/?, Cac tieu trang tir cd the liim noi bat, nhan manh hay hoan chinh y nghia ciia dgng tir

VD: - The teacher looked over the pupil's mistakes [27, 56]

(Thiiy giao xem xet ky ludng cac ldi ciia hgc sinh)

- This person is making a nuisance of himself in my office Show him out piccisc [146, 11]

(Ga dan dng nay dang gay rdi trong ca quan tdi Hay dua anh ta

ra ngoai)

c, Mot sd tieu trang tir trong tieng Anh khi di vdi dgng tir, ban than

chung thu nhan mot net nghia mdi, nhung khdng lam thay ddi net nghia can nguyen cua chiing Cac dgng tir kieu nay deu cd nghia tie'ng Viet tuang duang

VD: - Don't answer back when your boss talks to you [27, 53]

(Dirng ccli lai khi dng chii ndi chuyen vdi cau)

- My sister always tries to cover up her mistakes [27, 53]

(Em gai tdi ludn ludn tim each ddii biet cac ldi lam cua minh)

d, Trong nhieu trudng hgp, tieu trang tir ket hgp vdi dgng tir tao net

nghia mdi mang tinh thanh ngO: (set-expression)

VD: - The servant hurriedly took in the suitcase [27, 56]

(Ngudi hau vgi vang mang dem cac va-li vcio) (khdng thanh

ngu)

-1 was completely taken in by the thief s disguise [WH, 319]

(Tdi hoan toan bi mac Ida do cai trang ciia ten trgm) (thanh

(Cd ta cdi gang ra {khdi tay) va bat tay tdi)

- They have just gone up {the stairs) for a private talk [27, 54]

(Hg vira mdi di len {can thang) de ndi chuyen rieng gi dd)

e, Trong mot sd trudng hgp, cac dgng tir hen ket mang tinh thanh ngir

trong tie'ng Anh chi cd nghia tie'ng Viet tuang duang la mot dgng tir dan gian

ma thoi

VD: The two youths at last brought the old man round to their point of

view [27, 59]

(Hai chang thanh nidn cudi cimg da thuyet phuc ctuac ong gid ddng

y vdi quan diem cua hg)

Gidi tir tie'ng Anh cung cd kha nang ke't hgp vdi dgng tir tao thanh mot kieu dgng tir ghep (prepositional verb)

Mot vai su ke't hgp giiia dgng tir va gidi tir de tao thanh dgng tir ghep mang ca nghia den va nghia bdng

VD: 1, - We go into the room [27, 55]

(Chung tdi di vao phdng)

- We go into the business [27, 55]

(Chung toi di vao cong viec)

2, - He came across the road [27, 55]

(Anh a'y di qua dudng)

- He came across the missing papers [27, 55]

(Anh ay tinh ca nhin thciy nhiing ta gidy bi mat)

Trong nhieu trudng hgp, dgng tir ghep nay cung cd nhirng net nghia mdi mang tinh thanh ngu (set-expression)

VD: -1 didn't take to him at first [27, 55]

(Thoat dau tdi khdng tliicli anh ta)

- The baby really takes after his father [27, 55]

(Dua tre that gidng bd no)

Dgng tir lidn ket la net kha dac biet ciia dgng tir tieng Anh Lam the nao

de phan biet dugc dgng tir ket hgp vdi deu trang tir (phrasal verb) va dgng tir ket hgp vdi gidi tir (prepositional verb) qua la rac rdi va lam sao de sir diing dugc hai loai dgng tir nay mot each thanh thuc thi lai cang khd ban va dl nhien

la nd gay khong it khd khan cho ngudi Viet Nam khi hgc tie'ng Anh

Thong thudng each de nhat de nhan biet dgng tir ket hgp hai thanh phan

la xem nd cd dung mot minh hay khdng Neu tieu tir trong dgng tir ket hgp hai thanh phan khong di kem vdi danh tir nao ca thi dd la dgng tir lidn ket (phrasal verb) Trong khi do trong cau true cd ddng tir ghep (dgng tir di vdi gidi tir -prepositional verb) thi gidi tir bao gid cung phai di kem vdi mot danh tir nao

dd Day la tidu chi de phan biet dgng tir lien ke't vdi dgng tir ghep

VD: -1 did not see that man come by (dgng tir lien ke't) [27, 60]

(Toi khdng nhin thay ngudi a'y di qua)

- We came by the conclusion that the work is of great use (ddng

tirghep) [27,60]

(Chiing tdi di den ket luan rang cdng trinh dd cd tac dung Idn)

Tuy nhien, trong mot sd trudng hgp su phan biet hoan toan khdng rd rang

VD: - The pilot flew in the plane (dgng tir lien ket) [27, 60]

(Vien phi cdng ldi chide mciy bciy vao)

- The passengersyZ^iv in the plane (dgng tir ghep) [27, 60]

(Hanh khach bay trong mciy bay)

Trong cac vi du tren, cac cum dong tir thoat trdng rai gidng nhau vi ca bai deu cd cum danh tir dirng sau cac ddng tir

Han nira, neu ta dua ca hai kieu dgng tir nay va cac cum danh tir di kem

vao cac kieu thir chuyen hoa - chuyen boa bi dong thi chung deu cho ta mot

ket qua

VD: - All the aUacks were kept off {dong tir lien ket) [27, 60]

(Tat ca cac eugc tan cong deu bi chdn lai)

- Those girls were laughed at (dgng tir ghep) [27, 60]

(Nhiing cd gai dd bi ngudi ta die cudi)

De phan biet giua hai kieu dgng tir nay can phai chii y de'n nhirng dac

trung ca ban ciia mdi loai (dac biet ddi vdi dgng tir lien ket):

+ Tan ngii true tiep ciia dgng tir lien ke't c6 the dugc dat giira dgng tir va

tie'u tir, edn cum danh tir do gidi tir chi phdi chi cd mot vi tri la dung sau gidi

tir

So sanh:

The pilot, flew in the plane The passengers/Zew in the plane

The pilot flew the plane in 0

-h Neu cum danh tir trong cac cau tnic tren dugc thay the bang dai tir

nhan xung thi ket qua mang lai hoan toan trai ngugc

So sanh:

The pilot flew it in va The passengers/Zeiv in it

-h Trong mot sd trudng hgp, dac biet khi ciim danh tir la mot trang ngir,

gidi tir + cum danh tir cd the duac dat d dau cau, edn trong cau true cd ddng tir

lien ke't thi khdng the cd

So sanh:

*s In the plane the pilot flew

Nhung cd the ndi: In the plane the pasengers flew

Dua tren dac diem ca ban la tieu trang tir khdng di kem vdi danh tir, con gidi tir thudng di kem vdi mot danh tir nao dd, chung ta cd the phan biet dugc dong tir lidn ket do dgng tir ket hgp tieu trang tir tao thanh vdi ddng tir ghep do dgng tir ket hgp gidi tir tao thanh qua mot trudng hgp khac sau day:

So sanh: 1, Our c^r ran over dL dog [27, 56]

(Xe cua chung tdi chay qua con chd)

2, The children ran over the school playground [27, 56]

(Tre em chay tren san trudng)

Thoat nhin chiing ta de dang nham lan giiia hai dgng tir trong hai cau tren, nhung neu chiing ta diing phep chuyen ddi vi tri thi phep dd chi dugc thuc hien d vi du thu nhat

Cu the, vi du (1) cd the ndi: Our car ran a dog over

VI du (2) khdng the ndi: The children ran the playground over

Qua day, chung ta thay rang trong vi du (1) la dgng tir lien ket (phrasal verb) do ddng tir ket hgp vdi tieu trang tir, con trong vi dti (2) dd la dgng tir ghep (prepositional verb) do dgng tir ket hgp vdi gidi tir

Tren day la mot sd net khac biet giira gidi tir vdi tieu trang tir trong tie'ng Anh khi chiing dugc diing vdi mot dgng tir de tao thanh ddng tir ghep, dong tir lien ke't hay dgng tir vdi gidi tir O tieng Viet, theo chiing toi nhung khac biet nay hau nhu khdng rd net bdi vi trong tie'ng Viet thudng khdng cd ranh gidi rd rang giira dgng tir lidn ket va dgng tir ghep (dgng tir di vdi gidi tir) Chung ta thay trong tieng Anh, loai tii" nay cd mot pham vi boat dgng rat rong vii khdng thuan nhat chut nao Neu nghien cun mot each chi tiet va ti mi ve cac tieu trang tir trong tieng Anh thi dieu dd ciin phai danh cho nd ca mot chuyen de Idn, nhung neu khdng de cap den nhdm tir nay khi nghien ciru ve gidi tir thi se khdng bao gid cd dugc ca sd khach quan de nghien cii:u va phan

biet gidi tir vdi nhdm tir nay, dac biet khi viec nghien cuu vc su ket hgp ciia gidi tir tie'ng Anh vdi dong tir

1.2.2b Phan biet vdi lien tit {conjunction)

Trong tieng Anh, mot sd lien tir cd the ciing dang vdi gidi tir nhu as

{khi), after {sau khi), before {trade khi), but {nhung mci),for {bai vi), since {tu khi), than {han), till {cho den khi), until {cho den khi), up {len) v.v , nhung

trong vai trd lien tir, nhiing tir nay cd tac dung ndi lien hai tir, hai cum tir hoac hai menh de cd quan he lien hgp hay quan be qua lai vdi nhau Tuy nhien, trong tie'ng Anh, so lugng tir vira la gidi tir vira la lien tir khdng nhieu va pham

vi boat dgng cua chting cung khdng rgng nhu tieu trang tir

Xet theo quan he giira hai thanh phan do lien tir ndi lai, chiing ta cd the chia nhung lien tir tren ra lam hai tieu loai sau:

a, Cac hen tir lien tir dang lap (co-ordinating conjunctions) (hay con ggi

la lien tir lien ket): but, for, still, till, until v.v

VD: - The coat was thin but warm [83, 182]

(Chie'c ao khoac mdng nhung am)

- The car was quite old but in excellent condition [83, 182]

(Chie'c dto cu rdi nhung edn rat tdt)

- We had better close the door,/or it is very cold [83, 187]

(Chung ta nen ddng cira lai thi ban, vi trdi lanh liim)

- He felt tired and thirsty,/or it was very hot [83, 187]

(Anh ta cam thav mdt va khat, vi trdi rai ndng)

Nhirng lien tir neu trong cac vi^ du trdn ndi hen nhung tir, cum tir bay menh de cd quan he dang lap vdi nhau, ma khdng cai nao phu thuoc vao cai nao Chuc nang ngir phap ciia cac lien tir nay hoan toan gidng nhau

b, Cac lien tir phu thugc (subordinating conjunctions): after, as, before, since, till, until v.v

Mac dii cung bieu thi quan he chinh phu nhu gidi tir, nhimg nhung lien tir nay khong ndi tir vdi tir, cum tir vdi cum tir ma chi ndi menh de phu vdi menh de chinh trong cau phuc hgp (complex sentences) Sau day la nghia va each sir dung mot sd lien tir phu thugc tieu bieu:

After {sau khi):

After cho biet su kien hay trang thai trong menh de chinh dien ra sau

menh de phu [13, 29]

VD: -After Don told me this, he spoke of his mother [13, 29]

(Sau khi ke cho tdi nghe dieu nay, Don ndi ve me ciia minh)

- After we moved through An Luu, the paddies disappeared [RD,

161]

{Sau khi chiing tdi di qua viing An Luu, rugng lua thua dan)

- A letter will be sent to your family doctor as soon as possible

after you have left hospital [13, 30]

(Mot biic thu se dugc giri cho bac si ciia ban ngay sau khi ban

xua't vien)

As {khi):

As dimg de lien ket hai su kien ddng didn Hiinh dgng dd thudng la

hanh dgng ngim va thudng cd y nghia "d chinh thdi die'm dd" (at that very moment)

VD; - As be looked at the coin, his whole expression changed [13, 33]

(Khi nhin vao ddng tien, toan bg ve mat anh bien doi)

- The telephone began to ring as he unlocked the door [13, 33] (Dien thoai bat dau reo khi anh ay md cira)

Before {tritdc khi), until, till {cho den khi):

Ca Before va until deu cho bie't sii kien hoac trang thai trong menh de chinh dien ra sdm ban trong menh thdi gian Nhung until, va till nhan manh

diem ket thiic hoac muc tieu cua sir kien hay trang thai trong menh de chinh [13,31]

VD: - Mr Major spoke to Mr Kohl shortly before the Chancellor flew

to India [13, 31]

(Ngai Major da trinh bay vdi Thii tudng Kohl ngay trudc khi

Thu tudng bay di An Do)

- They had known each other for only three months before he left

Brisbane [13, 31]

(Hg chi mdi bie't nhau ba thang trudc khi anh a'y rdi Brisbane)

- They talked about Stephen until they reached Canterbury [13,

31]

(Hg ndi chuyen ve Stephen mdi cho den Canterbury)

- Would you mind not questioning Pauline until you have studied

thejoiimal?[13,31]

(Xin vui Idng dimg chat van Pauline cho den khi ban da nghien

cuu xong tdbao)

Till gidng nhu ''untiF nhung thudng diing trong van ndi va van viet

than mat (informal writing)

a

VD: - He took a pencil out of his jacket and fumbled around till he

found an old envelope [13, 32]

(Anh ay lay cay but chi tir trong ao vet tong ra va loay hoay ch den khi tim thay mot bl thu cu)

- He'll have to wait till we've finished here [13, 32]

(Anh a'y se phai dgi cho den khi chung tdi hoan tat d day)

Since {tit khi, ticliic):

Since bieu thi y nghia ve su khdi diem trong qua khu ciia mot trang thai

hoac chudi su kien didn ra lien tiep den thdi diem hien tai hoac lien tie'p tir thdi die'm nao dd trong qua khir cho den giai doan sau ciing trong qua khir [13, 30]

VD: - These drugs have been the mainstay of medical treatment since

they first became available in 1950 [13, 30]

(Day la nhiing loai thudc chu ye'u trong phuong thtic dieu tri y

hgc ke tic khi chung dugc dua vao sir dung vao nam 1950)

- Things have improved since the inspector wrote his report (Mgi thii: da tien trien ke tit khi vien thanh tra vie't bao cao)

Nhiing lien tir phu thudc trong cac vi du neu tren khdng the ddng vai trd

la lien tir doc lap nhu cac lien tir ket hgp Cac thanh td trong cau do cac lien tir nay ndi lai deu phu thugc lan nhau, cai no dua vao cai kia, de ciing nhau bieu thi nhirng y nghia phuc tap nhung bao gid ciing cd su lien ket chat che trong cau triic Dd la cac quan he ve nguyen nhan - ket qua (cause - result)

1.3.1 Van de xac dinh dac diem ciia gidi tir

Ve ten ggi "gidi tir" trong tieng Viet, trong nhirng thap ky gan day thuat ngir nay da dan dan dugc thay the hay ton tai song song vdi nhung ten ggi khac nhu quan he tir [3,161], [23,179], [57,132], [58,161]; ket tir chinh phu [1,133], [86,262]; ket tir [11, 273], [87, 511] v.v , nhung trong luan an ciia minh chiing toi van sir dtang thuat ngir "gidi tir" va "gidi ngii" hoac "cum gidi tir", dan gian vi day la nhiing thuat ngu kha quen thugc va dugc sir dung mot each rgng rai Han nira, nhirng thuat ngii nay, theo chung tdi, the hien rd nhat cac ddi tugng chiing tdi se nghien ciin, ddi chie'u trong luan an

Trong tie'ng Viet hien dai, nhdm hu tir ndi chung va gidi tir ndi rieng cd

sd lugng khdng nhieu, nhung xuat hien vdi tan sd kha cao va dugc sir dung het sue da dang trong ngon ngir, ca ddng so vdi nhieu nhdm tir khac Su phat trien cua he thd'ng gidi tir tieng Viet da giup cho he thd'ng ngdn ngir phat trien ban Chinh ban than gidi tir, ngoai dac trung ca ban nhat la the hien y nghia quan

he, cung gitip khu biet cac mdi quan he ngii nghia trong cau triic cii phap Cung nhd nhung dac trung dd da giup cho he thd'ng tieng Viet ludn cd kha nang phat trien va md rgng cau triic cu phap, khdng chi bd hep trong nhirng cau triic dan gian Tir nhiing cau true dugc md rgng nay lam cho tieng Viet cung mem mai ban, uyen chuyen ban va cd the dien ta dugc tat ca mgi van de phuc tap trong ddi song con ngudi

VD: "TTXVN - Ngay 3-5, tai eugc hgp bao thudng ky ciia Bg Ngoai

giao Ngudi Phat ngdn Bg Ngoai giao Viet Nam Phan Thuy Thanh da tra ldi

nhieu cau hoi-ciia cac phdng vidn trong nude va qudc te

Tra ldi cau bdi ciia phdng vien Hang thong tan Reuters (Anh)

de nghi binh luan ve viec trong Bao cao nam 2001, Uy ban tu do ton giao qudc te ciia Hoa Ky da dua ra mot sd khuyen nghi vdi Chinh phu

Hoa Ky de nghi xem xet lai chinh sach ciia Hoa Ky vdi Viet Nam vi ly

do ton giao Lieu viec nay cd lam tang su lo ngai a Viet Nam ve viec

Hoa Ky phe chuan Hiep dinh Thuang mai song phuang khdng, Ngudi Phat ngon ta neu rd:

Viet Nam la mot da't nude da ton giao Luat phap Viet Nam va Nha nude Viet Nam ludn ton trgng va dam bao tti do tin ngudng, ton

giao va tii do khdng tin nguang ton giao ciia mgi cdng dan Cac ton giao a Viet Nam dugc boat dgng tu do trong khuon khd ciia Hien phap

va Phap luat" (Bao Handimdi, ngay 4-5-2001)

Song tir trudc den nay, van de gidi tir tieng Viet vSn chua dugc nghien Clin ky Ngoai trir luan an tie'n si ciia Dinh Thanh Hue [173], tir loai nay chi dugc de cap tdi trong mot sd chuong, muc d cac sach ngii phap tie'ng Viet, hoac cac giao trinh tie'ng Viet diing cho ngudi nude ngoai

Ngoai trir M Grammont va Le Quang Trinh [171] khdng thira nhan viec phan dinh tii loai trong tieng Viet, cac tac gia nay phu nhan su ton tai cua tir loai gidi tir trong tieng Viet khi nhan dinh "Trong tieng Viet, khdng cd quan tir, danh tir, cung khdng cd dai tir, ddng tir, gidi tir, khdng cd gidng, khdng cd

sd ma chi cd tir khdng thdi: nhung tir dd nhat loat la dan am tiet, ndi chung khdng bien hinh va y nghia ca ban cua chung dugc xac dinh nhd nhiing tir dung trudc hay dung sau, nghia la nhd chuc nang, vi tri ciia chiing trong cau" [171,201-202]

Trong cac cdng trinh khac, hiiu het cac nha Viet ngir hgc deu khang dinh su ton tai ciia gidi tir trong tieng Viet, nhung y kien ve nd edn khac nhau tren nhieu binh dien Ngay den each hieu nhu the nao la gidi tir, tieu chi xac dinh gidi tir va danh sach gidi tir trong tieng Viet viin dang edn nhung quan

niem chua phii hgp vdi ban chat ngir phap, ngu: nghia cua tu loai nay hay nhieu chd chua cd su nhat tri can thiet

Trong cac cdng trinh xuat hien dau the ky XX, hau nhu chua cd sir mieu

ta khai quat nao dang ke ve dac diem ngu nghia va ngir phap ciia gidi tir Cd the ke ten cac tac gia d thdi ky nay nhu R Bulteau [169], Tran Trgng Kim, Bill Ky, Pham Duy Khiem [39], Truang VInh Ky [40], Le Van Ly [46], Phan Khdi [38], Bin Due Tinh [78], M.B Emeneau [114] v.v Ve sau, nhat la tir nhiing nam 60 trd lai day, cac nha nghien cuu da dat dugc nhieu ket qua ban trong viec phae hoa cac dac trung ciia gidi tir Cd the ke mot sd tac gia tieu bieu nhu: Nguyen Tai Can [5], Nguyen Kim Than [63], Dai Xuan Ninh [49], Dinh Thanh Hue [173], Dinh Van Dire [23], Diep Quang Ban [1], Duang Thanh Binh [99], Dd Hun Chau, Bui Minh Toan [6], Nguyin Minh Thuyet [75], Cao Xuan Hao [36], Hun Quynh [58], Nguyln Lai [42], Nguyin Anh

Que [56], Vu Van Thi [72], Le Bien [3] v.v

Tran Trgng Kim va cac ddng tac gia "Viet Nam van pham" cho rang " Gidi tii la tie'ng dimg de lien lac mot tieng vdi tie'ng tuc tir ciia nd" [39, 31]

Tac gia Biii Dtic Tinh trong cudn "Van pham Viet Nam" [78] phan biet khai niem ve gidi tir va gidi ngii Gidi tir dugc hieu la tir chi ra mdi quan he tuang ung giiia hai tir, con gidi ngir dugc hieu nhu la mot don vi ngdn ngir bieu dat mdi quan he giira hai doan cau Ong dinh nghia ve gidi tir nhu sau:

"Gidi tir la tieng diing de chi sir tuong quan y nghia giii:a mot tieng va tiic ngu ciia nd" [78, 109]

Phan Khdi dinh nghia gidi tir nhu sau: " Gidi tti dimg de gidi thieu danh tir hoac dai danh tir den vdi ddng tir, danh tir hoac dai danh tir khiic de td ra su

quan he giii:a chiing nd vdi nhau Nhu: Ngudi tbg due sung "bdng''gang; mat trdi mgc '"tii'phuang ddng; vudn hoa "crm" thanh phd; cudn sach "c«a"

tdi"[38, 195]

Nguyen Kim Than thi xep gidi tir trong nhdm quan he tir va dinh nghia:

"Gidi tir la mot loai hu tir (trong nhdm quan he tir) cd tac dtjng ndi lien tir phu (hoac tir to phu) vdi tir chinh (hoac tir to chinh) bieu thi quan he ngii phap giira hai dan vi dd Gidi tir bao gid cung diing trudc tir phu hoac tir to phii" [63, 330]

Nguyen Tai Can trong cudn "Ngu phap tieng Viet: Tieng Tir ghep Doan ngir" dua tren ca sd doan ngir khi ban ve viec phan dinh tir loai da xac dinh dugc mot sd dac diem ngii: phap ca ban nha't ciia gidi tir [5, 303-309]

-Cac tac gia cudn "Ngii phap tie'ng Viet" ciia Uy ban Khoa hoc Xa bdi

Viet Nam coi cac tir: ciia, cho, md, do, vi, nhd, bdng, qua, vdi, ciing, a, tai, bdi, de la nhiing ke't tir chinh phu bieu thi su sd thudc, phuang tien, noi

chdn, nguyen nhan, muc dich - cau khien v.v [86, 264-270]

Dinh Thanh Hue trong luan an tien si ngu van ciia minh neu dinh nghia

ve gidi tir nhu sau: "Gidi tir la nhung hu tir cd kha nang xac lap nhiing mdi quan he ngii phap va y nghia giua thuc tir (hoac giira cac nhdm tir) trong mot gidi ngii*, ddng thdi nhiing hu tir nay cung cd the ket hgp vdi thuc tir (hoac ket hgp vdi nhdm tir) trong mot cau triic cii phap dac biet (mot ca'u true cii phap chi bao gom gidi tir va thuc tir), ma trong dd gidi tir ciing vdi thuc tir bieu dat nhung quan he khac nhau ciia hien thuc khach quan nhu quan he khdng gian, quan he thdi gian, nguyen nhan, muc dich, phuong thuc hanh dgng " [173, 15]