Lecture 21 - Inventory Fundamentals. The contents of this chapter include all of the following: Inventory fundamentals, aggregate inventory management, how company use their inventory, objectives of inventory management, relevant inventory cost, inventory function, types of inventory, material flow, functions of inventory, inventory cost, inventory turns.
Trang 1Inventory Fundamentals
Books
• Introduction to Materials Management, Sixth Edition, J. R. Tony Arnold, P.E., CFPIM, CIRM, Fleming College, Emeritus, Stephen N. Chapman, Ph.D., CFPIM, North Carolina State University, Lloyd M. Clive, P.E., CFPIM, Fleming College
• Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, 11th Edition, by Chase, Jacobs, and Aquilano, 2005, N.Y.: McGrawHill/Irwin.
• Operations Management, 11/E, Jay Heizer, Texas Lutheran University, Barry Render, Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Prentice Hall
Trang 3retailer – no inventory, no
warehouses, no overhead; just
computers taking orders to be filled
by others
become a world leader in
warehousing and inventory
management
Trang 55. Crates arrive at central point where items are
boxed and labeled with new bar code
per hour
and labeled before leaving warehouse in a truck
8. Order arrives at customer within a week
Trang 6• What is inventory?
– Materials and supplies that a business or institution carries either for sale or to provide inputs or supplies to the
production process.
– Those stocks or items used to support production (raw
materials and workinprocess items), supporting
activities (maintenance, repair, and operating supplies), and customer service (finished goods and spare parts)
APICS Dictionary
Trang 7• Can production be planned without managing inventory?
– since inventory either results from production or supports
it, the two cannot be managed separately separately and must be coordinated
• Production planning is concerned with overall inventory
• Master planning is concerned with end items
• Material requirements planning is concerned with component parts and raw material
Trang 8with managing inventories according to their
classifications (raw material, workinprocess, finished goods, etc.) and the function they
perform. It is financially oriented and is
concerned with the costs and benefits of carrying the classifications of inventories
Trang 10• Management must establish decision rules about individual inventory items:
– Importance of inventory items
– How they are to be controlled
– How much to order at one time
– When to place an order
Trang 14• Percentage Of Dollar Volume Shipped on Schedule
– Recognizes the differences in orders in terms of both line items and
$ value
Trang 15inventory
26
$384,615
0
$10,000,00 value
inventory
average
sold goods
of cost
annual Turnover
2weeks 0/52
$10,000,00
$384,615 dollars
in usage weekly
average
dollars
in hand
on inventory
average Supply
of
Weeks
days
10 0/260
$10,000,00
$384,615 Supply
of
Days
Trang 17Cost
Fixed, constant dollar amount incurred for each order placed
Shortage
Costs
Loss of customer goodwill, back order handling, and lost sales
Risk costs Obsolescence, damage, deterioration, theft,
insurance and taxesStorage costs Included the variable expenses for space,
workers, and equipment related to the volume of inventory held
Relevant Inventory Costs
Trang 18system
Places a replenishment order when the onhand inventory falls below the
predetermined minimum level
Order n
periods
Order quantity is determined by total demand for the item for the next n periods
Trang 193. To take advantage of quantity discounts
4. To hedge against inflation
Trang 21Cycle time
Trang 22maintained
Trang 23• Inventory can be classified according to the following flow:
Trang 24• Raw and inprocess (RIP) raw materials or workinprocess, a term used in JIT to account for shipments to pointofuse.
Trang 25• Finished goods finished products of the production process that are ready to be sold as completed items.
• Distribution inventories finished goods located in the
distribution system.
• Maintenance, repair, and operational supplies (MROs) items used in production that do not become part of the product.
Trang 27• Purposes of inventory
– built up to help level production and to reduce costs of changing production rates
– Examples:
• created ahead of a peak selling season, a promotion program, vacation shutdown, or possibly a strike
Trang 28• Purposes of inventory (continued)
supply and demand or lead time (commonly called safety stock)
– Purpose to prevent disruptions in manufacturing or
deliveries to customers
Trang 30• Purposes of inventory (continued)
needed to move goods from one location to another (sometimes called pipeline inventory)
fluctuations
Trang 31• Inventories must be coordinated to meet three conflicting objectives:
– Maximize customer service
– Lowcost plant operation
– Minimum inventory investment
Trang 34• Carrying costs
– Carrying cost include all costs caused by the amount of inventory carried. Three categories used are:
Trang 35• The annual carrying costs depend on the average inventory carried. The more that is ordered at one time, the higher the average inventory.
• The annual cost of carrying inventory can be
decreased by ordering less at one time
Trang 36• Purchase order costs
Trang 37• The number of orders per year can be reduced by
ordering more at any one time
Trang 38• Stockout costs
– If demand during lead time exceeds the forecast and available inventory, we can expect a stockout. Possible costs of a stockout include:
• Backorder costs
• Lost sales costs
• Lost customer costs
Trang 39• Capacityrelated costs
– These costs are those of changing production levels. They include:
Trang 40• Inventory turns: a measure of how effectively
inventories are being used. The ratio of Annual Cost of Goods Sold divided by average inventory
in dollars
Trang 41Example from Page 238
What will be the inventory turns ratio if the annual cost of goods sold is $24 million and the average inventory is $6 million?
Inventory turns = Annual COGS / Avg. inv. $
= $24 million / $6 million = 4
Trang 42Savings = $4 million X 25% = $1 million!
Trang 43End of Lecture 21