The mediating role of trust in the relationship between key account management programs and commitment, a dealer perspective

NG THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRUST IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KEY ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND COMMITMENT: MASTER THESIS Ho Chi Minh City – 2012... It was found that Marketing and Sa

NG

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRUST IN THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KEY ACCOUNT

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND COMMITMENT:

MASTER THESIS

Ho Chi Minh City – 2012

NG

THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRUST IN THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KEY ACCOUNT

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND COMMITMENT:

MASTER THESIS

In Business Administration

Ology code: 60340102

Supervisor Mai Trang

Ho Chi Minh City – 2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to give my sincere thanks to Dr Nguy n Th Mai Trang, who had dedicatedly instructed me to approach every particular matter from the research method guidance to intensive support and valuable suggestions for the final completion of this thesis

I would also like to express my gratefulness to the respected teachers from the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City for their devotions in training and education We inherited much knowledge and experiences thanks to them

I truly appreciate the helps of my colleagues, my friends in eMBA class course K19, and my partners This research could not be completed successfully if such helps

of knowledge and field work data collection were not supported by them

My special thanks are given to my beloved family and my wife, Phạm Ngọc

P ươ g Trúc who has encouraged me much to complete this thesis

Ho Chi Minh City, October 2012

Nguy n Hải Đô

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

TABLE OF CONTENT ii

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLES v

ABSTRACT 1

Chapter 1 2

INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Research background 2

1.2 Problem statement 3

1.3 Research questions 4

1.4 Research objectives 4

1.5 Research Methodology and Scope 5

1.6 Structure of the research 5

Chapter 2 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 High-technology attributes and their effects 8

2.2.1 High technology attributes 8

2.2.2 Effects of high-tech attributes: 10

2.3 Trust 12

2.4 Key Account Management (KAM) programs 12

2.4.1 Responsiveness 13

2.4.2 Information 14

2.4.3 Logistics 15

2.4.4 Tailor-made promotions 16

2.5 Commitment 16

2.6 Conceptual Model 17

2.7 Summary of hypotheses 18

Chapter 3 19

METHODOLOGY 19

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Research design 19

3.3 Measurement 19

3.3.1 Independent variables 21

3.3.1.1 Responsiveness 21

3.3.1.2 Information 21

3.3.1.3 Logistics 22

3.3.1.3 Tailor-made promotions 22

3.3.2 Dependent variables 23

3.3.2.1 Trust 23

3.3.2.2 Commitment 24

3.4 Questionnaire translation 24

3.4 Pilot study 25

3.5 Main study 25

3.6 Research sampling 26

3.6.1 Sample size 26

3.6.2 Selecting the samples 26

3.6.3 Collecting data 27

3.7 Statistical tools 28

3.7.1 Cleaning data process 28

3.7.2 Reliability 28

3.7.3 Explanatory Factor Analysis 28

3.7.4 Regression analysis 29

3.8 Conclusion 29

Chapter 4 30

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 30

4.1 Introduction 30

4.2 Data cleaning 30

4.3 Description of the qualified respondents 30

4.4 Reliability Test of measurement 31

4.5 Exploratory Factor Analysis 32

4.6 Analysis of correlations 37

4.7 Test of Hypotheses 37

4.7.1 Test the appropriateness of model and assumptions for MLR 37

4 7 2 e effects of KAM P o ams’ facto s o t st (H1, H2a, H2b, H3, a d H4) 38

4.7.3 The effect of Trust on Commitment 41

4.8 Conclusions 42

Chapter 5 43

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS 43

5.1 Findings of the study 43

5.2 Practical implications 46

5.3 Contributions of the study 47

5.4 Limitations and recommendations for future research 48

LIST OF REFERENCES 49

APPENDIX IA: QUESTIONNAIRE (Vietnamese version) 53

APPENDIX IB: Results of the quantitative pilot study 55

APPENDIX II: Descriptive statistics of variables 57

APPE IX III: Meas eme t scales eliabilit of o i i al model’s va iables 58

APPENDIX IV: Measurement scales eliabilit of adj sted model’s ew va iables 61

APPENDIX V: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 62

APPENDIX VI: Test of MLR assumptions 70

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Proposed research model 18

Figure 3.1: The process of the study 20

Figure 4.1: Adjusted research model 36

Figure 4.2: Results of model 1 40

Figure 4.3: Results of model 2 42

LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Responsiveness Scale 21

Table 3.2: Information Scale 21

Table 3.3: Logistics Scale 22

Table 3.4: Tailor-made promotions Scale 22

Table 3.5: Tailor-made promotions Scale 23

Table 3.6: Commitment Scale 24

Table 4.1: Characteristics of the samples 31

able 4 2: S mma of C o bac ’s Alp a of meas eme t scales 32

Table 4.3: Rotated Component Matrix 34

able 4 4: S mma of C o bac ’s Alp as wit 2 ew 35

Table 4.5: Correlation matrix 37

Table 4.6: Multiple Linear Regression: Model 1 Summary 39

Table 4.7: Multiple Linear Regression: Model 1 ANOVA 39

Table 4.8: Multiple Linear Regression: Model 1 Coefficients 39

Table 4.9: Multiple Linear Regression: Model 2 Summary 41

Table 4.10: Multiple Linear Regression: Model 2 ANOVA 41

Table 4.11: Multiple Linear Regression: Model 2 Coefficients 41

Table 5.1: The effects of sub-dimensions of Key Account Programs on Trust 45

ABSTRACT

In a fast-changing environment of high-tech industry in Vietnam, the role of key account management programs has been realized to be truly important as it builds strong commitment between suppliers and dealers This study aims at exploring the effects of ke acco t ma a eme t p o ams’ facto s to t st a d co seq e tl , t st’s effect to commitment

A survey was conducted with a sample of 202 respondents who are purchasing managers, owners and shop/floor managers represents for 8 key accounts in the high-tech industry Exploratory factor analysis and multiple linear regression was employed

to analyze the data

It was found that Marketing and Sales Information, Product Information, Responsiveness and Logistics have positive effects on Trust while Tailor-made Promotions was not significantly related to Trust Finally, Trust has a positive effect on Commitment

The results of this study suggest that suppliers should invest more resources in exchange information with dealers, especially marketing and sales information; responsiveness, logistics and product information are also deserved to invest time and effort in order to enhance trust and consequently consolidate commitment This study contributes to the extant literature on key account management programs and is the first kind to explore in the high-tech industry in Vietnam

Keywords: Key account management programs, trust, commitment, Vietnam,

high-tech industry

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Key Account Management (KAM) has been received so many interests as most

of sales turnover generated by key customers (Shapiro and Moriarty, 1982; Cespedes, 1992) For enterprises who deal in high-tech industry, key accounts play a strategic role

in their short and long run Such strategic customers deserve to be paid more attention

by suppliers Suppliers have the sound reasons to invest more resources in the key resellers in order to develop a close and valuable relationship, and maintain high trust between the dyad These activities are included in a strategic working design called Key Account Management Program

Literature has shown that a variety of researches investigating the effects of key account management program on trust and consequently on commitment Researches

by Kumar, 1996; Geyskens et al , 1998 showed that building a program like key

account teams will lead to a high level of trust, and then will lead to a long term commitment between the dyad This will generate a win-win relationship for a long run

High technology industry is highly dynamic; it changes very fast as the speed of technology circle Technological products become obsolete in a very short period,

value of such products decreases day by day Doing business in this industry requires high commitment as the environment is ever changing

Vietnam is a developing and transformational economy Commitment in doing business is a big problem put ahead for such fast changing industry It is argued that Vietnamese businesses just pay more attention on the short term benefits; they can break their commitment at ease to achieve their goals Especially, in such a unstable and fast changing environment like high technology, the problem turns out to be quite popular In order to catch up with the speed of change in the industry, and long for a long term and sustainable development, businesses should develop a strategy in building trust and in turn commitment among those by developing strategic programs such as key account management programs

In a transitio al eco om like Viet am, t e e’s a lack of researches on such mentioned constructs, the effects of key account management programs on trust and in turn commitment Especially, little attention has been paid in the high-tech industry The question put forward is whether such constructs affect to the trust and consequently commitment in the high tech industry, how strong they are and should they deserve to be invested more in order to build a strategy for long term cooperation between dyads Empirical research is deserved to be carried out for a brighter view in order to draw practical implications by investigating the effects of KAM programs on trust and in turn commitment

1.2 Problem statement

A number of studies have been carried out on the roles of KAM and its effects on trust

and commitment Willem et al (2004) has investigated the roles of KAM programs in

the fast-moving consumer goods industry Faten Baddar Al-Husan and Ross Brennan (2009) have studied the implementation of strategic account management in an emerging economy in the Arab word to reassert the important roles and effects of the

key/strategic account management programs Such mentioned researches and literature encourages investments in key account management programs to build trust and long-term commitment from customers In a transitional and emerging economy like Vietnam, such researches on key account managements programs has not, to the

a t o ’s best knowledge, received much interests from researchers, especially, in the field of high-tech industry with a fast-changing environment

Therefore, the problem addressed in this study is to investigate the effects of key account management programs on trust and then on commitment from Vietnamese dealers perspective in the high-tech field, such as telecommunications, electrical appliances, and information technology

1.3 Research questions

This research aims at answering the following questions:

- W at’s t e elatio s ip betwee ke acco t ma a eme t p o ams’ facto s

on trust and consequently on commitment?

- What factors should be deserved for investment in order to build long-term win-win business cooperation?

1 The relationship between responsiveness and trust

2 The relationship between information and trust

3 The relationship between logistics and trust

4 The relationship between tailor-made promotions and trust; and

5 The relationship between trust and commitment

This research will investigate such relationships from Vietnamese dealer perspective Consequently, findings will show some facts, and then practical implications are proposed

1.5 Research Methodology and Scope

This research focuses on surveying 8 key accounts (dealers) in high-tech industry located in all the provinces of Vietnam where selected dealers have offices and branches Total correspondents will be targeted at about 210 samples

The research comprises 2 stages: pilot and main study In the first stage a qualitative approach was used to explore whether the scales for measuring the constructs are suitable or not Then, some amendments had been made where is necessary

In the second stage, a quantitative approach was employed By interviewing dealers, data were collected for analysis This phase is to test the reliability of the measurement scales using C o bac ’s alpha coefficient and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Multiple Linear Regression analysis (MLR) was employed to test the research model and hypotheses SPSS software version 16 was used for data analysis

1.6 Structure of the research

The structure of this research consists of five chapters:

In this chapter, literature review has been summarized This chapter would present a research model of the research

Chapter 3: Methodology

Based on the research objectives and scope, research methodology concerned in chapter 1, and literature review and empirical model presented in chapter 2, this chapter particularly presents the research methodology, data, research design and research process

Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results

This chapter presents the characteristics of research samples and measures concepts of the research Descriptive statistics was used to explore the features of explanatory variables, as well as the relationship between the variables

Chapter 5: Discussion and Implications

This chapter presents findings of the study, practical implications, contribution of the research Some limitations of the research will be mentioned and directions are recommended for future research

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction

In this chapter, a review of the literature will be conducted on key account management, trust and commitment Relationship among those constructs will be reviewed in the shine of prior studies which will incur some relevant theories The purpose of reviewing the literature is to clearly define the constructs and to propose a research model, then to generate hypotheses which will be tested in the Vietnamese high-tec i d st f om deale ’s pe spective

In a modern business society, KAM has proved its emerging importance; literature has developed with different facets of KAM Nevertheless, although empirical studies has been carried out, further research recommendations were urged to test deeper in a different extent, particular context Researches on the relationship between trust and commitment have been conducted in the marketing literature

Geykens et al (1998) summarized important findings that trust can be perceived as an

important mediator between the antecedents of commitment and commitment itself (Morgan and Hunt, 1994)

Therefore, the main purpose in this research is to investigate the relationships among KAM factors and trust then commitment in the business dyads especially in the field of high-tech industry In the following section, a review of the attributes of high-tech industry and its effects would be presented, then a description of the nature of key account management programs, trust and commitment Following this review, a set of hypotheses is developed After all, some conclusions will be drawn for further testing purposes

2.2 High-technology attributes and their effects

2.2.1 High technology attributes

As this research focuses on the high-tech field, attributes of high-tech products should

be defined to characterize and distinguish from other product categories From the extant literature of high-technology marketing, five high-tech attributes were derived

In fact, there are several attributes were generated by extant studies; however, those attributes are interrelated although appeared in different texts These five attributes covers mostly dimensions referred in the literature It’s c cial to cla if s c att ib tes and effects of high-tech industry before deeply discuss about the literature review of the constructs of the research model Due to such attributes and effects, clearer hypotheses shall be derived These five high-tech attributes and their effects are presented in the following section

Short product life cycle High-tech products have shorter life cycle stages in comparison with ordinary products (Rosenau, 1988) This means such products will increase sales sharply in a very short period of time and decrease quickly This shows a constant technological change, and with its continuous changes, its product life cycle will be very short for a particular product line

Greater risk of discontinuous change in product technology A discontinuous change is understood as a change that creates a total change in consumption, customer profiles… If this happens, business competence will be eliminated because current

k owled e is i capable to develop a d ma ket ew p od cts at’s w i -tech products have greater chances of discontinuity and becomes obsolete in a very short time Weiss and Heide, 1993 referred high-tec att ib te as “unpredictability” It’s t e result of discontinuous innovation in high-tech industry

Indispensability of associated infrastructure Supporting infrastructure is

considered vital element for a success of high-tech product launch In addition, such infrastructure should follow the fast changing speed of high-tech products For example, MacInnis and Heslop (1990) and Moriatry and Kosnik (1989) consider the existence of a well-established service network to be a vital component in the marketing mix of high-tech products For example, a mobile phone device should not

be marketed successfully if mobile network is not well established Supporting infrastructure includes complementary products which facilitate functioning of the high-tech product, vital supplies and spares, service people who have qualified skills to set up and fix the product A high-tech product will become useless if the complementary products are not compatible and unavailable; such product will not penetrate into the market well and will not be accepted by end users

Lack of well-established industry standards High-tech products are developed continuously to meet the changing demands That means such products should satisfy the same needs operate with different standards To generate a standard for

be c ma ki , it s o ld take a ve lo time It’s a p edictable p ocess A p od ct currently appears as dominant design, but a newcomer with a revolutionary design will confound the market and take the dominant position According to Utterback (1994):

“ A dominant design is the one that wins the allegiance of the market place, the one that competitors and innovators should adhere to if they hope to comma d si ifica t ma ket s a e”

Take the example of Apple with the re-invention of Iphone, it has defeated to some extent the long dominance of Nokia in the mobile phone market

Uncertainty about product functionality A high-tech product has a high uncertainty in functional variables Moriatry and Kosnik (1989) consider all such

functionality-related ce tai ties de t e eadi “ma ket elated ce tai t ” From the beginning, an end-user finds it hard to match their needs with benefits of

p od ct’s offe i s Then, to switch a product to another, it takes very high cost A survey conducted by O2 network operator (O2, 2012) reported that phone calls are not the main function of the smartphones, but internet, social media, music and games are prevailing while it is originally designed for making a call! Mo eove , it’s really difficult to oversee the market changes Those contribute to the high uncertainty level

of high-tech product functionality

2.2.2 Effects of high-tech attributes:

Effects due to the shorter product life-cycles In each stage of the product life-cycle, there are different consumer segments Butaney and Wortzel (1988) affirmed that when

a apid sta e of p od ct life c cle occ s, t e e’s a change in c stome ’s p ofile Fi ms need to adjust their marketing strategy to target their customer segments on the innovation curve (Moore, 1991) When technology continuously changes and matures, consumers tend to search for a new criterion to evaluate products (Christensen, 1997) Therefore, dealers and retailers, who represent for suppliers in connection with customer segments, continuously change their orientations Shorter product life cycle affects the dyad relationship on pricing, price tends to decline, consequently affects marketing costs, margin on the dyad This requires tighter cooperation and high trust between the dyad to optimize business performance for both sides

Effects due to the greater risk of discontinuous change in product technology High-tech products are characterized by unpredictable and sudden changes, such changes are followed by fluctuation on consumption pattern, user profile, complementary products and demand curve (Robertson, 1971) Those require dealers

to improve their expertise to deal with suppliers Otherwise, dealers will be out of date

Furthermore, suppliers will risk losing ma ket’s co fide ce If close coope atio a d trust are not existed, all above bad effects will cause troubles for both sides

Effects due to the non-existence of industry standards Moriatry and Kosnik (1989) stated t at it’s eas fo s pplie s a d dist ibutors to persuade customers if

t e e’ e existi i d st ial sta da ds Lack of t ose, c stome s will spe d mo e time and effort in search process Firms need to spend more resources in customer education Moreover, purchasing behavior in high-tech products requires complicated process of seeking and analyzing information at every stage That forces dealers to collect and learn more knowledge to best serve their customers for winning them A high trust and cooperation manner is vital for achieving that

Effects due to the indispensability of supporting infrastructure Supporting infrastructure development is very important for high-tech products adoption Dealers with close contacts with customers will grasp the status of supporting infrastructure in the market Besides, installation and servicing play key roles in high-tech product offerings (Moriatry and Kosnik, 1989; MacInnis and Heslop, 1990) Suppliers with well-trained service team, together with good cooperation with dealers will support for the success of marketing high-tech products

Effects due to the uncertainty in product functionality Customers in high-tech field really concern about the installation and maintenance as technology is very advanced, and becomes obsolete quickly Moreover, the switching cost is quite high In such uncertainty, to gain confidence in customers, marketing must focus on creating relationship rather selling products (McKenna, 1991) This only happens since suppliers and dealers work on an united organization Thus, mutual trust is required between the dyad

2.3 Trust

Trust was defined as honesty or credibility (Geyskens et al., 1998) In the channel

literature, trust was defined:

[ ] t e fi m’s belief t at a ot e compa will pe fo m actio s t at will es lt

in positive outcomes for the firm, as well as not take unexpected actions that would result in negative outcomes for the firm (Anderson and Narus, 1990, p 45)

Butler (1991) suggested trust compositions include ten dimensions Those are integrity, consistency, promise-fulfillment, receptivity, loyalty, fairness, competence, discretion, openness, and availability In this research, a narrower view of trust is concerned, where trust is near to ethical treatment of suppliers rather than other dimensions such as competence, openness, and availability This research measures

t st close to i te it a d p omise f lfillme t f om B tle ’s dime sio s

Trust occurs in cognitive and affect-based forms In cognitive form, trust implies reliable role performance, cultural-ethnic similarity, and professional credentials In affect-based form, trust acts as a function of citizenship behavior and interaction frequency (McAllister, 1995) (as cited in Robert, 2002)

2.4 Key Account Management (KAM) programs

In order to adapt changes in the business environment, suppliers in business to business (B2B) field applied so called Key Account Management (KAM) programs to catch up wit s c dete mi ed facto s i t e c stome s’ b i be avio s a d dema ds These programs were established to take care of significant customers who have

st ate ic impo ta ce i s pplie s’ b si ess

The literature on KAM has shown on two main factors, one regarded as small working individual groups set up to serve a number of important customers (accounts), i.e selling teams (e.g Cespedes, 1992) The studies on selling teams have predominantly been concerned with what distinguishes successful from unsuccessful sales teams The other focused on the management concept of key account management programs, particularly in connection with buyer/seller relationships (e.g Shapiro and Moriarty, 1982; Pardo, 1997) This means a focus on enhancement of the dyadic business relationships and the effectiveness of the KAM programs from this perspective (e.g Cespedes, 1992)

Partly adopted from the model of Willem et al (2004), KAM programs consist

of personal and impersonal factors which effect on the dyad relationship Personal factors comprise similarity in values and responsiveness In this context, similarity in values is omitted as it is considered such a factor is not an important one contributed to KAM programs in Vietnamese context in the high-tech field, this dimension will be tested further in later studies Impersonal factors consist of three sub-factors: information, logistics and tailor-made promotions

2.4.1 Responsiveness

Responsiveness refers to the extent to which suppliers deal with dealers’ problems in

an allowed time frame and effective manner How patient and willing suppliers will act upon dealers’ complai ts

Time of response is widely acknowledged as a competitive advantage by extant literature, which raises the importance of supplying the right products at the right quality, price within a minimum lead-time (Stalk, 1988) To achieve responsiveness, particular types of flexibility to the market should be needed; flexibility is defined by Oxfo d ictio a as “abilit to adapt” I ma a eme t lite at e, it is viewed as reaction against uncertainties internally and externally (Gerwin, 1993)

Literature suggests that suppliers who can respond quickly to changes in

customer demands will significantly improve customer satisfaction (Robert et al.,

2002) As a result, trust will be enhanced as relationship quality and loyalty are established due to improved satisfaction In such a dynamic and fast –changing environment of high-tech industry with its characterized attributes, responsiveness appears to be more significant than any other fields Therefore,

H1 : Responsiveness has a positive effect on Trust

2.4.2 Information

Information refers the extent of information is importantly exchanged between the supplier and its buyer (Mohr and Spekman, 1994) Information contents are shared such as inventory, planning, capacity and quality, logistics, new product knowledge, etc…

Sharing of information refers to “s a i of mea i f l a d timel i fo matio betwee fi ms” (A de so a d a s, 1990, p 44) I fo matio s a i is truly essential for tightening the dyad relationship (Mohr and Nevin, 1990)

Information sharing brings benefits to the buyer-supplier relationship: information is delivered throughout all parties, a closer relationship between buyer and supplier, new information is executed accurately and timely (Zhou and Benton, 2007)

Narayanan and Raman (2004) found in their studies on information sharing that

in some cases, information is hidden by supplier to benefit themselves, but eventually got failure in the whole supply chain Therefore, information sharing should attach with integrity to build trust between the dyad for a long-term cooperation

Information plays a critical role in business relationship (Cannon and Homburg, 2001) (as cited in Tho, 2011) Information support from suppliers can create value for the dyadic relationships Once information flow is smoothly transferred from suppliers

to c stome s, c stome s ca a ticipate s pplie s’ st ate ic moves a d pote tial c a es

in the industry In the high-tech industry, changes of information happen quickly with high speed, an accurate and continuous flow of information exchanged from suppliers will foster the mutual relationship, hence increase trust Thus,

H2: Information has a positive effect on Trust

Pla i , w ic is to assess c stome ’s expectatio a d pe ceptio o q alit ; Production, which is to define, design and manage logistics components; Control, which is to evaluate logistics performance and quality levels

Lo istics q alit s o ld be pa tic la ized t o s pplie ’s se vice facto s to satisf c stome ’s eq i eme ts ose i cl de: se vice polic , delive s stem, people, and internal organization to assure essential functions, long-term supplier-customer relationship

Logistics operations also reflect the performance of delivery Tho (2011) asserts that delivery performance contributes to the value of dyadic relationship There are three aspects of delivery performance: on time, flexibility and accuracy (Ulaga and Eggert, 2006) (as cited in Tho, 2011)

Logistics, therefore, plays an important role in building trust and commitment between the dyad on a long-term basis Consequently,

H3: Logistics has a positive effect on Trust

2.4.4 Tailor-made promotions

Tailor-made promotions refer to promotional activities which are tailored or customized for dealers to offer an advantage of differentiation from other programs The promotional mix comprises advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotions and public relations (Kotler, 2000: 551) Unlike business-to-customer perspective, in this B2B circumstance, those particular promotional activities are tailor-made for dealers

In high-tech industry, promotional activities needed to be tailored case by case for different key accounts in order for supplier to effectively run the marketing campaigns Unlike any other types of customers, key accounts play a crucial role in

supplie ’s sales st ate , p omotio al activities s o ld ot be mass w ic is mo e suitable for traditional accounts Therefore,

H4: Tailor-made Promotions have a positive effect on Trust

2.5 Commitment

Commitme t efe s to “t e adoptio of a lo -term orientation towards the elatio s ip” (A de son and Weitz, 1992, p 19) and goes beyond a simple evaluation

of the costs and benefits associated with the relationship This describes the willingness

to make short-term sacrifices to realize long-term benefits

Buchanen (1974) suggests that commitment comprises subjective facets of elatio s ips “apa t f om p el i st me tal wo t ” Fo i sta ce, commitme t ma consist of affective bonds and felt obligations

Trust and commitment are constituted factors to foster business relationships The effects of those result in different outcomes: positive attitudes towards the relationship, the encouragement of positive behaviors in partners and positive impacts

on partner performance Positive attitudes consist of a imp oveme t i pa t e ’s acquiescence (Morgan and Hunt, 1994), mutual satisfaction and positive attitudes and intentions towards one another (Mohr and Spekman, 1994) Positive behaviors in partners are showed in improved cooperation, higher risk-taking, and lower tendency to leave and minimized opportunistic behavior (Ghoshal and Moran, 1996)

st a d commitme t ave bee li ked to et e to imp ove t e d ad’s performance by lowering uncertainty, enhance efficiency and positively affect economic performance (Anderson and Narus, 1990; Morgan and Hunt, 1994) In the high-tech industry characterized by its distinct attributes and effects, high trust and commitment are both required and linked together Thus,

H5: Trust has a positive effect on Commitment

2.6 Conceptual Model

Based on the literature review, partly adopted the model of Willem et al (2004), a

conceptual model is developed and shown in the Figure 2.1 The model describes the relationships between factors of KAM programs and trust, and consequently on commitment

Figure 2.1: Proposed research model 2.7 Summary of hypotheses

In reviewing of the literature, hypotheses are summarized as follows:

The effects of Key Accounts Management Programs factors on Trust:

H1: Responsiveness has a positive effect on Trust

H2: Information has a positive effect on Trust

H3: Logistics has a positive effect on Trust

H4: Tailor-made Promotions have a positive effect on Trust

The effect of Trust on commitment:

H5: Trust has a positive effect on Commitment

H1 (+)

H5 (+) H2 (+)

H3 (+) Trust Information

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out in 2 phases: a pilot and a main survey Respondents

we e deale s’ purchasing managers, shop/floor managers and owners Product types were mobile phones, information technology, and electrical appliances

3.3 Measurement

All the survey questions were adapted and developed from the measurement scales

from the research conducted by Willem et al (2004) The questionnaire comprises 3

sections: the first section consists of 2 questions regarding the specific brand and supplier whom the respondents had been dealing with, this section was aimed at directing the respondents to respond accurately all the questions in the survey; the second section consists of 37 items which were used to measure the constructs in the research model Those are Responsiveness, Information, Logistics, Tailor-made Promotions, Trust and Commitment Each item was measured on a seven point Likert

scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) The third section includes 4 questions regarding personal information of the respondents

Figure 3.1: The process of the study

C o bac ’s Alp a + EFA + Re essio

Check the consistency

3.3.1 Independent variables

Independent variable is also considered as predictors This variable will have an influence in dependent variable in a positive or negative manner In this study, the independent variable is key account management programs which comprise Responsiveness, Information, Logistics, and Tailor-made Promotions

3.3.1.1 Responsiveness

Respo sive ess is t e exte t to w ic s pplie s deal wit deale ’s p oblems timel a d effectively Responsiveness was measured by 6 criteria introduced by Willem et al (2004):

Table 3.1: Responsiveness Scale

Responsiveness ( Cronbach’s alpha = 949)

It is our belief that the service people of firm x…

R1 take our complaints seriously;

R2 respond politely to our complaints;

R3 are sincerely interested in our problems;

R4 undertake accurate actions to solve our problems

R5 undertake actions to solve our problems in time; and

R6 respond quickly to our complaints

3.3.1.2 Information

Information was evaluated based on 8 aspects, this measurement inherited from

Willem et al (2004):

Table 3.2: Information Scale

Information ( Cronbach’s alpha = 891)

We receive from the account manager of firm x…

I1 information about their promotional campaigns for their products;

I2 information about the pricing of their products;

I3 information about their product innovations;

I4 information about their new product introductions;

I5 announcement of plans for trade marketing activities;

I6 announcement of plans for consumer marketing activities;

I7 confirmation about their planned marketing activities; and

I8 samples of in-store promotion materials

3.3.1.3 Logistics

Logistics reflects how suppliers take and fulfill orders, the performance of delivery In this study, logistics was measure by 5 items, taken from Willem et al (2004):

Table 3.3: Logistics Scale

Logistics ( Cronbach’s alpha = 883)

Firm x delivers us

L1 their products at the agreed time;

L2 exactly what we have ordered;

L3 the orders without much unnecessary delay;

L4 the orders remain adequate even in the case of rising demand as a consequence of

promotional activities; and

L5 enough info matio abo t t e “o de taki ” i case delive p oblems occ

3.3.1.3 Tailor-made promotions

Tailor-made promotions refer to promotional activities which are tailored or customized for dealers to offer an advantage of differentiation from other programs Tailor-made promotions were measured by 7 items, introduced by Willem et al (2004):

Table 3.4: Tailor-made promotions Scale

Tailor-made promotions ( Cronbach’s alpha = 889)

Concerning their promotional activities, firm x has

P1 displays that are easy to set up;

P2 promotional activities that fit the holidays (special days, events);

P3 promotional activities that suit the different seasons;

P4 promotional activities that suit actualities

P5 tailor-made promotions for us;

P6 in-store marketing activities supported by significant advertising campaigns

P7 effective in-store activities

3.3.2 Dependent variables

3.3.2.1 Trust

In this study trust is the dependent variable and plays as a middle role between key account management programs sub-dimensions and commitment Trust is a dependent variable to key account management programs sub-dimensions, but is also an dependent variable to commitment In this study, trust was measured by 5 items

developed by Willem et al (2004):

Table 3.5: Tailor-made promotions Scale

Trust ( Cronbach’s alpha = 867)

As a business partner, firm x

T1 is honest;

T2 is a reliable supplier;

T3 treats the information provided by us with integrity;

T4 has a good reputation; and

T5 based upon earlier businesses, we can say that our company has much trust in

firm x

3.3.2.2 Commitment

Commitme t i t is st d efe s to “t e adoptio of a lo -term orientation towards the elatio s ip” (A de so a d Weitz, 1992, p 19) a d was meas ed b 6 items is scale was taken from Willem et al (2004) and partially adopted from Anderson and Weitz (1992):

Table 3.6: Commitment Scale

Commitment ( Cronbach’s alpha = 922)

C1 we are loyal to firm x;

C2 we remain patient when firm x makes mistakes that have negative consequences

for us;

C3 we expect to keep most of the products from firm x in our assortment;

C4 we expect to adopt new products from firm x;

C5 our relationship with firm x is from our perspective a mutual long-term

commitment; and

C6 we are dedicated to firm x

3.4 Questionnaire translation

The survey questions were translated into Vietnamese simultaneously by a committee

of 2 translators (the author and his sister, an English teacher in an international language school) This step was carried out to avoid the discrepancies in translation which is subjectively affected by the independent translator After counter-reviewing each version of translation, a group discussion was made to reconcile the meaning of the survey questions for a consensus Finally, a draft of Vietnamese questionnaire was drawn for a pilot study

The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents on an online survey basis (www.docs.google.com) In the online survey method, the questionnaire was made

virtually as a web-page then the links were sent to the respondents via email or means

In the first step, an exploratory was conducted study to assess the measurement scales An in-depth discussion with 3 dealers (purchasing managers of key accounts in mobile phones sector) was made to clarify and make clear the meaning of survey questions and modify the measures This step is critical as measures of constructs were appropriatel adj sted fo t is st d ’s co text

In the second step, an initial collection of 50 samples was made to test the reliability of the variables in order to refine the measures C o bac ’s alpha reliability and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were employed to assess the scales C o bac ’s alphas of all the variables were shown to be higher than 70 Following Nunnally (1978), an alpha of 70 or greater is desirable for each variable to have a level of internal consistency The results showed that C o bac ’s alphas of the scales were all higher than 80 indicating all scales passed the reliability requirements

The results of the quantitative pilot study is shown in the Appendix IB

3.5 Main study

The study was conducted using electronic survey technique, from which questionnaires were distributed via email as online survey links supported by Google (www.docs.google.com) to a list of respondents who work at selected deale s’ offices

and branches located in all the provinces of Vietnam The purpose of this main survey was to validate the measures and test the research model

Low item-total correlation items were deleted using reliability analysis (< 0.3) (Nunnally, 1978) Items which have C o bac ’s alpha coefficient not less than 0.7 are accepted (Nunnally, 1978) The filtered items then would be analyzed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) method; items which have loading factors less than 0.4 should be removed At last, multiple linear regressions (MLR) was employed to run the remaining items, the results then were used to test the research model and hypothesis

As this study employed EFA to test the research model and hypotheses, it

should be at least 5/1 (observations/items) (Hair et al., 2006) Therefore, this study

aimed at observing around 200-210 samples of respondents

3.6.2 Selecting the samples

A list of 8 key accounts (dealers) were selected to engage in the study through the

a t o ’s ca eer relationships, these dealers are big accounts of many high-tech suppliers, dealing in different types of products in the high-tech industry, which are mobile phones sector (i.e Nokia, Sams ,…), electronic appliances and information technology sector These dealers have a selling chain system and account for a large

po tio of s pplie ’s sales ese deale s have branches and shops stretching along the

country and can be named as Thế Giới i Động, Vi n Thông A, Nguy n Kim, Viettel, Điện Máy Chợ Lớn, Thiê Ho , P ước Lập, FPT Retail

Respondents were the ones who have a voice in buying decision They were purchasing managers, owners and had been mostly working in Ho Chi Minh City, the rest of respondents who were shop/floor managers had been working in other provinces

of Vietnam This study was conducted to test the hypotheses and research model from perspective of dealers who have a voice in buying decision process

3.6.3 Collecting data

Based on the principles of choosing the scope and method of sampling, which are lower costs, more accurate results, fast data collection and available population (Donald & Pamela, 2003), a convenient and non-probability sampling was used This is the most viable method due to limitations in time and costs However, with esea c e ’s expe ie ces fo ea s i t e i d st , a list of ke acco ts was filte ed to choose the most appropriate respondents to take part in the survey

The main survey was carried out from August 10, 2012 to September 12, 2012

by the author and some colleagues 250 links and copies of the questionnaire were sent

to the targeted respondents by email The author also asked the respondents to recommend the link to their colleagues at the same level After the questionnaire was sent, the author had reminded the respondents to answer until the targeted number of responses was met

After 32 days of conducting fieldwork, 208 responses were collected These data would be gone through a cleaning process and then used for analysis

3.7 Statistical tools

3.7.1 Cleaning data process

Data would be cleaned before analyzing Data cleaning was made to prevent any possible mistakes which are probably missing data or unreasonable answers (Nguyen,

2011, p.275) Among 44 multiple choice questions presented in the questionnaire, 38 questions were quantitative and the rests were social-demographic qualitative The answers were reviewed to check if there was any illogical answer that conflicted with the whole answers As all t e q estio s we e p t as “ eq i ed”, t e e would be no missing answers in the responses

3.7.2 Reliability

To test the reliability of the measurement scales, C o bac ’s Alpha was used to define whether the measurements meet the internal consistency Nunally (1978) suggested that a scale with Cronbac ’s Alpha is 70 or greater is accepted as internal consistency

3.7.3 Explanatory Factor Analysis

Since the C o bac ’s Alpha was employed to test the reliability of the measurements Yet the measurement should be proved their validity Two important validities are discriminant and convergent ones Thus, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) would help

to test those validities EFA is the interdependence technique, meaning that there is no dependent and independent variables, it bases on the interrelationships between variables EFA is used to refine a group of observations into a more meaningful set F (F<k) Items which have loading factors less than 0.5 should be removed (Nguy n, 2011) Items w ic ave loadi facto s’ diffe e ce less t a 30 (iAiB 3) should also be deleted The eigenvalue was defined to be minimum level at 1

In case after running EFA the number of factors is larger than the number of factors predicted in the theoretical framework, the new factors will be tested again in terms of reliability and the research model should be adjusted before testing the research model and hypotheses

3.7.4 Regression analysis

Multi linear regression (MLR) was employed to test the effects of key account

p o ams’ facto s o t st a d commitment Prior to running the regression, the variables were computed using mean equation and MLR assumptions were also tested for appropriateness

3.8 Conclusion

This chapter discussed the methodology of the research; the process of research was also introduced The measurement scales were tested and the main study was carried out, data were collected for analysis In next chapter, the result of the research and findings would be drawn for discussion

Chapter 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the demographic and statistical analysis of the samples, test of the reliability of the measurement scales, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Multiple Linear Regression analysis used to test the hypotheses Tools to be used in the analysis are Microsoft Excel, SPSS 16.0 software Explanations, answers to the research questions and other findings of the study will be presented

4.2 Data cleaning

208 copies of responses were received, a check of social demographic questions was made and logical checking was also conducted 6 of those appeared to be illogical after reviewing a reverse-scored question (question 38 in the questionnaire) The remaining

of 202 qualified samples was used for analyzing No missing data was found in the data table

4.3 Description of the qualified respondents

In 202 qualified samples, 145 samples (71.78%) were male, 57 samples (28.22%) were female e e’s o bi diffe e ce i t e t pes of p od ct t at t e espo de ts i volved

in, the number of respondents works in mobile phones sector, IT and electrical appliances is 78 (38.61%), 70 (34.65%), and 54 (26.73%) respectively Most of the respondents deal with distributors (139 samples, 68.81%), the rest worked directly with the brand owner corporation (63 samples, 31.19%) In respect of education, and level

of working position, the respondents were almost college and university graduates (146

respondents, 72.28%), just 4 owners took part in the survey, 59 purchasing manager responded and the rest were shop/floor mangers (68.81%) Most of the respondents work in the branches (127 samples, 62.9%), the remaining works at the head office More details on descriptive statistics of variables are available at appendix II

Table 4.1: Characteristics of the samples

Social-demographic variables (n=202) Frequency Percentage (%) Types of products the respondents deal in

Under College - University 44 21.78

4.4 Reliability Test of measurement

Following Nunally (1978), a C o bac ’s Alpha of 70 or greater is desirable for a scale

in terms of internal consistency Reliability test showed that all variables were greater than 70, thus the measurement scales were reliable

In particular, responsiveness was measured by 6 items (from R1 to R6) had a

C o bac ’s Alpha of 949 Information was measured by 8 items (from I1 to I8) had a

C o bac ’s Alpha of 891 The C o bac ’s Alpha of Logistics which was measured by

5 items (from L1 to L5) was 883 Tailor-made promotion programs were measured by

7 items (from P1 to P7) was 889 Trust measured by 5 items (from T1 to T5) had a

C o bac ’s Alpha of 867 Finally, commitment was measured by 6 items (from C1 to C6) had a C o bac ’s Alpha of 922 Table 4.3 showed a summary of the measurement scales’ C o bac ’s Alphas More details on these scales could be found in the Appendix III

Table 4.2: Summary of Cronbach’s Alpha of measurement scales

4.5 Exploratory Factor Analysis

After running the test of reliability of the variables, all the retained items then were tested by EFA This stage was carried out to filter and explore the components that can explain the correlations among variables EFA was run to minimize the number of variables from a larger one and enable the new component to explain the most characteristics of the original variables The components extracted could represent for a